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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germanic_tribes_prior_to_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanic_tribes_prior_to_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Germanic tribes prior to migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanic_tribes_prior_to_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_wave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_wave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>First wave</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_wave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_wave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_wave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Second wave</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_wave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discussions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discussions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Discussions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Discussions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Discussions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Discussions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Barbarian_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barbarian_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Barbarian identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barbarian_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viewpoints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viewpoints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Viewpoints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viewpoints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depiction_in_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depiction_in_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Depiction in media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depiction_in_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Migration Period</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrasietydperk" title="Migrasietydperk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Migrasietydperk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lkerwanderung" title="Völkerwanderung – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Völkerwanderung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folcawanderung" title="Folcawanderung – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Folcawanderung" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="عصر الهجرات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عصر الهجرات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodu_de_les_grandes_migraciones" title="Periodu de les grandes migraciones – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Periodu de les grandes migraciones" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xalqlar%C4%B1n_b%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_k%C3%B6%C3%A7%C3%BC" title="Xalqların böyük köçü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xalqların böyük köçü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%99%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B1%D3%A9%D0%B9%D3%A9%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D2%AF%D0%B5" title="Халыҡтарҙың бөйөк күсенеүе – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Халыҡтарҙың бөйөк күсенеүе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Вялікае перасяленне народаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вялікае перасяленне народаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Вялікае перасяленьне народаў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вялікае перасяленьне народаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Велико преселение на народите – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Велико преселение на народите" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_an_divroadego%C3%B9" title="Mare an divroadegoù – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mare an divroadegoù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasions_b%C3%A0rbares" title="Invasions bàrbares – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Invasions bàrbares" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D0%B2%C4%95" title="Халăхсен Аслă Хускалăвĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Халăхсен Аслă Хускалăвĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C4%9Bhov%C3%A1n%C3%AD_n%C3%A1rod%C5%AF" title="Stěhování národů – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stěhování národů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkevandringstiden" title="Folkevandringstiden – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Folkevandringstiden" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lkerwanderung" title="Völkerwanderung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Völkerwanderung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suur_rahvaster%C3%A4ndamine" title="Suur rahvasterändamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suur rahvasterändamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%8D%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Μεγάλες μεταναστεύσεις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεγάλες μεταναστεύσεις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_de_las_grandes_migraciones" title="Período de las grandes migraciones – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Período de las grandes migraciones" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrado_de_nacioj" title="Migrado de nacioj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Migrado de nacioj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrazioen_Garaia" title="Migrazioen Garaia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Migrazioen Garaia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="دوره مهاجرت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوره مهاجرت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3lkaflytingat%C3%AD%C3%B0in" title="Fólkaflytingatíðin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fólkaflytingatíðin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasions_barbares" title="Invasions barbares – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Invasions barbares" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grutte_Folkeferfarren" title="Grutte Folkeferfarren – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Grutte Folkeferfarren" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi%C3%B3ns_b%C3%A1rbaras" title="Invasións bárbaras – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Invasións bárbaras" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%8C%EC%A1%B1%EC%9D%98_%EB%8C%80%EC%9D%B4%EB%8F%99" title="게르만족의 대이동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="게르만족의 대이동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokacin_Hijira" title="Lokacin Hijira – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Lokacin Hijira" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%AE_%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A9" title="Ժողովուրդների մեծ գաղթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժողովուրդների մեծ գաղթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="प्रवास काल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रवास काल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoba_naroda" title="Seoba naroda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Seoba naroda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granda_migrado_di_populi" title="Granda migrado di populi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Granda migrado di populi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa_Migrasi_(Eropa)" title="Masa Migrasi (Eropa) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Masa Migrasi (Eropa)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%B3%C3%B0flutningat%C3%ADmabili%C3%B0" title="Þjóðflutningatímabilið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þjóðflutningatímabilið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasioni_barbariche" title="Invasioni barbariche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Invasioni barbariche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="נדידת העמים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נדידת העמים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AE%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ხალხთა დიდი გადასახლება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხალხთა დიდი გადასახლება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhamisho_mkuu_wa_Ulaya" title="Uhamisho mkuu wa Ulaya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uhamisho mkuu wa Ulaya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envazyon_sovaj" title="Envazyon sovaj – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Envazyon sovaj" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C3%A7a_Qewman" title="Koça Qewman – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Koça Qewman" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrationes_Europaeae_populorum_et_gentium" title="Migrationes Europaeae populorum et gentium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Migrationes Europaeae populorum et gentium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liel%C4%81_tautu_staig%C4%81%C5%A1ana" title="Lielā tautu staigāšana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lielā tautu staigāšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ABlkerwanderung" title="Vëlkerwanderung – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vëlkerwanderung" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didysis_taut%C5%B3_kraustymasis" title="Didysis tautų kraustymasis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Didysis tautų kraustymasis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groete_Volkerverhojzing" title="Groete Volkerverhojzing – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Groete Volkerverhojzing" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodo_de_migras_(germanica)" title="Periodo de migras (germanica) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Periodo de migras (germanica)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9pv%C3%A1ndorl%C3%A1skor" title="Népvándorláskor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Népvándorláskor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Голема преселба на народите – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Голема преселба на народите" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Penghijrahan" title="Zaman Penghijrahan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zaman Penghijrahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migra%C3%A7ones_de_ls_pobos_b%C3%A1rbaros" title="Migraçones de ls pobos bárbaros – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Migraçones de ls pobos bárbaros" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_Volksverhuizing" title="Grote Volksverhuizing – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grote Volksverhuizing" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_Volksverhuzing" title="Grote Volksverhuzing – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Grote Volksverhuzing" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E7%A7%BB%E5%8B%95%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="民族移動時代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="民族移動時代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulkenwaanrang" title="Fulkenwaanrang – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Fulkenwaanrang" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkevandringstiden" title="Folkevandringstiden – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Folkevandringstiden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkevandringstida" title="Folkevandringstida – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Folkevandringstida" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xalqlarning_buyuk_ko%CA%BBchishi" title="Xalqlarning buyuk koʻchishi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xalqlarning buyuk koʻchishi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielka_w%C4%99dr%C3%B3wka_lud%C3%B3w" title="Wielka wędrówka ludów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielka wędrówka ludów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migra%C3%A7%C3%B5es_dos_povos_b%C3%A1rbaros" title="Migrações dos povos bárbaros – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Migrações dos povos bárbaros" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migra%C8%9Bia_popoarelor" title="Migrația popoarelor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Migrația popoarelor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Великое переселение народов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Великое переселение народов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ACodu_de_sas_migratziones_mannas" title="Perìodu de sas migratziones mannas – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Perìodu de sas migratziones mannas" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foulkewonderenge" title="Foulkewonderenge – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Foulkewonderenge" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invazionet_barbare" title="Invazionet barbare – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Invazionet barbare" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_period" title="Migration period – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Migration period" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%A5ahovanie_n%C3%A1rodov" title="Sťahovanie národov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sťahovanie národov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preseljevanje_ljudstev" title="Preseljevanje ljudstev – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Preseljevanje ljudstev" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Велика сеоба народа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велика сеоба народа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_seoba_naroda" title="Velika seoba naroda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Velika seoba naroda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansainvaellusaika" title="Kansainvaellusaika – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kansainvaellusaika" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkvandringstiden" title="Folkvandringstiden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Folkvandringstiden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Халыкларның Бөек күченеше – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Халыкларның Бөек күченеше" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="สมัยการย้ายถิ่น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมัยการย้ายถิ่น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavimler_G%C3%B6%C3%A7%C3%BC" title="Kavimler Göçü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kavimler Göçü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Велике переселення народів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Велике переселення народів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%90%DB%81%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="دورِہجرت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دورِہجرت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giai_%C4%91o%E1%BA%A1n_Di_c%C6%B0" title="Giai đoạn Di cư – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giai đoạn Di cư" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%81%E5%BE%99" title="民族大迁徙 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="民族大迁徙" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%B7%E5%BE%99%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="民族大遷徙時期 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="民族大遷徙時期" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C3%A7%C3%AA_%C5%9Faran" title="Goçê şaran – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Goçê şaran" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the period of widespread migrations in Europe during the first millennium AD. For prehistoric migrations, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_human_migration" title="History of human migration">History of human migration</a>. For seasonal periods of human migrations, see <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_human_migration" title="Seasonal human migration">Seasonal human migration</a>. For seasonal periods of animal migrations, see <a href="/wiki/Animal_migration" title="Animal migration">Animal migration</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Barbarian invasion" and "Barbarian invasions" redirect here. For the 2003 Canadian film, see <a href="/wiki/The_Barbarian_Invasions" title="The Barbarian Invasions">The Barbarian Invasions</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lkerwanderung" class="extiw" title="de:Völkerwanderung">the corresponding article</a> in German</b>.  <i><small>(September 2024)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Völkerwanderung]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|de|Völkerwanderung}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Migration_Period" title="Talk:Migration Period">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Invasions of the Roman Empire</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Basic view of second- to fifth-century migrations (see also map of the world in 820)"><img alt="Map of Europe, with colored lines denoting migration routes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png/300px-Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png/450px-Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png/600px-Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="1382" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time</th><td class="infobox-data">300–800 AD (greatest estimate)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Place</th><td class="infobox-data">Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> <a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">region</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Event</th><td class="infobox-data">Tribes invading the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">declining Roman Empire</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Migration Period</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300 to 600 AD), also known as the <b>Barbarian Invasions</b>, was a period in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">European history</a> marked by large-scale migrations that saw the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a> and subsequent settlement of its former territories by various tribes, and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">post-Roman kingdoms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term refers to the important role played by the migration, invasion, and settlement of various tribes, notably the <a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">early Slavs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Pannonian Avars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Magyars</a> within or into the territories of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and Europe as a whole. The period is traditionally taken to have begun in AD 375 (possibly as early as 300) and ended in 568.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various factors contributed to this phenomenon of migration and invasion, and their role and significance are still widely discussed. </p><p>Historians differ as to the dates for the beginning and ending of the Migration Period. The beginning of the period is widely regarded as the invasion of Europe by the Huns from Asia in about 375 and the ending with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">conquest of Italy by the Lombards</a> in 568,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a more loosely set period is from as early as 300 to as late as 800.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in the 4th century a very large group of Goths was settled as <i><a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">foederati</a></i> within the Roman <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, and the Franks were settled south of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> in Roman <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>. In 406 a particularly large and unexpected <a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Rhine" title="Crossing of the Rhine">crossing of the Rhine</a> was made by a group of <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, Alans and <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a>. As central power broke down in the Western Roman Empire, the military became more important but was dominated by men of <a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">barbarian</a> origin. </p><p>There are contradictory opinions as to whether the fall of the Western Roman Empire was a result of an increase in migrations, or if both the breakdown of central power and the increased importance of non-Romans created additional internal factors. Migrations, and the use of non-Romans in the military, were known in the periods before and after, and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> adapted and continued to exist until the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> in 1453. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, although it involved the establishment of competing barbarian kingdoms, was to some extent managed by the Eastern emperors. </p><p>The migrants comprised war bands or tribes of 10,000 to 20,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-Heather2003_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heather2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immigration was common throughout the time of the Roman Empire,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but over the course of 100 years, the migrants numbered not more than 750,000 in total,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> compared to an average 40 million population of the Roman Empire at that time. The first migrations of peoples were made by <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a> such as the Goths (including the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a>), the Vandals, the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a>, the Lombards, the Suebi, the <a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a>, the Alemanni, the <a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a> and the Franks; they were later pushed westward by the Huns, the Avars, the Slavs and the Bulgars.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later invasions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turks</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> also had significant effects (especially in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology">Chronology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Period&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pre-modern_human_migration" title="Pre-modern human migration">Pre-modern human migration</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanic_tribes_prior_to_migration">Germanic tribes prior to migration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Period&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Germanic tribes prior to migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age_(Northern_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age (Northern Europe)">Pre-Roman Iron Age (Northern Europe)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> moved out of southern <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> and northern Germany<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the adjacent lands between the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> after 1000 BC. The first wave moved westward and southward (pushing the resident <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> west to the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> around 200 BC), moving into <a href="/wiki/Southern_Germany" title="Southern Germany">southern Germany</a> up to the Roman provinces of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a> by 100 BC, where they were stopped by <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Gaius Marius</a> and later by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>. It is this western group which was described by the Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> (AD 56–117) and Julius Caesar (100–44 BC). A later wave of Germanic tribes migrated eastward and southward from Scandinavia, between 600 and 300 BC, to the opposite coast of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, moving up the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a>. During <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>' era they included lesser-known tribes such as the <a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a>; however, a period of federation and intermarriage resulted in the familiar groups known as the <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_wave">First wave</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Period&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First wave"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age_(Northern_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age (Northern Europe)">Roman Iron Age (Northern Europe)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles (tribe)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bracteate_from_Funen,_Denmark_(DR_BR42).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg/170px-Bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg/255px-Bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg/340px-Bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1641" data-file-height="1540" /></a><figcaption>A Migration Period Germanic gold <a href="/wiki/Bracteate" title="Bracteate">bracteate</a> depicting a bird, horse, and stylized human head with a <a href="/wiki/Suebian_knot" title="Suebian knot">Suebian knot</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first wave of invasions, between AD 300 and 500, is partly documented by Greek and Latin historians but is difficult to verify archaeologically. It puts Germanic peoples in control of most areas of what was then the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006a51_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006a51-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Thervingi" title="Thervingi">Tervingi</a> crossed the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> into Roman territory in 376, in a migration fleeing the invading <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>. Some time later in <a href="/wiki/Marcianopolis" title="Marcianopolis">Marcianopolis</a>, the escort to their leader <a href="/wiki/Fritigern" title="Fritigern">Fritigern</a> was killed while meeting with Roman commander <a href="/wiki/Lupicinus_(comes_per_Thracias)" title="Lupicinus (comes per Thracias)">Lupicinus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram2001127ff._13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram2001127ff.-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tervingi rebelled, and the Visigoths, a group derived either from the Tervingi or from a fusion of mainly <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a> groups, eventually invaded Italy and <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">sacked Rome in 410</a> before settling in Gaul. Around 460, they founded the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a> in Iberia. They were followed into Roman territory first by a confederation of <a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Herulian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Scirian</a> warriors under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a>, that deposed <a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a> in 476, and later by the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric the Great</a>, who settled in Italy. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, the Franks (a fusion of western <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Germanic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a> whose leaders had been aligned with Rome since the 3rd century) entered Roman lands gradually during the 5th century, and after consolidating power under <a href="/wiki/Childeric_I" title="Childeric I">Childeric</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis's</a> decisive victory over <a href="/wiki/Syagrius" title="Syagrius">Syagrius</a> in 486, established themselves as rulers of northern Roman Gaul. Fending off challenges from the Alemanni, Burgundians, and Visigoths, the <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish kingdom</a> became the nucleus of what would later become France and Germany. </p><p>The initial <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain</a> occurred during the 5th century, when <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman control of Britain</a> had come to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumville1990_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumville1990-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Burgundians settled in northwestern Italy, Switzerland and Eastern France in the 5th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_wave">Second wave</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Period&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second wave"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_migrations_to_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe">Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Pannonian Avars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyars">Magyars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Migration_of_Early_Slavs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Migration_of_Early_Slavs.png/220px-Migration_of_Early_Slavs.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Migration_of_Early_Slavs.png/330px-Migration_of_Early_Slavs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Migration_of_Early_Slavs.png/440px-Migration_of_Early_Slavs.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>Migration of <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">early Slavs</a> in Europe in the 6th–7th centuries</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Great_Bulgaria_and_migration_of_Bulgarians.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Old_Great_Bulgaria_and_migration_of_Bulgarians.png/220px-Old_Great_Bulgaria_and_migration_of_Bulgarians.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Old_Great_Bulgaria_and_migration_of_Bulgarians.png/330px-Old_Great_Bulgaria_and_migration_of_Bulgarians.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Old_Great_Bulgaria_and_migration_of_Bulgarians.png/440px-Old_Great_Bulgaria_and_migration_of_Bulgarians.png 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="1430" /></a><figcaption>Migration and settlement of the <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a> during the 6th–7th centuries AD</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pair_of_radiate-head_bow_brooches,_Slavic,_2_of_2,_c._600-650_AD,_copper_alloy,_gilding_-_Morgan_Library_%26_Museum_-_New_York_City_-_DSC06620.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pair_of_radiate-head_bow_brooches%2C_Slavic%2C_2_of_2%2C_c._600-650_AD%2C_copper_alloy%2C_gilding_-_Morgan_Library_%26_Museum_-_New_York_City_-_DSC06620.jpg/170px-Pair_of_radiate-head_bow_brooches%2C_Slavic%2C_2_of_2%2C_c._600-650_AD%2C_copper_alloy%2C_gilding_-_Morgan_Library_%26_Museum_-_New_York_City_-_DSC06620.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pair_of_radiate-head_bow_brooches%2C_Slavic%2C_2_of_2%2C_c._600-650_AD%2C_copper_alloy%2C_gilding_-_Morgan_Library_%26_Museum_-_New_York_City_-_DSC06620.jpg/255px-Pair_of_radiate-head_bow_brooches%2C_Slavic%2C_2_of_2%2C_c._600-650_AD%2C_copper_alloy%2C_gilding_-_Morgan_Library_%26_Museum_-_New_York_City_-_DSC06620.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pair_of_radiate-head_bow_brooches%2C_Slavic%2C_2_of_2%2C_c._600-650_AD%2C_copper_alloy%2C_gilding_-_Morgan_Library_%26_Museum_-_New_York_City_-_DSC06620.jpg/340px-Pair_of_radiate-head_bow_brooches%2C_Slavic%2C_2_of_2%2C_c._600-650_AD%2C_copper_alloy%2C_gilding_-_Morgan_Library_%26_Museum_-_New_York_City_-_DSC06620.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3308" data-file-height="4092" /></a><figcaption>Slavic <a href="/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)" title="Fibula (brooch)">fibula brooch</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> dating back to the Migration Period, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600</span>–650 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>Between AD 500 and 700, Slavic tribes settled more areas of central Europe and pushed farther into southern and eastern Europe, gradually making the eastern half of Europe predominantly Slavic-speaking.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> tribes such as the Avars and - later - <a href="/wiki/Ugric_languages" title="Ugric languages">Ugric-speaking</a> Magyars became involved in this second wave. In AD 567, the Avars and the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> destroyed much of the <a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepid Kingdom</a>. The Lombards, a Germanic people, settled in Italy with their Herulian, Suebian, Gepid, Thuringian, Bulgar, <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxon</a> allies in the 6th century.<sup id="cite_ref-DBI_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DBI-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were later followed by the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_dynasty" title="Bavarian dynasty">Bavarians</a> and the Franks, who conquered and ruled most of the Italian peninsula. </p><p>The Bulgars, originally a nomadic group probably from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, occupied the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic steppe</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> from the 2nd century. Later, pushed by the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a>, the majority of them migrated west and dominated <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> territories along the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">lower Danube</a> in the 7th century. From that time the demographic picture of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> changed permanently, becoming predominantly Slavic-speaking, while pockets of native people survived in the mountains of the Balkans.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Croats settled in modern Croatia and Western Bosnia and Herzegovina while the Serbs settled in Southwestern Serbia, Eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of modern Montenegro.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-malcolm2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malcolm2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199153,_160,_202,_225_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199153,_160,_202,_225-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid seventh century, Serb tribes were invading northern Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-malcolm2_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malcolm2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the ninth century, the central Balkans and the area of southern and central Albania became invaded and settled by Bulgars.<sup id="cite_ref-malcolm2_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malcolm2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the early <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars">Byzantine–Arab Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_army" title="Rashidun army">Arab armies</a> attempted to invade southeast Europe via <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a> during the late 7th and early 8th centuries but were defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(717%E2%80%93718)" title="Siege of Constantinople (717–718)">siege of Constantinople (717–718)</a> by the joint forces of Byzantium and the Bulgars. During the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Khazar_wars" title="Arab–Khazar wars">Khazar–Arab Wars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a> stopped the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Arab expansion</a> into Europe across the Caucasus (7th and 8th centuries). At the same time, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> (consisting of <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a>) invaded Europe via <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">conquering Hispania</a> from the Visigothic Kingdom in 711), before being halted by the Franks at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a> in Gaul. These campaigns led to broadly demarcated frontiers between <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islam</a> for the next millennium. The following centuries saw the Muslims successful in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">conquering most of Sicily</a> from the Christians by 902. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin</a> from around AD 895 and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe" title="Hungarian invasions of Europe">Hungarian invasions of Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Viking expansion</a> from the late 8th century conventionally mark the last large migration movements of the period. Christian missionaries from the Roman West and Byzantium <a href="/wiki/Christianization#Christianization_of_Europe_(6th–9th_centuries)" title="Christianization">gradually converted</a> the non-Islamic newcomers and integrated them into Christendom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discussions">Discussions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Period&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Discussions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barbarian_identity">Barbarian identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Period&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Barbarian identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a></div> <p>Analysis of barbarian <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">identity</a> and how it was created and expressed during the Barbarian Invasions has elicited discussion among scholars. <a href="/wiki/Herwig_Wolfram" title="Herwig Wolfram">Herwig Wolfram</a>, a historian of the Goths,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in discussing the equation of <i>migratio gentium</i> with <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Völkerwanderung</i></span></i>, observes that <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Ignaz_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Ignaz Schmidt (page does not exist)">Michael Schmidt</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ignaz_Schmidt" class="extiw" title="de:Michael Ignaz Schmidt">de</a>]</span> introduced the equation in his 1778 history of the Germans. Wolfram observed that the significance of <i><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">gens</a></i> as a biological community was shifting, even during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early Middle Ages</a> and that "to complicate matters, we have no way of devising a terminology that is not derived from the concept of <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nationhood</a> created during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>". </p><p>The "primordialistic"<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> paradigm prevailed during the 19th century. Scholars, such as German linguist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a>, viewed tribes as coherent biological (racial) entities, using the term to refer to discrete ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeary200629_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeary200629-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also believed that the <i>Volk</i> were an organic whole, with a core identity and spirit evident in art, literature and language. These characteristics were seen as intrinsic, unaffected by external influences, even conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski200746_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski200746-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Language, in particular, was seen as the most important expression of ethnicity. They argued that groups sharing the same (or similar) language possessed a common identity and ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> ideal that there once had been a single German, Celtic or Slavic people who originated from a common homeland and spoke a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">common tongue</a>, helping to provide a <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_framework" title="Conceptual framework">conceptual framework</a> for <a href="/wiki/Political_movement" title="Political movement">political movements</a> of the 18th and 19th centuries such as <a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski200746_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski200746-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 1960s, a reinterpretation of archaeological and historical evidence prompted scholars, such as Goffart and Todd, to propose new models for explaining the construction of barbarian identity. They maintained that no sense of shared identity was perceived by the <i>Germani</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-Halsall_2008_17_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halsall_2008_17-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeary200629_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeary200629-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a similar theory having been proposed for Celtic and Slavic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A theory states that the primordialist mode of thinking was encouraged by a <i><a href="/wiki/Prima_facie" title="Prima facie">prima facie</a></i> interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Graeco-Roman</a> sources, which grouped together many tribes under such labels as <i>Germanoi</i>, <i>Keltoi</i> or <i>Sclavenoi</i>, thus encouraging their perception as distinct peoples. Modernists argue that the uniqueness perceived by specific groups was based on common political and <a href="/wiki/Economic_interest" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interest">economic interests</a> rather than biological or racial distinctions. Indeed, on this basis, some schools of thought in recent scholarship urge that the concept of <i>Germanic</i> peoples be jettisoned altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-Halsall_2008_24_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halsall_2008_24-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The role of language in constructing and maintaining group identity can be ephemeral since large-scale language shifts occur commonly in history.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modernists propose the idea of "imagined communities"; the barbarian polities in late antiquity were social constructs rather than unchanging lines of blood kinship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski200748_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski200748-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process of forming tribal units was called "<a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a>", a term coined by <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Yulian_Bromley" title="Yulian Bromley">Yulian Bromley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Vienna_School_of_History" title="Vienna School of History">Austrian school</a> (led by <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Wenskus" title="Reinhard Wenskus">Reinhard Wenskus</a>) popularized this idea, which influenced medievalists such as Herwig Wolfram, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Pohl" title="Walter Pohl">Walter Pohl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Geary" title="Patrick J. Geary">Patrick J. Geary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Halsall_2008_17_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halsall_2008_17-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It argues that the stimulus for forming tribal polities was perpetuated by a small nucleus of people, known as the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Traditionskern</i></span></i> ("kernel of tradition"), who were a military or aristocratic elite. This core group formed a standard for larger units, gathering adherents by employing amalgamative metaphors such as kinship and aboriginal commonality and claiming that they perpetuated an ancient, divinely-sanctioned lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-harvtxt|Geary|2003|p_=_77_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvtxt|Geary|2003|p_=_77-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The common, track-filled map of the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Völkerwanderung</i></span></i> may illustrate such [a] course of events, but it misleads. Unfolded over long periods of time, the changes of position that took place were necessarily irregular ... (with) periods of emphatic discontinuity. For decades and possibly centuries, the tradition bearers idled, and the tradition itself hibernated. There was ample time for forgetfulness to do its work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood200697_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood200697-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viewpoints">Viewpoints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Period&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Viewpoints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Völkerwanderung</i> is a German word, borrowed from German historiography, that refers to the early migrations of the Germanic peoples. In a broader sense it can mean the mass migration of whole tribes or ethnic groups.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bell-Fialkoff, Andrew. <i>The Role of Migration</i>, p. 15</cite></div></blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East-Hem_100ad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/East-Hem_100ad.jpg/270px-East-Hem_100ad.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/East-Hem_100ad.jpg/405px-East-Hem_100ad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/East-Hem_100ad.jpg/540px-East-Hem_100ad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="1903" /></a><figcaption>Location of <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> and other steppe nations in 100 AD. Some historians believe that the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> originated from the Xiongnu.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rather than "invasion", German and Slavic scholars speak of "migration" (see <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Völkerwanderung</i>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">Stěhování národů</i>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">folkvandring</i> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">népvándorlás</i>), aspiring to the idea of a dynamic and "wandering <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-Germanic</a> people".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006b236_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006b236-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, the standard terms in French and Italian historiography translate to "barbarian invasions", or even "barbaric invasions" (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Invasions barbares</i>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Invasioni barbariche</i>). </p><p>Historians have postulated several explanations for the appearance of "barbarians" on the Roman frontier: climate change, weather and crops, <a href="/wiki/Population_pressure" title="Population pressure">population pressure</a>, a "primeval urge" to push into the Mediterranean, the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a> causing a "domino effect" of tribes being forced westward, leading to the Huns falling upon the Goths who, in turn, pushed other Germanic tribes before them.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, French and Italian scholars have tended to view this as a catastrophic event, the destruction of a civilization and the beginning of a "Dark Age" that set Europe back a millennium.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006a35_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006a35-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, German and English historians have tended to see Roman–Barbarian interaction as the replacement of a "tired, effete and decadent Mediterranean civilization" with a "more virile, martial, Nordic one".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006a35_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006a35-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbarian_invasions_from_3rd_century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Barbarian_invasions_from_3rd_century.png/270px-Barbarian_invasions_from_3rd_century.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Barbarian_invasions_from_3rd_century.png/405px-Barbarian_invasions_from_3rd_century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Barbarian_invasions_from_3rd_century.png/540px-Barbarian_invasions_from_3rd_century.png 2x" data-file-width="1596" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_invasions_of_the_3rd_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarian invasions of the 3rd century">Barbarian invasions against the Roman Empire in the 3rd century</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The scholar <a href="/wiki/Guy_Halsall" title="Guy Halsall">Guy Halsall</a> has seen the barbarian movement as the result of the fall of the Roman Empire, not its cause.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006a35_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006a35-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological discoveries have confirmed that Germanic and Slavic tribes were settled agriculturalists who were probably merely "drawn into the politics of an empire already falling apart for quite a few other causes".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2006247_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2006247-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goffart argues that the process of settlement was connected to <i>hospitalitas</i>, the Roman practice of quartering soldiers among the civilian population. The Romans, by granting land and the right to levy taxes to allied (Germanic) armies, hoped to reduce the financial burdens of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a> caused significant changes within the Roman Empire in both its western and its eastern portions.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, economic fragmentation removed many of the political, cultural and economic forces that had held the empire together.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006a42_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006a42-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rural population in Roman provinces became distanced from the metropolis, and there was little to differentiate them from other peasants across the Roman frontier. In addition, Rome increasingly used foreign mercenaries to defend itself. That "barbarisation" parallelled changes within <a href="/wiki/Barbaricum" title="Barbaricum">Barbaricum</a>. To this end, noted linguist Dennis Howard Green wrote, "the first centuries of our era witness not merely a progressive Romanisation of barbarian society, but also an undeniable barbarisation of the Roman world."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen1998143_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen1998143-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, the Roman Empire played a vital role in building up barbarian groups along its frontier. Propped up with imperial support and gifts, the armies of allied barbarian chieftains served as buffers against other, hostile, barbarian groups. The disintegration of Roman <a href="/wiki/Economic_power" title="Economic power">economic power</a> weakened groups that had come to depend on Roman gifts for the maintenance of their own power. The arrival of the Huns helped prompt many groups to invade the provinces for economic reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006a49_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006a49-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png/270px-Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png/405px-Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png/540px-Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png 2x" data-file-width="2830" data-file-height="1967" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">Barbarian kingdoms</a> and peoples after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> in 476 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>The nature of the barbarian takeover of former Roman provinces varied from region to region. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a>, the provincial administration was largely self-reliant. Halsall has argued that local rulers simply "handed over" military rule to the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a>, acquiring the identity of the newcomers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006a51_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006a51-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, the collapse of imperial rule resulted in anarchy: the Franks and <a href="/wiki/Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alemanni</a> were pulled into the ensuing "power vacuum",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006a50_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006a50-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in conflict. In Hispania, local aristocrats maintained independent rule for some time, raising their own armies against the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>. Meanwhile, the Roman withdrawal from lowland England resulted in conflict between <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Brittonic</a> chieftains (whose centres of power retreated westward as a result). The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> attempted to maintain control of the Balkan provinces despite a thinly-spread imperial army relying mainly on local militias and an extensive effort to refortify the Danubian <i><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">limes</a></i>. The ambitious fortification efforts collapsed, worsening the impoverished conditions of the local populace and resulting in colonization by Slavic warriors and their families.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Halsall and Noble have argued that such changes stemmed from the breakdown in Roman political control, which exposed the weakness of local Roman rule. Instead of large-scale migrations, there were military takeovers by small groups of warriors and their families, who usually numbered only in the tens of thousands. The process involved active, conscious decision-making by Roman provincial populations. </p><p>The collapse of centralized control severely weakened the sense of Roman identity in the provinces, which may explain why the provinces then underwent dramatic cultural changes even though few barbarians settled in them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006a50–52_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006a50–52-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, the Germanic groups in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> were accommodated without "dispossessing or overturning indigenous society", and they maintained a structured and hierarchical (but attenuated) form of Roman administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2006251_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2006251-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ironically, they lost their unique identity as a result of such an accommodation and were absorbed into Latinhood. In contrast, in the east, Slavic tribes maintained a more "spartan and egalitarian"<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> existence bound to the land "even in times when they took their part in plundering Roman provinces".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their organizational models were not Roman, and their leaders were not normally dependent on Roman gold for success. Thus they arguably had a greater effect on their region than the Goths, the Franks or the <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a> had on theirs.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Period&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on the belief that particular types of artifacts, elements of personal adornment generally found in a funerary context, are thought to indicate the <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a> of the person buried, the "Culture-History" school of archaeology assumed that archaeological cultures represent the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">Urheimat</a></i></span></i> (homeland) of tribal polities named in historical sources.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence, the shifting extensions of material cultures were interpreted as the expansion of peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski200761_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski200761-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Influenced by <a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">constructionism</a>, process-driven archaeologists rejected the <a href="/wiki/Culture-historical_archaeology" title="Culture-historical archaeology">culture-historical</a> doctrine<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski200761_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski200761-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and marginalized the discussion of ethnicity altogether and focused on the intragroup dynamics that generated such material remains. Moreover, they argued that adoption of new cultures could occur through trade or internal political developments rather than only military takeovers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depiction_in_media">Depiction in media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Period&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Depiction in media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Terry_Jones%27_Barbarians" title="Terry Jones' Barbarians">Terry Jones' Barbarians</a></i>, a four-part TV documentary series first broadcast on <a href="/wiki/BBC_2" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC 2">BBC 2</a> in 2006</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rome:_Total_War:_Barbarian_Invasion" title="Rome: Total War: Barbarian Invasion">Rome: Total War: Barbarian Invasion</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Total_War:_Attila" title="Total War: Attila">Total War: Attila</a></i>, strategy video games by <a href="/wiki/The_Creative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Creative Assembly">The Creative Assembly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barbarians_(miniseries)" title="Barbarians (miniseries)">Barbarians</a></i>, 2004 documentary miniseries on <a href="/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (U.S. TV channel)">The History Channel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Period&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_invasions_of_the_3rd_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarian invasions of the 3rd century">Barbarian invasions of the 3rd century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_event" title="Bond event">Bond event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages (historiography)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_migrant" title="Environmental migrant">Environmental migrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Barbarians" title="Five Barbarians">Five Barbarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Genetic history of the British Isles">Genetic history of the British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late Antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_demography" title="Medieval demography">Medieval demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Migration Period art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turkic migration</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Period&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allgemein Springer (2006), der auch auf alternative Definitionen außerhalb der <i><a href="/wiki/Communis_opinio" class="mw-redirect" title="Communis opinio">communis opinio</a></i> hinweist. Alle Epochengrenzen sind letztlich nur ein Konstrukt und vor allem durch Konvention begründet. Vgl. auch Stefan Krautschick: <i>Zur Entstehung eines Datums. 375 – Beginn der Völkerwanderung</i>. In: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klio_(Zeitschrift)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klio (Zeitschrift) (page does not exist)">Klio</a></i> 82, 2000, S. 217–222 sowie Stefan Krautschick: <i>Hunnensturm und Germanenflut: 375 – Beginn der Völkerwanderung?</i> In: <i><a href="/wiki/Byzantinische_Zeitschrift" title="Byzantinische Zeitschrift">Byzantinische Zeitschrift</a></i> 92, 1999, S. 10–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe/Barbarian-migrations-and-invasions">"History of Europe - Barbarian Migrations, Invasions | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=History+of+Europe+-+Barbarian+Migrations%2C+Invasions+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fhistory-of-Europe%2FBarbarian-migrations-and-invasions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMigration+Period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halsall, Guy. <i>Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376–568</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, Halsall, (2008), <i>Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376–568</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FYO7UBBhWKIC&pg=PA5">"The Migration period (fourth to eighth century)"</a>, p.5 <i>Migration Art, A.D. 300-800</i>, 1995, Metropolitan Museum of Art, ed. Katharine Reynolds Brown, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870997505" title="Special:BookSources/0870997505">0870997505</a>, 9780870997501</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heather2003-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heather2003_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Heather2003" class="citation book cs1">Peter Heather (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4MADmH2eaGIC&pg=PA54"><i>The Visigoths from the Migration Period to the Seventh Century: An Ethnographic Perspective</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-033-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-033-7"><bdi>978-1-84383-033-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Visigoths+from+the+Migration+Period+to+the+Seventh+Century%3A+An+Ethnographic+Perspective&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-033-7&rft.au=Peter+Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4MADmH2eaGIC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMigration+Period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giovanni Milani-Santarpia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mariamilani.com/ancient_rome/immigration_roman_empire.htm">"Immigration Roman Empire"</a>, MariaMilani.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury, J. B., <i>The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians</i>, Norton Library, 1967.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasischesmagazin.de/artikel/Anatolien-war-nicht-Ur-Heimat-der-indogermanischen-Staemme/20040313">"Anatolien war nicht Ur-Heimat der indogermanischen Stämme"</a>. Eurasischesmagazin.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anatolien+war+nicht+Ur-Heimat+der+indogermanischen+St%C3%A4mme&rft.pub=Eurasischesmagazin.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasischesmagazin.de%2Fartikel%2FAnatolien-war-nicht-Ur-Heimat-der-indogermanischen-Staemme%2F20040313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMigration+Period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfram Euler, Konrad Badenheuer; "Sprache und Herkunft der Germanen: Abriss des Protogermanischen vor der Ersten Lautverschiebung"; 2009; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-9812110-1-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-9812110-1-4">3-9812110-1-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9812110-1-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9812110-1-6">978-3-9812110-1-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury, Invasion, Ch. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006a51-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006a51_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006a51_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalsall2006a">Halsall 2006a</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram2001127ff.-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram2001127ff._13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram2001">Wolfram 2001</a>, pp. 127ff..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumville1990-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumville1990_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumville1990">Dumville 1990</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKobylinski2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Kobylinski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zbigniew Kobylinski (page does not exist)">Kobylinski, Zbigniew</a> (2005). "The Slavs". In <a href="/wiki/Paul_Fouracre" title="Paul Fouracre">Fouracre, Paul</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rosamond_McKitterick" title="Rosamond McKitterick">McKitterick, Rosamond</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Abulafia" title="David Abulafia">Abulafia, David</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JcmwuoTsKO0C"><i>The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 1, C.500-c.700</i></a>. The New Cambridge Medieval History, volume 1, C.500-c.700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 524ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521362917" title="Special:BookSources/9780521362917"><bdi>9780521362917</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Slavs&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History%3A+Volume+1%2C+C.500-c.700&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History%2C+volume+1%2C+C.500-c.700&rft.pages=524ff&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780521362917&rft.aulast=Kobylinski&rft.aufirst=Zbigniew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJcmwuoTsKO0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMigration+Period" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DBI-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DBI_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bertolini 1960, pp. 34–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schutz 2002, p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fine, John Van Antwerp (1983), <i>The Early Medieval Balkans</i>, University of Michigan Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08149-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-08149-7">0-472-08149-7</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Miracles of Saint Demetrius</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noel_Malcolm" title="Noel Malcolm">Malcolm, Noel</a> (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bosniashorthisto00malc"><i>Bosnia: A Short History</i></a></span>. Washington Square, New York: New York University Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-5520-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-5520-8"><bdi>0-8147-5520-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bosnia%3A+A+Short+History&rft.place=Washington+Square%2C+New+York&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8147-5520-8&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbosniashorthisto00malc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMigration+Period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-malcolm2-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-malcolm2_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malcolm2_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malcolm2_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapter 2 in Noel Malcolm's <i>Kosovo, a Short History</i>, Macmillan, London, 1998, pp. 22-40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199153,_160,_202,_225-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199153,_160,_202,_225_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1991">Fine 1991</a>, pp. 53, 160, 202, 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfram, Thomas J. Dunlap, tr. <i>History of the Goths</i> (1979) 1988:5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony D. Smith, <i>The Ethnic Origins of Nations</i> (Oxford, 1966) pp. 6ff., coined the term to separate these thinkers from those who view ethnicity as a situational construct, the product of history, rather than a cause, influenced by a variety of political, economic and cultural factors.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeary200629-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeary200629_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeary200629_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeary2006">Geary 2006</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski200746-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski200746_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski200746_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulikowski2007">Kulikowski 2007</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">That was influenced by the 'family tree' model (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Stammbaun</i></span></i>) of linguistics in that relationships between related languages were seen to be the result of derivation from a <a href="/wiki/Common_descent" title="Common descent">common ancestor</a>. The model still is very influential in linguistics</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halsall_2008_17-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halsall_2008_17_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halsall_2008_17_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalsall2008">Halsall (2008</a>, p. 17)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTodd1996">Todd (1996</a>, pp. 8–10) There is no indication that the Germani possessed a feeling that they were a "separate people, nation, or group of tribes"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, <i>The Celtic World</i>, Miranda Green (1996), p. 3 and <i>The Making of the Slavs</i>. Floring Curta (2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halsall_2008_24-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Halsall_2008_24_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalsall2008">Halsall (2008</a>, p. 24)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedrichHarland2020">Friedrich & Harland (2020)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Archaeology and Language: Correlating Archaeological and Linguistic Hypotheses</i>. "The Eurasian Spread Zone and the Indo-European Dispersal." <a href="/wiki/Johanna_Nichols" title="Johanna Nichols">Johanna Nichols</a>. p. 224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski200748-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski200748_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulikowski2007">Kulikowski 2007</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalsall2008">Halsall (2008</a>, p. 15)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harvtxt|Geary|2003|p_=_77-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harvtxt|Geary|2003|p_=_77_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeary2003">Geary (2003</a>, p. 77)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood200697-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood200697_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood2006">Wood 2006</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006b236-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006b236_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalsall2006b">Halsall 2006b</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright, David Curtis (1997). "The Hsiung-Nu-Hun Equation Revisited". <i>Eurasian Studies Yearbook</i>. 69: 77–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006a35-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006a35_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006a35_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006a35_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalsall2006a">Halsall 2006a</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2006247-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2006247_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2006">Heather 2006</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenri_J._M._Claessen,_Jarich_Gerlof_Oosten1996" class="citation book cs1">Henri J. M. Claessen, Jarich Gerlof Oosten (1996). <i>Ideology and the Formation of Early States</i>. BRILL. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004104709" title="Special:BookSources/9789004104709"><bdi>9789004104709</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideology+and+the+Formation+of+Early+States&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9789004104709&rft.au=Henri+J.+M.+Claessen%2C+Jarich+Gerlof+Oosten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMigration+Period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurta2001">Curta (2001</a>, p. 120) "[T]he archaeological evidence of late fourth- and fifth-century barbarian graves between the Rhine and Loire suggests that a process of small-scale cultural and demographic change took place on both sides of the Roman frontier. Can we envisage Roman-Slavic relations in a similar way?"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006a42-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006a42_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalsall2006a">Halsall 2006a</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen1998143-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen1998143_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen1998">Green 1998</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006a49-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006a49_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalsall2006a">Halsall 2006a</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006a50-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006a50_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalsall2006a">Halsall 2006a</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurta2001">Curta (2001</a>, pp. 120–180)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006a50–52-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2006a50–52_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalsall2006a">Halsall 2006a</a>, pp. 50–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2006251-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2006251_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2006">Heather 2006</a>, p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarford2001">Barford (2001</a>, p. 46)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPohl1998">Pohl1998</a>, p. 20)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeary2003">Geary (2003</a>, p. 146)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPohl1998">Pohl (1998</a>, pp. 17–23)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski200761-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski200761_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski200761_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulikowski2007">Kulikowski 2007</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Period&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarford2001" class="citation book cs1">Barford, Paul M. (2001). <i>The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe</i>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-3977-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-3977-9"><bdi>0-8014-3977-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Slavs%3A+Culture+and+Society+in+Early+Medieval+Eastern+Europe&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8014-3977-9&rft.aulast=Barford&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMigration+Period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell-Fialkoff2000" class="citation book cs1">Bell-Fialkoff, Andrew, ed. (2000). <i>The Role of Migration in the History of the Eurasian Steppe: Sedentary Civilization vs. 'Barbarian' and Nomad (Role Migrant History Eurasian Step)</i>. Basingstoke: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-61839-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-61839-2"><bdi>978-1-349-61839-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Migration+in+the+History+of+the+Eurasian+Steppe%3A+Sedentary+Civilization+vs.+%27Barbarian%27+and+Nomad+%28Role+Migrant+History+Eurasian+Step%29&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-349-61839-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMigration+Period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBörm2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Börm, Henning (2013). <i>Westrom. Von Honorius bis Justinian</i> (in German). Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-17-023276-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-17-023276-1"><bdi>978-3-17-023276-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Westrom.+Von+Honorius+bis+Justinian&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Kohlhammer+Verlag&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-17-023276-1&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6rm&rft.aufirst=Henning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMigration+Period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurta2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Florin_Curta" title="Florin Curta">Curta, Florin</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rcFGhCVs0sYC"><i>The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-42888-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-42888-0"><bdi>978-1-139-42888-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Slavs%3A+History+and+Archaeology+of+the+Lower+Danube+Region%2C+c.+500%E2%80%93700&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-139-42888-0&rft.aulast=Curta&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrcFGhCVs0sYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMigration+Period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurta2006" class="citation book cs1">——— (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt"><i>Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81539-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81539-0"><bdi>978-0-521-81539-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeastern+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+500%E2%80%931250&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81539-0&rft.aulast=Curta&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoutheasterneuro0000curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMigration+Period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumville1990" class="citation book cs1">Dumville, David (1990). <i>Histories and pseudo-histories of the insular Middle Ages</i>. Aldershot, Hampshire: Variorum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histories+and+pseudo-histories+of+the+insular+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+Hampshire&rft.pub=Variorum&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Dumville&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMigration+Period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedrichHarland2020" class="citation book cs1">Friedrich, Matthias; Harland, James M., eds. (2020). <i>Interrogating the 'Germanic': a category and its use in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages</i>. Boston: De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-069976-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-069976-0"><bdi>978-3-11-069976-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interrogating+the+%27Germanic%27%3A+a+category+and+its+use+in+late+antiquity+and+the+early+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-11-069976-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMigration+Period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeary2003" class="citation book cs1">Geary, Patrick (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythofnationsmed0000gear"><i>Myth of Nations. The Medieval Origins of Europe</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-11481-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-11481-1"><bdi>0-691-11481-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myth+of+Nations.+The+Medieval+Origins+of+Europe&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-691-11481-1&rft.aulast=Geary&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmythofnationsmed0000gear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMigration+Period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeary2006" class="citation book cs1">——— (2006). "The crisis of European identity". In Thomas F. X. Noble (ed.). <i>From Roman Provinces to Medieval Kingdoms</i>. New York and London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-32742-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-32742-3"><bdi>0-415-32742-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+crisis+of+European+identity&rft.btitle=From+Roman+Provinces+to+Medieval+Kingdoms&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-415-32742-3&rft.aulast=Geary&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMigration+Period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Howard_Green" title="Dennis Howard Green">Green, D. H.</a> (1998). <a href="/wiki/Language_and_history_in_the_early_Germanic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Language and history in the early Germanic world"><i>Language and history in the early Germanic world</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79423-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79423-7"><bdi>978-0-521-79423-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+history+in+the+early+Germanic+world&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79423-7&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=D.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMigration+Period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalsall2006a" class="citation book cs1">Halsall, Guy (2006a). "The Barbarian invasions". In Fouracre, Paul (ed.). <i>The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. 1: c. 500 – c. 700</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36291-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-36291-1"><bdi>0-521-36291-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Barbarian+invasions&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History%2C+Vol.+1%3A+c.+500+%E2%80%93+c.+700&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-521-36291-1&rft.aulast=Halsall&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMigration+Period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalsall2006b" class="citation book cs1">——— (2006b). "Movers and shakers: the barbarians and the fall of Rome". 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43491-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43491-1"><bdi>978-0-521-43491-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbarian+Migrations+and+the+Roman+West%2C+376%E2%80%93568&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43491-1&rft.aulast=Halsall&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMigration+Period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeather1998" class="citation book cs1">Heather, Peter (1998). <i>The Goths</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-20932-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-20932-8"><bdi>0-631-20932-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goths&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-631-20932-8&rft.aulast=Heather&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMigration+Period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeather2006" class="citation book cs1">——— (2006). "Foedera and foederati of the fourth century". In Noble, Thomas F. X. (ed.). <i>From Roman Provinces to Medieval Kingdoms</i>. New York and London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-32742-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-32742-3"><bdi>0-415-32742-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foedera+and+foederati+of+the+fourth+century&rft.btitle=From+Roman+Provinces+to+Medieval+Kingdoms&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-415-32742-3&rft.aulast=Heather&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMigration+Period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinebergMarxKnoblochLelgemann2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kleineberg, Andreas; Marx, Christian; Knobloch, Eberhard; Lelgemann, Dieter; Ptolemaeus, Claudius (2010). <i>Germania und die Insel Thule: die Entschlüsselung von Ptolemaios' "Atlas der Oikumene"</i> (in German). Darmstadt: WBG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-534-23757-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-534-23757-9"><bdi>978-3-534-23757-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germania+und+die+Insel+Thule%3A+die+Entschl%C3%BCsselung+von+Ptolemaios%27+%22Atlas+der+Oikumene%22&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pub=WBG&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-534-23757-9&rft.aulast=Kleineberg&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft.au=Marx%2C+Christian&rft.au=Knobloch%2C+Eberhard&rft.au=Lelgemann%2C+Dieter&rft.au=Ptolemaeus%2C+Claudius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMigration+Period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulikowski2007" class="citation book cs1">Kulikowski, Michael (2007). <i>Rome's Gothic Wars: From the Third Century to Alaric</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84633-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84633-2"><bdi>978-0-521-84633-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome%27s+Gothic+Wars%3A+From+the+Third+Century+to+Alaric&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84633-2&rft.aulast=Kulikowski&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMigration+Period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoble2006" class="citation book cs1">Noble, Thomas F. X., ed. (2006). <i>From Roman Provinces to Medieval Kingdoms</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-32742-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-32742-3"><bdi>0-415-32742-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Roman+Provinces+to+Medieval+Kingdoms&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-415-32742-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMigration+Period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohl1998" class="citation book cs1">Pohl, Walter (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/detail/debatingmiddleag0000unse">"Conceptions of Ethnicity in Early Medieval Studies"</a></span>. In Little, Lester K; Rosenwein, Barbara (eds.). <i>Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57718-008-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-57718-008-9"><bdi>1-57718-008-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conceptions+of+Ethnicity+in+Early+Medieval+Studies&rft.btitle=Debating+the+Middle+Ages%3A+Issues+and+Readings&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-57718-008-9&rft.aulast=Pohl&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetail%2Fdebatingmiddleag0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMigration+Period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd1996" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Malcolm (1996). <i>The Early Germans</i>. Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19904-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19904-7"><bdi>0-631-19904-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Germans&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-631-19904-7&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMigration+Period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfram2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wolfram, Herwig (2001). <i>Die Goten. Von den Anfängen bis zur Mitte des sechsten Jahrhunderts</i> (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Goten.+Von+den+Anf%C3%A4ngen+bis+zur+Mitte+des+sechsten+Jahrhunderts&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=C.+H.+Beck&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Wolfram&rft.aufirst=Herwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMigration+Period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2006" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Ian (2006). "Defining the Franks: Frankish origins in early medieval historiography". In Noble, Thomas F. X. (ed.). <i>From Roman Provinces to Medieval Kingdoms</i>. New York and London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-32742-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-32742-3"><bdi>0-415-32742-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Defining+the+Franks%3A+Frankish+origins+in+early+medieval+historiography&rft.btitle=From+Roman+Provinces+to+Medieval+Kingdoms&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-415-32742-3&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMigration+Period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr." title="John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.">Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr.</a> (1991) [First published 1983]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medievalbalkans/page/n3/mode/2up"><i>The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century</i></a>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08260-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-08260-4"><bdi>0-472-08260-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Sixth+to+the+Late+Twelfth+Century&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-472-08260-4&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+Van+Antwerp+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmedievalbalkans%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMigration+Period" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Period&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Migration_period" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Migration period">Migration period</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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established around the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Migration Period</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamannia" title="Alamannia">Alamannian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptarchy" title="Heptarchy">Anglo-Saxon kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Burgundians" title="Kingdom of the Burgundians">Burgundian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_Kingdom" title="Frisian Kingdom">Frisian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepid kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Hunnic empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Altava" title="Kingdom of Altava">Kingdom of Altava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Kingdom of Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Aur%C3%A8s" title="Kingdom of the Aurès">Kingdom of the Aurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombard kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro-Roman_Kingdom" title="Mauro-Roman Kingdom">Mauro-Roman kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugiland" title="Rugiland">Rugian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo%27s_Empire" title="Samo's Empire">Samo's Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Suebian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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coords="640,257,785,281" title="Christianization of Scandinavia" alt="Christianization of Scandinavia" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Viking_Age" coords="647,237,752,261" title="Viking Age" alt="Viking Age" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Migration_Period" coords="622,217,767,241" title="Migration Period" alt="Migration Period" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" coords="627,197,779,221" title="Germanic Iron Age" alt="Germanic Iron Age" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" coords="609,177,741,201" title="Roman Iron Age" alt="Roman Iron Age" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Pre%2DRoman_Iron_Age" coords="582,157,740,181" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age" alt="Pre-Roman Iron Age" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" coords="512,117,663,141" title="Nordic Bronze Age" alt="Nordic Bronze Age" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" coords="235,97,380,121" title="Nordic Stone Age" alt="Nordic Stone Age" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Neolithic" coords="464,79,550,100" title="Neolithic" alt="Neolithic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mesolithic" coords="348,59,440,80" title="Mesolithic" alt="Mesolithic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" coords="126,39,257,60" title="Upper Paleolithic" alt="Upper Paleolithic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Subatlantic" coords="604,19,701,40" title="Subatlantic" alt="Subatlantic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Subboreal" coords="448,19,534,40" title="Subboreal" alt="Subboreal" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Atlantic_(period)" coords="316,19,447,40" title="Atlantic (period)" alt="Atlantic (period)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Boreal_(period)" coords="226,19,295,40" title="Boreal (period)" alt="Boreal (period)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" coords="159,19,251,40" title="Younger Dryas" alt="Younger Dryas" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Older_Dryas" coords="81,19,173,40" title="Older Dryas" alt="Older Dryas" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/B%C3%B8lling_oscillation" coords="26,19,112,40" title="Bølling oscillation" alt="Bølling oscillation" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Holocene_Epoch" coords="432,-1,546,20" title="Holocene Epoch" alt="Holocene Epoch" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Pleistocene" coords="137,-1,234,20" title="Pleistocene" alt="Pleistocene" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_ohikiitqr0ty3p5w5jqyh3wx8r1w9oi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/ohikiitqr0ty3p5w5jqyh3wx8r1w9oi.png" /></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_peoples436" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_peoples" title="Template talk:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_peoples436" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern European</a> origin primarily identified as speakers of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture" title="Early Germanic culture">Early culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_early_Germanic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Family in early Germanic culture">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Folklore </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_folklore" title="Proto-Germanic folklore">Proto-Germanic folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon mythology">Anglo-Saxon mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_funerary_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic funerary practices">Funerary practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial_mounds" title="Anglo-Saxon burial mounds">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_law" title="Germanic law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_law" title="Medieval Scandinavian law">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Numbers in Germanic paganism">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic paganism">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture#Scripts" title="Early Germanic culture">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">Runes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sippe" title="Sippe">Sippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic symbols">Symbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_warfare" title="Early Germanic warfare">Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_and_Vandal_warfare" title="Gothic and Vandal warfare">Gothic and Vandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Viking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisigavi" title="Brisigavi">Brisgavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucinobantes" title="Bucinobantes">Bucinobantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentienses" title="Lentienses">Lentienses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetovari" title="Raetovari">Raetovari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrabaecampi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrabaecampi">Adrabaecampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrones" title="Ambrones">Ambrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampsivarii" title="Ampsivarii">Ampsivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrivarii" title="Angrivarii">Angrivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalausi" title="Armalausi">Armalausi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auiones" title="Auiones">Auiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarpi" title="Avarpi">Avarpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baemi" title="Baemi">Baemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banochaemae" title="Banochaemae">Banochaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">Germani cisrhenani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerosi" title="Caerosi">Caeroesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni_(tribe)" title="Segni (tribe)">Segni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateinoi" title="Bateinoi">Bateinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetasii" title="Baetasii">Betasii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brondings" title="Brondings">Brondings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritni" title="Caritni">Caritni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuari" title="Casuari">Casuari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaedini" title="Chaedini">Chaedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaemae" title="Chaemae">Chaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali" title="Chali">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charudes" title="Charudes">Charudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasuarii" title="Chasuarii">Chasuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattuarii" title="Chattuarii">Chattuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobandi" title="Cobandi">Cobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corconti" title="Corconti">Corconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cugerni" title="Cugerni">Cugerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danes_(tribe)" title="Danes (tribe)">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauciones" title="Dauciones">Dauciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulgubnii" title="Dulgubnii">Dulgubnii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favonae" title="Favonae">Favonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firaesi" title="Firaesi">Firaesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosi" title="Fosi">Fosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisiavones" title="Frisiavones">Frisiavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrivii" title="Gambrivii">Gambrivii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutones" title="Gutones">Gutones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thervingi" title="Thervingi">Thervingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Goths" title="Thracian Goths">Thracian Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutes" title="Gutes">Gutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilleviones" title="Hilleviones">Hilleviones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingaevones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacringi" title="Lacringi">Lacringi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovii" title="Lemovii">Lemovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hea%C3%B0obards" title="Heaðobards">Heaðobards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diduni" title="Diduni">Diduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helisii" class="mw-redirect" title="Helisii">Helisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helveconae" title="Helveconae">Helveconae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimi" title="Manimi">Manimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahanarvali" title="Nahanarvali">Nahanarvali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsacii" title="Marsacii">Marsacii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Marsi (Germanic tribe)">Marsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattiaci" title="Mattiaci">Mattiaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetes" title="Nemetes">Nemetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njars" title="Njars">Njars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuithones" title="Nuithones">Nuithones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osi_(tribe)" title="Osi (tribe)">Osi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reudigni" title="Reudigni">Reudigni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugini" title="Rugini">Rugini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitones" title="Sitones">Sitones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suarines" title="Suarines">Suarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunici" title="Sunici">Sunici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifals" title="Taifals">Taifals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelir" title="Thelir">Thelir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texandri" title="Texandri">Toxandri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboci" title="Triboci">Triboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubantes" title="Tubantes">Tubantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulingi" title="Tulingi">Tulingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungri" title="Tungri">Tungri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagoth" title="Vagoth">Vagoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangiones" title="Vangiones">Vangiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varisci" title="Varisci">Varisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victohali" title="Victohali">Victohali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidivarii" title="Vidivarii">Vidivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoviloth" title="Vinoviloth">Vinoviloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warini" title="Warini">Warini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Christianization of the Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization of Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Christianization of Iceland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Germanic_peoples" title="Category:Germanic peoples">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Middle_Ages448" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_Ages" title="Template:Middle Ages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Middle Ages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_Ages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle Ages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Middle_Ages448" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">European Middle Ages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">Decline of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">Barbarian kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Decline of Hellenistic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Rise of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Kingdom of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Rise of the Venetian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitas_Schinesghe" title="Civitas Schinesghe">Civitas Schinesghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Rise of the Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capet%E2%80%93Plantagenet_feud" class="mw-redirect" title="Capet–Plantagenet feud">Capet–Plantagenet feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Warm_Period" title="Medieval Warm Period">Medieval Warm Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_mercenaries" title="Swiss mercenaries">Swiss mercenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_late_Middle_Ages" title="Crisis of the late Middle Ages">Crisis of the late Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1315%E2%80%931317" title="Great Famine of 1315–1317">Great Famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_architecture" title="Medieval architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_and_state_in_medieval_Europe" title="Church and state in medieval Europe">Church and State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_dance" title="Medieval dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_demography" title="Medieval demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastilude" title="Hastilude">Hastilude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_household" title="Medieval household">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_hunting" title="Medieval hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_popular_culture" title="Middle Ages in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_court" title="Itinerant court">Itinerant court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe" title="Medieval medicine of Western Europe">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel" title="Minstrel">Minstrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_poetry" title="Medieval poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_science_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="European science in the Middle Ages">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_technology" title="Medieval technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_theatre" title="Medieval theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Women in the Middle Ages">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Disability in the Middle Ages">Disability in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Middle_Ages" title="Outline of the Middle Ages">Basic topics list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_land_terms" title="List of medieval land terms">Land terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_reenactment" title="Medieval reenactment">Medieval reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_studies" title="Medieval studies">Medieval studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions_about_the_Middle_Ages" title="List of common misconceptions about the Middle Ages">Misconceptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_post-classical_history" title="Timeline of post-classical history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Historiography in the Middle Ages">Historiography in the Middle Ages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Middle_Ages" title="Portal:Middle Ages">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Middle_Ages" title="Category:Middle Ages">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Middle_Ages" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Middle Ages">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Europe117" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Europe" title="Template talk:History of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Europe117" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131192#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1584" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse 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