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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_Chinese_classics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Chinese_classics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>In the Chinese classics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Chinese_classics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongol_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongol_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mongol Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongol_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Yuan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Yuan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Northern Yuan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Yuan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qing_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qing_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Qing era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qing_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Qing_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Qing_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Post-Qing era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Qing_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kinship_and_family_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kinship_and_family_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Kinship and family life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kinship_and_family_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Royal family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Historical population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographic distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subgroups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subgroups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Subgroups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subgroups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sister groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongolia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongolia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Mongolia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongolia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elsewhere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elsewhere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Elsewhere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elsewhere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mongols</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 108 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-108" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">108 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongole" title="Mongole – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mongole" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolen" title="Mongolen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mongolen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolas" title="Mongolas – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Mongolas" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84" title="مغول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مغول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblos_mongols" title="Pueblos mongols – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pueblos mongols" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoles" title="Mongoles – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mongoles" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monqollar" title="Monqollar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Monqollar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="موغول‌لار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="موغول‌لار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2" title="মঙ্গোল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মঙ্গোল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B4ng-k%C3%B3%CD%98-cho%CC%8Dk" title="Bông-kó͘-cho̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bông-kó͘-cho̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Монгол халыҡтары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Монгол халыҡтары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Манголы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Манголы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol" title="Mongol – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mongol" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Монголци – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Монголци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="སོག་པོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སོག་པོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoli" title="Mongoli – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mongoli" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoled" title="Mongoled – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mongoled" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Монголшууд – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Монголшууд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mongols" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Монголсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Монголсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolov%C3%A9" title="Mongolové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mongolové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolwyr" title="Mongolwyr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mongolwyr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoler" title="Mongoler – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mongoler" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolen" title="Mongolen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mongolen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongole" title="Mongole – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Mongole" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolid" title="Mongolid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mongolid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Μογγόλοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μογγόλοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoles" title="Mongoles – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mongoles" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoloj" title="Mongoloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mongoloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol" title="Mongol – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mongol" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84" title="مغول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مغول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mongols" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoalen" title="Mongoalen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mongoalen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mong%C3%B3laigh" title="Mongólaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mongólaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_mongol" title="Pobo mongol – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo mongol" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B9ng-k%C3%BA-chhu%CC%8Dk" title="Mùng-kú-chhu̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mùng-kú-chhu̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%BD%EA%B3%A8%EC%9D%B8" title="몽골인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="몽골인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մոնղոլներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոնղոլներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="मंगोल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मंगोल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolski_narodi" title="Mongolski narodi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mongolski narodi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangsa_Mongol" title="Bangsa Mongol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bangsa Mongol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoli" title="Mongoli – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mongoli" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מונגולים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מונגולים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Mongol" title="Wong Mongol – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wong Mongol" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მონღოლები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მონღოლები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D2%A3%D2%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Моңғолдар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Моңғолдар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol" title="Mongol – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mongol" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Моңголдор – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Моңголдор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoli" title="Mongoli – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mongoli" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongo%C4%BCi" title="Mongoļi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mongoļi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolai" title="Mongolai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mongolai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolok" title="Mongolok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mongolok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Монголци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Монголци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4ng%C3%B4ly_(vahoaka)" title="Môngôly (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Môngôly (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="മംഗോളിയർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മംഗോളിയർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="मंगोल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मंगोल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="მონღოლეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მონღოლეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84" title="مونجول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مونجول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Mongol" title="Orang Mongol – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Mongol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B9ng-g%C5%AB-c%C5%ADk" title="Mùng-gū-cŭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mùng-gū-cŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Монголчууд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Монголчууд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title="မွန်ဂို – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မွန်ဂို" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolen_(volk)" title="Mongolen (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mongolen (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="मङ्गोल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मङ्गोल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="モンゴル民族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モンゴル民族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Монголаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Монголаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolene" title="Mongolene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mongolene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolar" title="Mongolar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mongolar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongollar" title="Mongollar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mongollar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2" title="ਮੰਗੋਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੰਗੋਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84" title="منگول – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="منگول" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85" title="مغول قوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مغول قوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongo%C5%82owie" title="Mongołowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mongołowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mong%C3%B3is" title="Mongóis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mongóis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C3%B1%C4%9Follar" title="Moñğollar – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Moñğollar" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoli" title="Mongoli – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mongoli" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Монґолы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Монґолы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Монголы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Монголы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Монгуоллар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Монгуоллар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱢᱳᱝᱜᱳᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱳᱝᱜᱳᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mongols" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol%C3%ABt" title="Mongolët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mongolët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mongols" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoli_(mongolsk%C3%A9_jazyky)" title="Mongoli (mongolské jazyky) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mongoli (mongolské jazyky)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoli" title="Mongoli – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mongoli" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D8%BA%DB%86%D9%84" title="مەغۆل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەغۆل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Монголи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Монголи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoli" title="Mongoli – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mongoli" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Mongol" title="Urang Mongol – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Urang Mongol" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolit" title="Mongolit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mongolit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoler" title="Mongoler – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mongoler" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Mongol" title="Mga Mongol – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga Mongol" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="மங்கோலிய மக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மங்கோலிய மக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5_(%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%8C)" title="มองโกล (กลุ่มชาติพันธุ์) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มองโกล (กลุ่มชาติพันธุ์)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C4%9Follar" title="Moğollar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Moğollar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongollar" title="Mongollar – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Mongollar" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Монголи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Монголи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84" title="منگول – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="منگول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%DA%AD%D8%BA%DB%87%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%89%D9%84%D9%84%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89" title="موڭغۇل مىللىتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="موڭغۇل مىللىتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munggujcuz" title="Munggujcuz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Munggujcuz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_M%C3%B4ng_C%E1%BB%95" title="Người Mông Cổ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Mông Cổ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E6%97%8F" title="蒙古族 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="蒙古族" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_(katawhan)" title="Mongol (katawhan) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mongol (katawhan)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%99%E4%BA%BA" title="蒙人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蒙人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E6%97%8F" title="蒙古族 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蒙古族" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C4%9Fol" title="Moğol – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Moğol" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E6%97%8F" title="蒙古族 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蒙古族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Mongolia" title="Jolma Mongolia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group native to East Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the East Asian ethnic group. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mongols_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mongols (disambiguation)">Mongols (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolic peoples</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Mongols<br /></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn">Монголчууд</span></span><br /><span title="Mongolian-language romanization"><i lang="mn-Latn">Mongolchuud</i></span><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_musicians_in_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mongolian_musicians_in_Paris.jpg/238px-Mongolian_musicians_in_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mongolian_musicians_in_Paris.jpg/357px-Mongolian_musicians_in_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mongolian_musicians_in_Paris.jpg/476px-Mongolian_musicians_in_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Men_and_Women_in_Traditional_Mongolian_Dress_Look_on_as_Secretary_Kerry_Attends_a_%22Mini-Nadaam%22_at_a_Field_Outside_of_Ulaanbaatar_(27506837976).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Men_and_Women_in_Traditional_Mongolian_Dress_Look_on_as_Secretary_Kerry_Attends_a_%22Mini-Nadaam%22_at_a_Field_Outside_of_Ulaanbaatar_%2827506837976%29.jpg/238px-Men_and_Women_in_Traditional_Mongolian_Dress_Look_on_as_Secretary_Kerry_Attends_a_%22Mini-Nadaam%22_at_a_Field_Outside_of_Ulaanbaatar_%2827506837976%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Men_and_Women_in_Traditional_Mongolian_Dress_Look_on_as_Secretary_Kerry_Attends_a_%22Mini-Nadaam%22_at_a_Field_Outside_of_Ulaanbaatar_%2827506837976%29.jpg/357px-Men_and_Women_in_Traditional_Mongolian_Dress_Look_on_as_Secretary_Kerry_Attends_a_%22Mini-Nadaam%22_at_a_Field_Outside_of_Ulaanbaatar_%2827506837976%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Men_and_Women_in_Traditional_Mongolian_Dress_Look_on_as_Secretary_Kerry_Attends_a_%22Mini-Nadaam%22_at_a_Field_Outside_of_Ulaanbaatar_%2827506837976%29.jpg/476px-Men_and_Women_in_Traditional_Mongolian_Dress_Look_on_as_Secretary_Kerry_Attends_a_%22Mini-Nadaam%22_at_a_Field_Outside_of_Ulaanbaatar_%2827506837976%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4668" data-file-height="3112" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">Mongolian men and women in traditional dress</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 10 million</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mongols_in_China" title="Mongols in China">6,290,204</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,046,882<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">651,355<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mongolians_in_South_Korea" title="Mongolians in South Korea">37,963</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mongolians_in_Japan" title="Mongolians in Japan">20,416</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Americans" title="Mongolian Americans">19,170</a><sup id="cite_ref-Census2020_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sart_Kalmyks" title="Sart Kalmyks">12,000</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mongolians_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Mongolians in the Czech Republic">10,236</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Canadians" title="Mongolian Canadians">9,090</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7,218<sup id="cite_ref-Census2020_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,538<sup id="cite_ref-Census2020_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,972<sup id="cite_ref-Census2020_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,951<sup id="cite_ref-Census2020_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,102<sup id="cite_ref-Census2020_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,716<sup id="cite_ref-Census2020_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,658<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> (in China)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> (in Russia)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mongolian_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mongolian-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minority <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolian shamanism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBira2011_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBira2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolic peoples</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Mongols</b><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are an <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">East Asian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> native to <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> and other 11 <a href="/wiki/Mongols_in_China#Distribution" title="Mongols in China">autonomous territories</a>), as well as <a href="/wiki/Buryatia" title="Buryatia">Buryatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalmykia" title="Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a> republics of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. The Mongols are the principal member of the large family of <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolic peoples</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a> are classified either as distinct ethno-linguistic groups or subgroups of Mongols. </p><p>The Mongols are bound together by a common heritage and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic identity</a>. Their indigenous dialects are collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian language</a>. The contiguous geographical area in which the Mongols primarily live is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_heartland" title="Mongol heartland">Mongol heartland</a>, especially in history books. The ancestors of the modern-day Mongols are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongols" title="Proto-Mongols">Proto-Mongols</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div> <p>Broadly defined, the term includes the Mongols proper (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha Mongols</a>), <a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a> and the Southern Mongols. The latter comprises the <a href="/wiki/Abaga_Mongols" title="Abaga Mongols">Abaga Mongols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abaganar" title="Abaganar">Abaganar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aohans" title="Aohans">Aohans</a>, Arkhorchin, <a href="/wiki/Asud" title="Asud">Asud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baarins" title="Baarins">Baarins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chahars" title="Chahars">Chahars</a>, Darkhan (<a href="/wiki/Shar_Darkhad" title="Shar Darkhad">Shar Darkhad</a>), Dörvön Khüükhed, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Dorbet" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Dorbet">Eastern Dorbets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorlos_Mongols" title="Gorlos Mongols">Gorlos Mongols</a>, Ikhmyangan, Jalaids, Jaruud, <a href="/wiki/Kharchin_Mongols" title="Kharchin Mongols">Kharchins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khishigten" title="Khishigten">Khishigten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khorchin_Mongols" title="Khorchin Mongols">Khorchins</a>, Khuuchid, Muumyangan, <a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a>, Onnigud, <a href="/wiki/Ordos_Mongols" title="Ordos Mongols">Ordos</a>, Sunud, <a href="/wiki/Tumed" title="Tumed">Tumed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urad_Mongols" title="Urad Mongols">Urad</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Czemchin_Mongols" title="Üzemchin Mongols">Üzemchins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOchir2008_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOchir2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The designation "Mongol" briefly appeared in 8th century records of <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang China</a> to describe a tribe of <a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a>. It resurfaced in the late 11th century during the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a>-ruled <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a>. After the fall of the Liao in 1125, the <a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongols</a> became a leading tribe on the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a>. However, their wars with the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a>-ruled <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tatar_confederation" title="Tatar confederation">Tatar confederation</a> had weakened them. </p><p>In the thirteenth century, the word Mongol grew into an umbrella term for a large group of <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic-speaking</a> tribes united under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mugul%C3%BC" title="Mugulü">Mugulü</a></div> <p>There are several proposals for the ethnonym Mongol's etymology: </p> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Language_change" title="Language change">change</a> from <i>Mongkhe-<a href="/wiki/Tengri" title="Tengri">tengri</a>-gal</i> ("Eternal Sky Fire");<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A derivation from the personal name, transcribed in Chinese-language sources as <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">木骨閭</span></span> <b>Mùgǔlǘ</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> *<i>muwk-kwot-ljo</i>), of the <a href="/wiki/Mugul%C3%BC" title="Mugulü">progenitor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">History of Mongolia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_East_Asians" title="Genetic history of East Asians">Genetic history of East Asians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Rouran_Khaganate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Map_of_the_Rouran_Khaganate.png/360px-Map_of_the_Rouran_Khaganate.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Map_of_the_Rouran_Khaganate.png/540px-Map_of_the_Rouran_Khaganate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Map_of_the_Rouran_Khaganate.png/720px-Map_of_the_Rouran_Khaganate.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>Asia in 330–555, showing the <a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate</a> and its neighbors, including the <a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Wei" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuoba Wei">Tuoba Wei</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun">Tuyuhun</a>, all of which were established by Proto-Mongols</figcaption></figure> <p>In various times Mongolic peoples have been equated with the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Magog</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic peoples</a>. Based on Chinese historical texts the ancestry of the Mongolic peoples can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Donghu</a>, a nomadic confederation occupying eastern Mongolia and <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>. The Donghu neighboured the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, whose identity is still debated today. Although some scholars maintain that they were <a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongols" title="Proto-Mongols">proto-Mongols</a>, they were more likely a multi-ethnic group of Mongolic and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic tribes">Turkic tribes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Geng_2005_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geng_2005-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It has been suggested that the language of the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> was related to the Xiongnu.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Donghu, however, can be much more easily labeled proto-Mongol since the Chinese histories trace only Mongolic tribes and kingdoms (<a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a> peoples) from them, although some historical texts claim a mixed Xiongnu-Donghu ancestry for some tribes (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Chinese_classics">In the Chinese classics</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%85%83%E9%AA%91%E9%A9%AC%E6%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB%E4%BF%911.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%E5%85%83%E9%AA%91%E9%A9%AC%E6%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB%E4%BF%911.jpg/220px-%E5%85%83%E9%AA%91%E9%A9%AC%E6%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB%E4%BF%911.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%E5%85%83%E9%AA%91%E9%A9%AC%E6%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB%E4%BF%911.jpg/330px-%E5%85%83%E9%AA%91%E9%A9%AC%E6%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB%E4%BF%911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%E5%85%83%E9%AA%91%E9%A9%AC%E6%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB%E4%BF%911.jpg/440px-%E5%85%83%E9%AA%91%E9%A9%AC%E6%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB%E4%BF%911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3632" data-file-height="5192" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> Mongol rider</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mongols_prior_to_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Timeline of Mongols prior to the Mongol Empire">Timeline of Mongols prior to the Mongol Empire</a></div> <p>The Donghu are mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a> as already existing in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan</a> in 699–632 BCE along with the <a href="/wiki/Shanrong" title="Shanrong">Shanrong</a>. Unofficial Chinese sources such as <i><a href="/wiki/Yi_Zhou_Shu" title="Yi Zhou Shu">Yi Zhou Shu</a></i> ("Lost Book of Zhou")<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Mountains_and_Seas" title="Classic of Mountains and Seas">Classic of Mountains and Seas</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> project the Donghu's activities back to the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> (1600–1046 BCE). However, the Hu (胡) were not mentioned among the non-Shang <i>fang</i> (方 "border-region"; modern term <i>fāngguó</i> <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:方國">方國</a> "fang-countries") in the extant oracle bones from the Shang period.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Xianbei formed part of the Donghu confederation, and possibly had in earlier times some independence within the Donghu confederation as well as from the Zhou dynasty. During the Warring States the poem "<a href="/wiki/The_Great_Summons" title="The Great Summons">The Great Summons</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">大招</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Dà zhāo</i></span>) in the anthology <a href="/wiki/Chu_Ci" title="Chu Ci">Verses of Chu</a> mentions small-waisted and long-necked Xianbei women,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possibly also the book <i><a href="/wiki/Guoyu_(book)" title="Guoyu (book)">Discourses of the States</a></i>, which states that during the reign of <a href="/wiki/King_Cheng_of_Zhou" title="King Cheng of Zhou">King Cheng of Zhou</a> (reigned 1042–1021 BCE) the Xianbei came to participate at a meeting of Zhou subject-lords at Qiyang (岐阳) (now <a href="/wiki/Qishan_County" title="Qishan County">Qishan County</a>) but were only allowed to perform the fire ceremony under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a> since they were not <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state#Ancient_China" title="Vassal state">vassals</a> (诸侯) by <a href="/wiki/Fengjian" title="Fengjian">enfeoffment and establishment</a>. The Xianbei chieftain was appointed joint guardian of the ritual torch along with Chu viscount <a href="/wiki/Xiong_Yi_(11th_century_BC)" title="Xiong Yi (11th century BC)">Xiong Yi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These early Xianbei came from the nearby <a href="/wiki/Zhukaigou_culture" title="Zhukaigou culture">Zhukaigou culture</a> (2200–1500 BCE) in the <a href="/wiki/Ordos_Desert" title="Ordos Desert">Ordos Desert</a>, where maternal DNA corresponds to the Mongol <a href="/wiki/Daur_people" title="Daur people">Daur people</a> and the Tungusic <a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenks</a>. The Zhukaigou Xianbei (part of the <a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos culture</a> of Inner Mongolia and northern <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>) had trade relations with the Shang. <a href="/wiki/Liu_Song_dynasty" title="Liu Song dynasty">Liu Song dynasty</a> commentator Pei Yin (裴駰), in his Jixie (集解), quoted <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Eastern_Han" title="Han dynasty">Eastern Han dynasty</a> scholar Fu Qian (服虔)'s assertion that <a href="/wiki/Shanrong" title="Shanrong">Shanrong</a> (山戎) and Beidi (北狄) are ancestors of the present-day Xianbei (鮮卑).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Again in Inner Mongolia another closely connected core Mongolic Xianbei region was the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Xiajiadian_culture" title="Upper Xiajiadian culture">Upper Xiajiadian culture</a> (1000–600 BCE) where the Donghu confederation was centered. </p><p>After the Donghu were defeated by Xiongnu king <a href="/wiki/Modu_Chanyu" title="Modu Chanyu">Modu Chanyu</a>, the Xianbei and <a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a> survived as the main remnants of the confederation. <a href="/wiki/Tadun" title="Tadun">Tadun</a> Khan of the Wuhuan (died 207 AD) was the ancestor of the proto-Mongolic <a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wuhuan are of the direct Donghu royal line and the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Book_of_Tang" title="New Book of Tang">New Book of Tang</a></i> says that in 209 BCE, Modu Chanyu defeated the Wuhuan instead of using the word Donghu. The Xianbei, however, were of the lateral Donghu line and had a somewhat separate identity, although they shared the same language with the Wuhuan. In 49 CE the Xianbei ruler Bianhe (Bayan Khan?) raided and defeated the Xiongnu, killing 2000, after having received generous gifts from <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han" title="Emperor Guangwu of Han">Emperor Guangwu of Han</a>. The Xianbei reached their peak under Tanshihuai Khan (reigned 156–181) who expanded the vast, but short lived, <a href="/wiki/Xianbei_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Xianbei state">Xianbei state</a> (93–234). </p><p>Three prominent groups split from the <a href="/wiki/Xianbei_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Xianbei state">Xianbei state</a> as recorded by the Chinese histories: the <a href="/wiki/Rouran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouran">Rouran</a> (claimed by some to be the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Pannonian Avars</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan people</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a> (a subtribe called the "Shiwei Menggu" is held to be the origin of the Genghisid Mongols).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides these three Xianbei groups, there were others such as the <a href="/wiki/Murong" title="Murong">Murong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duan_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duan (tribe)">Duan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuoba" title="Tuoba">Tuoba</a>. Their culture was nomadic, their religion <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and their military strength formidable. There is still no direct evidence that the Rouran spoke <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic languages</a>, although most scholars agree that they were Proto-Mongolic.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Khitan, however, had two scripts of their own and many Mongolic words are found in their half-deciphered writings. </p><p>Geographically, the <a href="/wiki/Tuoba" title="Tuoba">Tuoba</a> Xianbei ruled the southern part of Inner Mongolia and northern China, the Rouran (<a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Shelun" title="Yujiulü Shelun">Yujiulü Shelun</a> was the first to use the title <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">khagan</a> in 402) ruled eastern Mongolia, western Mongolia, the northern part of Inner Mongolia and northern Mongolia, the Khitan were concentrated in eastern part of Inner Mongolia north of <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> and the Shiwei were located to the north of the Khitan. These tribes and kingdoms were soon overshadowed by the rise of the <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a> in 555, the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a> in 745 and the <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kirghiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei Kirghiz">Yenisei Kirghiz</a> states in 840. The Tuoba were eventually absorbed into China. The Rouran fled west from the Göktürks and either disappeared into obscurity or, as some say, invaded Europe as the Avars under their Khan, <a href="/wiki/Bayan_I" title="Bayan I">Bayan I</a>. Some Rouran under Tatar Khan migrated east, founding the <a href="/wiki/Tatar_confederation" title="Tatar confederation">Tatar confederation</a>, who became part of the <a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a>. The Khitans, who were independent after their separation from the <a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a> origin) in 388, continued as a minor power in Manchuria until one of them, <a href="/wiki/Abaoji" title="Abaoji">Abaoji</a> (872–926), established the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> (916–1125). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongol_Empire">Mongol Empire</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg/220px-YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg/330px-YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg/440px-YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3221" data-file-height="4018" /></a><figcaption>A portrait of <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> by <a href="/wiki/Araniko" title="Araniko">Araniko</a> (1245–1306)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anonymous_-_Tartar_Huntsman_-_19.166_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Anonymous_-_Tartar_Huntsman_-_19.166_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg/220px-Anonymous_-_Tartar_Huntsman_-_19.166_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Anonymous_-_Tartar_Huntsman_-_19.166_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg/330px-Anonymous_-_Tartar_Huntsman_-_19.166_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Anonymous_-_Tartar_Huntsman_-_19.166_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg/440px-Anonymous_-_Tartar_Huntsman_-_19.166_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1809" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Mongol huntsmen, <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The destruction of Uyghur Khaganate by the Kirghiz resulted in the end of Turkic dominance in Mongolia. According to historians, Kirghiz were not interested in assimilating newly acquired lands; instead, they controlled local tribes through various manaps (tribal leaders). The Khitans occupied the areas vacated by the Turkic Uyghurs bringing them under their control. The <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kirghiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei Kirghiz">Yenisei Kirghiz</a> state was centered on <a href="/wiki/Khakassia" title="Khakassia">Khakassia</a> and they were expelled from Mongolia by the Khitans in 924. Beginning in the 10th century, the Khitans, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Abaoji" title="Abaoji">Abaoji</a>, prevailed in several military campaigns against the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s border guards, and the <a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Xi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a> nomadic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Remnants of the Liao dynasty led by <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Dashi" title="Yelü Dashi">Yelü Dashi</a> fled west through Mongolia after being defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a> and founded the <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a> (Western Liao dynasty) in 1124 while still maintaining control over western Mongolia. In 1218, <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> incorporated the Qara Khitai after which the Khitan passed into obscurity. Some remnants surfaced as the <a href="/wiki/Qutlugh-Khanids" title="Qutlugh-Khanids">Qutlugh-Khanid dynasty</a> (1222–1306) in Iran and the <a href="/wiki/Dai_Khitai_(Hazara_tribe)" title="Dai Khitai (Hazara tribe)">Dai Khitai</a> in Afghanistan. With the expansion of the Mongol Empire, the Mongolic peoples settled over almost all Eurasia and carried on military campaigns from the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> to <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Japan">Japan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>. They simultaneously became <a href="/wiki/Padishah" title="Padishah">Padishahs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperors_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperors of China">Emperors of China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Great_Khans" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Khans">Great Khans</a> of the Mongols, and one (<a href="/wiki/Al-Adil_Kitbugha" title="Al-Adil Kitbugha">Al-Adil Kitbugha</a>) became <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Egypt" title="Sultan of Egypt">Sultan of Egypt</a>. The Mongolic peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> established themselves to govern Russia by 1240.<sup id="cite_ref-Jerry_Bentley_1993_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jerry_Bentley_1993-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1279, they conquered the Song dynasty and brought all of <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a> under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jerry_Bentley_1993_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jerry_Bentley_1993-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... from Chinggis up high down to the common people, all are shaven in the style <i>pojiao</i>. As with small boys in China, they leave three locks, one hanging from the crown of their heads. When it has grown some, they clip it; the strands lower on both sides they plait to hang down on the shoulders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarcia2012325_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcia2012325-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Zhao Gong</cite></div></blockquote> <p>With the breakup of the empire, the dispersed Mongolic peoples quickly adopted the mostly Turkic cultures surrounding them and were assimilated, forming parts of Afghanistan's <a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nogays" class="mw-redirect" title="Nogays">Nogays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzs" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyzs">Kyrgyzs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/People_of_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="People of Caucasus">Caucasus peoples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mughal_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal (tribe)">Moghuls</a>; linguistic and cultural <a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianization</a> also began to be prominent in these territories. Some Mongols assimilated into the <a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a> after their migration to northern Siberia and about 30% of <a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Yakut words</a> have Mongol origin. However, remnants of the Yuan imperial family retreated north to Mongolia in 1368, retaining their language and culture. There were 250,000 Mongols in southern China and many Mongols were massacred by the rebel army. The survivors were trapped in southern China and eventually assimilated. The <a href="/wiki/Dongxiangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongxiangs">Dongxiangs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonans">Bonans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yugur" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur">Yugur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monguor_people" title="Monguor people">Monguor people</a> were invaded by the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Yuan">Northern Yuan</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Yuan_and_Golden_Horde.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Northern_Yuan_and_Golden_Horde.svg/280px-Northern_Yuan_and_Golden_Horde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Northern_Yuan_and_Golden_Horde.svg/420px-Northern_Yuan_and_Golden_Horde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Northern_Yuan_and_Golden_Horde.svg/560px-Northern_Yuan_and_Golden_Horde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Yuan dynasty">Northern Yuan dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol</a> residual states and domains by the 15th century</figcaption></figure> <p>After the fall of the Yuan dynasty in 1368, the Mongols continued to rule the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a> in northern China and the Mongolian steppe. However, the <a href="/wiki/Oirad" class="mw-redirect" title="Oirad">Oirads</a> began to challenge the Eastern Mongols under the <a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">Borjigin</a> monarchs in the late 14th century and Mongolia was divided into two parts: <a href="/wiki/Western_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Mongolia">Western Mongolia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a>) and Eastern Mongolia (<a href="/wiki/Khalkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalkha">Khalkha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongols" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner Mongols">Inner Mongols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barga_Mongols" title="Barga Mongols">Barga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a>). The earliest written references to the plough in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Mongol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Mongol language">Middle Mongol language</a> sources appear towards the end of the 14th c.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1434, Eastern Mongol <a href="/wiki/Taisun_Khan" title="Taisun Khan">Taisun Khan</a>'s (1433–1452) Oirat prime minister Togoon Taish reunited the Mongols after killing <a href="/wiki/Adai_Khan" title="Adai Khan">Adai Khan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Khorchin" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorchin">Khorchin</a>. Togoon died in 1439 and his son <a href="/wiki/Esen_Taish" class="mw-redirect" title="Esen Taish">Esen Taish</a> became ruler of Northern Yuan dynasty. Esen later unified the Mongol tribes. The Ming dynasty attempted to invade the Northern Yuan in the 14–16th centuries, however, the Ming dynasty was defeated by the Oirat, Southern Mongol, Eastern Mongol and united Mongol armies. Esen's 30,000 cavalries defeated 500,000 Chinese soldiers in the 1449 <a href="/wiki/Tumu_Crisis" title="Tumu Crisis">Tumu Crisis</a>. Within eighteen months of his defeat of the titular Khan Taisun, in 1453, Esen himself took the title of <a href="/wiki/Great_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Khan">Great Khan</a> (1454–1455) of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Yuan">Great Yuan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Khalkha emerged during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Dayan_Khan" title="Dayan Khan">Dayan Khan</a> (1479–1543) as one of the six <a href="/wiki/Tumen_(unit)" title="Tumen (unit)">tumens</a> of the Eastern Mongolic peoples. They quickly became the dominant Mongolic clan in Mongolia proper.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reunited the Mongols again. In 1550, <a href="/wiki/Altan_Khan" title="Altan Khan">Altan Khan</a> led a Khalkha Mongol raid on Beijing. The Mongols voluntarily reunified during Eastern Mongolian <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCmen_Zasagt_Khan" title="Tümen Zasagt Khan">Tümen Zasagt Khan</a> rule (1558–1592) for the last time (the Mongol Empire united all Mongols before this). </p><p>Eastern Mongolia was divided into three parts in the 17th century: <a href="/wiki/Outer_Mongolia" title="Outer Mongolia">Outer Mongolia</a> (Khalkha), <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> (Inner Mongols) and the Buryat region in southern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. </p><p>The last Mongol khagan was <a href="/wiki/Ligdan_Khan" title="Ligdan Khan">Ligdan</a> in the early 17th century. He got into conflicts with the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a> over the looting of Chinese cities, and managed to alienate most Mongol tribes. In 1618, Ligdan signed a treaty with the Ming dynasty to protect their northern border from the Manchus attack in exchange for thousands of taels of silver. By the 1620s, only the <a href="/wiki/Chahars" title="Chahars">Chahars</a> remained under his rule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qing_era">Qing era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Mongolia under Qing rule</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qing_Dzungar_wars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Qing_Dzungar_wars.jpg/290px-Qing_Dzungar_wars.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Qing_Dzungar_wars.jpg/435px-Qing_Dzungar_wars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Qing_Dzungar_wars.jpg/580px-Qing_Dzungar_wars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Map showing <a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">wars</a> between Qing dynasty and Dzungar Khanate</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Langshining_mao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Langshining_mao.jpg/220px-Langshining_mao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Langshining_mao.jpg/330px-Langshining_mao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Langshining_mao.jpg/440px-Langshining_mao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1118" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar</a> soldier called <a href="/wiki/Ayusi" title="Ayusi">Ayusi</a> from the high Qing era, by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Castiglione_(Jesuit_painter)" title="Giuseppe Castiglione (Jesuit painter)">Giuseppe Castiglione</a>, 1755</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Oroi-Jalatu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Battle_of_Oroi-Jalatu.jpg/290px-Battle_of_Oroi-Jalatu.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Battle_of_Oroi-Jalatu.jpg/435px-Battle_of_Oroi-Jalatu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Battle_of_Oroi-Jalatu.jpg/580px-Battle_of_Oroi-Jalatu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1217" /></a><figcaption>The Battle of Oroi-Jalatu in 1755 between the Qing (that ruled China at the time) and Mongol Dzungar armies. The fall of the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Chahar army was defeated in 1625 and 1628 by the Inner Mongol and Manchu armies due to Ligdan's faulty tactics. The Qing forces secured their control over Inner Mongolia by 1635, and the army of the last khan Ligdan moved to battle against Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Gelugpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelugpa">Gelugpa</a> sect (Yellow Hat sect) forces. The Gelugpa forces supported the Manchus, while Ligdan supported <a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a> sect (Red Hat sect) of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>. Ligden died in 1634 on his way to <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>. By 1636, most Inner Mongolian nobles had submitted to the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> founded by the Manchus. Inner Mongolian Tengis <a href="/wiki/Noyan" title="Noyan">noyan</a> revolted against the Qing in the 1640s and the Khalkha battled to protect Sunud. </p><p>Western Mongol Oirats and Eastern Mongolian Khalkhas vied for domination in Mongolia since the 15th century and this conflict weakened Mongol strength. In 1688, the Western Mongol <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a>'s king <a href="/wiki/Galdan_Boshugtu_Khan" title="Galdan Boshugtu Khan">Galdan Boshugtu</a> attacked Khalkha after murder of his younger brother by Tusheet Khan Chakhundorj (main or Central Khalkha leader) and the Khalkha-Oirat War began. Galdan threatened to kill Chakhundorj and <a href="/wiki/Zanabazar" title="Zanabazar">Zanabazar</a> (Javzandamba Khutagt I, spiritual head of Khalkha) but they escaped to Sunud (Inner Mongolia). Many Khalkha nobles and folks fled to Inner Mongolia because of the war. Few Khalkhas fled to the Buryat region and Russia threatened to exterminate them if they did not submit, but many of them submitted to Galdan Boshugtu. </p><p>In 1683 <a href="/wiki/Galdan_Boshugtu_Khan" title="Galdan Boshugtu Khan">Galdan</a>'s armies reached <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a> and crushed two armies of the <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a>. After that Galdan subjugated the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Black Khirgizs</a> and ravaged the <a href="/wiki/Fergana_Valley" title="Fergana Valley">Fergana Valley</a>. From 1685 Galdan's forces aggressively pushed the Kazakhs. While his general Rabtan took <a href="/wiki/Taraz" title="Taraz">Taraz</a>, and his main force forced the Kazakhs to migrate westwards.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1687, he besieged the <a href="/wiki/Turkistan_(city)" title="Turkistan (city)">City of Turkistan</a>. Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Abul_Khair_Khan" title="Abul Khair Khan">Abul Khair Khan</a>, the Kazakhs won major victories over the Dzungars at the Bulanty River in 1726, and at the Battle of Anrakay in 1729.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Khalkha eventually submitted to <a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Qing rule</a> in 1691 by <a href="/wiki/Zanabazar" title="Zanabazar">Zanabazar</a>'s decision, thus bringing all of today's Mongolia under the rule of the Qing dynasty but Khalkha <i>de facto</i> remained under the rule of Galdan Boshugtu Khaan until 1696. The Mongol-Oirat's Code (a treaty of alliance) against foreign invasion between the Oirats and Khalkhas was signed in 1640, however, the Mongols could not unite against foreign invasions. Chakhundorj fought against Russian invasion of <a href="/wiki/Outer_Mongolia" title="Outer Mongolia">Outer Mongolia</a> until 1688 and stopped Russian invasion of <a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%B6vsg%C3%B6l_Province" title="Khövsgöl Province">Khövsgöl Province</a>. Zanabazar struggled to bring together the Oirats and Khalkhas before the war. </p><p>Galdan Boshugtu sent his army to "liberate" Inner Mongolia after defeating the Khalkha's army and called Inner Mongolian nobles to fight for Mongolian independence. Some Inner Mongolian nobles, <a href="/wiki/Tibetans" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetans">Tibetans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul Khanate</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a>'s nobles supported his war against the Manchus, however, Inner Mongolian nobles did not battle against the Qing. </p><p>There were three khans in Khalkha and Zasagt Khan Shar (Western Khalkha leader) was Galdan's ally. Tsetsen Khan (Eastern Khalkha leader) did not engage in this conflict. While Galdan was fighting in Eastern Mongolia, his nephew <a href="/wiki/Tseveenravdan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tseveenravdan">Tseveenravdan</a> seized the Dzungarian throne in 1689 and this event made Galdan impossible to fight against the Qing Empire. The Russian and Qing Empires supported his action because this coup weakened Western Mongolian strength. Galdan Boshugtu's army was defeated by the outnumbering Qing army in 1696 and he died in 1697. The Mongols who fled to the Buryat region and Inner Mongolia returned after the war. Some Khalkhas mixed with the Buryats. </p><p>The Buryats fought against Russian <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">invasion</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Russia_1500%E2%80%931800" class="mw-redirect" title="Expansion of Russia 1500–1800">1620s</a> and thousands of Buryats were massacred. The Buryat region was formally annexed to Russia by treaties in 1689 and 1727, when the territories on both the sides of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a> were separated from Mongolia. In 1689 the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nerchinsk" title="Treaty of Nerchinsk">Treaty of Nerchinsk</a> established the northern border of <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> north of the present line. The Russians retained <a href="/wiki/Trans-Baikal" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Baikal">Trans-Baikalia</a> between Lake Baikal and the <a href="/wiki/Argun_River_(Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Argun River (Asia)">Argun River</a> north of Mongolia. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kyakhta_(1727)" title="Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)">Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)</a>, along with the Treaty of Nerchinsk, regulated the relations between Russian and Qing empires until the mid-nineteenth century, and established the <a href="/wiki/Mongolia-Russia_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolia-Russia border">Mongolia-Russia border</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oka_River_(Siberia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oka River (Siberia)">Oka</a> Buryats revolted in 1767 and Russia completely conquered the Buryat region in the late 18th century. Russia and Qing were rival empires until the early 20th century, however, both empires carried out united policy against Central Asians. </p><p>The Qing Empire conquered Upper Mongolia or the Oirat's <a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut Khanate</a> in the 1720s and 80,000 people were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-montaa.mn_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-montaa.mn-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By that period, Upper Mongolian population reached 200,000. The <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a> conquered by the Qing dynasty in 1755–1758 because of their leaders and military commanders conflicts. Some scholars estimate that about 80% of the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar</a> population were destroyed by a combination of warfare and disease during the Qing conquest of the Dzungar Khanate in 1755–1758.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mark Levene, a historian whose recent research interests focus on <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has stated that the extermination of the Dzungars was "arguably the eighteenth century genocide par excellence."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dzungar population reached 600,000 in 1755. </p><p>About 200,000–250,000 Oirats migrated from western Mongolia to <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a> in 1607 and established the <a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk Khanate</a>.The Torghuts were led by their Tayishi, <a href="/wiki/Kho_Orluk" title="Kho Orluk">Kho Orluk</a>. Russia was concerned about their attack but the <a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a> became a Russian ally and a treaty to protect the southern Russian border was signed between the Kalmyk Khanate and Russia. In 1724 the Kalmyks came under control of Russia. By the early 18th century, there were approximately 300,000–350,000 Kalmyks and 15,000,000 Russians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> gradually chipped away at the autonomy of the Kalmyk Khanate. These policies, for instance, encouraged the establishment of Russian and German settlements on pastures the Kalmyks used to roam and feed their livestock. In addition, the Tsarist government imposed a council on the Kalmyk Khan, thereby diluting his authority, while continuing to expect the Kalmyk Khan to provide cavalry units to fight on behalf of Russia. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox church">Russian Orthodox church</a>, by contrast, pressured Buddhist Kalmyks to adopt Orthodoxy. In January 1771, approximately 200,000 (170,000)<sup id="cite_ref-oirad.mn_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oirad.mn-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kalmyks began the migration from their pastures on the left bank of the Volga to Dzungaria, through the territories of their <a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakh</a> enemies. The last Kalmyk khan <a href="/wiki/Ubashi_Khan" title="Ubashi Khan">Ubashi</a> led the migration to restore Mongolian independence. Ubashi Khan sent his 30,000 cavalries to the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%9374)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–74)">Russo-Turkish War (1768–74)</a> to gain weapon before the migration. The Empress <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a> ordered the Russian army, Bashkirs and Kazakhs to exterminate all migrants and the Empress abolished the Kalmyk Khanate.<sup id="cite_ref-oirad.mn_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oirad.mn-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzs" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyzs">Kyrgyzs</a> attacked them near <a href="/wiki/Balkhash_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkhash Lake">Balkhash Lake</a>. About 100,000–150,000 Kalmyks who settled on the west bank of the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a> could not cross the river because the river did not freeze in the winter of 1771 and Catherine the Great executed influential nobles of them. After seven months of travel, only one-third (66,073)<sup id="cite_ref-oirad.mn_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oirad.mn-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the original group reached Dzungaria (Balkhash Lake, western border of the Qing Empire).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qing Empire transmigrated the Kalmyks to five different areas to prevent their revolt and influential leaders of the Kalmyks died soon (killed by the Manchus). Russia states that Buryatia voluntarily merged with Russia in 1659 due to Mongolian oppression and the Kalmyks voluntarily accepted Russian rule in 1609 but only <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)#Within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> voluntarily accepted Russian rule.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 20th century, the late Qing government encouraged <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> settlement of Mongolian lands under the name of "<a href="/wiki/New_Policies" class="mw-redirect" title="New Policies">New Policies</a>" or "New Administration" (xinzheng). As a result, some Mongol leaders, especially those of Outer Mongolia, decided to seek Mongolian independence. After the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1911">Mongolian Revolution on 30 November 1911</a> in Outer Mongolia ended an over 200-year rule of the Qing dynasty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Qing_era">Post-Qing era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Mongolian_lady_sits_for_her_portrait_before_a_Chinese_photographer_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/A_Mongolian_lady_sits_for_her_portrait_before_a_Chinese_photographer_%28cropped%29.png/220px-A_Mongolian_lady_sits_for_her_portrait_before_a_Chinese_photographer_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="394" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/A_Mongolian_lady_sits_for_her_portrait_before_a_Chinese_photographer_%28cropped%29.png/330px-A_Mongolian_lady_sits_for_her_portrait_before_a_Chinese_photographer_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/A_Mongolian_lady_sits_for_her_portrait_before_a_Chinese_photographer_%28cropped%29.png/440px-A_Mongolian_lady_sits_for_her_portrait_before_a_Chinese_photographer_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3130" data-file-height="5600" /></a><figcaption>A Mongol woman seated for a <a href="/wiki/Portraiture" class="mw-redirect" title="Portraiture">portraiture</a>, 1921</figcaption></figure> <p>With the independence of Outer Mongolia, the Mongolian army controlled Khalkha and Khovd regions (modern day <a href="/wiki/Uvs_Province" title="Uvs Province">Uvs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khovd_Province" title="Khovd Province">Khovd</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bayan-%C3%96lgii_Province" title="Bayan-Ölgii Province">Bayan-Ölgii provinces</a>), but Northern <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> (the Altai and Ili regions of the Qing empire), <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Mongolia">Upper Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barga_Mongols" title="Barga Mongols">Barga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> came under control of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">Republic of China</a>. On February 2, 1913, the <a href="/wiki/Mongolia_(1911%E2%80%9324)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolia (1911–24)">Bogd Khanate of Mongolia</a> sent Mongolian cavalries to "liberate" Inner Mongolia from China. Russia refused to sell weapons to the Bogd Khanate, and the Russian czar, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a>, referred to it as "Mongolian imperialism". Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> urged Russia to abolish Mongolian independence as it was concerned that "if Mongolians gain independence, then Central Asians will revolt". 10,000 Khalkha and Inner Mongolian cavalries (about 3,500 Inner Mongols) defeated 70,000 Chinese soldiers and controlled almost all of Inner Mongolia; however, the Mongolian army retreated due to lack of weapons in 1914. 400 Mongol soldiers and 3,795 Chinese soldiers died in this war. The Khalkhas, Khovd Oirats, Buryats, Dzungarian Oirats, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mongols" title="Upper Mongols">Upper Mongols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barga_Mongols" title="Barga Mongols">Barga Mongols</a>, most Inner Mongolian and some Tuvan leaders sent statements to support Bogd Khan's call of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian reunification</a>. In reality however, most of them were too prudent or irresolute to attempt joining the Bogd Khan regime.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia encouraged Mongolia to become an autonomous region of China in 1914. Mongolia lost <a href="/wiki/Barga_Mongols" title="Barga Mongols">Barga</a>, Dzungaria, <a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a>, Upper Mongolia and Inner Mongolia in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kyakhta_(1915)" title="Treaty of Kyakhta (1915)">1915 Treaty of Kyakhta</a>. </p><p>In October 1919, the Republic of China occupied Mongolia after the suspicious deaths of Mongolian patriotic nobles. On 3 February 1921 the <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White Russian</a> army—led by <a href="/wiki/Baron_Ungern" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Ungern">Baron Ungern</a> and mainly consisting of Mongolian volunteer cavalries, and Buryat and Tatar <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">cossacks</a>—liberated <a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a>. Baron Ungern's purpose was to find allies to defeat the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. The Statement of Reunification of Mongolia was adopted by Mongolian revolutionaries in 1921. The Soviet, however, considered Mongolia to be Chinese territory in 1924 during a secret meeting with the Republic of China. However, the Soviets officially recognized Mongolian independence in 1945 but carried out various policies (political, economic and cultural) against Mongolia until its fall in 1991 to prevent Pan-Mongolism and other <a href="/wiki/List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_Asia#China" title="List of active separatist movements in Asia">irredentist</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_Europe#Russia" title="List of active separatist movements in Europe">movements</a>. </p><p>On 10 April 1932, Mongolians <a href="/wiki/1932_armed_uprising_in_Mongolia" title="1932 armed uprising in Mongolia">revolted</a> against the government's new policy and Soviets. The government and Soviet soldiers defeated the rebels in October. </p><p>The Buryats started to migrate to Mongolia in the 1900s due to Russian oppression. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s regime stopped the migration in 1930 and started a campaign of ethnic cleansing against newcomers and Mongolians. During the <a href="/wiki/Stalinist_repressions_in_Mongolia" title="Stalinist repressions in Mongolia">Stalinist repressions in Mongolia</a>, almost all adult Buryat men and 22,000–33,000 Mongols (3–5% of the total population; common citizens, monks, Pan-Mongolists, nationalists, patriots, hundreds of military officers, nobles, intellectuals and elite people) were shot dead under Soviet orders.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Death_Tolls_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Death_Tolls-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some authors also offer much higher estimates, up to 100,000 victims.<sup id="cite_ref-Death_Tolls_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Death_Tolls-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the late 1930s the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a> had an overall population of about 700,000 to 900,000 people. By 1939, Soviet said "We repressed too many people, the population of Mongolia is only hundred thousands". The proportion of victims in relation to the population of the country is much higher than the corresponding figures of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> in the Soviet Union. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khalkhin_Gol_George_Zhukov_and_Khorloogiin_Choibalsan_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Khalkhin_Gol_George_Zhukov_and_Khorloogiin_Choibalsan_1939.jpg/180px-Khalkhin_Gol_George_Zhukov_and_Khorloogiin_Choibalsan_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Khalkhin_Gol_George_Zhukov_and_Khorloogiin_Choibalsan_1939.jpg/270px-Khalkhin_Gol_George_Zhukov_and_Khorloogiin_Choibalsan_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Khalkhin_Gol_George_Zhukov_and_Khorloogiin_Choibalsan_1939.jpg/360px-Khalkhin_Gol_George_Zhukov_and_Khorloogiin_Choibalsan_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="915" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan" title="Khorloogiin Choibalsan">Khorloogiin Choibalsan</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a> (left), and <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a> consult during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khalkhin_Gol" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Khalkhin Gol">Battle of Khalkhin Gol</a> against Japanese troops, 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> (1932–1945), puppet state of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> (1868–1947) invaded <a href="/wiki/Barga_Mongols" title="Barga Mongols">Barga</a> and some part of Inner Mongolia with Japanese help. The Mongolian army advanced to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War_(1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet–Japanese War (1945)">Soviet–Japanese War of 1945</a> (Mongolian name: <i>Liberation War of 1945</i>). Japan forced Inner Mongolian and Barga people to fight against Mongolians but they surrendered to Mongolians and started to fight against their Japanese and Manchu allies. Marshal <a href="/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan" title="Khorloogiin Choibalsan">Khorloogiin Choibalsan</a> called Inner Mongolians and Xinjiang Oirats to migrate to Mongolia during the war but the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a> blocked Inner Mongolian migrants' way. It was a part of a Pan-Mongolian plan and few Oirats and Inner Mongols (<a href="/wiki/Huuchid" class="mw-redirect" title="Huuchid">Huuchids</a>, Bargas, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Tümed">Tümeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Czemchin_Mongols" title="Üzemchin Mongols">about 800 Uzemchins</a>) <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mongolia#Ethnic_groups_of_Mongolia" title="Demographics of Mongolia">arrived</a>. Inner Mongolian leaders carried out active policy to merge Inner Mongolia with Mongolia since 1911. They founded the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_Army" title="Inner Mongolian Army">Inner Mongolian Army</a> in 1929 but the Inner Mongolian Army disbanded after ending World War II. The Japanese Empire supported Pan-Mongolism since the 1910s but there have never been active relations between Mongolia and Imperial Japan due to Russian resistance. The nominally independent Inner Mongolian <a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a> state (1936–1945) was established with support of Japan in 1936; also, some Buryat and Inner Mongol nobles founded a Pan-Mongolist government with the support of Japan in 1919. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monumento_ruso_en_Ulan_Bator,_Mongolia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Monumento_ruso_en_Ulan_Bator%2C_Mongolia.jpg/250px-Monumento_ruso_en_Ulan_Bator%2C_Mongolia.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Monumento_ruso_en_Ulan_Bator%2C_Mongolia.jpg/375px-Monumento_ruso_en_Ulan_Bator%2C_Mongolia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Monumento_ruso_en_Ulan_Bator%2C_Mongolia.jpg/500px-Monumento_ruso_en_Ulan_Bator%2C_Mongolia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>World War II <a href="/wiki/Zaisan_Memorial" title="Zaisan Memorial">Zaisan Memorial</a>, Ulaan Baatar, from the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Mongolia">People's Republic of Mongolia</a> era.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Inner Mongols established the short-lived Republic of Inner Mongolia in 1945. </p><p>Another part of Choibalsan's plan was to merge Inner Mongolia and Dzungaria with Mongolia. By 1945, Chinese communist leader <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> requested the Soviets to stop Pan-Mongolism because China lost its control over Inner Mongolia and without Inner Mongolian support the Communists were unable to defeat Japan and <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Mongolia and Soviets supported the <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakh</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">separatist movement</a> during the 1930s and 1940s. By 1945, the Soviets refused to support them after its alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> and Mongolia interrupted its relations with the separatists under pressure. Xinjiang Oirat militant groups operated together the Turkic peoples but the Oirats did not have the leading role due to their small population. <a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Basmachis</a> or Turkic and <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajik</a> militants fought to liberate <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Soviet Central Asia</a> until 1942.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On February 2, 1913, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_friendship_and_alliance_between_the_Government_of_Mongolia_and_Tibet" title="Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet">Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet</a> was signed. Mongolian agents and Bogd Khan disrupted Soviet secret operations in <a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912-51)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibet (1912-51)">Tibet</a> to change its regime in the 1920s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On October 27, 1961, the United Nations recognized Mongolian independence and granted the nation full membership in the organization. </p><p>The powerful states of Russia and China have committed many abuses against Mongols in their homeland, including war crimes and crimes against humanity, sometimes characterized as <a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">cultural genocide</a>, with targets among the Mongol language, culture, tradition, history, religion, and ethnic identity. <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> said: "The headwaters of the <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei River">Yenisei River</a> must be Russian land".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian Empire sent the Kalmyks and Buryats to war to reduce the populations (<a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and other wars). During the 20th century, Soviet scientists attempted to convince the Kalmyks and Buryats that they're not Mongols during (demongolization policy). 35,000 Buryats were killed during a rebellion in 1927, and around one-third of the Buryat population in Russia died in the 1900s–1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 10,000 Buryats of the Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were massacred by Stalin's order in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1919 the Buryats established a small <a href="/wiki/Theocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Theocratic">theocratic</a> Balagad state in <a href="/wiki/Kizhinginsky_District" title="Kizhinginsky District">Kizhinginsky District</a> of Russia and it fell in 1926. In 1958, the name "Mongol" was removed from the name of the Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. </p><p>On 22 January 1922 Mongolia proposed to migrate the Kalmyks during the Kalmykian Famine but bolshevik Russia refused. 71,000–72,000 (93,000?; around half of the population) Kalmyks died during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1921%E2%80%9322" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian famine of 1921–22">Russian famine of 1921–22</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Munkhbayar_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munkhbayar-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kalmyks revolted against the Soviet Union in 1926, 1930 and 1942–1943. In 1913, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a>, tsar of Russia, said: "We need to prevent from Volg <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>. But the Kalmyks are more dangerous than them because they are the Mongols so send them to war to reduce the population".<sup id="cite_ref-ulstor.com_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ulstor.com-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 April 1923 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, communist leader of Russia, said: "We are carrying out wrong policy on the Kalmyks who related to the Mongols. Our policy is too peaceful".<sup id="cite_ref-ulstor.com_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ulstor.com-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1927, Soviet deported 20,000 Kalmyks to Siberia, the <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a>.The Kalmyks founded the sovereign <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_states#Modern_states" title="List of Mongol states">Republic of Oirat-Kalmyk</a> on 22 March 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-ulstor.com_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ulstor.com-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Oirats' state had a small army and 200 Kalmyk soldiers defeated 1,700 Soviet soldiers in Durvud province of Kalmykia but the Oirats' state was destroyed by the Soviet Army in 1930. Kalmykian <a href="/wiki/Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalists">nationalists</a> and Pan-Mongolists attempted to migrate Kalmyks to Mongolia in the 1920s. Mongolia suggested to migrate the Soviet Union's Mongols to Mongolia in the 1920s but Russia refused the suggestion. </p><p>Stalin <a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_deportations_of_1943" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalmyk deportations of 1943">deported</a> all Kalmyks to <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> in 1943 and around half of the (97,000–98,000) Kalmyks deported to Siberia died before being allowed to return home in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government of the Soviet Union forbade teaching the <a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalmyk language">Kalmyk language</a> during the deportation. The Kalmyks' main purpose was to migrate to Mongolia and many Kalmyks joined the German Army. Marshal <a href="/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan" title="Khorloogiin Choibalsan">Khorloogiin Choibalsan</a> attempted to migrate the deportees to Mongolia and he met with them in Siberia during his visit to Russia. Under the Law of the Russian Federation of April 26, 1991 "On Rehabilitation of Exiled Peoples," repressions against Kalmyks and other peoples were qualified as acts of genocide. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Mongolia_August_2009-26.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Mongolia_August_2009-26.jpg/250px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Mongolia_August_2009-26.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Mongolia_August_2009-26.jpg/375px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Mongolia_August_2009-26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Mongolia_August_2009-26.jpg/500px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Mongolia_August_2009-26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>Mongolian President <a href="/wiki/Tsakhiagiin_Elbegdorj" title="Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj">Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj</a> (right)</figcaption></figure> <p>On 3 October 2002 the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Republic of China)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> announced that Taiwan <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan#Mongolia" title="Foreign relations of Taiwan">recognizes</a> Mongolia as an independent country,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although no legislative actions were taken to address concerns over its constitutional claims to Mongolia.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Offices established to support Taipei's claims over Outer Mongolia, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_and_Tibetan_Affairs_Commission" title="Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission">Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lie dormant. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Agin-Buryat_Okrug" title="Agin-Buryat Okrug">Agin-Buryat Okrug</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ust-Orda_Buryat_Okrug" title="Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug">Ust-Orda Buryat Okrugs</a> merged with <a href="/wiki/Irkutsk_Oblast" title="Irkutsk Oblast">Irkutsk Oblast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chita_Oblast" title="Chita Oblast">Chita Oblast</a> in 2008 despite Buryats' resistance. Small scale protests occurred in Inner Mongolia in <a href="/wiki/2011_Inner_Mongolia_unrest" title="2011 Inner Mongolia unrest">2011</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_People%27s_Party" title="Inner Mongolian People's Party">Inner Mongolian People's Party</a> is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its leaders are attemptin to establish a sovereign state or merge Inner Mongolia with Mongolia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gurvger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gurvger.jpg/300px-Gurvger.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gurvger.jpg/450px-Gurvger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gurvger.jpg/600px-Gurvger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>A Mongolic <a href="/wiki/Yurt" title="Yurt">Ger</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic languages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MongolicLanguagesGraph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/MongolicLanguagesGraph.svg/220px-MongolicLanguagesGraph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/MongolicLanguagesGraph.svg/330px-MongolicLanguagesGraph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/MongolicLanguagesGraph.svg/440px-MongolicLanguagesGraph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>Chronological tree of the Mongolic languages</figcaption></figure> <p>Mongolian is the official national language of Mongolia, where it is spoken by nearly 2.8 million people (2010 estimate),<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the official provincial language of China's <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region">Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region</a>, where there are at least 4.1 million ethnic Mongols.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Across the whole of China, the language is spoken by roughly half of the country's 5.8 million ethnic Mongols (2005 estimate)<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the exact number of Mongolian speakers in China is unknown, as there is no data available on the language proficiency of that country's citizens. The use of Mongolian in China, specifically in Inner Mongolia, has witnessed periods of decline and revival over the last few hundred years. The language experienced a decline during the late Qing period, a revival between 1947 and 1965, a second decline between 1966 and 1976, a second revival between 1977 and 1992, and a third decline between 1995 and 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in spite of the decline of the Mongolian language in some of Inner Mongolia's urban areas and educational spheres, the ethnic identity of the urbanized Chinese-speaking Mongols is most likely going to survive due to the presence of urban ethnic communities.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The multilingual situation in Inner Mongolia does not appear to obstruct efforts by ethnic Mongols to preserve their language.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although an unknown number of Mongols in China, such as the Tumets, may have completely or partially lost the ability to speak their language, they are still registered as ethnic Mongols and continue to identify themselves as ethnic Mongols.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The children of inter-ethnic Mongol-Chinese marriages also claim to be and are registered as ethnic Mongols.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The specific origin of the Mongolic languages and associated tribes is unclear. Linguists have traditionally proposed a link to the <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> language families, included alongside Mongolic in the broader group of <a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic languages</a>, though this remains controversial. Today the Mongolian peoples speak at least one of several Mongolic languages including Mongolian, Buryat, Oirat, Dongxiang, Tu and Bonan. Additionally, many Mongols speak either Russian or Mandarin Chinese as languages of inter-ethnic communication. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Buddhism in Mongolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Shamanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Shamanism">Mongolian Shamanism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Buryatia_August_2009-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Buryatia_August_2009-2.jpg/220px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Buryatia_August_2009-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Buryatia_August_2009-2.jpg/330px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Buryatia_August_2009-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Buryatia_August_2009-2.jpg/440px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Buryatia_August_2009-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>Buddhist temple in <a href="/wiki/Buryatia" title="Buryatia">Buryatia</a>, Russia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamerlan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tamerlan.jpg/150px-Tamerlan.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tamerlan.jpg/225px-Tamerlan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tamerlan.jpg/300px-Tamerlan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="813" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> of Mongolic origin himself had converted almost all the <a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">Borjigin</a> leaders to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The original religion of the Mongolic peoples was <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolian shamanism</a>. The Xianbei came in contact with <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoism">Daoism</a> but eventually adopted Buddhism. However, the Xianbeis and some other people in Mongolia and <a href="/wiki/Rouran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouran">Rourans</a> followed a form of shamanism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBira2011Schlehe2004283–96Balogh2010229–38Bumochir2014473–91_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBira2011Schlehe2004283–96Balogh2010229–38Bumochir2014473–91-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 5th century the Buddhist monk Dharmapriya was proclaimed "State Teacher" of the <a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate</a> and 3,000 families and some Rouran nobles became Buddhists. In 511 the Rouran <a href="/wiki/Douluofubadoufa_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Douluofubadoufa Khan">Douluofubadoufa Khan</a> sent Hong Xuan to the Tuoba court with a pearl-encrusted statue of the Buddha as a gift. The Tuoba Xianbei and Khitans were mostly Buddhists, although they still retained their original Shamanism. The Tuoba had a "sacrificial castle" to the west of their capital where ceremonies to spirits took place. Wooden statues of the spirits were erected on top of this sacrificial castle. One ritual involved seven princes with milk offerings who ascended the stairs with 20 female shamans and offered prayers, sprinkling the statues with the sacred milk. The Khitan had their holiest shrine on Mount Muye where portraits of their earliest ancestor Qishou Khagan, his wife Kedun and eight sons were kept in two temples. Mongolic peoples were also exposed to <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manicheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manicheism">Manicheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> from the west. </p><p>The Mongolic peoples, in particular the Borjigin, had their holiest shrine on <a href="/wiki/Burkhan_Khaldun" title="Burkhan Khaldun">Mount Burkhan Khaldun</a> where their ancestor Börte Chono (Blue Wolf) and Goo Maral (Beautiful Doe) had given birth to them. <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> usually fasted, prayed and meditated on this mountain before his campaigns. As a young man he had thanked the mountain for saving his life and prayed at the foot of the mountain sprinkling offerings and bowing nine times to the east with his belt around his neck and his hat held at his chest. Genghis Khan kept a close watch on the Mongolic supreme shaman Kokochu Teb who sometimes conflicted with his authority. Later, <a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a>, the imperial cult of Genghis Khan centered on the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Genghis_Khan" title="Mausoleum of Genghis Khan">eight white gers</a> and nine white banners in <a href="/wiki/Ordos_Loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordos Loop">Ordos</a> grew into a highly organized indigenous religion with scriptures in the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBira201114_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBira201114-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indigenous moral precepts of the Mongolic peoples were enshrined in oral wisdom sayings (now collected in several volumes), the anda (blood-brother) system and ancient texts such as the <i>Chinggis-un Bilig</i> (Wisdom of Genghis) and <i>Oyun Tulkhuur</i> (Key of Intelligence). These moral precepts were expressed in poetic form and mainly involved truthfulness, fidelity, help in hardship, unity, self-control, fortitude, veneration of nature, veneration of the state and veneration of parents. </p><p><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AF_(%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B4%E3%83%87%E3%82%A4%E5%AE%B6)" class="extiw" title="ja:メリク (オゴデイ家)">Melig</a>, the younger son of <a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ögedei</a>, was the first of the <a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">Mongolian royal</a> line to accept <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. </p><p>In 1254 <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a> organized a formal religious debate (in which <a href="/wiki/William_of_Rubruck" title="William of Rubruck">William of Rubruck</a> took part) between Christians, Muslims and Buddhists in <a href="/wiki/Karakorum" title="Karakorum">Karakorum</a>, a cosmopolitan city of many religions. The Mongolic Empire was known for its religious tolerance, but had a special leaning towards Buddhism and was sympathetic towards Christianity while still worshipping <a href="/wiki/Tengri" title="Tengri">Tengri</a>. The Mongolic leader <a href="/wiki/Abaqa_Khan" title="Abaqa Khan">Abaqa Khan</a> sent a delegation of 13–16 to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a> (1274), which created a great stir, particularly when their leader 'Zaganus' underwent a public baptism. A joint crusade was announced in line with the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Mongol_alliance" title="Franco-Mongol alliance">Franco-Mongol alliance</a> but did not materialize because Pope Gregory X died in 1276. <a href="/wiki/Yahballaha_III" title="Yahballaha III">Yahballaha III</a> (1245–1317) and <a href="/wiki/Rabban_Bar_Sauma" title="Rabban Bar Sauma">Rabban Bar Sauma</a> (c. 1220–1294) were famous Mongolic Nestorian Christians. The <a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Keraites</a> in central Mongolia were Christian. In Istanbul the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Mary_of_the_Mongols" title="Church of Saint Mary of the Mongols">Church of Saint Mary of the Mongols</a> stands as a reminder of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine-Mongol_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine-Mongol alliance">Byzantine-Mongol alliance</a>. </p><p>The western Khanates, however, eventually adopted Islam (under <a href="/wiki/Berke" title="Berke">Berke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghazan" title="Ghazan">Ghazan</a>) and the Turkic languages (because of its commercial importance), although allegiance to the Great Khan and limited use of the Mongolic languages can be seen even in the 1330s. In 1521 the first Mughal emperor Babur took part in a military banner milk-sprinkling ceremony in the Chagatai Khanate where the Mongolian language was still used. <a href="/wiki/Al-Adil_Kitbugha" title="Al-Adil Kitbugha">Al-Adil Kitbugha</a> (reigned 1294–1296), a Mongol Sultan of Egypt, and the half-Mongol <a href="/wiki/An-Nasir_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="An-Nasir Muhammad">An-Nasir Muhammad</a> (reigned till 1341) built the <a href="/wiki/Madrassa_of_Al-Nasir_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrassa of Al-Nasir Muhammad">Madrassa of Al-Nasir Muhammad</a> in Cairo, Egypt. An-Nasir's Mongol mother was Ashlun bint Shaktay. The Mongolic nobility during the Yuan dynasty studied Confucianism, built Confucian temples (including <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Confucius_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing Confucius Temple">Beijing Confucius Temple</a>) and translated Confucian works into Mongolic but mainly followed the <a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a> school of Tibetan Buddhism under <a href="/wiki/Drog%C3%B6n_Ch%C3%B6gyal_Phagpa" title="Drogön Chögyal Phagpa">Phags-pa Lama</a>. </p><p>The general populace still practised <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dongxiang_people" title="Dongxiang people">Dongxiang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bonan_people" title="Bonan people">Bonan people</a> adopted Islam, as did <a href="/wiki/Moghol_language" title="Moghol language">Moghol</a>-speaking peoples in Afghanistan. In the 1576 the <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> school of Tibetan Buddhism became the state religion of Mongolia. The Red Hat school of Tibetan Buddhism coexisted with the Gelug Yellow Hat school which was founded by the half-Mongol <a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkhapa</a> (1357–1419). Shamanism was absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">state religion</a> while being marginalized in its purer forms, later only surviving in far northern Mongolia. Monks were some of the leading intellectuals in Mongolia, responsible for much of the literature and art of the pre-modern period. Many Buddhist philosophical works lost in Tibet and elsewhere are preserved in older and purer form in Mongolian ancient texts (e.g. the Mongol <a href="/wiki/Kangyur" title="Kangyur">Kanjur</a>). <a href="/wiki/Zanabazar" title="Zanabazar">Zanabazar</a> (1635–1723), <a href="/wiki/Zaya_Pandita" title="Zaya Pandita">Zaya Pandita</a> (1599–1662) and <a href="/wiki/Danzanravjaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzanravjaa">Danzanravjaa</a> (1803–1856) are among the most famous Mongol holy men. The 4th Dalai Lama <a href="/wiki/Yonten_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Yonten Gyatso">Yonten Gyatso</a> (1589–1617), a Mongol himself, is recognized as the only non-Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> although the current 14th Dalai Lama is of Mongolic <a href="/wiki/Monguor_people" title="Monguor people">Monguor</a> extraction.<sup id="cite_ref-hill_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name is a combination of the Mongolian word dalai meaning "ocean" and the Tibetan word (bla-ma) meaning "guru, teacher, mentor".[1] Many Buryats became Orthodox Christians due to the Russian expansion. During the socialist period religion was officially banned, although it was practiced in clandestine circles. Today, a sizable proportion of Mongolic peoples are <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Agnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostic">agnostic</a>. In the most recent census in Mongolia, almost forty percent of the population reported as being atheist, while the majority religion was Tibetan Buddhism, with 53%.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having survived suppression by the Communists, Buddhism among the Eastern, Northern, Southern and Western Mongols is today primarily of the <a href="/wiki/Gelugpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelugpa">Gelugpa</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>. There is a strong shamanistic influence in the Gelugpa sect among the Mongols.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeissig1980_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeissig1980-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kinship_and_family_life">Kinship and family life</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Society of the Mongol Empire">Society of the Mongol Empire</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Across_Mongolian_plains;_a_naturalist%27s_account_of_China%27s_%22great_northwest%22,_by_Roy_Chapman_Andrews_photographs_by_Yvette_Borup_Andrews_(1921)_(16769576222).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Across_Mongolian_plains%3B_a_naturalist%27s_account_of_China%27s_%22great_northwest%22%2C_by_Roy_Chapman_Andrews_photographs_by_Yvette_Borup_Andrews_%281921%29_%2816769576222%29.jpg/350px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Across_Mongolian_plains%3B_a_naturalist%27s_account_of_China%27s_%22great_northwest%22%2C_by_Roy_Chapman_Andrews_photographs_by_Yvette_Borup_Andrews_%281921%29_%2816769576222%29.jpg/525px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Across_Mongolian_plains%3B_a_naturalist%27s_account_of_China%27s_%22great_northwest%22%2C_by_Roy_Chapman_Andrews_photographs_by_Yvette_Borup_Andrews_%281921%29_%2816769576222%29.jpg/700px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3248" data-file-height="1968" /></a><figcaption>Mongols grazing livestock, by Roy Chapman Andrews photographs in 1921</figcaption></figure> <p>The traditional Mongol family was patriarchal, patrilineal and patrilocal. Wives were brought for each of the sons, while daughters were married off to other clans. Wife-taking clans stood in a relation of inferiority to wife-giving clans. Thus wife-giving clans were considered "elder" or "bigger" in relation to wife-taking clans, who were considered "younger" or "smaller".<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This distinction, symbolized in terms of "elder" and "younger" or "bigger" and "smaller", was carried into the clan and family as well, and all members of a lineage were terminologically distinguished by generation and age, with senior superior to junior. </p><p>In the traditional Mongolian family, each son received a part of the family herd as he married, with the elder son receiving more than the younger son. The youngest son would remain in the parental tent caring for his parents, and after their death he would inherit the parental tent in addition to his own part of the herd. This inheritance system was mandated by law codes such as the <a href="/wiki/Yassa" title="Yassa">Yassa</a>, created by Genghis Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, each son inherited a part of the family's camping lands and pastures, with the elder son receiving more than the younger son. The eldest son inherited the farthest camping lands and pastures, and each son in turn inherited camping lands and pastures closer to the family tent until the youngest son inherited the camping lands and pastures immediately surrounding the family tent. Family units would often remain near each other and in close cooperation, though extended families would inevitably break up after a few generations. It is probable that the Yasa simply put into written law the principles of customary law. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is apparent that in many cases, for example in family instructions, the yasa tacitly accepted the principles of customary law and avoided any interference with them. For example, Riasanovsky said that killing the man or the woman in case of adultery is a good illustration. Yasa permitted the institutions of polygamy and concubinage so characteristic of southerly nomadic peoples. Children born of concubines were legitimate. Seniority of children derived their status from their mother. Eldest son received more than the youngest after the death of father. But the latter inherited the household of the father. Children of concubines also received a share in the inheritance, in accordance with the instructions of their father (or with custom).</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Nilgün Dalkesen, Gender roles and women's status in Central Asia and Anatolia between the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>After the family, the next largest social units were the subclan and clan. These units were derived from groups claiming patrilineal descent from a common ancestor, ranked in order of seniority (the "conical clan"). By the <a href="/wiki/Chingissid" class="mw-redirect" title="Chingissid">Chingissid</a> era this ranking was symbolically expressed at formal feasts, in which tribal chieftains were seated and received particular portions of the slaughtered animal according to their status.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lineage structure of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> had three different modes. It was organized on the basis of genealogical distance, or the proximity of individuals to one another on a graph of kinship; generational distance, or the rank of generation in relation to a common ancestor, and birth order, the rank of brothers in relation to each another.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paternal descent lines were collaterally ranked according to the birth of their founders, and were thus considered senior and junior to each other. Of the various collateral patrilines, the senior in order of descent from the founding ancestor, the line of eldest sons, was the most noble. In the steppe, no one had his exact equal; everyone found his place in a system of collaterally ranked lines of descent from a common ancestor.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was according to this idiom of superiority and inferiority of lineages derived from birth order that legal claims to superior rank were couched.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mongol kinship is one of a particular patrilineal type classed as <a href="/wiki/Omaha_kinship" title="Omaha kinship">Omaha</a>, in which relatives are grouped together under separate terms that crosscut generations, age, and even sexual difference. Thus, one uses different terms for a man's father's sister's children, his sister's children, and his daughter's children. A further attribute is strict terminological differentiation of siblings according to seniority. </p><p>The anthropologist Herbert Harold Vreeland visited three Mongol communities in 1920 and published a highly detailed book with the results of his fieldwork, <i>Mongol community and kinship structure</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Royal_family">Royal family</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mongols" title="Special:EditPage/Mongols">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shazishan_Tomb_Fresco,_Yuan_Dynasty,_Chifeng_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Shazishan_Tomb_Fresco%2C_Yuan_Dynasty%2C_Chifeng_Museum.jpg/220px-Shazishan_Tomb_Fresco%2C_Yuan_Dynasty%2C_Chifeng_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Shazishan_Tomb_Fresco%2C_Yuan_Dynasty%2C_Chifeng_Museum.jpg/330px-Shazishan_Tomb_Fresco%2C_Yuan_Dynasty%2C_Chifeng_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Shazishan_Tomb_Fresco%2C_Yuan_Dynasty%2C_Chifeng_Museum.jpg/440px-Shazishan_Tomb_Fresco%2C_Yuan_Dynasty%2C_Chifeng_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>Mural of a Mongol family, <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Babur_and_Humayun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Babur_and_Humayun.jpg/250px-Babur_and_Humayun.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Babur_and_Humayun.jpg/375px-Babur_and_Humayun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Babur_and_Humayun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>The Mughal emperor <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a> and his heir <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a>. The word <i>Mughal</i> is derived from the Persian word for Mongol.</figcaption></figure> <p>The royal clan of the Mongols is the <a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">Borjigin</a> clan descended from <a href="/wiki/Bodonchar_Munkhag" title="Bodonchar Munkhag">Bodonchar Munkhag</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 850–900</span>). This clan produced Khans and princes for Mongolia and surrounding regions until the early 20th century. All the Great Khans of the Mongol Empire, including its founder <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>, were of the Borjigin clan. The royal family of Mongolia was called the <i>Altan Urag</i> (Golden Lineage) and is synonymous with Genghisid. After the fall of the Northern Yuan dynasty in 1635 the Dayan Khanid aristocracy continued the Genghisid legacy in Mongolia until 1937 when most were killed during the Stalinist purges. The four hereditary Khans of the Khalkha (<a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCsheet_Khan" title="Tüsheet Khan">Tüsheet Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sechen_Khan" title="Sechen Khan">Setsen Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zasagt_Khan" title="Zasagt Khan">Zasagt Khan</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sain_Noyan_Khan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sain Noyan Khan (page does not exist)">Sain Noyan Khan</a>) were all descended from <a href="/wiki/Dayan_Khan" title="Dayan Khan">Dayan Khan</a> (1464–1543) through Abtai Sain Khan, Sholoi Khan, Laikhur Khan and Tumenkhen Sain Noyan respectively. Dayan Khan was himself raised to power by <a href="/wiki/Mandukhai" title="Mandukhai">Queen Mandukhai</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1449–1510</span>) during the crisis of the late 15th century when the line of Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan, was on the verge of dying out.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Khongirad" title="Khongirad">Khongirad</a> was the main consort clan of the Borjigin and provided numerous Empresses and consorts. There were five minor non-Khonggirad inputs from the maternal side which passed on to the Dayan Khanid aristocracy of Mongolia and Inner Mongolia. The first was the <a href="/wiki/Keraite" class="mw-redirect" title="Keraite">Keraite</a> lineage added through Kublai Khan's mother <a href="/wiki/Sorghaghtani_Beki" title="Sorghaghtani Beki">Sorghaghtani Beki</a> which linked the Borjigin to the Nestorian Christian tribe of <a href="/wiki/Cyriacus_Buyruk_Khan" title="Cyriacus Buyruk Khan">Cyriacus Buyruk Khan</a>. The second was the Turkic <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluk</a> lineage added through Toghon Temur Khan's mother Mailaiti which linked the Borjigin to <a href="/wiki/Bilge_Kul_Qadir_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilge Kul Qadir Khan">Bilge Kul Qadir Khan</a> (840–893) of the <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a> and ultimately to the Lion-Karluks as well as the <a href="/wiki/Ashina_tribe" title="Ashina tribe">Ashina tribe</a> of the 6th century <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a>. The third was the Korean lineage added through Biligtü Khan's mother <a href="/wiki/Empress_Gi" title="Empress Gi">Empress Gi</a> (1315–370) which linked the Borjigin to the <a href="/wiki/Haengju_Gi_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Haengju Gi clan">Haengju Gi clan</a> and ultimately to King <a href="/wiki/Jun_of_Gojoseon" title="Jun of Gojoseon">Jun of Gojeoson</a> (262–184 BC) and possibly even further to <a href="/wiki/King_Tang_of_Shang" class="mw-redirect" title="King Tang of Shang">King Tang of Shang</a> (1675–1646 BCE) through <a href="/wiki/Jizi" title="Jizi">Jizi</a>. The fourth was the <a href="/wiki/Esen_Taishi" title="Esen Taishi">Esen Taishi</a> lineage added through Bayanmunkh Jonon's mother Tsetseg Khatan which linked the Borjigin more firmly to the <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a>. The fifth was the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Aisin-Gioro" title="House of Aisin-Gioro">Aisin-Gioro</a> lineage added during the Qing dynasty. To the west, Genghisid Khans received daughters of the Byzantine emperor in marriage, such as when the Byzantine princess <a href="/wiki/Maria_Palaiologina" title="Maria Palaiologina">Maria Palaiologina</a> married to Abaqa Khan (1234–1282), while there were also connections with European royalty through Russia, where, for example, Prince Gleb (1237–1278) married Feodora Sartaqovna the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Sartaq_Khan" title="Sartaq Khan">Sartaq Khan</a>, a great-grandson of Genghis Khan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Dayan Khanid aristocracy still held power during the <a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd Khanate of Mongolia</a> (1911–1919) and the Constitutional Monarchy period (1921–1924). They were accused of collaboration with the Japanese and executed in 1937 while their counterparts in Inner Mongolia were severely persecuted during the Cultural Revolution. Ancestral shrines of Genghis Khan were destroyed by the Red Guards during the 1960s and the Horse-Tail Banner of Genghis Khan disappeared.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_population">Historical population</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Population</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 AD</td> <td>1–2,000,000?</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000</td> <td>2,500,000?</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty#Government" title="Liao dynasty">750,000 Khitans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1200</td> <td>2,600,000?</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_Mongolian_tribes_and_clans" class="mw-redirect" title="List of medieval Mongolian tribes and clans">1,5–2,000,000</a> Mongols </td></tr> <tr> <td>1600</td> <td>2,300,000?</td> <td>77,000<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buryats; 600,000 Khalkhas </td></tr> <tr> <td>1700</td> <td>2,600,000?</td> <td>600,000 Khalkhas; 1,100,000? <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a>: 600,000 <a href="/wiki/Zunghar_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Zunghar Khanate">Zunghars</a>, 200–250,000? <a href="/wiki/Kalmyks#Demographics" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a>, 200,000 <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mongols" title="Upper Mongols">Upper Mongols</a><sup id="cite_ref-montaa.mn_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-montaa.mn-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1800</td> <td>2,000,000?</td> <td>600,000 Khalkhas; 440,000? Oirats: 120,000 Zunghars, 120,000? Upper Mongols </td></tr> <tr> <td>1900</td> <td>2,300,000?</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buryatia#Ethnic_groups" title="Buryatia">283,383</a><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buryats (1897); 500,000? Khalkhas (1911); 380,000 Oirats: 70,000? Mongolian Oirats (1911), 190,648 Kalmyks (1897), 70,000? Dzungarian and <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolian</a> Oirats, 50,000 Upper Mongols;<sup id="cite_ref-montaa.mn_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-montaa.mn-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1,500,000? <a href="/wiki/Southern_Mongols" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Mongols">Southern Mongols</a> (1911) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1927</td> <td>2,100,000?</td> <td><b>600,000 Mongolians</b><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — 230,000? Buryats: 15,000? Mongolian Buryats, <a href="/wiki/Buryatia#Ethnic_groups" title="Buryatia">214,957</a> Buryats in Russia (1926); 500,000? Khalkhas (1927); 330,000? Oirats: 70,000 Mongolian Oirats, 128,809 Kalmyks (1926) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956</td> <td>2,500,000?</td> <td>228,647 Buryats: 24,625 Mongolian Buryats (1956), 135,798 Buryats of the (<a href="/wiki/Buryat_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</a>; 1959), <a href="/wiki/Agin-Buryat_Okrug#Ethnic_groups" title="Agin-Buryat Okrug">23,374 Agin-Buryats</a> (1959), <a href="/wiki/Ust-Orda_Buryat_Okrug#Ethnic_groups" title="Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug">44,850 Ust-Orda Buryats</a> (1959); <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mongolia#Ethnic_groups_of_Mongolia" title="Demographics of Mongolia">639,141 Khalkhas</a> (1956); 240,000? Oirats: 77,996 Mongolian Oirats (1956), 100,603 Kalmyks (1959), <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of China">1,462,956 Mongols in China</a> (1953) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980</td> <td>4,300,000?</td> <td>317,966? Buryats: 29,802 Mongolian Buryats (1979), 206,860 <a href="/wiki/Buryatia" title="Buryatia">Buryatian</a> Buryats (1979), 45,436 Usta-Orda Buryats (1979), 35,868 Agin-Buryats (1979); 1,271,086 Khalkhas; 398,339 Oirats: 127,328 Mongolian Oirats (1979), 140,103 Kalmyks (1979), 2,153,000 Southern Mongols (1981)<sup id="cite_ref-lupm.org_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lupm.org-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sodonmedeelel.blog.gogo.mn_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sodonmedeelel.blog.gogo.mn-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td>4,700,000?</td> <td>376,629 Buryats: 35,444 Mongolian Buryats (1989), 249,525 Buryatian Buryats (1989), 49,298 Usta-Orda Buryats (1989), 42,362 Agin-Buryats (1989); 1,654,221 Khalkhas; 470,000? Oirats: 161,803 Mongolian Oirats (1989), 165,103 Kalmyks (1989), 33,000 Upper Mongols (1987);<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>5–9,200,000?<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>500,000? Buryats (45–75,000 Mongolian Buryats, 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Hulunbuir" title="Hulunbuir">Hulunbuir</a> Buryats); 2,300,000 Khalkhas (including <a href="/wiki/Dariganga_Mongols" title="Dariganga Mongols">Dariganga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darkhad" title="Darkhad">Darkhad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eljigin" title="Eljigin">Eljigin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sartuul" title="Sartuul">Sartuul</a>); 638,372 <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a>: 183,372 Kalmyks, 205,000 Mongolian Oirats, 90–100, 000 Upper Mongols, 2010 — 140,000 Xinjiang Oirats; 2013 — 190,000? Xinjiang Oirats: 100,000? Torghuts (Kalmyks), 40–50,000? Olots, 40,000? other Oirats: mainly Khoshuts; 1,5–4,000,000? 5,700,000? Southern Mongols<sup id="cite_ref-lupm.org_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lupm.org-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongols-map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mongols-map.png/450px-Mongols-map.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mongols-map.png/675px-Mongols-map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mongols-map.png/900px-Mongols-map.png 2x" data-file-width="1801" data-file-height="1495" /></a><figcaption>This map shows the boundary of the 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> and location of today's Mongols in modern Mongolia, Russia and China.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2></div> <p>Today, the majority of Mongols live in the modern states of Mongolia, China (mainly Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang), Russia, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> and Afghanistan. </p><p>The differentiation between tribes and peoples (ethnic groups) is handled differently depending on the country. The <a href="/wiki/Tumed" title="Tumed">Tumed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chahar_(Mongols)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chahar (Mongols)">Chahar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordos_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordos people">Ordos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barga_Mongols" title="Barga Mongols">Barga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altai_Uriankhai" title="Altai Uriankhai">Altai Uriankhai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6rbed" class="mw-redirect" title="Dörbed">Dörböd</a> (Dörvöd, Dörbed), <a href="/wiki/Torguud" class="mw-redirect" title="Torguud">Torguud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dariganga_Mongols" title="Dariganga Mongols">Dariganga</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Czemchin" class="mw-redirect" title="Üzemchin">Üzemchin</a> (or Üzümchin), <a href="/wiki/Bayads" title="Bayads">Bayads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khoton" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoton">Khoton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myangad" title="Myangad">Myangad</a> (Mingad), <a href="/wiki/Eljigin" title="Eljigin">Eljigin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zakhchin" title="Zakhchin">Zakhchin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darkhad" title="Darkhad">Darkhad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Olots" class="mw-redirect" title="Olots">Olots</a> (or Öölds or Ölöts) are all considered as tribes of the Mongols. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subgroups">Subgroups</h3></div> <p>The Eastern Mongols are mainly concentrated in Mongolia, including the <a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eljigin" title="Eljigin">Eljigin Khalkha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darkhad" title="Darkhad">Darkhad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sartuul" title="Sartuul">Sartuul Khalkha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dariganga_Mongols" title="Dariganga Mongols">Dariganga</a> (Khalkha). </p><p>The Southern or Inner Mongols mainly are concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, China. They comprise the <a href="/wiki/Abaga_Mongols" title="Abaga Mongols">Abaga Mongols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abaganar" title="Abaganar">Abaganar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aohans" title="Aohans">Aohans</a>, Arkhorchin, <a href="/wiki/Asud" title="Asud">Asud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baarins" title="Baarins">Baarins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chahars" title="Chahars">Chahar</a>, Darkhan (<a href="/wiki/Shar_Darkhad" title="Shar Darkhad">Shar Darkhad</a>), Dörvön Khüükhed, <a href="/wiki/Durved" class="mw-redirect" title="Durved">Durved</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorlos" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorlos">Gorlos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kharchin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharchin">Kharchin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khishigten" title="Khishigten">Khishigten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khorchin" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorchin">Khorchin</a>, Huuchid, Ikhmyangan, Jalaid, Jaruud, Muumyangan, <a href="/wiki/Naiman_(Southern_Mongols)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naiman (Southern Mongols)">Naiman (Southern Mongols)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onnigud" class="mw-redirect" title="Onnigud">Onnigud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordos_Mongols" title="Ordos Mongols">Ordos</a>, Sunud, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Tümed">Tümed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urad_Mongols" title="Urad Mongols">Urad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uzemchin" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzemchin">Uzemchin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sister_groups">Sister groups</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a> are mainly concentrated in their homeland, the <a href="/wiki/Buryat_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Buryat Republic">Buryat Republic</a>, a federal subject of Russia. They are the major northern subgroup of the Mongols.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Barga Mongols are mainly concentrated in Inner Mongolia, China, along with the <a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamnigan" title="Hamnigan">Hamnigan</a>. Some orientalists also include the <a href="/wiki/Soyots" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyots">Soyots</a> in the Buryat sub-ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhukovskaia_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhukovskaia-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Western <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a> are mainly concentrated in Western Mongolia: </p> <ul><li>184,000 Kalmyks (2010) — Kalmykia, Russia</li> <li>205,000 Mongolian Oirats (2010)</li> <li>140,000 Oirats (2010) — <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> region, China</li> <li>90,000 Upper Mongols (2010) — <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> region, China. The Khoshuts are the major subgroup of the Upper Mongols, along with the <a href="/wiki/Choros_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Choros people">Choros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalkha">Khalkha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torghut" title="Torghut">Torghuts</a>.</li> <li>12,000 <a href="/wiki/Sart_Kalmyks" title="Sart Kalmyks">Sart Kalmyks</a> (Zungharian descents) (2012) — <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>. Religion: <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Altai_Uriankhai" title="Altai Uriankhai">Altai Uriankhai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baatud" title="Baatud">Baatud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayads" title="Bayads">Bayad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chantuu" title="Chantuu">Chantuu</a>, Choros, <a href="/wiki/Durvud" class="mw-redirect" title="Durvud">Durvud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khoshut" title="Khoshut">Khoshut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khoid" title="Khoid">Khoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khoton" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoton">Khoton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myangad" title="Myangad">Myangad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olots" class="mw-redirect" title="Olots">Olots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sart_Kalmyks" title="Sart Kalmyks">Sart Kalmyks</a> (mainly Olots), <a href="/wiki/Torghut" title="Torghut">Torghut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zakhchin" title="Zakhchin">Zakhchin</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a> — <a href="/wiki/Baatud" title="Baatud">Baatud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buzava" title="Buzava">Buzava</a>, Choros, <a href="/wiki/Durvud" class="mw-redirect" title="Durvud">Durvud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khoid" title="Khoid">Khoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olots" class="mw-redirect" title="Olots">Olots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torghut" title="Torghut">Torghut</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mongols" title="Upper Mongols">Upper Mongolian Oirats</a> — Choros, <a href="/wiki/Khoshut" title="Khoshut">Khoshut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torghut" title="Torghut">Torghut</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongolia">Mongolia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mongolia" title="Demographics of Mongolia">Demographics of Mongolia</a></div> <p>In modern-day Mongolia, Mongols make up approximately 95% of the population, with the largest ethnic group being <a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha Mongols</a>, followed by Buryats, both belonging to the Eastern Mongolian peoples. They are followed by Oirats, who belong to the Western Mongolian peoples. </p><p>Mongolian ethnic groups: <a href="/wiki/Baarins" title="Baarins">Baarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baatud" title="Baatud">Baatud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barga_Mongols" title="Barga Mongols">Barga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayads" title="Bayads">Bayad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chahar_Mongols" class="mw-redirect" title="Chahar Mongols">Selenge Chahar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chantuu" title="Chantuu">Chantuu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darkhad" title="Darkhad">Darkhad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dariganga_Mongols" title="Dariganga Mongols">Dariganga</a> <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6rbet_Oirat" title="Dörbet Oirat">Dörbet Oirat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eljigin" title="Eljigin">Eljigin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamnigan" title="Hamnigan">Hamnigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kharchin_Mongols" title="Kharchin Mongols">Kharchin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khoid" title="Khoid">Khoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khorchin_Mongols" title="Khorchin Mongols">Khorchin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khotogoid" title="Khotogoid">Hotogoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khotons" title="Khotons">Khoton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huuchid" class="mw-redirect" title="Huuchid">Huuchid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myangad" title="Myangad">Myangad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olots" class="mw-redirect" title="Olots">Olots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sartuul" title="Sartuul">Sartuul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torgut" class="mw-redirect" title="Torgut">Torgut</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Tümed">Tümed</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Czemchin_Mongols" title="Üzemchin Mongols">Üzemchin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zakhchin" title="Zakhchin">Zakhchin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mongols_in_China" title="Mongols in China">Mongols in China</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Six_Strongmen_In_Traditional_Dress,_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Six_Strongmen_In_Traditional_Dress%2C_China.jpg/250px-Six_Strongmen_In_Traditional_Dress%2C_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Six_Strongmen_In_Traditional_Dress%2C_China.jpg/375px-Six_Strongmen_In_Traditional_Dress%2C_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Six_Strongmen_In_Traditional_Dress%2C_China.jpg/500px-Six_Strongmen_In_Traditional_Dress%2C_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1962" data-file-height="1272" /></a><figcaption>Strong Mongol men at August games. Photo by Wm. Purdom, 1909</figcaption></figure> <p>The 2010 census of the People's Republic of China counted more than 7 million people of various Mongolic groups. The 1992 census of China counted only 3.6 million ethnic Mongols.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The 2010 census counted roughly 5.8 million ethnic Mongols, 621,500 Dongxiangs, 289,565 Mongours, 132,000 Daurs, 20,074 Baoans, and 14,370 Yugurs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Most of them live in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, followed by <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a>. Small numbers can also be found in provinces near those two. </p><p>There were 669,972 Mongols in Liaoning in 2011, making up 11.52% of Mongols in China.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The closest Mongol area to the sea is the Dabao Mongol Ethnic Township (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%A0%A1%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E6%97%8F%E4%B9%A1" class="extiw" title="zh:大堡蒙古族乡">大堡蒙古族乡</a></span></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Fengcheng,_Liaoning" title="Fengcheng, Liaoning">Fengcheng</a>, Liaoning. With 8,460 Mongols (37.4% of the township population)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> it is located 40 km (25 mi) from the North Korean border and 65 km (40 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Korea_Bay" title="Korea Bay">Korea Bay</a> of the Yellow Sea. Another contender for closest Mongol area to the sea would be Erdaowanzi Mongol Ethnic Township (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E9%81%93%E6%B9%BE%E5%AD%90%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E6%97%8F%E4%B9%A1" class="extiw" title="zh:二道湾子蒙古族乡">二道湾子蒙古族乡</a></span></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Jianchang_County" title="Jianchang County">Jianchang County</a>, Liaoning. With 5,011 Mongols (20.7% of the township population)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> it is located around 65 km (40 mi) from the <a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai Sea</a>. </p><p>Other peoples speaking Mongolic languages are the <a href="/wiki/Daur_people" title="Daur people">Daur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sogwo_Arig" title="Sogwo Arig">Sogwo Arig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monguor_people" title="Monguor people">Monguor people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dongxiangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongxiangs">Dongxiangs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonans">Bonans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Mongols" title="Sichuan Mongols">Sichuan Mongols</a> and eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Yugur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur people">Yugur people</a>. Those do not officially count as part of the Mongol ethnicity, but are recognized as ethnic groups of their own. The Mongols lost their contact with the Mongours, Bonan, Dongxiangs, Yunnan Mongols since the fall of the Yuan dynasty. Mongolian scientists and journalists met with the Dongxiangs and Yunnan Mongols in the 2000s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>: Southern Mongols, <a href="/wiki/Barga_Mongols" title="Barga Mongols">Barga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryat</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6rbet_Oirat" title="Dörbet Oirat">Dörbet Oirat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ejin_Banner" title="Ejin Banner">Eznee Torgut</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> province: <a href="/wiki/Altai_Uriankhai" title="Altai Uriankhai">Altai Uriankhai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chahars" title="Chahars">Chahar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khoshut" title="Khoshut">Khoshut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olots" class="mw-redirect" title="Olots">Olots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torghut" title="Torghut">Torghut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zakhchin" title="Zakhchin">Zakhchin</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> province: <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mongols" title="Upper Mongols">Upper Mongols</a>: <a href="/wiki/Choros_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Choros people">Choros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khoshut" title="Khoshut">Khoshut</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Demographics of Russia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Siberia" title="Demographics of Siberia">Demographics of Siberia</a></div> <p>Two Mongolic ethnic groups are present in Russia; the 2010 census found 461,410 <a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a> and 183,400 Kalmyks.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elsewhere">Elsewhere</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_diaspora" title="Mongolian diaspora">Mongolian diaspora</a></div> <p>Smaller numbers of Mongolic peoples exist in Western Europe and North America. Some of the more notable communities exist in <a href="/wiki/Mongolians_in_South_Korea" title="Mongolians in South Korea">South Korea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian American">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mongolians_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Mongolians in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mongolians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mongolians in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altan_Telgey" title="Altan Telgey">Altan Telgey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Mongolian_Studies" title="American Center for Mongolian Studies">American Center for Mongolian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_culture_in_Mongolia" title="Horse culture in Mongolia">Horse culture in Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_Mongol_tribes_and_clans" title="List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans">List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_Mongol_clans" title="List of modern Mongol clans">List of modern Mongol clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongolians" title="List of Mongolians">List of Mongolians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_states" title="List of Mongol states">List of Mongol states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_name" title="Mongolian name">Mongolian name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongoloid" title="Mongoloid">Mongoloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara%27unas" title="Qara'unas">Qara'unas</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>: <span lang="mn">Монголчууд</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ</span>, <span title="Mongolian-language romanization"><i lang="mn-Latn">Mongolchuud</i></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mongolian" title="Help:IPA/Mongolian">[ˈmɔɴ.ɢɔɬ.t͡ʃot]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">蒙古族</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Ménggǔ zú</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Монголы</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Mongoly</i></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhang Zhengming (2017) accepts the reading 鮮卑<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also seen in the early 19th century version published by Jinzhang bookstore (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">錦章図書局</span></span>) in Shanghai<sup id="cite_ref-gy-wul-2-36_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gy-wul-2-36-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) as the ethnonym of the people who accompanied the Chu. However, 鮮卑 Xianbei is likely a scribal error for <b>鮮牟 Xianmou</b> (as in other versions like Sibu Congkan (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E9%83%A8%E5%8F%A2%E5%88%8A" class="extiw" title="zh:四部叢刊">四部叢刊</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-gy-sbck-140_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gy-sbck-140-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Siku_Quanshu" title="Siku Quanshu">Siku Quanshu</a> (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" class="extiw" title="zh:四庫全書">四庫全書</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-gy-skqs-42_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gy-skqs-42-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wu" title="Eastern Wu">Eastern Wu</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Wei_Zhao_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Wei Zhao (Eastern Wu)">Wei Zhao</a> states that the 鮮牟 Xianmou were an <a href="/wiki/Dongyi" title="Dongyi">Eastern Yi</a> nation,<sup id="cite_ref-gy-sbck-140-wz_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gy-sbck-140-wz-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gy-skqs-43_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gy-skqs-43-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the 鮮卑 Xianbei were of <a href="/wiki/Shanrong" title="Shanrong">Mountain Rong</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The apparent scribal error results in contradicting statements, apparently by Wei Zhao, that the Xianbei were an Eastern Yi nation<sup id="cite_ref-gy-wul-2-36-dy_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gy-wul-2-36-dy-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a people of Mountain Rong origin.<sup id="cite_ref-gy-wul-1-42-sr_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gy-wul-1-42-sr-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Huang_Pilie" title="Huang Pilie">Huang Pilie</a> (1763-1825) states that the reading 鮮卑 Xianbei was inauthentic and identifies the 鮮牟 Xianmou with <b>根牟 <a href="/wiki/Genmou" title="Genmou">Genmou</a></b>, an Eastern Yi nation conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">Lu state</a> in the 9th year of Duke Xuan of Lu's reign (600 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.1212.mn/BookLibraryDownload.ashx?url=Census2020_Mongolia_Eng.pdf&ln=En">"2020 POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS OF MONGOLIA /summary/"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210715110250/https://www.1212.mn/BookLibraryDownload.ashx?url=Census2020_Mongolia_Eng.pdf&ln=En">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+POPULATION+AND+HOUSING+CENSUS+OF+MONGOLIA+%2Fsummary%2F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.1212.mn%2FBookLibraryDownload.ashx%3Furl%3DCensus2020_Mongolia_Eng.pdf%26ln%3DEn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2,986 Mongols proper, 461,389 <a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a>, 183,372 <a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a>, 3,608 <a href="/wiki/Soyot" title="Soyot">Soyots</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2010)">Russian Census (2010)</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210926000093">"Number of foreigners in Korea up for 1st time in 20 months"</a>. 26 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930223640/https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210926000093">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Number+of+foreigners+in+Korea+up+for+1st+time+in+20+months&rft.date=2021-09-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreaherald.com%2Fview.php%3Fud%3D20210926000093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/publications/press/13_00047.html">"令和６年６月末現在における在留外国人数について"</a>. <i>moj.go.jp</i> (in Japanese). 2024-10-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+Population+and+housing+census+of+Mongolia&rft.pub=National+Statistical+Office+of+Mongolia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.1212.mn%2FBookLibraryDownload.ashx%3Furl%3DCensus2020_Main_report_Eng.pdf%26ln%3DEn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161206105008/http://www.president.mn/eng/newsCenter/viewNews.php?newsId=697">"President of Mongoli Received the Kalmyk Citizens of the Kyrgyz. 2012"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.president.mn/eng/newsCenter/viewNews.php?newsId=697">the original</a> on December 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+of+Mongoli+Received+the+Kalmyk+Citizens+of+the+Kyrgyz.+2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.president.mn%2Feng%2FnewsCenter%2FviewNews.php%3FnewsId%3D697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.czso.cz/documents/11292/27914491/2006_c01t13.pdf/67393c23-669d-4730-b367-e75ca1cab680?version=1.0">"T13 Cizinci podle typu pobytu a pohlaví – 25 nejčastějších státních občanství k 30. 6. 2020"</a>. <i>czso.cz</i> (in Czech). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305221613/https://www.czso.cz/documents/11292/27914491/2006_c01t13.pdf/67393c23-669d-4730-b367-e75ca1cab680?version=1.0">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=czso.cz&rft.atitle=T13+Cizinci+podle+typu+pobytu+a+pohlav%C3%AD+%E2%80%93+25+nej%C4%8Dast%C4%9Bj%C5%A1%C3%ADch+st%C3%A1tn%C3%ADch+ob%C4%8Danstv%C3%AD+k+30.+6.+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.czso.cz%2Fdocuments%2F11292%2F27914491%2F2006_c01t13.pdf%2F67393c23-669d-4730-b367-e75ca1cab680%3Fversion%3D1.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&HEADERlist=31&SearchText=Canada">"Canada Census Profile 2021"</a>. <i>Census Profile, 2021 Census</i>. Statistics Canada Statistique Canada. 7 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230103201320/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&HEADERlist=31&SearchText=Canada">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+Profile%2C+2021+Census&rft.atitle=Canada+Census+Profile+2021&rft.date=2021-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26GENDERlist%3D1%26STATISTIClist%3D1%2C4%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A000011124%26HEADERlist%3D31%26SearchText%3DCanada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistik.at/fileadmin/pages/407/Bev_Staatb_Geschl_Bundesl_2022.ods">"Bevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit und Geburtsland"</a> [Population by citizenship and country of birth] (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerung+nach+Staatsangeh%C3%B6rigkeit+und+Geburtsland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistik.at%2Ffileadmin%2Fpages%2F407%2FBev_Staatb_Geschl_Bundesl_2022.ods&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mongolian-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mongolian_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China">National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China</a> (April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/pcsj/rkpc/6rp/indexch.htm"><i>Tabulation of the 2010 Population Census of the People's Republic of China</i></a>. China Statistics Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5037-6507-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5037-6507-0"><bdi>978-7-5037-6507-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120813031919/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/pcsj/rkpc/6rp/indexch.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-08-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tabulation+of+the+2010+Population+Census+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.pub=China+Statistics+Press&rft.date=2012-04&rft.isbn=978-7-5037-6507-0&rft.au=National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Ftjsj%2Fpcsj%2Frkpc%2F6rp%2Findexch.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/e-groups/shaoshu/shao-2-mongolian.htm">"China.org.cn – The Mongolian ethnic minority"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180816211312/http://www.china.org.cn/e-groups/shaoshu/shao-2-mongolian.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China.org.cn+%E2%80%93+The+Mongolian+ethnic+minority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fe-groups%2Fshaoshu%2Fshao-2-mongolian.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/EthnicGroups/136937.htm">"China.org.cn – The Mongolian Ethnic Group"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019145235/http://china.org.cn/english/features/EthnicGroups/136937.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China.org.cn+%E2%80%93+The+Mongolian+Ethnic+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2Ffeatures%2FEthnicGroups%2F136937.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBira2011-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBira2011_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBira2011">Bira 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOchir2008-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOchir2008_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOchir2008">Ochir 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27420/Mongolia#394579.hook">"Mongolia: Ethnography of Mongolia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706041059/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27420/Mongolia#394579.hook">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mongolia%3A+Ethnography+of+Mongolia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-27420%2FMongolia%23394579.hook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National University of Mongolia, School of Social Sciences, Department of History (1999). "2. Хүний үүсэл, Монголчуудын үүсэл гарвал" [2. Origins of Humanity; Origins of the Mongols]. Монгол улсын түүх [History of Mongolia] (in Mongolian). Admon. pp. 67–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFСүхбаатар1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Сүхбаатар, Гүнжийн (1992). "Монгол Нирун улс" [Mongol Nirun (<a href="/wiki/Rouran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouran">Rouran</a>) state]. <i>Монголын эртний түүх судлал, III боть</i> [<i>Historiography of Ancient Mongolia, Volume III</i>] (in Mongolian). Vol. 3. pp. 330–550.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD+%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD+%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%82%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%85+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%2C+III+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8C&rft.pages=330-550&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=%D0%A1%D2%AF%D1%85%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80&rft.aufirst=%D0%93%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geng_2005-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geng_2005_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geng 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Étienne de la Vaissière, Xiongnu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/xiongnu">Encyclopædia Iranica online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120104081516/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/xiongnu">Archived</a> 2012-01-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1983). "The Chinese and Their Neighbors in Prehistoric and Early Historic China," in <i>The Origins of Chinese Civilization</i>. University of California Press, pp. 411–466.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wood" title="Frances Wood">Frances Wood</a>, <i>The Silk Road: two thousand years in the heart of Asia</i>, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Yi Zhou Shu</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/lost-book-of-zhou/wang-hui/zh">"Wanghui jie"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211203155740/https://ctext.org/lost-book-of-zhou/wang-hui/zh">Archived</a> 2021-12-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> quote: "<b>東胡</b>黃羆。... 正北空同、大夏、莎車、姑他、旦略、豹胡、代翟、匈奴、樓煩、月氏、孅犁、其龍、<b>東胡</b>，請令以橐駝、白玉、野馬、騊駼、駃騠、良弓為獻。"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Classic of Mountains and Seas</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/shan-hai-jing/hai-nei-xi-jing?searchu=%E6%9D%B1%E8%83%A1&searchmode=showall#result">"Classic of the Regions Within the Seas: West"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211203155740/https://ctext.org/shan-hai-jing/hai-nei-xi-jing?searchu=%E6%9D%B1%E8%83%A1&searchmode=showall#result">Archived</a> 2021-12-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> quote: "<b>東胡</b>在大澤東。夷人在<b>東胡</b>東。" translation: "Donghu are located east of the Great Marsh. <a href="/wiki/Dongyi" title="Dongyi">Yi people</a> are located east of Donghu."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a list of known fang-countries see Anderson, Matthew Mccutchen. (2015). "Change and Standardization in Anyang: Writing and Culture in Bronze Age China". <i>Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations</i>. 1589. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1589">https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1589</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220524194604/https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1589/">Archived</a> 2022-05-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> pp. 96–98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Chu Ci</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/chu-ci/da-zhao#n51934">"Da Zhao"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318135244/https://ctext.org/chu-ci/da-zhao#n51934">Archived</a> 2022-03-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. quote: "小腰秀頸，若<b>鮮卑</b>只。". translation (by Gopal Sukhu, 2017): "And she is as small-waisted and long-necked [a]s a <b>Xianbei</b> woman."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Discourses of the States</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/guo-yu/jin-yu-ba">"Discourses of Jin 8"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211203161711/https://ctext.org/guo-yu/jin-yu-ba">Archived</a> 2021-12-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> quote: "昔成王盟諸侯于岐陽，楚為荊蠻，置茅蕝，設望表，與鮮卑守燎，故不與盟。今將與狎主諸侯之盟，唯有德也，子務德無爭先，務德，所以服楚也。"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhang, Zhengming. (2019) A History Of Chu (Volume 1) Honolulu: Enrich Professional Publishing. p. 42-46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhang, Zhengming. (2019) A History Of Chu (Volume 1) Honolulu: Enrich Professional Publishing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kthDEAAAQBAJ&q=xianbei+%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%91">p. 45</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231003212058/https://books.google.com/books?id=kthDEAAAQBAJ&q=xianbei+%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%91">Archived</a> 2023-10-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. quote: "and tending the shrine flames together with the <b>Xianbei 鮮卑</b> clan leader."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gy-wul-2-36-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gy-wul-2-36_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Guoyu</i>, explained by Wei Zhao, "Jinyu 8". Jinzhang Bookstore's version, vol. 2 <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WUL-bunko01_01820_%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E_2.pdf&page=36">p. 36</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231109001052/https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WUL-bunko01_01820_%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E_2.pdf&page=36">Archived</a> 2023-11-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Waseda University Library's copy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gy-sbck-140-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gy-sbck-140_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Guoyu</i>, explained by Wei Zhao, "Jinyu 8". 1st edition Sibu Congkan version, vol. 3 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&file=77610&page=140#%E9%AE%AE%E7%89%9F">p. 140</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230613202958/https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&file=77610&page=140#%E9%AE%AE%E7%89%9F">Archived</a> 2023-06-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gy-skqs-42-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gy-skqs-42_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Guoyu</i>, explained by Wei Zhao, "Jinyu 8". Siku Quanshu version, vol. 3-7, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&file=68900&page=42#%E9%AE%AE%E7%89%9F">p. 42</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230613202956/https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&file=68900&page=42#%E9%AE%AE%E7%89%9F">Archived</a> 2023-06-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gy-sbck-140-wz-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gy-sbck-140-wz_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Guoyu</i>, "Jinyu 8", explained by Wei Zhao, 1st edition Sibu Congkan version, vol. 3 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&file=77610&page=140#%E9%AE%AE%E7%89%9F%E6%9D%B1%E5%A4%B7%E5%9C%8B">p. 140</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230613202958/https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&file=77610&page=140#%E9%AE%AE%E7%89%9F%E6%9D%B1%E5%A4%B7%E5%9C%8B">Archived</a> 2023-06-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of 154. quote: "鮮牟東夷國"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gy-skqs-43-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gy-skqs-43_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Guoyu</i>, "Jinyu 8", explained by Wei Zhao. Siku Quanshu version, vol. 3-7, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&file=68900&page=43#%E9%AE%AE%E7%89%9F">p. 43</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230613202959/https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&file=68900&page=43#%E9%AE%AE%E7%89%9F">Archived</a> 2023-06-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of 148. quote: "鮮牟東夷國"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Guoyu</i>, explained by Wei Zhao, "Qiyu", 1st edition Sibu Congkan version, vol. 2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&file=77609&page=90#%E5%B1%B1%E6%88%8E%E4%BB%8A%E4%B9%8B%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%91">p. 90</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230613203001/https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&file=77609&page=90#%E5%B1%B1%E6%88%8E%E4%BB%8A%E4%B9%8B%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%91">Archived</a> 2023-06-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of 160, quote: "山戎今之鮮卑"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Guoyu</i>, explained by Wei Zhao, "Qiyu". Siku Quanshu version, vol. 6-8, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&file=68894&page=28">p. 28</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230613203210/https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&file=68894&page=28">Archived</a> 2023-06-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of 111, quote: "山戎今之鮮卑"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gy-wul-2-36-dy-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gy-wul-2-36-dy_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Guoyu</i>, explained by Wei Zhao, "Jinyu 8". Jinzhang Bookstore's version, vol. 2 <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WUL-bunko01_01820_%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E_2.pdf&page=36">p. 36</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231109001052/https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WUL-bunko01_01820_%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E_2.pdf&page=36">Archived</a> 2023-11-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. quote: "鮮卑東夷國". Waseda University Library's copy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gy-wul-1-42-sr-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gy-wul-1-42-sr_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Guoyu</i>, explained by Wei Zhao, "Qiyu". Jinzhang Bookstore's version, <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WUL-bunko01_01820_%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E_1.pdf&page=42">p. 42</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231116155305/https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WUL-bunko01_01820_%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E_1.pdf&page=42">Archived</a> 2023-11-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. quote: "山戎今之鮮卑". Waseda University Library's copy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals" title="Spring and Autumn Annals">Chunqiu</a> <a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zhuan" title="Zuo Zhuan">Zuo Zhuan</a></i> "Duke Xuan's 9th year" <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E5%B7%A6%E6%B0%8F%E5%82%B3/%E5%AE%A3%E5%85%AC#%E7%B6%93_9">jing</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405052350/https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E5%B7%A6%E6%B0%8F%E5%82%B3/%E5%AE%A3%E5%85%AC#%E7%B6%93_9">Archived</a> 2023-04-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; quote:（秋，取根牟。）; rough translation: "In autumn, [Lu] conquered Genmou." <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E5%B7%A6%E6%B0%8F%E5%82%B3/%E5%AE%A3%E5%85%AC#%E5%82%B3_9">zhuan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405052350/https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E5%B7%A6%E6%B0%8F%E5%82%B3/%E5%AE%A3%E5%85%AC#%E5%82%B3_9">Archived</a> 2023-04-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; quote:（秋，取根牟，言易也。）; rough translation: "In autumn, [Lu] conquered Genmou. It's said that was easy."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Du_Yu" title="Du Yu">Du Yu</a>, 《春秋經傳集解》 <i>Chunqiu Zuozhuan - Collected Explanations</i>, "vol. 2" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&file=77349&page=151#%E6%A0%B9%E7%89%9F%E6%9D%B1%E5%A4%B7%E5%9C%8B%E4%B9%9F">p. 151 of 190</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231109000700/https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&file=77349&page=151#%E6%A0%B9%E7%89%9F%E6%9D%B1%E5%A4%B7%E5%9C%8B%E4%B9%9F">Archived</a> 2023-11-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. quote:（根牟東夷國也）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xu Yuangao & Wang Shumin (2002). 國語集解 (<i>Discourses of the States - Collected Explanations</i>) Publisher: <a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_Book_Company" title="Zhonghua Book Company">Zhonghua Book Company</a>. p. 430. quote:（黃丕烈曰：「鮮牟，一本作『鮮卑』，非。『鮮牟』即宣九年之『根牟』也，…… 。」）; rough translation: "Huang Pilie said: 'Xianmou (鮮牟), in one copy it is written as Xianbei (鮮卑), which is inauthentic. The Xianmou (鮮牟) are the Genmou (根牟) in (Duke) Xuan's 9th year. [...].'"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji">Shiji</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hant/%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98%E4%B8%89%E5%AE%B6%E8%A8%BB/%E5%8D%B7110">ch. 110</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210720135707/https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hant/%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98%E4%B8%89%E5%AE%B6%E8%A8%BB/%E5%8D%B7110">Archived</a> 2021-07-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, with commentaries; text: "服虔云：「山戎蓋今鮮卑。」"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shiji: Sanjiazhu</i>, text: "〔一〕集解服虔曰:「山戎, 北狄, 蓋今鮮卑也。」, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=29pjCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT491">page 491</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Xin_Tangshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Xin Tangshu">Xin Tangshu</a> 219. 6173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">University of California, Berkeley. Project on Linguistic Analysis, <i>Journal of Chinese linguistics</i>, p. 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Hoppe, <i>Die ethnischen Gruppen Xinjiangs: Kulturunterschiede und interethnische</i>, p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSan2014" class="citation book cs1">San, Tan Koon (2014-08-15). <i>Dynastic China: An Elementary History</i>. The Other Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-9541-88-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-9541-88-5"><bdi>978-983-9541-88-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynastic+China%3A+An+Elementary+History&rft.pub=The+Other+Press&rft.date=2014-08-15&rft.isbn=978-983-9541-88-5&rft.aulast=San&rft.aufirst=Tan+Koon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jerry_Bentley_1993-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jerry_Bentley_1993_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jerry_Bentley_1993_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerry Bentley, <i>Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchange in Pre-Modern Times</i> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcia2012325-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarcia2012325_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarcia2012">Garcia 2012</a>, p. 325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MOLNÁR, ÁDÁM. "THE PLOUGH AND PLOUGHING AMONG THE ALTAIC PEOPLES." Central Asiatic Journal 26, no. 3/4 (1982): 215–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sechin Jagchid, Van Jay Symons – Peace, war, and trade along the Great Wall: Nomadic-Chinese interaction through two millennia, p.49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Juha_Janhunen" title="Juha Janhunen">Janhunen, Juha</a> <i>The Mongolic languages</i>, p.177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth E. Bacon <i>Obok: A Study of Social Structure in Eurasia</i>, p.82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Khodarkovsky – Where Two Worlds Met: The Russian State and the Kalmyk Nomads, 1600–1771, p.211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/2282291?zid=306&ah=1b164dbd43b0cb27ba0d4c3b12a5e227">"Country Briefings: Kazakhstan"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208113054/http://www.economist.com/node/2282291?zid=306&ah=1b164dbd43b0cb27ba0d4c3b12a5e227">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Country+Briefings%3A+Kazakhstan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F2282291%3Fzid%3D306%26ah%3D1b164dbd43b0cb27ba0d4c3b12a5e227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-montaa.mn-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-montaa.mn_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-montaa.mn_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-montaa.mn_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://montaa.mn/content/view/73/">БУЦАЖ ИРЭЭГҮЙ МОНГОЛ АЙМГУУД</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131115172101/http://montaa.mn/content/view/73/">Archived</a> 2013-11-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <b>(Mongolian)</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/uploads/approved/adt-QGU20061121.163131/public/02Whole.pdf">Michael Edmund Clarke, <i>In the Eye of Power</i> (doctoral thesis), Brisbane 2004, p37</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706114903/http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/uploads/approved/adt-QGU20061121.163131/public/02Whole.pdf">Archived</a> July 6, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soton.ac.uk/history/profiles/levene1.html">Dr. Mark Levene</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216135041/http://www.soton.ac.uk/history/profiles/levene1.html">Archived</a> 2008-12-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southampton_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Southampton University">Southampton University</a>, see "Areas where I can offer Postgraduate Supervision". Retrieved 2009-02-09.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Dirk Moses (2008). "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RBgoNN4MG-YC">Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230316173830/https://books.google.com/books?id=RBgoNN4MG-YC">Archived</a> 2023-03-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>". Berghahn Books. p.188. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1845454529" title="Special:BookSources/1845454529">1845454529</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oirad.mn-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oirad.mn_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oirad.mn_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oirad.mn_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oirad.mn/2011/12/%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2-%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%BD%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB/">ТИВ ДАМНАСАН НҮҮДЭЛ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130628032215/http://www.oirad.mn/2011/12/%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2-%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%BD%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB/">Archived</a> 2013-06-28 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> (Mongolian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olloo.mn/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=1186139">Ижил мөрөн хүртэлх их нүүдэл</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131130070013/http://www.olloo.mn/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=1186139">Archived</a> 2013-11-30 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> <b>(Mongolian)</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shudarga.mn/news/10489.html">Тал нутгийн Нүүдэлчин Халимагууд Эх нутаг Монгол руугаа тэмүүлсэн түүх</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203120601/http://www.shudarga.mn/news/10489.html">Archived</a> 2013-12-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <b>(Mongolian)</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hicheel.mn/index.php?module=menu&cmd=content&id=3007&menu_id=437">Баруун Монголын нүүдэл суудал</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001654/http://www.hicheel.mn/index.php?module=menu&cmd=content&id=3007&menu_id=437">Archived</a> 2013-12-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <b>(Mongolian)</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://new.hist.asu.ru/biblio/V2/45-54.pdf">К вопросу о бегстве волжских калмыков в Джунгарию в 1771 году</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120725190713/http://new.hist.asu.ru/biblio/V2/45-54.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-07-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <b>(Russian)</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Khodarkovsky (2002)."<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trent_0116405117767">Russia's Steppe Frontier: The Making Of A Colonial Empire, 1500–1800</a></i>". Indiana University Press. p.142. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253217709" title="Special:BookSources/0253217709">0253217709</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FIvp2uSOsIYC&pg=PA49"><i>Владимир Андреевич Хамутаев, Присоединение Бурятии к России: история, право, политика</i></a>. ARAMNG. 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785820002519" title="Special:BookSources/9785820002519"><bdi>9785820002519</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80+%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%2C+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BA+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8%3A+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%2C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.pub=ARAMNG&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9785820002519&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFIvp2uSOsIYC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span> <b>(Russian)</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://burinfo.org/news/kham_u">Известный бурятский ученый Владимир Хамутаев собирается получить политическое убежище в США</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214084211/http://burinfo.org/news/kham_u/">Archived</a> 2013-12-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <b>(Russian)</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proceedings of the Fifth East Asian Altaistic Conference, December 26, 1979 – January 2, 1980, Taipei, China, p144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olloo.mn/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=113303">Богд хааны жолооч хилс хэрэгт хэлмэгдсэн нь</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021133/http://www.olloo.mn/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=113303">Archived</a> 2013-12-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <b>(Mongolian)</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Death_Tolls-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Death_Tolls_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Death_Tolls_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat5.htm#Mong2">"Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022115708/http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat5.htm#Mong2">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Twentieth+Century+Atlas+%E2%80%93+Death+Tolls&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.erols.com%2Fmwhite28%2Fwarstat5.htm%23Mong2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L.Jamsran, Mongol states in Russia, 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pandia.ru/text/77/152/9539.php">"Войны ХХ века и их жертвы /тысяч человек/"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%A5%D0%A5+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%8B+%2F%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87+%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%2F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pandia.ru%2Ftext%2F77%2F152%2F9539.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span> <b>(Russian)</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://horidoimergen.blog.gogo.mn/read/entry128563">Буриад-Монголын үндэстний хөдөлгөөн, тулгамдсан асуудлууд</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203121332/http://horidoimergen.blog.gogo.mn/read/entry128563">Archived</a> 2013-12-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <b>(Mongolian)</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baigalmirny.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1336&Itemid=96">История (до и начало XX века)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141227122719/http://baigalmirny.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1336&Itemid=96">Archived</a> 2014-12-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <b>(Russian)</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Munkhbayar-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Munkhbayar_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131031003919/http://sonin.mn/blog/Munkhbayar/21142">"XX зууны 20, 30-аад онд халимагуудын 98 хувь аймшигт өлсгөлөнд автсан"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sonin.mn/blog/Munkhbayar/21142">the original</a> on 2013-10-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=XX+%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B+20%2C+30-%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B4+%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD+98+%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%8C+%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%82+%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B3%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B4+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsonin.mn%2Fblog%2FMunkhbayar%2F21142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span> <b>(Mongolian)</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ulstor.com-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ulstor.com_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ulstor.com_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ulstor.com_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ulstor.com/2010/10/blog-post_1768.html">Халимагийн эмгэнэлт түүхээс</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141227071634/http://www.ulstor.com/2010/10/blog-post_1768.html">Archived</a> 2014-12-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <b>(Mongolian)</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/4580467.stm">"Regions and territories: Kalmykia"</a>. 29 November 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181014073605/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/4580467.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Regions+and+territories%3A+Kalmykia&rft.date=2011-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2Fcountry_profiles%2F4580467.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090210192036/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/archives/2002/10/11/0000175237">"Mongolian office to ride into Taipei by end of the year"</a>. <i>Taipei Times</i>. 2002-10-11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/archives/2002/10/11/0000175237">the original</a> on 2009-02-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-28</span></span>. <q>In October 1945, the people of Outer Mongolia voted for independence, gaining the recognition of many countries, including the Republic of China. (...) Due to a souring of relations with the Soviet Union in the early 1950s, however, the ROC revoked recognition of Outer Mongolia, reclaiming it as ROC territory.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Mongolian+office+to+ride+into+Taipei+by+end+of+the+year&rft.date=2002-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Farchives%2F2002%2F10%2F11%2F0000175237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1842387.stm">"Taiwan 'embassy' changes anger China"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2002-02-26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040526084615/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1842387.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2004-05-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Taiwan+%27embassy%27+changes+anger+China&rft.date=2002-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2F1842387.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090508080715/http://www.mtac.gov.tw/pages.php?lang=5">"The History of MTAC"</a>. Mongolian & Tibetan Affairs Commission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtac.gov.tw/pages.php?lang=5">the original</a> on 2009-05-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+MTAC&rft.pub=Mongolian+%26+Tibetan+Affairs+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtac.gov.tw%2Fpages.php%3Flang%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unpo.org/members/7883">"unpo.org"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302213407/http://www.unpo.org/members/7883">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=unpo.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unpo.org%2Fmembers%2F7883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanhunen2012" class="citation book cs1">Janhunen, Juha (November 29, 2012). "1". <i>Mongolian</i>. 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Bloomsbury Academic. p. 59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3&rft.btitle=Language+Power+and+Hierarchy%3A+Multilingual+Education+in+China&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2014-10-27&rft.aulast=Tsung&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsung2014" class="citation book cs1">Tsung, Linda (October 27, 2014). "3". <i>Language Power and Hierarchy: Multilingual Education in China</i>. 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"4". <i>China's Minorities on the Move: Selected Case Studies</i>. p. 84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4&rft.btitle=China%27s+Minorities+on+the+Move%3A+Selected+Case+Studies&rft.pages=84&rft.date=2003-08-02&rft.aulast=Iredale&rft.aufirst=Robyn&rft.au=Bilik%2C+Naran&rft.au=Fei%2C+Guo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanhunen2012" class="citation book cs1">Janhunen, Juha (November 29, 2012). "1". <i>Mongolian</i>. 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Tibet: A History</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London and New York: Yale University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181212151717/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/13173/1/Hill_rv_2012_van_Schaik_review.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-04</span></span>. <q>Finally, the remark that '<a href="/wiki/Yonten_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Yonten Gyatso">Yonten Gyatso</a> ... remains the only non-Tibetan to have held the role of Dalai Lama' (p. 177) presents a <a href="/wiki/Monpa_people" title="Monpa people">Monpa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dalai_lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Dalai lama">sixth Dalai lama</a>), and a Monguor (fourteenth Dalai Lama) as Tibetan although neither spoke Tibetan natively.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Review+of+Sam+van+Schaik.+Tibet%3A+A+History&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F13173%2F1%2FHill_rv_2012_van_Schaik_review.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toollogo2010.mn/doc/Main%20results_20110615_to%20EZBH_for%20print.pdf">"National Census 2010 Preliminary results"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Mongolian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131025083636/http://www.toollogo2010.mn/doc/Main%20results_20110615_to%20EZBH_for%20print.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2013-10-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Middle East Technical University. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11511%2F17218">11511/17218</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211127001136/https://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608663/index.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Gender+Roles+and+Women%27s+Status+in+Central+Asia+and+Anatolia+Between+the+Thirteenth+and+Sixteenth+Centuries&rft.inst=Middle+East+Technical+University&rft.date=2007-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11511%2F17218&rft.aulast=Dalkesen&rft.aufirst=Nilg%C3%BCn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetd.lib.metu.edu.tr%2Fupload%2F12608663%2Findex.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdas2001" class="citation book cs1">Adas, Michael (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qcSsoJ0IXawC&q=%22Mongols%22+%22seniority%22+%22conical+clan%22&pg=PA77"><i>Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History</i></a>. Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781566398329" title="Special:BookSources/9781566398329"><bdi>9781566398329</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agricultural+and+Pastoral+Societies+in+Ancient+and+Classical+History&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781566398329&rft.aulast=Adas&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqcSsoJ0IXawC%26q%3D%2522Mongols%2522%2B%2522seniority%2522%2B%2522conical%2Bclan%2522%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cuisenier (1975:67)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krader (1963:322, 269)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindholm1986" class="citation journal cs1">Lindholm, Charles (1986). "Kinship Structure and Political Authority: The Middle East and Central Asia". <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>. <b>28</b> (2): 334–355. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS001041750001389X">10.1017/S001041750001389X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2144%2F3845">2144/3845</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/178975">178975</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131825544">131825544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=Kinship+Structure+and+Political+Authority%3A+The+Middle+East+and+Central+Asia&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=334-355&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2144%2F3845&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A131825544%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F178975%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS001041750001389X&rft.aulast=Lindholm&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015008324819;view=1up;seq=1"><i>Mongol community and kinship structure. Vreeland, Herbert Harold, 1920</i></a>. Human Relations Area Files. 1953. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160117164832/http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015008324819;view=1up;seq=1">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mongol+community+and+kinship+structure.+Vreeland%2C+Herbert+Harold%2C+1920&rft.pub=Human+Relations+Area+Files&rft.date=1953&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015008324819%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.bur-culture.ru/index.php?id=news-detail&tx_ttnews=42&cHash=effe903f9ae6737362277ed761d6c2ca">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Традиционная материальная культура бурятского этноса Предбайкалья. Этногенез и расселение. Средовая культура бурят (Russian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ugaizam.narod.ru/num_012/n_0012_001.html">П.Б. Абзаев. Буряты на рубеже XX-XXI вв. Численность, состав, занятия</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191225065931/http://www.ugaizam.narod.ru/num_012/n_0012_001.html">Archived</a> 2019-12-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Russian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyrgyz.ru/?page=225">Б.З. Нанзатов,ПЛЕМЕННОЙ СОСТАВ БУРЯТ В XIX ВЕКЕ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203040827/http://www.kyrgyz.ru/?page=225">Archived</a> 2013-12-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <b>(Russian)</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.burtgel.gov.mn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=726:civilregister&catid=178:history&Itemid=374">ИРГЭНИЙ БҮРТГЭЛИЙН ТҮҮХЭН ТОЙМ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131204061204/https://www.burtgel.gov.mn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=726:civilregister&catid=178:history&Itemid=374">Archived</a> 2013-12-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <b>(Mongolian)</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lupm.org-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lupm.org_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lupm.org_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lupm.org/mn/pages/101026mn.htm">Түмэдхүү, ӨМӨЗО-НЫ ХҮН АМЫН ХУВИРАЛТЫН ЗУРГИЙГ ҮЗЭЭД</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181201133320/http://www.lupm.org/mn/pages/101026mn.htm">Archived</a> 2018-12-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Southern) Mongolian Liberal Union Party <b>(Mongolian)</b> Millions of <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> registered as "Mongol" and "<a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a>" according to Chinese policy since the 1980s.There is no enough information about <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_China" title="Ethnic minorities in China">Chinese ethnic minorities</a> due to the government policy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sodonmedeelel.blog.gogo.mn-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sodonmedeelel.blog.gogo.mn_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sodonmedeelel.blog.gogo.mn/read/entry464126">Өвөр Монголын хүн ам</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203041738/http://sodonmedeelel.blog.gogo.mn/read/entry464126">Archived</a> 2013-12-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <b>(Mongolian)</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121209163810/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3Axtpd1oBnb-0J%3Awww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_country.asp%3Fname%3Dcn+kok+nur+mongols+statistic+populations&cd=1&hl=mn&ct=clnk&gl=mn">"ethnologue.com information"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=cn">the original</a> on 9 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ethnologue.com+information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_country.asp%3Fname%3Dcn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">768,000 families in Mongolia (2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimamura2014" class="citation book cs1">Shimamura, Ippei (2014). <i>The Roots Seekers: Shamanism and Ethnicity Among the Mongol Buryats</i>. Kanagawa, Japan: Shumpusha. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-86110-397-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-86110-397-1"><bdi>978-4-86110-397-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+Seekers%3A+Shamanism+and+Ethnicity+Among+the+Mongol+Buryats&rft.place=Kanagawa%2C+Japan&rft.pub=Shumpusha&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-4-86110-397-1&rft.aulast=Shimamura&rft.aufirst=Ippei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhukovskaia-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zhukovskaia_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Natalia Zhukovskaia (2005).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static.iea.ras.ru/books/Schaman/Vol%2011.pdf">"Бурятские шаманки на международной конференции (тункинский опыт, июль 2004 г.) // Женщина и возрождение шаманизма."</a>. Москва: Российская академия наук. Институт этнологии и антропологии имени Н. Н. Миклухо-Маклая. Page 129. In Russian: <i>"... здесь сформировался тот этнический состав населения, который относительно стабильно сохраняется до сегодняшнего дня - булагаты, хонгодоры, сойоты, которые (одни раньше, другие позже) вошли как субэтносы в состав бурят."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNanzatov2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nanzatov, B. Z. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4344018">"Племенной состав бурят в XIX веке."</a> [Buryat tribe composition in the 19th century]. <i>Народы и культуры Сибири. Взаимодействие как фактор формирования и модернизации</i> (in Russian). Irkutsk. pp. 15–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%82+%D0%B2+XIX+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5.&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B+%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8.+%D0%92%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80+%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.place=Irkutsk&rft.pages=15-27&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Nanzatov&rft.aufirst=B.+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4344018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFБалдаев_С._П.1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Балдаев С. П. (1970). <i>Родословные легенды и предания бурят. Ч. 1</i> (in Russian). Улан-Удэ. p. 166.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%82.+%D0%A7.+1&rft.place=%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%A3%D0%B4%D1%8D&rft.pages=166&rft.date=1970&rft.au=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2+%D0%A1.+%D0%9F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Tianya" network: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bbs.tianya.cn/post-259-10066-1.shtml">General situation of Mongols in Liaoning</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120937/http://bbs.tianya.cn/post-259-10066-1.shtml">Archived</a> 2014-08-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Chinese)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=2497">"Kalmyks"</a>. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080614030236/http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=2497">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-06-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kalmyks&rft.pub=World+Directory+of+Minorities+and+Indigenous+Peoples&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorityrights.org%2F%3Flid%3D2497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalogh2010" class="citation journal cs1">Balogh, Matyas (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14631361003779489">"Contemporary shamanisms in Mongolia"</a>. <i>Asian Ethnicity</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 229–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14631361003779489">10.1080/14631361003779489</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145595446">145595446</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220612091852/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14631361003779489">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Ethnicity&rft.atitle=Contemporary+shamanisms+in+Mongolia&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=229-38&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14631361003779489&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145595446%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Balogh&rft.aufirst=Matyas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F14631361003779489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBira2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Shagdaryn_Bira" title="Shagdaryn Bira">Bira, Shagdaryn</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BnsLmwEACAAJ"><i>Монголын тэнгэрийн үзэл: түүвэр зохиол, баримт бичгүүд</i></a> [<i>Mongolian Tengerism: selected papers and documents</i>] (in Mongolian). Ulaanbaatar: Sodpress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789992955932" title="Special:BookSources/9789992955932"><bdi>9789992955932</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD+%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD+%D2%AF%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BB%3A+%D1%82%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80+%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%2C+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%82+%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B3%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B4&rft.place=Ulaanbaatar&rft.pub=Sodpress&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789992955932&rft.aulast=Bira&rft.aufirst=Shagdaryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBnsLmwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBumochir2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bumochir, D. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14631369.2014.939331">"Institutionalization of Mongolian shamanism: from primitivism to civilization"</a>. <i>Asian Ethnicity</i>. <b>15</b> (4): 473–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14631369.2014.939331">10.1080/14631369.2014.939331</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145329835">145329835</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210627061303/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14631369.2014.939331">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Ethnicity&rft.atitle=Institutionalization+of+Mongolian+shamanism%3A+from+primitivism+to+civilization&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=473-91&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14631369.2014.939331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145329835%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bumochir&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F14631369.2014.939331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia2012" class="citation book cs1">Garcia, Chad D. (2012). <i>A New Kind of Northerner</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Kind+of+Northerner&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Garcia&rft.aufirst=Chad+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeissig1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walther_Heissig" title="Walther Heissig">Heissig, Walther</a> (1980) [1970]. <i>The religions of Mongolia</i>. Translated by G. Samuel. London; Henley: Routledge; Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7103-0685-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7103-0685-7"><bdi>0-7103-0685-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+religions+of+Mongolia&rft.place=London%3B+Henley&rft.pub=Routledge%3B+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-7103-0685-7&rft.aulast=Heissig&rft.aufirst=Walther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOchir2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ochir, Taĭzhiud Ai︠u︡udaĭn (2008). Sh. Choĭmaa (ed.). <i>Монголчуудын гарал, нэршил</i> [<i>On the origin of Mongolian family: clan names and ethnonyms</i>] (in Mongolian). Ulaanbaatar: <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Nomadic_Civilizations" title="International Institute for the Study of Nomadic Civilizations">International Institute for the Study of Nomadic Civilizations</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789992959978" title="Special:BookSources/9789992959978"><bdi>9789992959978</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/505674246">505674246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%2C+%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB&rft.place=Ulaanbaatar&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+the+Study+of+Nomadic+Civilizations&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F505674246&rft.isbn=9789992959978&rft.aulast=Ochir&rft.aufirst=Ta%C4%ADzhiud+Ai%EF%B8%A0u%EF%B8%A1uda%C4%ADn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlehe2004" class="citation conference cs1">Schlehe, Judith (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4olreTVoj0C&q=judith+schlehe+and+weber+2001&pg=PA283">"Shamanism in Mongolia and in New Age Movements"</a>. In Rasuly-Paleczek, Gabriele (ed.). <i>Central Asia on Display: Proceedings of the VIIth Conference of the European Society for Central Asian Studies</i>. Vol. 1. Vienna: <a href="/wiki/LIT_Verlag" title="LIT Verlag">LIT Verlag</a>. pp. 283–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8258-8309-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-8258-8309-4"><bdi>3-8258-8309-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Shamanism+in+Mongolia+and+in+New+Age+Movements&rft.btitle=Central+Asia+on+Display%3A+Proceedings+of+the+VIIth+Conference+of+the+European+Society+for+Central+Asian+Studies&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pages=283-96&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-8258-8309-4&rft.aulast=Schlehe&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ4olreTVoj0C%26q%3Djudith%2Bschlehe%2Band%2Bweber%2B2001%26pg%3DPA283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_History_of_the_Mongols" class="mw-redirect" title="The Secret History of the Mongols">The Secret History of the Mongols</a>: a Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century</i>. Inner Asian library. Vol. 1–2. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Igor_de_Rachewiltz" title="Igor de Rachewiltz">Igor de Rachewiltz</a> with a historical and philological commentary. Leiden: Brill. 2004 [1971–85]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15363-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15363-9"><bdi>978-90-04-15363-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+History+of+the+Mongols%3A+a+Mongolian+Epic+Chronicle+of+the+Thirteenth+Century&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Inner+Asian+library&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15363-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mongols" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mongols"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Mongols</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mongol" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Mongol">Mongol</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1741-7007-8-15.pdf">Evidence that a West-East admixed population lived in the Tarim Basin as early as the early Bronze Age</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427172440/http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1741-7007-8-15.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-04-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" Li et al. <i>BMC Biology</i> 2010, 8:15.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chriskaplonski.com/images/ethnicmap_med.jpg">Ethnic map of Mongolia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060127115944/http://www.chriskaplonski.com/images/ethnicmap_med.jpg">Archived</a> 2006-01-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101193742/http://www.360doc.com/content/12/0813/22/276037_230028707.shtml">Map share of ethnic by county of China</a> (archived 1 January 2016)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglasJülg1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Douglas, Robert Kennaway; Jülg, Bernhard (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mongols"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mongols">"Mongols" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). pp. 712–721.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mongols&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=712-721&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Robert+Kennaway&rft.au=J%C3%BClg%2C+Bernhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongols" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mongolia_topics" title="Template:Mongolia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mongolia_topics" title="Template talk:Mongolia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mongolia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mongolia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mongolia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mongolia-related_articles" title="Index of Mongolia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mongolian_history" title="Timeline of Mongolian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Mongolia" title="Prehistoric Mongolia">Prehistoric Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongols" title="Proto-Mongols">Proto-Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_Mongol_tribes_and_clans" title="List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans">Medieval tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Yuan dynasty">Northern Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Oirat" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Oirat">Four Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Qing rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1911">1911 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Mongolia" title="Occupation of Mongolia">Chinese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_intervention_in_Mongolia" title="Soviet intervention in Mongolia">Soviet intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">1921 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_in_World_War_II" title="Mongolia in World War II">World War II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">1990 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Mongolia" title="History of modern Mongolia">Modern Mongolia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Mongolia" title="Emblem of Mongolia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg/100px-State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg/150px-State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg/200px-State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1355" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mongolia" title="Geography of Mongolia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Mongolia" title="Template:Borders of Mongolia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mongolia" title="List of cities in Mongolia">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cities_and_towns_of_Mongolia" title="List of historical cities and towns of Mongolia">Historical cities and towns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Mongolia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Mongolia" title="Environmental issues in Mongolia">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Mongolia" title="Category:Fauna of Mongolia">Fauna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Mongolia" title="List of birds of Mongolia">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Mongolia" title="List of mammals of Mongolia">Mammals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Mongolia" title="Category:Flora of Mongolia">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian%E2%80%93Manchurian_grassland" title="Mongolian–Manchurian grassland">Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Mongolia" title="List of lakes of Mongolia">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Kh%C3%B6vsg%C3%B6l" title="Lake Khövsgöl">Khövsgöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvs_Lake" title="Uvs Lake">Uvs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Mongolia" title="List of mountains in Mongolia">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khangai_Mountains" title="Khangai Mountains">Khangai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khentii_Mountains" title="Khentii Mountains">Khentii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Mongolia" title="List of national parks of Mongolia">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Mongolia" title="List of rivers of Mongolia">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selenga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenga River">Selenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkhon_River" title="Orkhon River">Orkhon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mongolia" title="Politics of Mongolia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mongolia" title="Constitution of Mongolia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Great_Khural" title="State Great Khural">State Great Khural <span style="font-size:85%;">(parliament)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mongolia" title="President of Mongolia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Mongolia" title="Prime Minister of Mongolia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Mongolia" title="Government of Mongolia">Government <span style="font-size:85%;">(cabinet)</span></a></li> <li>Judiciary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Mongolia" title="Supreme Court of Mongolia">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Mongolia" title="Constitutional Court of Mongolia">Constitutional Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mongolia" title="Administrative divisions of Mongolia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Mongolia" title="Elections in Mongolia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Mongolia" title="Foreign relations of Mongolia">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_neighbor_policy" title="Third neighbor policy">Third neighbor policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mongolia" title="Human rights in Mongolia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Mongolia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mongolia" title="Law enforcement in Mongolia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Armed_Forces" title="Mongolian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_General_Staff_(Mongolia)" title="Chief of General Staff (Mongolia)">Chief of General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Mongolia" title="List of political parties in Mongolia">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mongolia" title="Economy of Mongolia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mongolia" title="Agriculture in Mongolia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mongolia#Banks" title="Economy of Mongolia">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Mongolia" title="List of companies of Mongolia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Stock_Exchange" title="Mongolian Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_t%C3%B6gr%C3%B6g" title="Mongolian tögrög">Tögrög <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mongolia" title="Telecommunications in Mongolia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Mongolia" title="Tourism in Mongolia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Mongolia" title="Transport in Mongolia">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Mongolia" title="Category:Society of Mongolia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mongolia" title="Demographics of Mongolia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mongols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southern Mongols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mongolia" title="Education in Mongolia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Mongolia" title="Health in Mongolia">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Mongolia" title="Prostitution in Mongolia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Mongolia" title="Public holidays in Mongolia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongolians" title="List of Mongolians">List of Mongolians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Mongolia" title="Sex trafficking in Mongolia">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mongolia" title="Women in Mongolia">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_writing_systems" title="Mongolian writing systems">Writing systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mongolia" title="Culture of Mongolia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mongolia" title="Architecture of Mongolia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biyelgee" title="Biyelgee">Biyelgee <span style="font-size:85%;">(dance)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mongolia" title="Cinema of Mongolia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goyol_Fashion_Festival" title="Goyol Fashion Festival">Goyol Fashion Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_culture_in_Mongolia" title="Horse culture in Mongolia">Horse culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_literature" title="Mongolian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Mongolia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Mongolian_medicine" title="Traditional Mongolian medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mongolia" title="Music of Mongolia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naadam" title="Naadam">Naadam <span style="font-size:85%;">(festival)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Sar" title="Tsagaan Sar">Tsagaan Sar <span style="font-size:85%;">(New Year's Day)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Mongolia">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Mongolia" title="Outline of Mongolia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mongolia-related_articles" title="Index of Mongolia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mongolia" title="Category:Mongolia">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="East_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:East_Asian_topics" title="Template:East Asian topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:East_Asian_topics" title="Template talk:East Asian topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:East_Asian_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:East Asian topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="East_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_countries" title="Category:East Asian countries">Countries and regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeju_Province" title="Jeju Province">Jeju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/80px-East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/160px-East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese_subgroups" title="Han Chinese subgroups">subgroups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_people" title="Yamato people">Yamato</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_China" title="Koreans in China">in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Japan" title="Koreans in Japan">in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Koreans" title="Sakhalin Koreans">in Sakhalin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mongols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongols_in_China" title="Mongols in China">in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha in Mongolia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_people" title="Qiang people">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_people" title="Ryukyuan people">Ryukyuans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Indigenous Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujia_people" title="Tujia people">Tujia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">other ethnic groups in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unrecognized_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="Unrecognized ethnic groups in China">unrecognized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history" title="Ethnic groups in Chinese history">historical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of East Asia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_age_reckoning" title="East Asian age reckoning">Age reckoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_architecture" title="Category:East Asian architecture">Architecture‎</a></li> <li>Art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_art" title="Korean art">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_art" title="Taiwanese art">Taiwanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_blepharoplasty" title="East Asian blepharoplasty">Blepharoplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_calligraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Dance in East Asia">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_knotting" title="Chinese knotting">Chinese knotting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_festivals_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Cultural festivals in East Asia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_design#East_Asian_gardens" title="Garden design">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_hip-and-gable_roof" title="East Asian hip-and-gable roof">Hip-and-gable roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Asia" title="Languages of East Asia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_literature" title="East Asian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_M%C4%81dhyamaka" title="East Asian Mādhyamaka">Mādhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Music of East Asia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_mythology" title="Category:East Asian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_and_vertical_writing_in_East_Asian_scripts" title="Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts">Scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_(East_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (East Asia)">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Xenic_pronunciations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Xenic pronunciations">Sino-Xenic pronunciations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_East_Asian_surnames" title="Lists of East Asian surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Television_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Television in East Asia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_typography" title="East Asian typography">Typography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" title="East Asian Yogācāra">Yogācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Chinese zodiac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Environment of East Asia">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Climate_Partnership" title="East Asia Climate Partnership">East Asia Climate Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian Monsoon">Monsoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_rainy_season" title="East Asian rainy season">Rainy season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Asiatic_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Asiatic Region">Flora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_East_Asia" title="Economy of East Asia">Economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Politics of East Asia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_trilateral_summit" title="China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit">China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_for_East_Asia" title="Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia">Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_model" title="East Asian model">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="East Asian Bureau of Economic Research">East Asian Bureau of Economic Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Community" title="East Asian Community">East Asian Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers" title="Four Asian Tigers">Four Asian Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_East_Asia" title="Human rights in East Asia">Human rights in East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_and_harbors_of_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of ports and harbors of the Pacific Ocean">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_stock_exchanges#East_Asian" title="List of Asian stock exchanges">Stock exchanges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Asia" title="History of East Asia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Archaeology of East Asia">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_cultures_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Archaeological cultures of East Asia">Archaeological cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age#East_Asia" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Former countries in East Asia">Former countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Sport in East Asia">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Friendship_Athletic_Meeting" title="China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting">China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Football_Federation" title="East Asian Football Federation">East Asian Football Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Games" title="East Asian Games">East Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Judo_Championships" title="East Asian Judo Championships">East Asian Judo Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_martial_arts" title="Category:East Asian martial arts">East Asian martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Youth_Games" title="East Asian Youth Games">East Asian Youth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EAFF_E-1_Football_Championship" title="EAFF E-1 Football Championship">EAFF E-1 Football Championship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Education in East Asia">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_East_Asian_Research_Universities" title="Association of East Asian Research Universities">Association of East Asian Research Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrossAsia" title="CrossAsia">CrossAsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Economic_Review" title="East Asian Economic Review">East Asian Economic Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Image_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asia Image Collection">East Asia Image Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Law_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asia Law Review">East Asia Law Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_studies" title="East Asian studies">East Asian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_East_Asian_Studies" title="Journal of East Asian Studies">Journal of East Asian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Institute_(Ludwigshafen)" title="East Asia Institute (Ludwigshafen)">Ludwigshafen East Asia Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Military in East Asia">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_East_Asian_warfare" title="Horses in East Asian warfare">Horses in East Asian warfare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bansensh%C5%ABkai" title="Bansenshūkai">Bansenshūkai</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyamoto_Musashi" title="Miyamoto Musashi">Miyamoto Musashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Five_Rings" title="The Book of Five Rings">The Book of Five Rings</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Sun-sin" title="Yi Sun-sin">Yi Sun-sin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Science and technology in East Asia">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Needham_Research_Institute" title="Needham Research Institute">Needham Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing_in_East_Asia" title="History of printing in East Asia">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_swords" title="Category:East Asian swords">Swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_traditional_medicine" title="Category:East Asian traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mongolic_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mongol_ethnic_groups" title="Template:Mongol ethnic groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mongol_ethnic_groups" title="Template talk:Mongol ethnic groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mongol_ethnic_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mongol ethnic groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mongolic_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mongolian_history" title="Timeline of Mongolian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_heartland" title="Mongol heartland">Mongol heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_states" title="List of Mongol states">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_rulers" title="List of Mongol rulers">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_Grave_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Slab Grave culture">Slab Grave culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongolic_language" title="Proto-Mongolic language">Proto-Mongolic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_Mongol_tribes_and_clans" title="List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans">Medieval tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_Mongol_clans" title="List of modern Mongol clans">Modern clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">Mongolian nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_writing_systems" title="Mongolian writing systems">Writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_symbol" title="Soyombo symbol">Soyombo symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongols" title="Proto-Mongols">Proto-Mongols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Donghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a> <ul><li>incl. <a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_clan" title="Yujiulü clan">Yujiulü</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_tribe" title="Duan tribe">Duan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen" title="Yuwen">Yuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong" title="Murong">Murong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun">Tuyuhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba" title="Tuoba">Tuoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Qin" title="Western Qin">Qifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Southern Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Tufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didouyu" title="Didouyu">Didouyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a> <ul><li>incl. <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC" title="Yelü">Yelü</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubu" title="Zubu">Zubu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_Mongol_tribes_and_clans" title="List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans">Medieval tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baarins" title="Baarins">Baarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barga_Mongols" title="Barga Mongols">Barga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barlas" title="Barlas">Barlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayads" title="Bayads">Bayad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">Borjigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonos_tribe" title="Chonos tribe">Chonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dughlats" title="Dughlats">Dughlat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eljigin" title="Eljigin">Eljigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlos_Mongols" title="Gorlos Mongols">Gorlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalairs" title="Jalairs">Jalair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katagans" title="Katagans">Katagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Kerait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khongirad" title="Khongirad">Khongirad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manghud" title="Manghud">Manghud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkit" title="Merkit">Merkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olkhonud" title="Olkhonud">Olkhonud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongud" title="Ongud">Ongud</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara%27unas" title="Qara'unas">Qara'unas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunud" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunud">Sunud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taichiud" title="Taichiud">Taichiud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_confederation" title="Tatar confederation">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumed" title="Tumed">Tumed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriankhai" title="Uriankhai">Uriankhai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mongols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darkhad" title="Darkhad">Darkhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dariganga_Mongols" title="Dariganga Mongols">Dariganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eljigin" title="Eljigin">Eljigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotogoid" title="Khotogoid">Khotogoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartuul" title="Sartuul">Sartuul</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Southern_Mongols" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongols_in_China" title="Mongols in China">Southern Mongols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asud" title="Asud">Asud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baarins" title="Baarins">Baarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chahars" title="Chahars">Chahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Dorbet" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Dorbet">Eastern Dorbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharchin_Mongols" title="Kharchin Mongols">Kharchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorchin_Mongols" title="Khorchin Mongols">Khorchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaruud" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaruud">Jaruud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Mongols" title="Ordos Mongols">Ordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumed" title="Tumed">Tumed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urad_Mongols" title="Urad Mongols">Urad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Czemchin_Mongols" title="Üzemchin Mongols">Üzemchin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Uriankhai" title="Altai Uriankhai">Altai Uriankhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baatud" title="Baatud">Baatud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayads" title="Bayads">Bayad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantuu" title="Chantuu">Chantuu</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choros_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Choros people">Choros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6rbet_Oirat" title="Dörbet Oirat">Dörbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoid" title="Khoid">Khoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut" title="Khoshut">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotons" title="Khotons">Khoton</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyk</a> <ul><li>incl. <a href="/wiki/Buzava" title="Buzava">Buzava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myangad" title="Myangad">Myangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olot_people" title="Olot people">Olot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sart_Kalmyks" title="Sart Kalmyks">Sart Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torghut" title="Torghut">Torghut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mongols" title="Upper Mongols">Upper Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakhchin" title="Zakhchin">Zakhchin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barga_Mongols" title="Barga Mongols">Barga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamnigan" title="Hamnigan">Hamnigan</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyot" title="Soyot">Soyot</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_people" title="Aimaq people">Aimaq</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonan_people" title="Bonan people">Bonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daur_people" title="Daur people">Daur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongxiangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongxiangs">Dongxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazara</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangjia_language" title="Kangjia language">Kangjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghol_people" title="Moghol people">Moghol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monguor_people" title="Monguor people">Monguor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatso" title="Khatso">Khatso</a> (<i>Yunnan Mongol</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Mongols" title="Sichuan Mongols">Sichuan Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogwo_Arig" title="Sogwo Arig">Sogwo Arig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvan</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugur" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur">Yugur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Donghu_and_Xianbei" title="Template:Donghu and Xianbei">Donghu and Xianbei</a> · <a href="/wiki/Template:Turco-Mongol" title="Template:Turco-Mongol">Turco-Mongol</a><br /> <sup>*</sup>Mongolized ethnic groups.<sup>**</sup>Ethnic groups of Mongolian origin or with a large Mongolian ethnic component.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yuan_dynasty_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Yuan dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yuan_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Yuan dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yuan_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yuan dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yuan_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="History of the Yuan dynasty">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">Division of the Mongol Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toluid_Civil_War" title="Toluid Civil War">Toluid Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidu%E2%80%93Kublai_war" title="Kaidu–Kublai war">Kaidu–Kublai war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan%27s_campaigns" title="Kublai Khan's campaigns">Kublai Khan's campaigns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_China" title="Mongol conquest of China">Mongol conquest of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_anti-Mongol_fortresses" title="Sichuan anti-Mongol fortresses">anti-Mongol fortresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">conquest of the Song dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Xiangyang" title="Battle of Xiangyang">Battle of Xiangyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yamen" title="Battle of Yamen">Yamen</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Sakhalin" title="Mongol invasions of Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%E1%BA%B1ng_(1288)" title="Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)">Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Java invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma">Burma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ngasaunggyan" title="Battle of Ngasaunggyan">Battle of Ngasaunggyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pagan" title="Battle of Pagan">Pagan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="Second Mongol invasion of Burma">Second Mongol invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esen_Buqa%E2%80%93Ayurbarwada_war" title="Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war">Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Two_Capitals" title="War of the Two Capitals">War of the Two Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1344_Yellow_River_flood" title="1344 Yellow River flood">1344 Yellow River flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellions" title="Red Turban Rebellions">Red Turban Rebellions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_invasions_of_Goryeo" title="Red Turban invasions of Goryeo">Red Turban invasions of Goryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Poyang" title="Battle of Lake Poyang">Battle of Lake Poyang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ispah_rebellion" title="Ispah rebellion">Ispah rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty">Emperors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(late)#Yuan_dynasty_and_Northern_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors family tree (late)">family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empresses_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="List of empresses of the Yuan dynasty">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Preceptor" title="Imperial Preceptor">Imperial Preceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Zhongshu Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Buddhist_and_Tibetan_Affairs" title="Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs">Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty">Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia">Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Yuan_rule" title="Mongolia under Yuan rule">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Yuan_rule" title="Manchuria under Yuan rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dpon-chen" title="Dpon-chen">Dpon-chen</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryeo_under_Mongol_rule" title="Goryeo under Mongol rule">Goryeo under Mongol rule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Science and technology of the Yuan dynasty">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jade_Mirror_of_the_Four_Unknowns" title="Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns">Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaochao" title="Jiaochao">Jiaochao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_coinage" title="Yuan dynasty coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wei_Yilin" title="Wei Yilin">Shiyi Dexiaofang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(inventor)" title="Wang Zhen (inventor)">Nong Shu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Platform_at_Juyong_Pass" title="Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass">Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulou_and_Zhonglou_(Beijing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)">Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaoying_Temple" title="Miaoying Temple">Miaoying Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda_of_Bailin_Temple" title="Pagoda of Bailin Temple">Pagoda of Bailin Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Azure_Clouds" title="Temple of Azure Clouds">Temple of Azure Clouds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_Great_Southern_Mosque" title="Jinan Great Southern Mosque">Jinan Great Southern Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_poetry" title="Yuan poetry">Yuan poetry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liao" title="History of Liao">History of Liao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jin" title="History of Jin">Jin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Song_(Yuan_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Song (Yuan dynasty)">Song</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilin_Guangji" title="Shilin Guangji">Shilin Guangji</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Menggu_Ziyun" title="Menggu Ziyun">Menggu Ziyun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wenxian_Tongkao" title="Wenxian Tongkao">Wenxian Tongkao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan_Yinyun" title="Zhongyuan Yinyun">Zhongyuan Yinyun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Twenty-four_Filial_Exemplars" title="The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars">The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaju" title="Zaju">Zaju</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chalk_Circle" title="The Chalk Circle">The Chalk Circle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Injustice_to_Dou_E" title="The Injustice to Dou E">The Injustice to Dou E</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Orphan_of_Zhao" title="The Orphan of Zhao">The Orphan of Zhao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Western_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="The Story of the Western Wing">The Story of the Western Wing</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semu" title="Semu">Semu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Islam during the Yuan dynasty">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in Yuan dynasty">Fashion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">Borjigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa script</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Khanbaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Shangdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41975#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41975#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41975#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/128689413">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85086834">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11970810t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11970810t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567830">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mongolové"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117892&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548044705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mogollar">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mongols&oldid=1259847328">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mongols&oldid=1259847328</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mongols" title="Category:Mongols">Mongols</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mongol_peoples" title="Category:Mongol peoples">Mongol peoples</a></li><li><a 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