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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nazi_Party_takes_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_Party_takes_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Nazi Party takes power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_Party_takes_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Holocaust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Holocaust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The Holocaust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Holocaust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Institutes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expeditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expeditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Expeditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Expeditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Expeditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Expeditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iceland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iceland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Iceland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iceland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karelia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karelia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Karelia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karelia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bohuslän" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bohuslän"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Bohuslän</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bohuslän-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Eurasia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Eurasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Central Eurasia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Eurasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Swabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Swabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>New Swabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Swabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hedeby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hedeby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.1</span> <span>Hedeby</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hedeby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baden-Württemberg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baden-Württemberg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.2</span> <span>Baden-Württemberg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baden-Württemberg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mauern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mauern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.3</span> <span>Mauern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mauern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bayeux_Tapestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bayeux_Tapestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8.1</span> <span>Bayeux Tapestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bayeux_Tapestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tibet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Tibet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tibet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crimea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crimea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Crimea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crimea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cancelled_expeditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancelled_expeditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cancelled expeditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cancelled_expeditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cancelled expeditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cancelled_expeditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bolivia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolivia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bolivia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolivia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canary_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canary_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Canary Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canary_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iceland_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iceland_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Iceland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iceland_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Ahnenerbe_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Ahnenerbe_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other Ahnenerbe activities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_Ahnenerbe_activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other Ahnenerbe activities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_Ahnenerbe_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Master_Plan_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Master_Plan_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Master Plan East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Master_Plan_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failed_seizure_of_Tacitus_manuscript" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failed_seizure_of_Tacitus_manuscript"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Failed seizure of Tacitus manuscript</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failed_seizure_of_Tacitus_manuscript-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Headquarters_relocation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Headquarters_relocation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Headquarters relocation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Headquarters_relocation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Financing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_experiments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_experiments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Medical experiments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medical_experiments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Medical experiments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Medical_experiments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dachau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dachau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Dachau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dachau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skulls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skulls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Skulls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skulls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Post-World War II</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-World_War_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-World War II subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Trials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Academic_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Academic study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_in_pseudo-archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_in_pseudo-archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Influence in pseudo-archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_in_pseudo-archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ahnenerbe</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%86%D8%A5%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%87" title="آننإربه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آننإربه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anenerbe" title="Anenerbe – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Anenerbe" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8D" title="Анэнэрбэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Анэнэрбэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Аненербе – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аненербе" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ahnenerbe" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5" title="Анненерпе – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Анненерпе" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ahnenerbe" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ahnenerbe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forschungsgemeinschaft_Deutsches_Ahnenerbe" title="Forschungsgemeinschaft Deutsches Ahnenerbe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Forschungsgemeinschaft Deutsches Ahnenerbe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ahnenerbe" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ahnenerbe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%87" title="آننربه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آننربه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ahnenerbe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ahnenerbe" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Ahnenerbe" title="SS Ahnenerbe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="SS Ahnenerbe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC%EC%9C%A0%EC%82%B0%ED%95%99%EC%88%A0%ED%98%91%ED%9A%8C" title="독일유산학술협회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일유산학술협회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B0%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A5" title="Ահնեներբե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ահնեներբե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ahnenerbe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ahnenerbe" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%94" title="אננארבה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אננארבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%94" title="ანენერბე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანენერბე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ahnenerbe" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ahnenerbe" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8D%E3%83%B3%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%99" title="アーネンエルベ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アーネンエルベ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ahnenerbe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ahnenerbe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ahnenerbe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Аненербе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аненербе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ahnenerbe" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Аненербе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аненербе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ahnenerbe" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ahnenerbe" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ahnenerbe" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ahnenerbe" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Nazi German pseudoscientific think tank</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Ahnenerbe</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahnenerbe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ahnenerbe.svg/220px-Ahnenerbe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ahnenerbe.svg/330px-Ahnenerbe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ahnenerbe.svg/440px-Ahnenerbe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="294" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Emblem</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">July 1, 1935</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Legal status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Registered_association_(Germany)" title="Registered association (Germany)">Registered association</a> under <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a> control</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscientific research</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ahnenerbe</i></span></b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈaːnənˌʔɛʁbə]</a></span>, "Ancestral Heritage") was a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i></span> (SS) <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscientific</a> organization which was active in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> between 1935 and 1945. It was established by <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a></i></span> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> in July 1935 as an SS appendage devoted to the task of promoting the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_racial_theories" title="Nazi racial theories">racial doctrines</a> espoused by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>. The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ahnenerbe</i></span> was composed of scholars and scientists from a <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">broad range</a> of <a href="/wiki/Academic_discipline" title="Academic discipline">academic disciplines</a> and fostered the idea that the <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> descended from an <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a> which was racially superior to other racial groups. </p><p>Hitler became <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of Germany</a> in 1933, and transformed the country into a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a> governed as a <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a> under the control of the Nazi Party. He espoused the idea that the German people were descended from the Aryan race which, Hitler claimed in contrast to established academic understandings, had invented most major developments in human history, such as <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">writing</a>. The majority of the world's scholarly community did not accept this, and the Nazis established the Ahnenerbe in order to provide evidence for <a href="/wiki/Nazi_racial_theories" title="Nazi racial theories">Nazi racial theories</a> and to promote these ideas to the German public. Ahnenerbe scholars interpreted evidence to fit Hitler's beliefs, and some consciously fabricated evidence in order to do so. The organisation sent expeditions to other parts of the world, intent on finding evidence of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migrations" title="Indo-Aryan migrations">historical Aryan expansion</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Government of Nazi Germany">government of Nazi Germany</a> used the organization's research to justify many of their policies, including <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>. <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Nazi propaganda</a> also cited <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ahnenerbe</i></span> claims that <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> evidence indicated that the Aryan race had historically resided in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">eastern Europe</a> to justify German expansion into the region. In 1937, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ahnenerbe</i></span> became an official branch of the SS and was renamed the "Research and Teaching Community in Ancestral Heritage" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Forschungs und Lehrgemeinschaft das Ahnenerbe</i></span>). Many of their investigations were placed on hold after the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1939, though they continued to carry out new research in areas under German occupation after <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> was launched in 1941. </p><p>Towards the <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">end of World War II in Europe</a>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ahnenerbe</i></span> members destroyed much of the organisation's paperwork to avoid being incriminated in forthcoming <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_trial" title="War crimes trial">war crimes trials</a>. Numerous members escaped Allied <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a> policies and remained active in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>'s archaeological establishment in the <a href="/wiki/Post-war#Post–World_War_II" title="Post-war">postwar era</a>. This stifled scholarly research into the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ahnenerbe</i></span>, which only intensified after <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> in 1990. Ideas promoted by the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ahnenerbe</i></span> have retained an appeal for some <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a> circles and have also influenced later <a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">pseudoarchaeologists</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hitler_portrait_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hitler_portrait_crop.jpg/220px-Hitler_portrait_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hitler_portrait_crop.jpg/330px-Hitler_portrait_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Hitler_portrait_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, whose racial beliefs inspired research carried out by the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ahnenerbe</i></span></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> believed that one could divide humanity into three groups: "the founders of culture, the bearers of culture, the destroyers of culture".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20063_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20063-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The founders of culture, in Hitler's view, were a biologically distinct <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a> who (he believed) had been tall, blond, and originating in Northern Europe. He believed that in prehistory, the Aryan race had been responsible for all significant developments in human culture, including agriculture, architecture, music, literature, and the visual arts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20063–4_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20063–4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that most modern Germans were the descendants of these Aryans and had genetically inherited the Aryans' biological superiority to other races.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20064_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20064-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The destroyers of culture, in Hitler's view, were the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, whom he regarded not as a genetically diverse population sharing certain ethno-cultural and religious traits—as they were then widely recognized—but as a unified, biologically distinct race. He believed that wherever Jews went, they damaged and ultimately destroyed the cultures surrounding them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20064_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20064-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hitler had promoted his ideas about the greatness of Germany's ancestors in his 1925 book, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200624_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200624-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside Germany, most scholars and scientists regarded Hitler's ideas about human evolution and prehistory as nonsense, in part due to the absence of any evidence that North European communities had ever originated major developments in prehistory, such as the development of agriculture and writing, all of which first appeared in the Near East and in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20064_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20064-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1929 Hitler appointed Nazi Party member <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> to head the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i></span> (SS), a paramilitary group founded in 1925 to serve as personal bodyguards to Hitler and other Nazis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200637_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200637-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler set out to re-organise the SS, introducing a better system of organisation, and gathering intelligence on prominent Jews and <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasons</a>, as well as on rival political groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200637–38_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200637–38-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1929, Himmler launched an SS recruitment campaign,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200638_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200638-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the end of 1931 the group had 10,000 members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200641_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200641-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler aimed to ensure that this membership was as racially <a href="/wiki/Nordic_race" title="Nordic race">Nordic</a> as possible, establishing the <a href="/wiki/SS_Race_and_Settlement_Main_Office" title="SS Race and Settlement Main Office">SS Race and Settlement Main Office</a> (RuSHA) to screen both applicants and the women whom SS members proposed to marry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200641–42_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200641–42-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In believing in the existence of a "Nordic" racial type which was the purest survival of the ancient Aryans, Himmler was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicist</a> ideas of <a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Hans F. K. Günther</a> (1891–1968), which had been popular in <a href="/wiki/German_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="German nationalist">German nationalist</a> circles over the preceding decades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200635–6_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200635–6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Himmler had an abiding interest in the past, and in how it could provide a blueprint for the future.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200616_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200616-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his views of the ancient Germanic peoples differed from Hitler's in certain areas. Hitler was perplexed as to why ancient societies in southern Europe had developed more advanced technology and architecture than their contemporaries in northern Europe. Hitler stated that "People make a tremendous fuss about the excavations carried out in districts inhabited by our forebears of the pre-Christian era. I am afraid that I cannot share their enthusiasm, for I cannot help remembering that, while our ancestors were making these vessels out of stone and clay, over which our archaeologists rave, the Greeks had already built the Acropolis."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200644–45_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200644–45-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler explained this by claiming that the Aryans must also have inhabited the south of the continent and that they were responsible for establishing the societies of ancient Greece and Rome. Specifically, he believed that it was the warmer climates of the south that enabled these Aryans to develop in ways that those living further north, in colder and wetter climates, did not.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200644_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200644-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler was aware of these views but, unlike Hitler, admired what he believed was the fierceness and valour of the Germanic tribes of northern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200645_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200645-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was particularly interested in <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)"><i>Germania</i></a>, an ethnographic and historical account of the Iron-Age Germanic tribes written by the Roman historian at the end of the first century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200616_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200616-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazi_Party_takes_power">Nazi Party takes power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nazi Party takes power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/July_1932_German_federal_election" title="July 1932 German federal election">1932 federal election</a>, the Nazis secured 230 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_building" title="Reichstag building">Reichstag</a>, making them the largest single party but without a controlling majority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200643_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200643-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six months later, President <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> invited Hitler to become <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a>, after which the latter cemented Nazi dominance over the government. In February 1933, Hitler convinced von Hindenburg to issue the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_Fire_Decree" title="Reichstag Fire Decree">Reichstag Fire Decree</a>, legally suspending <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200643_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200643-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler, who was newly appointed as the police chief of <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, ordered the arrests of those he regarded as a threat to the Nazis—including journalists, labour organisers, Jewish community leaders, socialists, and communists—and their incarceration in <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau concentration camp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200643_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200643-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler approved of Himmler's tactics and appointed him head of the political police across Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200644_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200644-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wewelsburg.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Wewelsburg.JPG/220px-Wewelsburg.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Wewelsburg.JPG/330px-Wewelsburg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Wewelsburg.JPG/440px-Wewelsburg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wewelsburg_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Wewelsburg Castle">Wewelsburg Castle</a>, which Himmler adopted as an SS base on the advice of the occultist <a href="/wiki/Karl_Maria_Wiligut" title="Karl Maria Wiligut">Karl Maria Wiligut</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1933, Himmler initiated plans to establish a "Nordic Academy" to assist the instruction of the SS upper ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200646_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200646-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was assisted in this by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Maria_Wiligut" title="Karl Maria Wiligut">Karl Maria Wiligut</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">occultist</a> who was popular in German ultra-nationalist circles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200646_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200646-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler brought Wiligut into the SS—where he eventually rose to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Brigadef%C3%BChrer" title="Brigadeführer">Brigadeführer</a>—and gave him a private villa in Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200648–49_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200648–49-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using Wiligut's prophecies as his guide, Himmler selected <a href="/wiki/Wewelsburg" title="Wewelsburg">Wewelsburg</a> castle in <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Westphalia" title="Province of Westphalia">Westphalia</a> to serve as a base for many SS operations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200648_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200648-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The architect <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bartels" title="Hermann Bartels">Hermann Bartels</a> was employed to oversee renovations to the castle to make it fit for the SS's use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200649_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200649-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of these alterations, one of the rooms in the building became known as "the Grail Room" with a rock crystal representing the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a> being placed in a central position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200649_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200649-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler also established a private museum at the castle, employing the young archaeologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Jordan_(archaeologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Jordan (archaeologist) (page does not exist)">Wilhelm Jordan</a> to manage it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200649_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200649-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1934, Himmler met the Dutch prehistorian <a href="/wiki/Herman_Wirth" title="Herman Wirth">Herman Wirth</a>, who was then living in Germany, at the home of <a href="/wiki/Johann_von_Leers" title="Johann von Leers">Johann von Leers</a>, a Nazi propagandist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200655_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200655-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wirth was one of the most controversial prehistorians in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200654_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200654-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After examining symbols found in rural Frisian <a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">folk art</a>, he became convinced that they represented the survival of an ancient script used by a prehistoric Nordic civilisation. This script, Wirth believed, was the world's oldest written language and had been the basis for all other ancient scripts. Wirth also believed that if he could decipher it, he could then learn the nature of the ancient religion of the Aryan race.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200654–55,_58_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200654–55,_58-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This belief conflicted with established scholarly understandings of the past; by the 1930s, scholars were aware that the world's two oldest scripts were those of Mesopotamia and Egypt, and that northern Europe only developed its own form of literacy, that of the <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">runes</a>, under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscan script">Etruscan script</a> between 400 BCE to 50 CE. Attempting to explain the lack of any archaeological or historical evidence for an ancient advanced Nordic civilisation, Wirth claimed that the Aryans had evolved in an Arctic homeland two million years ago, before establishing their advanced society on a land in the North Atlantic, which had since sunken into the sea, giving rise to the stories about <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200659_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200659-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wirth's ideas were rejected and ridiculed by the German archaeological establishment, although they had gained the support of several wealthy backers, which assisted him in promoting them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200661_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200661-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler was among those who liked Wirth's ideas. Himmler was interested in the pre-Christian religions of northern Europe, believing that a <a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Paganism">modern Pagan religion</a> modelled on them could replace Christianity as the primary religion of the German people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200656_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200656-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler disliked Christianity because of its Semitic origins, its presentation of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus of Nazareth">Jesus of Nazareth</a> as a Jew, and its advocacy of charity and compassion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200656_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200656-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, Himmler privately told his personal physician that after the Second World War, "the old Germanic gods will be restored".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200656_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200656-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_SS_Ahnenerbe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Emblem_SS_Ahnenerbe.png/220px-Emblem_SS_Ahnenerbe.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Emblem_SS_Ahnenerbe.png 1.5x" data-file-width="224" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption>Ahnenerbe <a href="/wiki/Irminsul" title="Irminsul">Irminsul</a> symbol</figcaption></figure> <p>On July 1, 1935, Himmler organised a meeting at the Berlin headquarters of the SS where he discussed his desire to launch a prehistoric research institute.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200650_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200650-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Wirth and the agriculturalist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Richard Walther Darré</a> were present, and both responded with enthusiasm to the idea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200650_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200650-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group was launched as a department of RuSHA.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200651_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200651-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wirth became the group's president, while Himmler took the role of superintendent, a position entailing considerable control by placing him in charge of its board of trustees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200651_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200651-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its formal goal was "to promote the science of ancient intellectual history".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200651_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200651-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The organisation was initially named the "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsches Ahnenerbe Studiengesellschaft für Geistesurgeschichte</i></span>" (<i>Society for the Study of the History of Primeval Ideas</i>), but this was soon shortened to Ahnenerbe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200651_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200651-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a German term for "something inherited from the forefathers".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20062_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20062-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ahnenerbe's first premises were at number 29 and 30 of the Brüderstrasse, a thirteenth-century street in Berlin. These corner buildings were rented from the city's <a href="/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">department store</a> magnate Rudolf Herdzog.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200653_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200653-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, it employed seven members of staff.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200653_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200653-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reflecting Wirth's fixation on the idea of an ancient Aryan script, the organisation's early focus was upon what Wirth called "script and symbol studies".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200654_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200654-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of its researchers, <a href="/wiki/Yrj%C3%B6_von_Gr%C3%B6nhagen" title="Yrjö von Grönhagen">Yrjö von Grönhagen</a>, was for instance tasked with collecting the Finnish wooden calendars which were engraved with various symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200654_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200654-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in 1934, Himmler began financially supporting and visiting excavations in Germany. This brought him into contact with archaeologists like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Langsdorff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Langsdorff (page does not exist)">Alexander Langsdorff</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Langsdorff" class="extiw" title="de:Alexander Langsdorff">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Schleif" title="Hans Schleif">Hans Schleif</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Buttler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Buttler (page does not exist)">Werner Buttler</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Buttler" class="extiw" title="de:Werner Buttler">de</a>]</span> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Unverzagt" title="Wilhelm Unverzagt">Wilhelm Unverzagt</a>, director of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Vor-_und_Fr%C3%BChgeschichte_(Berlin)" title="Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte (Berlin)">Staatliches Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte</a></i></span> in Berlin. Initially, there were two departments within the SS engaged in archaeology: the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Abteilung Ausgrabungen</i></span> of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Persönlicher Stab des Reichsführers der SS</i></span> and the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Abteilung für Vor- und Frühgeschichte</i></span> at the RuSHA. The latter ("RA IIIB") was established in 1934 and was supposed to serve as a "general staff" for all SS activities related to prehistory. It was responsible for archaeological research and related propaganda and led by Rolf Höhne, a geologist. Höhne was eventually replaced by Peter Paulsen, an archaeologist, in October 1937. The department did not conduct any excavations itself, but was intended to extend the influence of the SS over other institutions, especially those responsible for education/research and monument preservation. In fact, Langsdorff did this in Himmler's personal staff. The department also tried to make use of pre-history in the training and indoctrination of SS members. When the RuSHA was restructured, the department was dissolved with its responsibilities passing to the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ahnenerbe</i></span>. The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Abteilung Ausgrabung</i></span> in Himmler's personal staff was established in 1935 on the initiative of Langsdorff. In March 1937, Höhne joined the leadership of this department. By 1937, it was responsible for SS excavations and maintained its own personnel for this activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Katalog2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katalog2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The organization's official mission was twofold. Its first purpose was to reveal new evidence for the accomplishments of the ancestors of the modern Germans "using exact scientific methods".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20062_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20062-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its second purpose was to convey its findings to the German public through magazine articles, books, museum exhibits, and scholarly conferences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20062–3_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20062–3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Pringle, it was however "in the business of myth-making", repeatedly "distorting the truth and churning out carefully tailored evidence to support the racial ideas of Adolf Hitler."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20063_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20063-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some members of the Ahnenerbe consciously altered their evidence and interpretations to match Hitler's beliefs; others appear to have been unaware of how their adherence to Nazi doctrine was shaping their interpretations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20063_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20063-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Himmler regarded the Ahnenerbe as an elite <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> which would sweep away previous scholarship on the development of humanity and reveal that Hitler's ideas on the subject were true. Himmler also believed that the group's investigations might reveal ancient secrets about agriculture, medicine, and warfare which would benefit Nazi Germany. It employed scholars from a wide range of academic fields, including <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">ethnology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folkloristics" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkloristics">folkloristics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Runology" title="Runology">runology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classics</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">musicology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>. Himmler believed that scholars active in all of these different fields would piece together a view of the past that would revolutionise established interpretations; in his words, it would represent "hundreds of thousands of little mosaic stones, which portray the true picture of the origins of the world." </p><p>On July 1, 1935, at SS headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Himmler met with five "racial experts" representing Darré and with Wirth. Together they established an organization called the "German Ancestral Heritage—Society for the Study of the History of Primeval Ideas" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsches Ahnenerbe—Studiengesellschaft für Geistesurgeschichte</i></span>), shortened to its better-known form in 1937. At the meeting they designated its official goal, “to promote the science of ancient intellectual history,” and appointed Himmler as its superintendent, with Wirth serving as its president. Himmler appointed <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Sievers" title="Wolfram Sievers">Wolfram Sievers</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Generalsekretär</i></span> (General Secretary) of the Ahnenerbe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S72707,_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S72707%2C_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S72707%2C_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S72707%2C_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S72707%2C_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S72707%2C_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S72707%2C_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichsführer-SS</i></span> and founder of the Ahnenerbe</figcaption></figure> <p>Through 1937, the Ahnenerbe was essentially engaged in amateur <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">völkisch</i></span> research. Financial and academic pressure caused Himmler to start looking for an alternative to Wirth as early as the spring of 1936. In September, Hitler negatively referred to Wirth's beliefs regarding <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a> and their influence on "<a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6ttcherstrasse" class="mw-redirect" title="Böttcherstrasse">Böttcherstrasse</a> architecture" in a speech at the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichsparteitag</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Katalog2_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katalog2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1937, the Ahnenerbe was given a new statute, implementing the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a></i></span> (leader principle) and giving Himmler extensive powers. Wirth was deposed as president and appointed honorary president, a powerless position. Himmler's position as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kurator</i></span> was given more power.<sup id="cite_ref-Katalog2_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katalog2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Walther_W%C3%BCst" title="Walther Wüst">Walther Wüst</a> was appointed the new president of the Ahnenerbe. Wüst was an expert on India and a dean at <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a>, working on the side as a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Glossary of the Weimar Republic">Vertrauensmann</a></i></span> for the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></i></span> (SD, Security Service). Referred to as <i>The Orientalist</i> by Wolfram Sievers, Wüst had been recruited by him in May 1936 because of his ability to simplify science for the common man.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being appointed president, Wüst began improving the Ahnenerbe, moving the offices to a new headquarters that cost 300,000 <a href="/wiki/Reichsmark" title="Reichsmark">ℛ︁ℳ︁</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Steglitz-Zehlendorf" title="Steglitz-Zehlendorf">Dahlem neighborhood</a> of Berlin. He also worked to limit the influence of “those he deemed scholarly upstarts,” which included cutting communication with the RuSHA office of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Maria_Wiligut" title="Karl Maria Wiligut">Karl Maria Wiligut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Generalsekretariat</i></span> led by Sievers was turned into the institution's <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichsgeschäftsführung</i></span>. The Ahnenerbe was renamed <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Forschungs- und Lehrgemeinschaft Das Ahnenerbe e.V.</i></span>. It was moved from the RuSHA to Himmlers's personal staff.<sup id="cite_ref-Katalog2_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katalog2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wirth and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Teudt" title="Wilhelm Teudt">Wilhelm Teudt</a> lost their departments in Ahnenerbe in 1938. In 1939, the statutes were changed again and Wirth was deposed as honorary president. Himmler's and Wüsts' titles were switched with Himmler now the president. Next to Wüst, the academic with most influence in the institution after 1939 was <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Jankuhn" title="Herbert Jankuhn">Herbert Jankuhn</a>, who in 1937 still had categorically rejected cooperation with the "unscientific" Ahnenerbe.<sup id="cite_ref-Katalog2_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katalog2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ahnenerbe was a mix between an SS department and an <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Eingetragener_Verein" class="mw-redirect" title="Eingetragener Verein">Eingetragener Verein</a></i></span>. Membership was open to all natural and legal persons. Its staff were SS members, many also working in other SS positions, and thus subject to SS jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-Katalog2_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katalog2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 1936, Ahnenerbe took over the publication of Teudt's magazine <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Germanien</i></span>, first in cooperation with Teudt, then without him. The monthly now became the official voice of Ahnenerbe and was aimed at a wider audience. From December 1936, the magazine was distributed free of charge to all SS leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-Katalog2_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katalog2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cooperation with other SS departments was initially limited, but improved after 1937. Contacts with the SD-HA and the editorial team of the SS weekly <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Das schwarze Korps</i></span> intensified. Ahnenerbe eventually had the scientific responsibility for the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">SS-Leithefte</i></span> and in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/SS-Hauptamt" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-Hauptamt">SS-HA</a>, Ahnenerbe established <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Germanische_Leitstelle" title="Germanische Leitstelle">Germanische Leitstelle</a></i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Germanischer Wissenschaftseinsatz</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Katalog2_30-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katalog2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1939, the Ahnenerbe held its first independent annual convention, at Kiel. The event's success contributed to the trend that archaeologists were increasingly turning to the Ahnenerbe and away from <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a>'s rival <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsbund_f%C3%BCr_Deutsche_Vorgeschichte" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsbund für Deutsche Vorgeschichte">Reichsbund für Deutsche Vorgeschichte</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Vorgeschichte" class="extiw" title="de:Deutsche Gesellschaft für Vorgeschichte">de</a>]</span></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Katalog2_30-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katalog2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In fiscal year 1938–1939, the budget for the excavations department was 65,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁, about 12% of the Ahnenerbe's total budget. More than a third of that went to the <a href="/wiki/Haithabu" class="mw-redirect" title="Haithabu">Haithabu</a> activities. Under Jankuhn's direction four more archaeological departments were set up: in April 1938 the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Forschungsstätte für naturwissenschaftliche Vorgeschichte</i></span> (a laboratory for analyzing pollen) was established at Dahlem under the leadership of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Sch%C3%BCtrumpf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Schütrumpf (page does not exist)">Rudolf Schütrumpf</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Sch%C3%BCtrumpf" class="extiw" title="de:Rudolf Schütrumpf">de</a>]</span>. The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Forschungsstätte für Wurtenforschung</i></span> at Wilhelmshaven led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Haarnagel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Haarnagel (page does not exist)">Werner Haarnagel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Haarnagel" class="extiw" title="de:Werner Haarnagel">de</a>]</span>, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Forschungsstätte für germanisches Bauwesen</i></span> led by Martin Rudolph and the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Forschungsstätte für Urgeschichte</i></span> directed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assien_Bohmers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assien Bohmers (page does not exist)">Assien Bohmers</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assien_Bohmers" class="extiw" title="de:Assien Bohmers">de</a>]</span> followed in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-Katalog2_30-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katalog2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a gift for Hitler's fiftieth birthday, among the presents which Himmler procured for him was a set of leather bound books, one of which was on the subject of the Ahnenerbe's research.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20062_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20062-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ahnenerbe sought to cultivate an air of professional integrity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200612_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200612-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ahnenerbe became an integral part of the SS.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20063_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20063-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1939, the Ahnenerbe employed 137 scholars and scientists, as well as 82 support workers, including artists, photographers, laboratory technicians, librarians, accountants, and secretaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20063_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20063-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Holocaust">The Holocaust</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Holocaust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Himmler used the Ahnenerbe's research to fuel and justify the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20065_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20065-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1937 speech at <a href="/wiki/Bad_T%C3%B6lz" title="Bad Tölz">Bad Tölz</a>, Himmler announced that the <a href="/wiki/Bog_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Bog bodies">bog bodies</a> of northwestern Europe, which testified to an Iron Age tradition in which individuals were deliberately killed and deposited in bogs, must have represented the eradication of homosexuals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20066–7_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20066–7-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was an idea that he had adopted from Ahnenerbe archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Jankuhn" title="Herbert Jankuhn">Herbert Jankuhn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20067_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20067-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His adoption of this suggestion was linked to his <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobic</a> fear that male homosexuality was transmittable and that it could spread within the ranks of the SS and other spaces of male bonding unless strong measures were implemented to prevent it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20066_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20066-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler then claimed this alleged ancient tradition as legitimation for the extermination of homosexuals within his own society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20067_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20067-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As many as 15,000 gay men were <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany_and_the_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust">rounded up and imprisoned in concentration camps</a>, where up to 60 percent died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20067_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20067-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amid the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">German invasion of Poland</a> in 1939, the Ahnenerbe sent a team into <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> to remove any items from its museums which they believed to be German in origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200612_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200612-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1939, the Ahnenerbe's further four planned expeditions—to Iran, the Canary Islands, the Andes, and Iceland—were indefinitely postponed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200611_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200611-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the war in Europe, members of the Ahnenerbe destroyed much of the organisation's paperwork lest it incriminate them during future war crime tribunals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20069_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20069-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutes">Institutes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Institutes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ahnenerbe_institutes" title="List of Ahnenerbe institutes">List of Ahnenerbe institutes</a></div> <p>The Ahnenerbe had several different institutes or sections for its departments of research. Most of these were archeological but others included the Pflegestätte für Wetterkunde (Meteorology Section) headed by Obersturmführer Dr <a href="/wiki/Hans_Robert_Scultetus" title="Hans Robert Scultetus">Hans Robert Scultetus</a>, founded on the basis that <a href="/wiki/Hanns_H%C3%B6rbiger" title="Hanns Hörbiger">Hanns Hörbiger</a>'s <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Welteislehre" title="Welteislehre">Welteislehre</a></i></span> could be used to provide accurate long-range weather forecasts,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a section devoted to <a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">musicology</a>, whose aim was to determine "the essence" of German music. It recorded folk music on expeditions to Finland and the Faroe Islands, from ethnic Germans of the occupied territories, and in South Tyrol. The section made sound recordings, transcribed manuscripts and songbooks, and photographed and filmed instrument use and folk dances. The <a href="/wiki/Lur" title="Lur">lur</a>, a Bronze Age musical instrument, became central to this research, which concluded that Germanic <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">consonance</a> was in direct conflict to Jewish <a href="/wiki/Atonalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonalism">atonalism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expeditions">Expeditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Expeditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iceland">Iceland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Iceland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The country of <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> was of particular intereest to Hitler and Himmler due to their belief that the country was the <a href="/wiki/Thule" title="Thule">Thule</a> area which served as the birthplace of the Aryan race.<sup id="cite_ref-icelandexpedition_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icelandexpedition-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1938, Himmler would send <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Schweizer" title="Bruno Schweizer">an archeological team</a> to Iceland in hopes an ancient place of worship for Nordic gods like Thor and Odin.<sup id="cite_ref-icelandexpedition_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icelandexpedition-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A total of three Nazi-led trips would occur to Iceland in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the three Ahnenerbe expeditions were limited due to restrictions enacted by the Iceland government.<sup id="cite_ref-icelandexpedition_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icelandexpedition-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite finding a cave which the Ahnenebre-led expedition team claimed was the location of the mystic place of worship, known as the hof, it would be proven that the site was in fact uninhabited before the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-icelandexpedition_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icelandexpedition-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karelia">Karelia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Karelia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1935, Himmler contacted a Finnish nobleman and author, <a href="/wiki/Yrj%C3%B6_von_Gr%C3%B6nhagen" title="Yrjö von Grönhagen">Yrjö von Grönhagen</a>, after seeing one of his articles about the <a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a> folklore in a Frankfurt newspaper. Grönhagen agreed to lead an expedition through the <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> to record pagan <a href="/wiki/Magician_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magician (paranormal)">sorcerers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Witch" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch">witches</a>. Because there was uncertainty about whether the Karelians would allow photography, the Finnish illustrator Ola Forsell also accompanied the team. Musicologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Bose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Bose (page does not exist)">Fritz Bose</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Bose" class="extiw" title="de:Fritz Bose">de</a>]</span> brought along a <a href="/wiki/Magnetophon" title="Magnetophon">magnetophon</a>, hoping to record pagan chants. </p><p>The team departed on their expedition in June 1936. Their first success was with a traditional singer, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timo_Lipits%C3%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timo Lipitsä (page does not exist)">Timo Lipitsä</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timo_Lipits%C3%A4" class="extiw" title="fi:Timo Lipitsä">fi</a>]</span>, who knew a song closely resembling one in the <a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a> although he was unaware of the book. Later, in <a href="/wiki/Tolvaj%C3%A4rvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolvajärvi">Tolvajärvi</a>, the team photographed and recorded Hannes Vornanen playing a traditional Finnish <a href="/wiki/Kantele" title="Kantele">kantele</a>. </p><p>One of the team's final successes was in finding Miron-Aku, a <a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">soothsayer</a> believed to be a witch by locals.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon meeting the group, she claimed to have foreseen their arrival. The team persuaded her to perform a ritual for the camera and tape recorder in which she summoned the spirits of ancestors<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "divine[d] future events." The team also recorded information on <a href="/wiki/Finnish_sauna" title="Finnish sauna">Finnish saunas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bohuslän"><span id="Bohusl.C3.A4n"></span>Bohuslän</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bohuslän"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WirthBookScan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/WirthBookScan.jpg/170px-WirthBookScan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/WirthBookScan.jpg/255px-WirthBookScan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8a/WirthBookScan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>Scan from Ahnenerbe co-founder <a href="/wiki/Herman_Wirth" title="Herman Wirth">Herman Wirth</a>'s 1931 book <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Was heißt deutsch?</i></span></figcaption></figure> <p>After a slide show on February 19, 1936 of his trip to <a href="/wiki/Bohusl%C3%A4n" title="Bohuslän">Bohuslän</a>, a region in southwestern Sweden, Wirth convinced Himmler to launch an expedition to the region, the first official expedition financed by the Ahnenerbe. Bohuslän was known for its massive quantity of <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyph</a> rock carvings, which Wirth believed were evidence of an ancient writing system predating all known systems. Himmler appointed Wolfram Sievers to be the managing director of the expedition, likely because of Wirth's earlier troubles balancing finances.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (September 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On August 4, 1936, the expedition set off on a three-month trip, starting at the German island of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCgen" title="Rügen">Rügen</a>, then continuing to <a href="/wiki/Lysekil" title="Lysekil">Backa</a>, the first recorded rock-art site in Sweden. Despite the existence of scenes showing warriors, animals and ships, Wirth focused on the lines and circles that he thought made up a prehistoric alphabet. While his studies were largely based on personal belief, rather than objective scientific research, Wirth made interpretations of the meanings of <a href="/wiki/Ideograms" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideograms">ideograms</a> carved in the rock, such as a circle bisected by a vertical line representing a year and a man standing with raised arms representing what Wirth called "the Son of God."<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (September 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> His team proceeded to make casts of what Wirth deemed the most important carvings and then carried the casts to camp, where they were crated and sent back to Germany. Once satisfied with their work at the site, the team set out on a trek through Sweden, eventually reaching the Norwegian island of <a href="/wiki/Lauv%C3%B8ylandet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lauvøylandet">Lauvøylandet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iscrizione_in_alfabeto_camuno_-_Parco_di_Naquane_R_50_-_Capo_di_Ponte_(Foto_Luca_Giarelli).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Iscrizione_in_alfabeto_camuno_-_Parco_di_Naquane_R_50_-_Capo_di_Ponte_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/220px-Iscrizione_in_alfabeto_camuno_-_Parco_di_Naquane_R_50_-_Capo_di_Ponte_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Iscrizione_in_alfabeto_camuno_-_Parco_di_Naquane_R_50_-_Capo_di_Ponte_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/330px-Iscrizione_in_alfabeto_camuno_-_Parco_di_Naquane_R_50_-_Capo_di_Ponte_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Iscrizione_in_alfabeto_camuno_-_Parco_di_Naquane_R_50_-_Capo_di_Ponte_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/440px-Iscrizione_in_alfabeto_camuno_-_Parco_di_Naquane_R_50_-_Capo_di_Ponte_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Camunic_language" title="Camunic language">Camunic runes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Val_Camonica" title="Val Camonica">Val Camonica</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1937, the Ahnenerbe sent the archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Franz_Altheim" title="Franz Altheim">Franz Altheim</a> and his wife, the photographer Erika Trautmann, to <a href="/wiki/Val_Camonica" title="Val Camonica">Val Camonica</a>, to study <a href="/wiki/Rock_Drawings_in_Valcamonica" title="Rock Drawings in Valcamonica">prehistoric rock inscriptions</a>. The two returned to Germany claiming that they had found traces of Nordic runes on the rocks, supposedly confirming that ancient Rome was founded by Nordic incomers. Also, an expedition to <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> was planned in the 1930s, but the reasons for it still remain unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Eurasia">Central Eurasia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Central Eurasia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1938, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Altheim" title="Franz Altheim">Franz Altheim</a> and his research partner Erika Trautmann requested the Ahnenerbe sponsor their expedition from <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> through <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a> to study an internal power struggle of the Roman Empire, which they believed was fought between the Nordic and Semitic peoples. Eager to credit the vast success of the Roman Empire to people of a Nordic background, the Ahnenerbe agreed to match the 4,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁ put forward by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>, an old friend of Trautmann's.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (September 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In August 1938, after spending a few days traveling through remote hills searching for ruins of <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacian</a> kingdoms, the two researchers arrived at their first major stop in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>. There Grigore Florescu, the director of the Municipal Museum, met with them, and discussed both history and the politics of the day, including the activities of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a>. </p><p>After traveling through <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, the researchers went to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. They were not welcomed by the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a>, who ruled <a href="/wiki/French_Mandate_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French Mandate of Syria">Syria</a> as a colony at the time. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq#The_Iraqi_Monarchy" title="History of Iraq">newly-sovereign</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a> was being courted for an alliance with Germany,<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (September 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Grobba" title="Fritz Grobba">Fritz Grobba</a>, the German envoy to Baghdad, arranged for Altheim and Trautmann to meet with local researchers and be driven to <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Persian</a> ruins in southern Iraq, as well as <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>. </p><p>Through Baghdad, the team went north to <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a> where they met Sheikh Adjil el Yawar, a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Shammar" title="Shammar">Shammar</a> <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> tribe and commander of the northern Camel Corps. He discussed German politics and his desire to duplicate the success of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia">Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud</a> who had recently ascended to power in Saudi Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle_32-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (September 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> With his support, the team traveled to their final major stop, the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Hatra" title="Hatra">Hatra</a> on the former border between the Roman and Persian empires. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Swabia">New Swabia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: New Swabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_Antarctic_Expedition_(1938%E2%80%931939)" title="German Antarctic Expedition (1938–1939)">German Antarctic Expedition (1938–1939)</a></div> <p>The third German Antarctic Expedition took place between 1938 and 1939. It was led by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ritscher" title="Alfred Ritscher">Alfred Ritscher</a> (1879–1963). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hedeby">Hedeby</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hedeby"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Excavations that had been ongoing at <a href="/wiki/Hedeby" title="Hedeby">Hedeby</a> since 1930 were formally put under the aegis of Ahnenerbe in 1938 by Jankuhn.<sup id="cite_ref-Katalog3_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katalog3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baden-Württemberg"><span id="Baden-W.C3.BCrttemberg"></span>Baden-Württemberg</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Baden-Württemberg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1937–1938, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Riek" title="Gustav Riek">Gustav Riek</a> led an excavation at the <i><a href="/wiki/Heuneburg" title="Heuneburg">Heuneburg</a></i> on the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, where an ancient fortress had been discovered much earlier. The Ahnenerbe thus won out over <a href="/wiki/Hans_Reinerth" title="Hans Reinerth">Hans Reinerth</a> of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsbund_f%C3%BCr_Deutsche_Vorgeschichte" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsbund für Deutsche Vorgeschichte">Reichsbund für Deutsche Vorgeschichte</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsbund_f%C3%BCr_Deutsche_Vorgeschichte" class="extiw" title="de:Reichsbund für Deutsche Vorgeschichte">de</a>]</span></i></span> who had competed for the excavation. Riek focused on the burial mound known as <a href="/wiki/Hohmichele" class="mw-redirect" title="Hohmichele">Hohmichele</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohmichele" class="extiw" title="de:Hohmichele">de</a>]</span> where he found the main burial chamber to have been plundered in antiquity. In its direct vicinity another grave was discovered, however, that included rich grave furnishings. Due to the outbreak of war in 1939 the excavations were discontinued.<sup id="cite_ref-AID_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AID-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24–25">: 24–25 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kater_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kater-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A private expedition by Richard Anders and Wiligut into the Murg Valley of northwestern Baden-Württemberg had nothing to do with the Ahnenerbe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mauern">Mauern</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mauern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ahnenerbe also was active in the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauerner_H%C3%B6hlen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mauerner Höhlen (page does not exist)">Mauerner Höhlen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauerner_H%C3%B6hlen" class="extiw" title="de:Mauerner Höhlen">de</a>]</span></i> (Mauern caves) in the <a href="/wiki/Franconian_Jura" title="Franconian Jura">Franconian Jura</a>. R.R. Schmidt discovered red ochre, a common pigment for cave paintings made by the <a href="/wiki/European_early_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="European early modern humans">Cro-Magnon</a>. </p><p>In autumn 1937, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assien_Bohmers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assien Bohmers (page does not exist)">Assien Bohmers</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assien_Bohmers" class="extiw" title="de:Assien Bohmers">de</a>]</span>, a <a href="/wiki/Frisia" title="Frisia">Frisian</a> nationalist who had applied to the SS Excavations Department earlier that year, took over the excavation. His team proceeded to find artifacts such as <a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">burins</a>, ivory pendants, and a <a href="/wiki/Woolly_mammoth" title="Woolly mammoth">woolly mammoth</a> skeleton. They also discovered <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a> remains buried with what appeared to be throwing spears and javelins, a technology thought to have been developed by the Cro-Magnons. </p><p>Bohmers interpreted this to mean that Cro-Magnons had left these stones in the caves over 70,000 years before, and this was therefore the oldest Cro-Magnon site in the world. To validate his claims, Bohmers traveled around Europe speaking with colleagues and organizing exhibitions, notably in the Netherlands, Belgium and France.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle_32-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (September 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the Parisian Institute for Human Paleontology, Bohmers met with <a href="/wiki/Henri_Breuil" title="Henri Breuil">Abbé Henri Breuil</a>, an expert on <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave art</a>. Breuil arranged for Bohmers to visit <a href="/wiki/Trois_Fr%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Trois Frères">Trois Frères</a>, a site whose owners allowed only a small number of visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle_32-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (September 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> First, however, Bohmers took a quick trip to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, followed by a tour of several other French points of interest: <a href="/wiki/Font-de-Gaume" title="Font-de-Gaume">Font-de-Gaume</a> (a site featuring <a href="/wiki/Cro-Magnon" title="Cro-Magnon">Cro-Magnon</a> cave paintings), Teyat, La Mouthe and the caves of <a href="/wiki/Dordogne" title="Dordogne">Dordogne</a>. Then Bohmers moved on to Les Trois-Frères.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle_32-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (September 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bayeux_Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bayeux Tapestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ahnenerbe took great interest in the 900-year-old <a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</a>. In June 1941, its staff oversaw the transport of the tapestry from its home in <a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Cathedral" title="Bayeux Cathedral">Bayeux Cathedral</a> to an abbey at <a href="/wiki/Juaye-Mondaye" title="Juaye-Mondaye">Juaye-Mondaye</a>, and finally to the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Sourches" title="Château de Sourches">Château de Sourches</a>. In August 1944, after Paris was liberated by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>, two members of the SS were dispatched to Paris to retrieve the tapestry, which had been moved into the basement of the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>. Contrary to Himmler's orders, however, they chose not to attempt to enter the Louvre, most likely because of the strong presence of the <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a> in the historic area.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tibet">Tibet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tibet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_German_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet">1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-KB-15-083,_Tibetexpediton,_Anthropometrische_Untersuchungen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-KB-15-083%2C_Tibetexpediton%2C_Anthropometrische_Untersuchungen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-KB-15-083%2C_Tibetexpediton%2C_Anthropometrische_Untersuchungen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-KB-15-083%2C_Tibetexpediton%2C_Anthropometrische_Untersuchungen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-KB-15-083%2C_Tibetexpediton%2C_Anthropometrische_Untersuchungen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-KB-15-083%2C_Tibetexpediton%2C_Anthropometrische_Untersuchungen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-KB-15-083%2C_Tibetexpediton%2C_Anthropometrische_Untersuchungen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Beger" title="Bruno Beger">Bruno Beger</a> conducting anthropometric studies in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1937, Himmler decided that he could increase the Ahnenerbe's visibility by investigating <a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Hans F. K. Günther</a>’s claims that early Aryans had conquered much of Asia, including attacks against <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> in approximately 2000 BC, and that <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> was himself an Aryan offshoot of the Nordic race. Walther Wüst later expanded on this theory, stating in a public speech that Adolf Hitler's ideology corresponded with that of the Buddha, since the two shared a common heritage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, according to contemporary research Hitler himself was not interested in Buddhism or Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_looting_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="World War II looting of Poland">World War II looting of Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_Our_Lady_Assumed_into_Heaven,_St._Mary%27s_(Main)_Altar_(1489_by_Veit_Stoss),_5_Mariacki_square,_Old_Town,_Krak%C3%B3w,_Poland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Church_of_Our_Lady_Assumed_into_Heaven%2C_St._Mary%27s_%28Main%29_Altar_%281489_by_Veit_Stoss%29%2C_5_Mariacki_square%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Poland.jpg/220px-Church_of_Our_Lady_Assumed_into_Heaven%2C_St._Mary%27s_%28Main%29_Altar_%281489_by_Veit_Stoss%29%2C_5_Mariacki_square%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Poland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Church_of_Our_Lady_Assumed_into_Heaven%2C_St._Mary%27s_%28Main%29_Altar_%281489_by_Veit_Stoss%29%2C_5_Mariacki_square%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Poland.jpg/330px-Church_of_Our_Lady_Assumed_into_Heaven%2C_St._Mary%27s_%28Main%29_Altar_%281489_by_Veit_Stoss%29%2C_5_Mariacki_square%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Poland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Church_of_Our_Lady_Assumed_into_Heaven%2C_St._Mary%27s_%28Main%29_Altar_%281489_by_Veit_Stoss%29%2C_5_Mariacki_square%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Poland.jpg/440px-Church_of_Our_Lady_Assumed_into_Heaven%2C_St._Mary%27s_%28Main%29_Altar_%281489_by_Veit_Stoss%29%2C_5_Mariacki_square%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Poland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3627" data-file-height="5252" /></a><figcaption>The altar of <a href="/wiki/Veit_Stoss" title="Veit Stoss">Veit Stoss</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the invasion of Poland in September 1939, Wolfram Sievers wrote to Himmler stressing the need to appropriate exhibits from numerous museums.<sup id="cite_ref-Sie_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sie-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> (RSHA) <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Standartenführer</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Franz_Six" title="Franz Six">Franz Six</a> oversaw <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">SS-Untersturmführer</i></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Paulsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Paulsen (page does not exist)">Peter Paulsen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paulsen_(Arch%C3%A4ologe)" class="extiw" title="de:Peter Paulsen (Archäologe)">de</a>]</span>, who was commanding a small team that entered <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> to obtain the 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Veit_Stoss_altarpiece_in_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Veit Stoss altarpiece in Kraków">Veit Stoss altar</a>. Because the Poles had foreseen the German interest in the altar, they had disassembled it into 32 pieces, which were shipped to different locations, but Paulsen located each piece, and on October 14, 1939, he returned to Berlin with the altar in three small trucks and had it stored in the locked treasury of the <a href="/wiki/Reichsbank" title="Reichsbank">Reichsbank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle_32-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (September 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After conferring with Hitler, who had not initially been told of the operation to capture it, it was decided to send the altar to an underground vault in Nuremberg, for safety. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a>, then head of RSHA, sent Paulsen back to Kraków in order to seize additional museum collections,<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle_32-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (September 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but Göring had already sent a team of his own men, commanded by <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">SS-Sturmbannführer</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Kajetan_M%C3%BChlmann" title="Kajetan Mühlmann">Kajetan Mühlmann</a> under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Dagobert_Frey" title="Dagobert Frey">Dagobert Frey</a>, to loot the museums. Mühlmann agreed to let Paulsen take items of scholarly interest back to the Ahnenerbe, while keeping artworks for Göring. During the looting, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a>, the head of the German <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a> in occupied Poland, issued an order dated November 22, 1939 prohibiting the “unapproved export” of Polish items. Paulsen obeyed the order, but his colleague Hans Schleif arranged for five <a href="/wiki/Freightcar" class="mw-redirect" title="Freightcar">freightcars</a> of loot from the Warsaw Archaeological Museum<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to be shipped to <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, which was outside Frank's control. In return, Schleif was appointed as a trustee for <a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Wartheland" title="Reichsgau Wartheland">Wartheland</a>. Paulsen later tried to take credit for the freightcars' contents in his report to RuSHA, but was reassigned.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle_32-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (September 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Akt_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akt-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Paul_Tratz" title="Eduard Paul Tratz">Eduard Paul Tratz</a> of the Ahnenerbe also removed some exhibits from the State Zoological Museum in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> to the Haus der Natur, the museum in <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a> of which he was founder and director.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle2006204–205_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle2006204–205-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crimea">Crimea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Crimea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the German Army conquered the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Peninsula">Crimea</a> in early July 1942, Himmler sent Herbert Jankuhn, as well as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Kersten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Kersten (page does not exist)">Karl Kersten</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Kersten" class="extiw" title="de:Karl Kersten">de</a>]</span> and Baron Wolf von Seefeld, to the region in search of artifacts to follow up the recent display of the <a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a> “Gothic crown of the Crimea” in Berlin. </p><p>Jankuhn met with senior officers of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Einsatzkommando</i></span> 11, part of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen#Organization" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppe D</a></i></span>, while waiting at the field headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/5th_SS_Panzergrenadier_Division_Wiking" class="mw-redirect" title="5th SS Panzergrenadier Division Wiking">5th SS Panzer Division</a>. Commander <a href="/wiki/Otto_Ohlendorf" title="Otto Ohlendorf">Otto Ohlendorf</a> gave Jankuhn information about the Crimean museums.<sup id="cite_ref-Jan_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jan-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traveling with the 5th SS Panzer, Jankuhn's team eventually reached <a href="/wiki/Maykop" title="Maykop">Maykop</a>, where they received a message from Sievers that Himmler wanted an investigation of <a href="/wiki/Mangup" title="Mangup">Mangup Kale</a>, an ancient mountain fortress. Jankuhn sent Kersten to follow up on Mangup Kale, while the rest of the team continued trying to secure artifacts that had not already been taken by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army#The_Great_Patriotic_War,_1941_–_1945" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Einsatzkommando</i></span> 11b's commander <a href="/wiki/Werner_Braune" title="Werner Braune">Werner Braune</a> aided the team. </p><p>Jankuhn was ultimately unable to find Gothic artifacts denoting a German ancestry, even after intelligence about a shipment of 72 crates of artifacts shipped to a medical warehouse. The area had been ravaged by the time the team arrived and only 20 crates remained, but they contained Greek and stone-age artifacts, rather than Gothic.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle_32-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (September 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 1943, 27-year-old SS-<i>Untersturmführer</i> <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Br%C3%BCcher" title="Heinz Brücher">Heinz Brücher</a>, who held a <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> from <a href="/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen" title="University of Tübingen">Tübingen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a>, was tasked with an expedition to Ukraine and Crimea. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">SS-<a href="/wiki/Hauptsturmf%C3%BChrer" title="Hauptsturmführer">Hauptsturmführer</a></i></span> Konrad von Rauch and an interpreter identified as Steinbrecher were also involved in the expedition. </p><p>In February 1945, Brücher was ordered to destroy the Ahnenerbe's 18 active research facilities to avoid their capture by advancing <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> forces. He refused, and after the war continued his work as a botanist in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Heim_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heim-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cancelled_expeditions">Cancelled expeditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cancelled expeditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bolivia">Bolivia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bolivia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TiahuanacoGateEGSquier1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/TiahuanacoGateEGSquier1877.jpg/220px-TiahuanacoGateEGSquier1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/TiahuanacoGateEGSquier1877.jpg/330px-TiahuanacoGateEGSquier1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/TiahuanacoGateEGSquier1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Gate_of_the_Sun" title="Gate of the Sun">Gate of the Sun</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku">Tiwanaku</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After winning 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Reichsmark" title="Reichsmark">ℛ︁ℳ︁</a> in a writing contest, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kiss" title="Edmund Kiss">Edmund Kiss</a> traveled to Bolivia in 1928 to study the ruins of temples in the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>. He claimed that their apparent similarity to ancient European structures indicated that they had been designed by Nordic migrants millions of years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiss_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiss-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also claimed that his findings supported the <a href="/wiki/Welteislehre" title="Welteislehre">World Ice Theory</a>, which held that the universe originated from a cataclysmic clash between gigantic balls of ice and glowing mass. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Posnansky" title="Arthur Posnansky">Arthur Posnansky</a> had been studying a local site called <a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku">Tiwanaku</a>, which he also believed supported the theory. </p><p>After contacting Posnansky, Kiss approached Wüst for help planning an expedition to excavate Tiwanaku and a nearby site, Siminake. The team would consist of 20 scientists, who would excavate for a year and also explore <a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a>, and take aerial photographs of ancient Incan roads they believed had Nordic roots. By late August 1939, the expedition was nearly set to embark, but the <a href="/wiki/Fall_Wei%C3%9F_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall Weiß (1939)">invasion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> caused the expedition to be postponed indefinitely. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1938, the Ahnenerbe's president, Walther Wüst, proposed a trip to <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> to study the <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a>, which had been created by order of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">Achaemenid</a> <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I of Persia">Darius I</a>, who had declared himself to have been of <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan"> Aryan origin</a> in his inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle_32-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscriptions were recorded atop steep cliffs using <a href="/wiki/Scaffolding" title="Scaffolding">scaffolding</a> that was removed after the inscriptions were made. Unable to afford the cost of erecting new scaffolds, Wüst proposed that he, his wife, an <a href="/wiki/Amanuensis" title="Amanuensis">amanuensis</a>, an Iranian student (<a href="/wiki/Davud_Monshizadeh" title="Davud Monshizadeh">Davud Monshizadeh</a>), a photographer and an experienced <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">mountaineer</a> be sent with a balloon-mounted camera. The onset of the war, however, saw the trip postponed indefinitely. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canary_Islands">Canary Islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Canary Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early travelers to the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> had described the <a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanche</a> natives as having golden-blond hair and white skin, and mummies had been found with blond tresses—facts which Wirth believed indicated that the islands had once been inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Nordic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic theory">Nordics</a>. His colleague <a href="/wiki/Otto_Huth" title="Otto Huth">Otto Huth</a> proposed an autumn of 1939 expedition to study the ancient islanders’ racial origins, artifacts and religious rites. At the time, the Canary Islands were part of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>’s fascist <a href="/wiki/Spanish_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish State">Spanish State</a> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Estado Español</i></span>). Because Franco refused to side with the Axis when the war started, however, the trip was cancelled. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iceland_2">Iceland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Iceland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Schweizer" title="Bruno Schweizer">Bruno Schweizer</a> had already traveled to <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> three times in 1938 when he proposed an Ahnenerbe expedition with seven others to the country in order to learn about their ancient farming practices and architecture, record folksongs and dances, and also collect soil samples for pollen analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle_32-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first setback for the expedition was the ridicule of the Scandinavian press, publishing stories in February 1939 claiming the expedition was based on false ideas about Icelandic heritage and sought old church records that did not even exist. An enraged Himmler publicly shut down the trip, but after calming down he allowed the planning of the trip to be secretly continued. The final setback occurred when Himmler's personal staff was unable to get enough <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_kr%C3%B3na" title="Icelandic króna">Icelandic crowns</a>—Iceland's currency. Not being able to quickly solve this problem, the trip was rescheduled for the summer of 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle_32-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1940, the British <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Iceland" title="Invasion of Iceland">invaded neutral Iceland</a>, but when the war had started the expedition had already been shelved. </p><p>In 1940, following the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland#World_War_II" title="History of Iceland">British occupation of Iceland</a>, the Ahnenerbe-funded Bruno Kress, a German researcher who was in the country at the time, was rounded up along with other German nationals present on the island. Kress was interned in <a href="/wiki/Ramsey,_Isle_of_Man" title="Ramsey, Isle of Man">Ramsey</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, but was allowed to correspond with Sievers through letters.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kress's <i>Grammar of Icelandic</i> was eventually published in <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> in 1955. Kress later worked for the East German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Staatssicherheit" class="mw-redirect" title="Staatssicherheit">Staatssicherheit</a></i></span> (Stasi). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_Ahnenerbe_activities">Other Ahnenerbe activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Other Ahnenerbe activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Master_Plan_East">Master Plan East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Master Plan East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Generalplan_Ost-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Generalplan_Ost-en.svg/220px-Generalplan_Ost-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Generalplan_Ost-en.svg/330px-Generalplan_Ost-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Generalplan_Ost-en.svg/440px-Generalplan_Ost-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Plan of new German settlement colonies (marked with dots and diamonds), drawn up by the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Friedrich Wilhelm University</a> Institute of Agriculture in Berlin, 1942, covering the Baltic states, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine and Crimea</figcaption></figure> <p>After being appointed Commissioner for the Strengthening of the German Race, Himmler set to work with <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Meyer" title="Konrad Meyer">Konrad Meyer</a> on developing a plan for three large German colonies in the eastern occupied territories. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Leningrad</a>, northern Poland and the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Peninsula">Crimea</a> would be the focal points of these colonies intended to spread the Aryan race. The Crimean colony was called <i>Gotengau</i>, "Goth district", in honor of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a> who had settled there and were believed to be Aryan ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">Germans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle_32-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Himmler estimated that Aryanization of the region would take twenty years, first expelling all the undesirable populations, then re-distributing the territory to appropriate Aryan populations. In addition to changing the demographics of the region, Himmler also intended to plant <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a> trees to replicate traditional German forests, as well as plant new crops brought back from <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>. To achieve the latter end, Himmler ordered a new institution set up by the Ahnenerbe and headed by Schäfer. A station was then set up near the Austrian town of <a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a> where Schäfer set to work with seven other scientists to develop new crops for the Reich. </p><p>The final piece of the puzzle fell into place after Hitler read a work by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Frauenfeld" title="Alfred Frauenfeld">Alfred Frauenfeld</a> which suggested resettling inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>, believed by some to be descendants of the Goths, to Crimea. In 1939 the South Tyroleans were ordered by Hitler and <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> to vote on whether they wanted to remain in Italy and accept assimilation or emigrate to Germany. Over 80% chose the latter (for details see <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol_Option_Agreement" title="South Tyrol Option Agreement">South Tyrol Option Agreement</a>). Himmler presented the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></i></span>, 'Master Plan East' to Hitler and received approval in July 1942. </p><p>Full implementation of the plan was not feasible because of the war, but a small colony was founded around Himmler's field headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Hegewald_(colony)" title="Hegewald (colony)">Hegewald</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> near <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>. Starting on October 10, 1942, Himmler's troops deported 10,623 Ukrainians from the area in cattle cars before bringing in trains of ethnic Germans (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche" title="Volksdeutsche">Volksdeutsche</a></i></span>) from northern Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle_32-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SS authorities gave families supplies as well as land, but also informed them of <a href="/wiki/Production_quota" title="Production quota">quotas</a> of food they would be required to produce for the SS. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Failed_seizure_of_Tacitus_manuscript">Failed seizure of Tacitus manuscript</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Failed seizure of Tacitus manuscript"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ahnenerbe had tried to gain possession of the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Aesinas" title="Codex Aesinas">Codex Aesinas</a>, a famous medieval copy of <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)">Germania</a></i>. Although <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a> had originally promised it as a gift in 1936, it remained in the possession of the Count Aurelio Baldeschi Guglielmi Balleani outside <a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a>, from where the Ahnenerbe tried to obtain it after Mussolini was deposed.<sup id="cite_ref-Schama_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schama-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Headquarters_relocation">Headquarters relocation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Headquarters relocation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On July 29, 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hamburg_(air)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Hamburg (air)">firebombing of Hamburg</a> led Himmler to order the immediate evacuation of the main Ahnenerbe headquarters in Berlin. The extensive library was moved to Schloss Oberkirchberg near <a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a> while the staff was moved to the tiny village of Waischenfeld near <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth" title="Bayreuth">Bayreuth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>. The building selected was the 17th century <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Steinhaus</i></span>. While much of the staff was not ecstatic about the primitive conditions, Sievers seemed to have embraced the isolation.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle_32-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Financing">Financing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Financing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Financially, the Ahnenerbe was separate from the Nazi Party treasury and had to find funding from other sources including membership dues and donations. After 1938, it received funds from the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Forschungsgemeinschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft">Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft</a></i></span>. In addition, a foundation (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ahnenerbe-Stifterverband</i></span>) was established, set up with funds from business leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-Katalog2_30-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katalog2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the largest donations, approximately 50,000 <a href="/wiki/Reichsmark" title="Reichsmark">ℛ︁ℳ︁</a>, came from <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank</a> boardmember <a href="/wiki/Emil_Georg_von_Stau%C3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Emil Georg von Stauß">Emil Georg von Stauß</a> associates, including <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daimler-Benz" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler-Benz">Daimler-Benz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle_32-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The foundation also received royalties from patents partially held by the SS (see below). During the war, Ahnenerbe also received money from other SS departments and profited from the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Arisierung</i></span> of Jewish property—its headquarters in Dahlem had been purchased at half its market value. In 1940, another estate in Munich was added.<sup id="cite_ref-Katalog2_30-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katalog2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1936, the SS formed a joint company with <a href="/wiki/Anton_Loibl" class="mw-redirect" title="Anton Loibl">Anton Loibl</a>, a machinist and driving instructor. The SS had heard about reflector pedals for bicycles, that Loibl and others had been developing. Assuring that Loibl got the patent himself, Himmler then used his political weight to ensure the passing of a 1939 law requiring the use of the new reflective pedals—of which the Ahnenerbe received a share of the profits, 77,740 ℛ︁ℳ︁ in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle_32-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_experiments">Medical experiments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Medical experiments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Institut für Wehrwissenschaftliche Zweckforschung</i></span> ("Institute for Military Scientific Research"), which conducted extensive medical experiments using human subjects, became attached to the Ahnenerbe during World War II. It was managed by <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Sievers" title="Wolfram Sievers">Wolfram Sievers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Witte_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witte-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sievers had founded the organization on the orders of Himmler, who appointed him director with two divisions headed by <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Rascher" title="Sigmund Rascher">Sigmund Rascher</a> and <a href="/wiki/August_Hirt" title="August Hirt">August Hirt</a>, and funded by the <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dachau">Dachau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Dachau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sigmund Rascher was tasked with helping the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> determine what was safe for their pilots—because aircraft were being built to fly higher than ever before. He applied for and received permission from Himmler to requisition camp prisoners to place in vacuum chambers to simulate the high altitude conditions that pilots might face.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle_32-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rascher was also tasked with discovering how long German airmen would be able to survive if shot down above freezing water. His victims were forced to remain out of doors naked in freezing weather for up to 14 hours, or kept in a tank of icewater for 3 hours, their pulse and internal temperature measured through a series of electrodes. Warming of the victim was then attempted by different methods, most usually and successfully by immersion in very hot water, and also less conventional methods such as placing the subject in bed with women who would try to sexually stimulate him, a method suggested by Himmler.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ras_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ras-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rascher experimented with the effects of Polygal, a substance made from <a href="/wiki/Beet" class="mw-redirect" title="Beet">beets</a> and apple <a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">pectin</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Coagulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Coagulate">coagulating</a> blood flow to help with <a href="/wiki/Wound_ballistics" title="Wound ballistics">gunshot wounds</a>. Subjects were given a Polygal tablet, and shot through the neck or chest, or their limbs amputated without anaesthesia. Rascher published an article on his experience of using Polygal, without detailing the nature of the human trials, and also set up a company to manufacture the substance, staffed by prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-michalczyk_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michalczyk-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar experiments were conducted from July to September 1944, as the Ahnenerbe provided space and materials to doctors at <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau concentration camp</a> to undertake “seawater experiments”, chiefly through Sievers. Sievers is known to have visited Dachau on July 20, to speak with Ploetner and the non-Ahnenerbe <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Beiglboeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Beiglboeck">Wilhelm Beiglboeck</a>, who ultimately carried out the experiments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skulls">Skulls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Skulls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Greite_(Biologe)" class="extiw" title="de:Walter Greite (Biologe)">Walter Greite</a> rose to leadership of the Ahnenerbe's <i>Applied Nature Studies</i> division in January 1939, and began taking detailed measurements of 2,000 Jews at the Vienna emigration office—but scientists were unable to use the data. On December 10, 1941, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Beger" title="Bruno Beger">Bruno Beger</a> met with Sievers and convinced him of the need for 120 Jewish skulls.<sup id="cite_ref-Tag_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tag-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the later <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg Trials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hielscher" title="Friedrich Hielscher">Friedrich Hielscher</a> testified that Sievers had initially been repulsed at the idea of expanding the Ahnenerbe to human experimentation, and that he had “no desire whatsoever to participate in these.”<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_skull_collection" title="Jewish skull collection">Jewish skull collection</a>: Beger collaborated with <a href="/wiki/August_Hirt" title="August Hirt">August Hirt</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Reichsuniversit%C3%A4t_Stra%C3%9Fburg" title="Reichsuniversität Straßburg">Reich University of Strassburg</a>, in creating a Jewish skeleton collection for research. The bodies of 86 Jewish men and women were ultimately collected and <a href="/wiki/Maceration_(bone)" title="Maceration (bone)">macerated</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-World_War_II">Post-World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Post-World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trials">Trials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Trials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolfram_Sievers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Wolfram_Sievers.jpg/220px-Wolfram_Sievers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Wolfram_Sievers.jpg/330px-Wolfram_Sievers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Wolfram_Sievers.jpg/440px-Wolfram_Sievers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Sievers" title="Wolfram Sievers">Wolfram Sievers</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Sievers" title="Wolfram Sievers">Wolfram Sievers</a>: In Waischenfeld American troops captured a slew of documents that would be used in the case against Sievers which would be a part of the <a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Trial" title="Doctors' Trial">Doctors' Trial</a>. Sievers was charged for aiding in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_skull_collection" title="Jewish skull collection">Jewish skull collection</a> and human medical experiments at Dachau and Natzweiler. In his defense, Sievers claimed he had helped a resistance group since 1929, which was supported by testimony from <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hielscher" title="Friedrich Hielscher">Friedrich Hielscher</a> on April 15, 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle_32-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (September 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Sievers was nevertheless found guilty on all four counts on August 21, 1947, and sentenced to death. He was hanged on June 2, 1948, at <a href="/wiki/Landsberg_Prison" title="Landsberg Prison">Landsberg Prison</a>.</li> <li>Richard Walther Darré: One of the founders of the Ahnenerbe, Darré was tried in the <a href="/wiki/Ministries_Trial" title="Ministries Trial">Ministries Trial</a>. He received seven years imprisonment after being found not guilty on more serious charges.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kiss" title="Edmund Kiss">Edmund Kiss</a>: His Bolivia trip having been cancelled, Kiss served in the armed forces the rest of the war, taking command of SS men at <a href="/wiki/Wolfschanze" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfschanze">Wolfschanze</a> near the end. He was interned in the <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a> camp after the war, but was released in June 1947 due to severe <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>. His <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">de-Nazification classification</a> was as a “major offender”. This allowed him to only take a manual labor job. Following this decision, Kiss hired a lawyer to protest this decision, a major component of his case being he had never been a member of the Nazi Party.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle_32-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (September 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After somewhat renouncing his past, Kiss was reclassified as a <i><a href="/wiki/Mitl%C3%A4ufer" title="Mitläufer">Mitläufer</a></i> in 1948 and fined 501 DM.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_W%C3%BCst" title="Walther Wüst">Walther Wüst</a>: Although the president of the Ahnenerbe from 1937 until the end of the war, Wüst's claims that he was unaware of any medical experiments were acknowledged, and in 1950 he was classified as a <i><a href="/wiki/Mitl%C3%A4ufer" title="Mitläufer">Mitläufer</a></i> and released, returning to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Munich">University of Munich</a> as a professor-in-reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle_32-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (September 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Beger" title="Bruno Beger">Bruno Beger</a>: In February 1948, Beger was classified as "exonerated" by a <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a> tribunal unaware of his role in the skeleton collection. In 1960, an investigation into the collection began in <a href="/wiki/Ludwigsburg" title="Ludwigsburg">Ludwigsburg</a>, and Beger was taken into custody on March 30, 1960. He was released four months later, but the investigation continued until coming to trial on October 27, 1970. Beger claimed that he was unaware the Auschwitz prisoners he measured were to be killed. While two others indicted in the trial were released, Beger was convicted on April 6, 1971, and sentenced to three years in prison for being an accomplice in the murder of 86 Jews. Neither of his colleagues with whom he was tried, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Fleischhacker" title="Hans Fleischhacker">Hans Fleischhacker</a> and Wolf-Dietrich Wolff, was convicted.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle_32-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (September 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_study">Academic study</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Academic study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 20th century, little scholarly research into the Ahnenerbe took place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20068_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20068-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many scholars had likely been dissuaded from exploring the subject because ex-Ahnenerbe members held prominent academic positions in West Germany and did not want younger historians or archaeologists investigating their links with the SS.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20068_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20068-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main scholar to explore the subject in this period was a Canadian historian, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kater" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Kater">Michael Kater</a>, who conducted his research while in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20068_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20068-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Heidelberg">University of Heidelberg</a> sought to publish Kater's thesis on the subject in 1966, Walther Wüst unsuccessfully tried to legally prevent it from doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle2006330_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle2006330-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kater's research was then published in 1974 as <i>Das "Ahnenerbe" der SS 1935–1945</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20068_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20068-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/German_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="German unification">German unification</a> in 1990, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Achim_Leube&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Achim Leube (page does not exist)">Achim Leube</a> began an examination of the surviving historical evidence on the Ahnenerbe, much of which had been based in West Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20068_67-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20068-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1998, Leube oversaw an international academic conference in Berlin on the Nazis' relationship with prehistory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20068_67-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20068-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_in_pseudo-archaeology">Influence in pseudo-archaeology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Influence in pseudo-archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of the ideas inherited or developed by the Ahnenerbe remain influential. Canadian author Heather Pringle has particularly drawn attention to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kiss" title="Edmund Kiss">Edmund Kiss</a>' various "crackpot theories" concerning such matters as the World Ice Theory and the origins of Tiwanaku upon subsequent writers such as H.S. Bellamy, Denis Saurat and, later, <a href="/wiki/Graham_Hancock" title="Graham Hancock">Graham Hancock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle2006310_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle2006310-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ahnenerbe" title="Special:EditPage/Ahnenerbe">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Much misinformation about the Ahnenerbe has circulated, due in part to adaptations of the group in fiction, and historically dubious <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a> that sometimes confuse the Ahnenerbe with the roughly contemporaneous <a href="/wiki/Thule_Society" title="Thule Society">Thule Society</a>, or the historically unverified <a href="/wiki/Vril" title="Vril">Vril</a> society. </p><p>The Ahnenerbe formed the basis for the depiction in the <i><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones" title="Indiana Jones">Indiana Jones</a></i> franchise of Nazis searching for religious artifacts.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Physik" title="Deutsche Physik">Deutsche Physik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mathematik" title="Deutsche Mathematik">Deutsche Mathematik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_organizations" title="List of Nazi Party organizations">List of Nazi Party organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ahnenerbe_institutes" title="List of Ahnenerbe institutes">List of Ahnenerbe institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_mysticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi mysticism">Nazi mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich Research Council">Reich Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thule_Society" title="Thule Society">Thule Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a>, a similar, if earlier, project to recapture legendary heritage in Japan</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20063-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20063_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20063_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20063_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20063_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20063_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20063–4-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20063–4_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20064-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20064_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20064_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20064_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200624-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200624_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200637-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200637_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200637–38-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200637–38_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200638-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200638_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200641-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200641_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200641–42-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200641–42_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200635–6-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200635–6_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, pp. 35–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200616-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200616_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200616_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200644–45-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200644–45_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, pp. 44–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200644-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200644_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200644_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200645-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200645_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200643-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200643_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200643_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200643_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200646-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200646_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200646_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200648–49-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200648–49_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200648-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200648_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200649-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200649_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200649_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200649_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200655-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200655_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200654-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200654_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200654_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200654_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200654–55,_58-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200654–55,_58_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, pp. 54–55, 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200659-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200659_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200661-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200661_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200656-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200656_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200656_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200656_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200650-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200650_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200650_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200651-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200651_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200651_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200651_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200651_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20062-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20062_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20062_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20062_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200653-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200653_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200653_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katalog2-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Katalog2_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katalog2_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katalog2_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katalog2_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katalog2_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katalog2_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katalog2_30-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katalog2_30-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katalog2_30-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katalog2_30-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katalog2_30-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katalog2_30-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHalleMahsarski2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Halle, Uta; Mahsarski, Dirk (2013). "Forschungsstrukturen". In Focke-Museum, Bremen (ed.). <i>Graben für Germanien – Archäologie unterm Hakenkreuz</i> [<i>Dig for Germania - archeology under the swastika</i>] (in German). Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. pp. 57–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-534-25919-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-534-25919-9"><bdi>978-3-534-25919-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Forschungsstrukturen&rft.btitle=Graben+f%C3%BCr+Germanien+%E2%80%93+Arch%C3%A4ologie+unterm+Hakenkreuz&rft.pages=57-64&rft.pub=Wissenschaftliche+Buchgesellschaft&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-534-25919-9&rft.aulast=Halle&rft.aufirst=Uta&rft.au=Mahsarski%2C+Dirk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhnenerbe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20062–3-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20062–3_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pringle-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_32-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_32-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_32-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_32-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_32-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_32-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_32-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_32-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_32-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_32-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_32-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_32-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_32-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_32-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_32-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_32-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_32-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_32-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_32-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_32-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_32-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_32-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 307</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlsgodt2011" class="citation book cs1">Karlsgodt, Elizabeth Campbell (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nCDMDgAAQBAJ"><i>Defending National Treasures: French Art and Heritage Under Vichy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7782-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7782-7"><bdi>978-0-8047-7782-7</bdi></a>. <q>On 9 August 1937, the Ahnenerbe became an official division of the SS, renamed Forschungs und Lehrgemeinschaft das Ahnenerbe (Research and Teaching Community in Ancestral Heritage).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defending+National+Treasures%3A+French+Art+and+Heritage+Under+Vichy&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7782-7&rft.aulast=Karlsgodt&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Campbell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnCDMDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhnenerbe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200612-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200612_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200612_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20065-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20065_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20066–7-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20066–7_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20067-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20067_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20067_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20067_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20066-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20066_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle200611-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle200611_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20069-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20069_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGratzer2001" class="citation book cs1">Gratzer, Walter Bruno (2001). <i>The Undergrowth of Science: Delusion, Self-deception, and Human Frailty</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 235–236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860435-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860435-8"><bdi>978-0-19-860435-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Undergrowth+of+Science%3A+Delusion%2C+Self-deception%2C+and+Human+Frailty&rft.pages=235-236&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860435-8&rft.aulast=Gratzer&rft.aufirst=Walter+Bruno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhnenerbe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-icelandexpedition-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-icelandexpedition_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-icelandexpedition_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-icelandexpedition_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-icelandexpedition_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2024" class="citation news cs1">Bryant, Charles W. (April 16, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/archaeology/nazi-archaeology.htm">"What did the Nazis have to do with archaeology?"</a>. How Stuff Works<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+did+the+Nazis+have+to+do+with+archaeology%3F&rft.date=2024-04-16&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Charles+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.howstuffworks.com%2Fenvironmental%2Fearth%2Farchaeology%2Fnazi-archaeology.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhnenerbe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrowclough2016" class="citation book cs1">Barrowclough, David (October 13, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hfbyDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT179"><i>Digging for Hitler: The Nazi Archaeologists Search for an Aryan Past</i></a>. Fonthill Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1781555002" title="Special:BookSources/978-1781555002"><bdi>978-1781555002</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digging+for+Hitler%3A+The+Nazi+Archaeologists+Search+for+an+Aryan+Past&rft.pub=Fonthill+Media&rft.date=2016-10-13&rft.isbn=978-1781555002&rft.aulast=Barrowclough&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhfbyDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhnenerbe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYenne2010" class="citation book cs1">Yenne, Bill (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DqNPJl439dwC&pg=PA131"><i>Hitler's Master of the Dark Arts: Himmler's Black Knights and the Occult Origins of the SS</i></a>. Zenith Press. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0760337783" title="Special:BookSources/978-0760337783"><bdi>978-0760337783</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Master+of+the+Dark+Arts%3A+Himmler%27s+Black+Knights+and+the+Occult+Origins+of+the+SS&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Zenith+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0760337783&rft.aulast=Yenne&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDqNPJl439dwC%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhnenerbe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiglitz" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stiglitz, Alfonso. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1481114">"XENOI Immagine e parola tra razzismi antichi e moderni"</a> [XENOI Image and word between ancient and modern racisms]. <i>academia.edu</i> (in Italian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=academia.edu&rft.atitle=XENOI+Immagine+e+parola+tra+razzismi+antichi+e+moderni&rft.aulast=Stiglitz&rft.aufirst=Alfonso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1481114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhnenerbe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katalog3-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Katalog3_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalle2013" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Halle, Uta (2013), "Wichtige Ausgrabungen der NS-Zeit", in Focke-Museum, Bremen (ed.), <i>Graben für Germanien – Archäologie unterm Hakenkreuz</i> [<i>Dig for Germania - archeology under the swastika</i>] (in German), Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, pp. 65–73, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-534-25919-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-534-25919-9"><bdi>978-3-534-25919-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wichtige+Ausgrabungen+der+NS-Zeit&rft.btitle=Graben+f%C3%BCr+Germanien+%E2%80%93+Arch%C3%A4ologie+unterm+Hakenkreuz&rft.pages=65-73&rft.pub=Wissenschaftliche+Buchgesellschaft&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-534-25919-9&rft.aulast=Halle&rft.aufirst=Uta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhnenerbe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AID-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AID_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansenKrausse2017" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hansen, Leif; Krausse, Dirk (February 2017). "Von der Akropolis zur Polis – Höhepunkte der Heuneburgforschung" [From the Acropolis to the Polis - highlights of Heuneburg research]. <i>Archäologie in Deutschland</i> (in German). WBG. pp. 24–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arch%C3%A4ologie+in+Deutschland&rft.atitle=Von+der+Akropolis+zur+Polis+%E2%80%93+H%C3%B6hepunkte+der+Heuneburgforschung&rft.pages=24-27&rft.date=2017-02&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Leif&rft.au=Krausse%2C+Dirk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhnenerbe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kater-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kater_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKater1997" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kater, Michael (1997), <i>Das "Ahnenerbe" der SS 1935–1945. Ein Beitrag zur Kulturpolitik des Dritten Reiches</i> [<i>The SS ‘Ahnenerbe’ 1935–1945</i>] (in German), Munich</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+%22Ahnenerbe%22+der+SS+1935%E2%80%931945.+Ein+Beitrag+zur+Kulturpolitik+des+Dritten+Reiches&rft.place=Munich&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Kater&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhnenerbe" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2008" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, Monica (2008). <i>Images of Tibet in the 19th and 20th Centuries</i>. École française d'Extrême-Orient. pp. 71–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85539-658-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-85539-658-3"><bdi>978-2-85539-658-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+Tibet+in+the+19th+and+20th+Centuries&rft.pages=71-72&rft.pub=%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-85539-658-3&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=Monica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhnenerbe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sie-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sie_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSievers1939" class="citation cs2">Sievers (September 4, 1939), <i>To Himmler</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Himmler&rft.date=1939-09-04&rft.au=Sievers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhnenerbe" class="Z3988"></span>, BA (ehem BDC) Ahnenerbe: Paulsen, Peter (October 8, 1902).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"In mu Archeologiczne Warszawa", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927182127/http://www.culture.pl/en/culture/instytucje/muzea/in_mu_archeologiczne_warszawa"><i>Instytucje</i></a> [<i>Institutions</i>] (in Polish), <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">PL</a>: Culture, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://culture.pl/en/place/national-archeological-museum">the original</a> on September 27, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2006</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=In+mu+Archeologiczne+Warszawa&rft.btitle=Instytucje&rft.place=PL&rft.pub=Culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fculture.pl%2Fen%2Fplace%2Fnational-archeological-museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhnenerbe" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akt-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Akt_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSievers1940" class="citation cs2">Sievers (May 20, 1940), <i>Aktenvermerk</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aktenvermerk&rft.date=1940-05-20&rft.au=Sievers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhnenerbe" class="Z3988"></span>, BA (ehem. BDC) Ahnenerbe: Paulsen, Peter (October 8, 1902).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle2006204–205-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle2006204–205_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, pp. 204–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jan-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jan_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJankuhn1942" class="citation cs2">Jankuhn, Herbert (September 6, 1942), <i>To Sievers</i>, Ahnenerbe</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Sievers&rft.pub=Ahnenerbe&rft.date=1942-09-06&rft.aulast=Jankuhn&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhnenerbe" class="Z3988"></span>, BA (ehem. BDC).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heim-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heim_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeim2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Heim, Susanne (2002). <i>Autarkie und Ostexpansion. 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"8". <i>A Most Dangerous Book: Tacitus's Germania from the Roman Empire to the Third Reich</i>. <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8&rft.btitle=A+Most+Dangerous+Book%3A+Tacitus%27s+Germania+from+the+Roman+Empire+to+the+Third+Reich&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Krebs&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhnenerbe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Witte-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Witte_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitte1941–1942" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Witte, Peter; et al., eds. (1941–1942). <i>Der Dienstkalender Heinrich Himmlers</i> [<i>Heinrich Himmler's Service Calendar</i>] (in German). pp. 390–391.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Dienstkalender+Heinrich+Himmlers&rft.pages=390-391&rft.date=1941%2F1942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhnenerbe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackowski2006" class="citation book cs1">Mackowski, Maura Phillips (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781585444397/page/94"><i>Testing the Limits: Aviation Medicine and the Origins of Manned Space Flight</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Press" title="Texas A&M University Press">Texas A&M University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781585444397/page/94">94</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-439-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-439-7"><bdi>978-1-58544-439-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Testing+the+Limits%3A+Aviation+Medicine+and+the+Origins+of+Manned+Space+Flight&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-58544-439-7&rft.aulast=Mackowski&rft.aufirst=Maura+Phillips&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781585444397%2Fpage%2F94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhnenerbe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ras-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ras_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRascher1949–1950" class="citation cs2">Rascher (1949–1950) [February 17, 1943], "To Himmler", <i>Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals</i> (letter), Case 1: The Medical Case, vol. 1, Washington, DC, <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">US</a>: Government Printing Office, pp. 249–51</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=To+Himmler&rft.btitle=Trials+of+War+Criminals+before+the+Nuernberg+Military+Tribunals&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC%2C+US&rft.series=Case+1%3A+The+Medical+Case&rft.pages=249-51&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1949%2F1950&rft.au=Rascher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhnenerbe" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-michalczyk-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-michalczyk_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichalczyk1994" class="citation book cs1">Michalczyk, John J. (1994). <i>Medicine, Ethics, and the Third Reich: Historical and Contemporary Issues</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55612-752-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55612-752-6"><bdi>978-1-55612-752-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medicine%2C+Ethics%2C+and+the+Third+Reich%3A+Historical+and+Contemporary+Issues&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-55612-752-6&rft.aulast=Michalczyk&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhnenerbe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tag-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tag_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sievers, “Tagebuch: 10.12.1941,” BA, NS 21/127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Volume II, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle20068-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20068_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20068_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20068_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20068_67-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20068_67-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle20068_67-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle2006330-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle2006330_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle2006310-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle2006310_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2006">Pringle 2006</a>, p. 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFagan2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Garrett_G._Fagan" title="Garrett G. Fagan">Fagan, Garrett G.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sIYpx9mzd4gC&pg=PA159"><i>Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415305921" title="Special:BookSources/9780415305921"><bdi>9780415305921</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Fantasies%3A+How+Pseudoarchaeology+Misrepresents+the+Past+and+Misleads+the+Public&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780415305921&rft.aulast=Fagan&rft.aufirst=Garrett+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsIYpx9mzd4gC%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhnenerbe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMees2008" class="citation book cs1">Mees, Bernard Thomas (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hLNUx6YK9RIC&pg=PA201"><i>The Science of the Swastika</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_European_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Central European University Press">Central European University Press</a>. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789639776180" title="Special:BookSources/9789639776180"><bdi>9789639776180</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+the+Swastika&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789639776180&rft.aulast=Mees&rft.aufirst=Bernard+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhLNUx6YK9RIC%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhnenerbe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale2007" class="citation book cs1">Hale, Christopher (2007). <i>Himmler's Crusade: The Nazi Expedition to Find the Origins of the Aryan Race</i>. Secaucus: Castle Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7858-2254-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7858-2254-7"><bdi>978-0-7858-2254-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Himmler%27s+Crusade%3A+The+Nazi+Expedition+to+Find+the+Origins+of+the+Aryan+Race&rft.place=Secaucus&rft.pub=Castle+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7858-2254-7&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhnenerbe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heather_Pringle_(writer)" title="Heather Pringle (writer)">Pringle, Heather</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/masterplanhimmle00prin"><i>The Master Plan: Himmler's Scholars and the Holocaust</i></a>. New York: Hyperion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7868-6886-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7868-6886-5"><bdi>978-0-7868-6886-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Master+Plan%3A+Himmler%27s+Scholars+and+the+Holocaust&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hyperion&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7868-6886-5&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmasterplanhimmle00prin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhnenerbe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Цибулькін В. В., Лисюк І. П. СС-Аненербе: розсекречені файли. – К. – Хмельницький: Поділля, 2010. – 288 с. (Tsibulkin V.V., Lysyuk I.P. (2010). <i>SS-Anenerbe: declassified files. - K. -</i> (in Ukrainian). <a href="/wiki/Khmelnytskyi" title="Khmelnytskyi">Khmelnytskyi</a>: Podillia)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahnenerbe&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Das Ahnenerbe", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002160212/http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/innenpolitik/ahnenerbe/"><i>Lebendiges Museum Online</i></a> (in German), Deutsches Historisches Museum, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/innenpolitik/ahnenerbe/url-status=dead">the original</a> on October 2, 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Das+Ahnenerbe&rft.btitle=Lebendiges+Museum+Online&rft.pub=Deutsches+Historisches+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhm.de%2Flemo%2Fhtml%2Fnazi%2Finnenpolitik%2Fahnenerbe%2Furl-status%3Ddead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhnenerbe" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.org/0603/abstracts/nazis.html"><i>Nazis</i></a>, Archaeological Institute of America</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazis&rft.pub=Archaeological+Institute+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.org%2F0603%2Fabstracts%2Fnazis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhnenerbe" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeydToledano2014" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Heyd, Emmanuel; Toledano, Raphael (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lenomdes86.fr/indexenglish.html"><i>The Names of the 86 ("Le Nom des 86" in French)</i></a> (in French, German, and English), dora films</cite><span 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nazism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazism" title="Template:Nazism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nazism" title="Template talk:Nazism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nazism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nazism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nazism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ahnenerbe</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaman_League" title="Artaman League">Artaman League</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Geheime Staatspolizei</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Fichte-Bund" title="Deutscher Fichte-Bund">Deutscher Fichte-Bund</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Jungvolk" title="Deutsches Jungvolk">Deutsches Jungvolk</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Eher_Nachfolger" title="Franz Eher Nachfolger">Franz Eher Nachfolger</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Todt" title="Organisation Todt">Organisation Todt</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Doctors%27_League" title="National Socialist German Doctors' League">NSDÄB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">NSDStB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League_of_the_Reich_for_Physical_Exercise" title="National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise">NSRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Flyers_Corps" title="National Socialist Flyers Corps">NSFK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Motor_Corps" title="National Socialist Motor Corps">NSKK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Women%27s_League" title="National Socialist Women's League">NSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Nazi media organizations</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Nationalsozialistische_Monatshefte" title="Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte">Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NS-Frauen-Warte" title="NS-Frauen-Warte">NS-Frauen-Warte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></i></span> (SD)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></i></span> (SA)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i></span> (SS) <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/SS-Gefolge_(Women%27s_SS_Division)" title="SS-Gefolge (Women's SS Division)">SS Gefolge</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#History" title="Nazi Germany">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_timeline_of_Nazism" title="Early timeline of Nazism">Early timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Program" title="National Socialist Program">National Socialist Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Hitler's rise to power</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power#Seizure_of_control_(1931–1933)" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Machtergreifung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_rearmament" title="German rearmament">German rearmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kirchenkampf" title="Kirchenkampf">Kirchenkampf</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Adolf Hitler's cult of personality">Adolf Hitler's cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_rallies" title="Nuremberg rallies">Nuremberg rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_German_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet">1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <p><a href="/wiki/Final_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Final solution">Final solution</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">Deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Trial" title="Doctors' Trial">Doctors' Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Labour camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation#Germany" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazism#Ideology_and_programme" title="Nazism">Ideology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology#Socialism_and_communism" title="Fascism and ideology">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology#Liberalism" title="Fascism and ideology">Anti-liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_and_soil" title="Blood and soil">Blood and soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracism</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Dolchsto%C3%9Flegende" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolchstoßlegende">Dolchstoßlegende</a></i></span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewry</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Judeo-Bolshevism</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Geopolitik" title="Geopolitik">Geopolitik</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heimat" title="Heimat">Heimat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="German imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Greater Germanic Reich</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heim_ins_Reich" title="Heim ins Reich">Heim ins Reich</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_militarism" title="German militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)" title="New Order (Nazism)">New Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Anti-Slavic sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race#Nazism_and_Neo-Nazism" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">Master race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">Rassenschande</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Untermenschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Untermenschen">Untermenschen</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_equality" title="Völkisch equality">Völkisch equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft" title="Volksgemeinschaft">Volksgemeinschaft</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volk_ohne_Raum" title="Volk ohne Raum">Volk ohne Raum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksk%C3%B6rper" title="Volkskörper">Volkskörper</a></i></span></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">Politicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Bierbaumer" title="Käthe Bierbaumer">Bierbaumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Julius_Bloem" title="Walter Julius Bloem">Bloem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Bormann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Daluege" title="Kurt Daluege">Daluege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Dönitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Drexler" title="Anton Drexler">Drexler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Esser" title="Hermann Esser">Esser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Fischer" title="Eugen Fischer">Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Keller" title="Carlos Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers">Lammers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Lutze" title="Viktor Lutze">Lutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Mitford" title="Unity Mitford">Mitford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">von Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling#Head_of_the_government" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">von Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Röhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht#Involvement_with_the_NSDAP_(Nazi_Party)_and_government" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Schacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldur_von_Schirach" title="Baldur von Schirach">von Schirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_Scholtz-Klink" title="Gertrud Scholtz-Klink">Scholtz-Klink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Seldte" title="Franz Seldte">Seldte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Streicher</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazis" title="Category:Nazis">Ideologues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li>Pre-<i>Machtergreifung</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Moritz_Arndt" title="Ernst Moritz Arndt">Arndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile-Louis_Burnouf" title="Émile-Louis Burnouf">Burnouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drumont" title="Édouard Drumont">Drumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Eckart" title="Dietrich Eckart">Eckart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fritsch" title="Theodor Fritsch">Fritsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Lanz_von_Liebenfels" title="Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels">von Liebenfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_von_List" title="Guido von List">von List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_L%C3%B6ns#Reception_in_National_Socialist_Germany" title="Hermann Löns">Löns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Lueger" title="Karl Lueger">Lueger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marr" title="Wilhelm Marr">Marr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche#Nietzsche_and_fascism" title="Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Contentious)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ratzel#Writings" title="Friedrich Ratzel">Ratzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Riehl" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl">Riehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin#Politics_and_critique_of_political_economy" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner#Views" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li></ul></li> <ul><li>Post-<i>Machtergreifung</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Anacker" title="Heinrich Anacker">Anacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baeumler" title="Alfred Baeumler">Baeumler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bergmann_(philosopher)" title="Ernst Bergmann (philosopher)">Bergmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred-Ingemar_Berndt" title="Alfred-Ingemar Berndt">Berndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Eggers" title="Kurt Eggers">Eggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Eichrodt" title="Walther Eichrodt">Eichrodt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Feder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford#Antisemitism_and_The_Dearborn_Independent" title="Henry Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Grimm" title="Hans Grimm">Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Wilhelm_Hauer" title="Jakob Wilhelm Hauer">Hauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Haushofer" title="Karl Haushofer">Haushofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger_and_Nazism" title="Martin Heidegger and Nazism">Heidegger</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Contentious)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willibald_Hentschel" title="Willibald Hentschel">Hentschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hoche" title="Alfred Hoche">Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini#Ties_with_the_Axis_Powers_during_World_War_II" title="Amin al-Husseini">al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jung" title="Rudolf Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krannhals" title="Paul Krannhals">Krannhals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krieck" title="Ernst Krieck">Kriek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh#Antisemitism_and_views_on_race" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_M%C3%BCller" title="Ludwig Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Plenge" title="Johann Plenge">Plenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rahn" title="Otto Rahn">Rahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Ernst Schäfer">Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Schmalenbach" title="Herman Schmalenbach">Schmalenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Contentious)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Sebottendorf" title="Rudolf von Sebottendorf">von Sebottendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schwarz_(philosopher)" title="Hermann Schwarz (philosopher)">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stapel" title="Wilhelm Stapel">Stapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giselher_Wirsing" title="Giselher Wirsing">Wirsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Zimmermann" title="Ferdinand Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_war_crimes" title="Category:Nazi war crimes">Atrocities<br /> and war crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Action T4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani genocide</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outside<br />Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_the_Americas" title="Nazism in the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Brazil" title="Nazism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Chile" title="Nazism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazism_in_Greece" title="Template:Nazism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden" title="Nazism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_parties" title="Category:Nazi parties">Parties</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Movement_in_Liechtenstein" title="German National Movement in Liechtenstein">German National Movement in Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling (Norway)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands"><span class="wrap">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement<br />(United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark" title="National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark"><span class="wrap">National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag (South Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMKA" title="SUMKA">SUMKA (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas (Mongolia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Bibliography of Adolf Hitler">Bibliography of Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Nazi ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">NSDAP leaders and officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazis" title="List of Nazis">Nazi Party members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_surviving_people_suspected_of_participation_in_Nazi_war_crimes" title="List of last surviving people suspected of participation in Nazi war crimes">Last surviving war crime suspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Party ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches given by Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">SS personnel</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Role and impact in <br /> German society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_the_Wehrmacht" title="Nazism and the Wehrmacht">The Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_German_nobility_in_the_Nazi_Party" title="Former German nobility in the Nazi Party">Nobility</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bolshevist_League#Historical_interpretation" title="Anti-Bolshevist League">Anti-Bolshevist League</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" title="Nazism and cinema">Cinema</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ats%C4%B1zism" title="Atsızism">Atsızism</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beefsteak_Nazi" title="Beefsteak Nazi">Beefsteak Nazi</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denordification" title="Denordification">Denordification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renordification" title="Renordification">Renordification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Glossary of Nazi Germany">Glossary</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">Drang nach Osten</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied" title="Horst-Wessel-Lied">Horst-Wessel-Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Political views of Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda_and_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nazi propaganda and the United Kingdom">Nazi propaganda and the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_racial_theories" title="Nazi racial theories">Racial theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorelianism" title="Sorelianism">Sorelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nazism" title="Category:Nazism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nazi_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NSDAP" title="Template:NSDAP"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NSDAP" title="Template talk:NSDAP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NSDAP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NSDAP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nazi_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Leader</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Drexler" title="Anton Drexler">Anton Drexler</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1921–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Martin Bormann</a> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Adolf Hitler's rise to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_House,_Munich" title="Brown House, Munich">Brown House, Munich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Workers%27_Party" title="German Workers' Party">German Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Program" title="National Socialist Program">National Socialist Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_rallies" title="Nuremberg rallies">Nuremberg rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6hm_scandal" title="Röhm scandal">Röhm scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thule_Society" title="Thule Society">Thule Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Party offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amt_Rosenberg" title="Amt Rosenberg">Amt Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Chancellery" title="Hitler's Chancellery">Hitler's Chancellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party_Chancellery" title="Nazi Party Chancellery">Nazi Party Chancellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP_Office_of_Colonial_Policy" title="NSDAP Office of Colonial Policy">Office of Colonial Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP_Office_of_Military_Policy" title="NSDAP Office of Military Policy">Office of Military Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party_Office_of_Racial_Policy" title="Nazi Party Office of Racial Policy">Office of Racial Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP_Office_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="NSDAP Office of Foreign Affairs">Office of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party/Foreign_Organization" title="Nazi Party/Foreign Organization">NSDAP/AO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Education_Office" title="SS Education Office">SS Education Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Innviertler_Heimatblatt" title="Innviertler Heimatblatt">Innviertler Heimatblatt</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Arbeitertum" title="Arbeitertum">Arbeitertum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_Angriff" title="Der Angriff">Der Angriff</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Panzerb%C3%A4r" title="Panzerbär">Panzerbär</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kampfverlag" title="Kampfverlag">Kampfverlag</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazis" title="List of Nazis">Notable members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Axmann" title="Artur Axmann">Artur Axmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Houston Stewart Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Daluege" title="Kurt Daluege">Kurt Daluege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Richard Walther Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Diels" title="Rudolf Diels">Rudolf Diels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Eckart" title="Dietrich Eckart">Dietrich Eckart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Freisler" title="Roland Freisler">Roland Freisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Funk" title="Walther Funk">Walther Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Hanfstaengl" title="Ernst Hanfstaengl">Ernst Hanfstaengl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ley" title="Robert Ley">Robert Ley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Rust" title="Bernhard Rust">Bernhard Rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Todt" title="Fritz Todt">Fritz Todt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldur_von_Schirach" title="Baldur von Schirach">Baldur von Schirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Gregor Strasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Otto Strasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Julius Streicher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front" title="Black Front">Black Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a>) / <a href="/wiki/German_Social_Union_(West_Germany)" title="German Social Union (West Germany)">German Social Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichspartei" title="Deutsche Reichspartei">Deutsche Reichspartei</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Reich_Party" title="Socialist Reich Party">Socialist Reich Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler_Schools" title="Adolf Hitler Schools">Adolf Hitler Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Documentation_Centre_for_the_History_of_National_Socialism" title="Munich Documentation Centre for the History of National Socialism">Munich Documentation Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Political_Institutes_of_Education" title="National Political Institutes of Education">National Political Institutes of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_songs" title="Nazi songs">Nazi songs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied" title="Horst-Wessel-Lied">Horst-Wessel-Lied</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Nazi_Party" title="Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party">Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_branch_of_the_Nazi_Party" title="Samoan branch of the Nazi Party">Samoan branch of the Nazi Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Schutzstaffel_(SS)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#d7d7d7;;background:#c3c3c3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SS_organizations" title="Template:SS organizations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SS_organizations" title="Template talk:SS organizations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SS_organizations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SS organizations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Schutzstaffel_(SS)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i> (SS)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_SS" title="Allgemeine SS">Allgemeine SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a> (SS-TV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.3em 2.2em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="SS insignia"><img alt="SS insignia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_and_police_leader" title="SS and police leader">SS and police leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Units_and_commands_of_the_Schutzstaffel" title="Units and commands of the Schutzstaffel">SS commands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allgemeine-SS_regional_commands" title="Allgemeine-SS regional commands">Allgemeine-SS regional commands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Schreck" title="Julius Schreck">Julius Schreck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Berchtold" title="Joseph Berchtold">Joseph Berchtold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Heiden" title="Erhard Heiden">Erhard Heiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hanke" title="Karl Hanke">Karl Hanke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Main departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Staff_Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS">Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommandostab_Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS">Command Staff Reichsführer-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Main_Office" title="SS Main Office">SS Main Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Medical_Corps" title="SS Medical Corps">SS Medical Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_F%C3%BChrungshauptamt" title="SS Führungshauptamt">Head Operational Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> (RSHA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Main_Economic_and_Administrative_Office" title="SS Main Economic and Administrative Office">Economics and Administration Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Race_and_Settlement_Main_Office" title="SS Race and Settlement Main Office">Office of Race and Settlement (RuSHA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche_Mittelstelle" title="Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle">Main Office for Ethnic Germans (VOMI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Commissioner_for_the_Consolidation_of_German_Nationhood" title="Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Nationhood">Office of the Reich Commissioner for Germanic Resettlement (RKFDV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Court_Main_Office" title="SS Court Main Office">Courts Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Personnel_Main_Office" title="SS Personnel Main Office">Personnel Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Education_Office" title="SS Education Office">Education Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_SS" title="Ideology of the SS">Ideological institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ahnenerbe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-Junker_Schools" title="SS-Junker Schools">SS-Junker Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebensborn" title="Lebensborn">Lebensborn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Police and security services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Uniformed police (Orpo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzpolizei_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Schutzpolizei (Nazi Germany)">Schutzpolizei (Schupo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriminalpolizei_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Kriminalpolizei (Nazi Germany)">Criminal police (Kripo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Secret State Police (Gestapo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">State Security Police (SiPo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">SS Security Service (SD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zollgrenzschutz" title="Zollgrenzschutz">Customs Border Guards (ZGS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Führer protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Begleitkommando_des_F%C3%BChrers" title="SS-Begleitkommando des Führers">SS-Begleitkommando des Führers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichssicherheitsdienst" title="Reichssicherheitsdienst">Reichssicherheitsdienst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Waffen-SS_units" title="List of Waffen-SS units">Waffen-SS units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#c3c3c3;">Paramilitary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzmannschaft" title="Schutzmannschaft">Schutzmannschaft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Belarusian Auxiliary Police">Byelorussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Latvian Auxiliary Police">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Auxiliary_Police_Battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Estonian Auxiliary Police">Estonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollkommando_Hamann" title="Rollkommando Hamann">Rollkommando Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selbstschutz" title="Selbstschutz">Selbstschutz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutscher_Selbstschutz" title="Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz">Volksdeutscher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_men" title="Trawniki men">Trawnikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiwi_(volunteer)" title="Hiwi (volunteer)">Hiwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Battalions" title="Security Battalions">Security Battalions (Greece)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#c3c3c3;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Waffen-SS_divisions" title="List of Waffen-SS divisions">Waffen-SS divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Verf%C3%BCgungstruppe" title="SS-Verfügungstruppe">SS-Verfügungstruppe</a> (SS-VT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_SS_Panzer_Division_Leibstandarte_SS_Adolf_Hitler" title="1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler">Leibstandarte (LSSAH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_SS_Panzer_Division_Das_Reich" title="2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich">SS Division Das Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_SS_Panzer_Division_Totenkopf" title="3rd SS Panzer Division Totenkopf">SS Division Totenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_SS_Polizei_Panzergrenadier_Division" title="4th SS Polizei Panzergrenadier Division">SS Polizei Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_SS_Panzer_Division_Wiking" title="5th SS Panzer Division Wiking">SS Division Wiking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#c3c3c3;"><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS_foreign_volunteers_and_conscripts" title="Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts">Foreign SS units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_SS" title="Austrian SS">Austrian SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-SS">Germanic-SS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandsche_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlandsche SS">Germaansche SS in Nederland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algemeene-SS_Vlaanderen" class="mw-redirect" title="Algemeene-SS Vlaanderen">Germaansche SS in Vlaanderen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanske_SS_Norge" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanske SS Norge">Germanske SS Norge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schalburg_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Schalburg Corps">Schalburg Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Free_Corps" title="British Free Corps">British Free Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaminski_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaminski Brigade">Kaminski Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Volunteer_Battalion_of_the_Waffen-SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Volunteer Battalion of the Waffen-SS">Finnish Volunteer Battalion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">SS-controlled enterprises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Wirtschaftsbetriebe" title="Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe">Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Earth_and_Stone_Works" title="German Earth and Stone Works">German Earth and Stone Works</a> (DEST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostindustrie" title="Ostindustrie">Ostindustrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Equipment_Works" title="German Equipment Works">German Equipment Works</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klinker-Zement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klinker-Zement (page does not exist)">Klinker-Zement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allach_(porcelain)" title="Allach (porcelain)">Allach porcelain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollinaris_(water)" title="Apollinaris (water)">Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mattoni">Mattoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudetenquell" title="Sudetenquell">Sudetenquell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Loibl_GmbH" title="Anton Loibl GmbH">Anton Loibl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heinrich_Himmler" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d7d7d7;;background:#c3c3c3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heinrich_Himmler" title="Template:Heinrich Himmler"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heinrich_Himmler" title="Template talk:Heinrich Himmler"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heinrich_Himmler" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heinrich Himmler"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heinrich_Himmler" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow nowrap" colspan="2" style="background:#d7d7d7;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a></i></li> <li>Chief of <a href="/wiki/Police_forces_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Police forces of Nazi Germany">German Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Germany)" title="Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)">Minister of the Interior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_SS" title="Ideology of the SS">Ideology of the SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Staff_Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS">Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freundeskreis_der_Wirtschaft" title="Freundeskreis der Wirtschaft">Freundeskreis Reichsführer-SS</a> ("Circle of Friends of the Reichsführer-SS")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a> (Chief of the RSHA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a> (successor as Chief of the RSHA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wolff" title="Karl Wolff">Karl Wolff</a> (Chief of Personal Staff)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_Potthast" title="Hedwig Potthast">Hedwig Potthast</a> (secretary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Brandt" title="Rudolf Brandt">Rudolf Brandt</a> (Personal Administrative Officer to RFSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Gauch" title="Hermann Gauch">Hermann Gauch</a> (adjutant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Grothmann" title="Werner Grothmann">Werner Grothmann</a> (aide-de-camp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Macher" title="Heinz Macher">Heinz Macher</a> (second personal assistant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Schellenberg" title="Walter Schellenberg">Walter Schellenberg</a> (personal aide)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Maria_Wiligut" title="Karl Maria Wiligut">Karl Maria Wiligut</a> (occultist)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ahnenerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebensborn" title="Lebensborn">Lebensborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Central_Office_for_the_Combating_of_Homosexuality_and_Abortion" title="Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion">Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Responsibility for<br /><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Crimes against Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Crimes against Soviet POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Persecution of Slavs in Eastern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry#Nazi_Germany_and_occupied_Europe" title="Anti-Masonry">Suppression of Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_black_people_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of black people in Nazi Germany">Persecution of black people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommandostab_Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS">Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Volksliste" title="Deutsche Volksliste">Deutsche Volksliste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegewald_(colony)" title="Hegewald (colony)">Hegewald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posen_speeches" title="Posen speeches">Posen speeches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himmler-Kersten_Agreement" title="Himmler-Kersten Agreement">Himmler-Kersten Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margarete_Himmler" title="Margarete Himmler">Margarete Himmler</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Burwitz" title="Gudrun Burwitz">Gudrun Burwitz</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_Potthast" title="Hedwig Potthast">Hedwig Potthast</a> (mistress)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Ludwig_Himmler" title="Gebhard Ludwig Himmler">Gebhard Ludwig</a> (older brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Hermann_Himmler" title="Ernst Hermann Himmler">Ernst</a> (younger brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katrin_Himmler" title="Katrin Himmler">Katrin Himmler</a> (great-niece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Kokott" title="Heinz Kokott">Heinz Kokott</a> (brother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wendler" title="Richard Wendler">Richard Wendler</a> (brother-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Upper_Rhine" title="Army Group Upper Rhine">Army Group Upper Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Vistula" title="Army Group Vistula">Army Group Vistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northwind_(1944)" title="Operation Northwind (1944)">Operation Nordwind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Failed assassins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Mor%C3%A1vek" title="Václav Morávek">Václav Morávek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sneum" title="Thomas Sneum">Thomas Sneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_von_Stauffenberg" title="Claus von Stauffenberg">Claus von Stauffenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henning_von_Tresckow" title="Henning von Tresckow">Henning von Tresckow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Heiden" title="Erhard Heiden">Erhard Heiden</a> (predecessor as Reichsführer-SS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hanke" title="Karl Hanke">Karl Hanke</a> (successor as Reichsführer-SS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falk_Zipperer" title="Falk Zipperer">Falk Zipperer</a> (closest friend)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gebhardt" title="Karl Gebhardt">Karl Gebhardt</a> (personal physician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Kersten" title="Felix Kersten">Felix Kersten</a> (personal masseur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Blaschke" title="Hugo Blaschke">Hugo Blaschke</a> (dentist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Excell" title="Sidney Excell">Sidney Excell</a> (man who arrested Himmler)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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