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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="فيروس التهاب الدماغ المحمول بالقراد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيروس التهاب الدماغ المحمول بالقراد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tick-borne_encephalitis_virus" title="Tick-borne encephalitis virus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tick-borne encephalitis virus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSME-Virus" title="FSME-Virus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="FSME-Virus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puukentsefaliidi_viirus" title="Puukentsefaliidi viirus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Puukentsefaliidi viirus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_de_la_encefalitis_por_garrapatas" title="Virus de la encefalitis por garrapatas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Virus de la encefalitis por garrapatas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_de_la_m%C3%A9ningoenc%C3%A9phalite_%C3%A0_tiques" title="Virus de la méningoencéphalite à tiques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Virus de la méningoencéphalite à tiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A7%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%A5%D6%86%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%AB_%D5%BE%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD" title="Տզային էնցեֆալիտի վիրուս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տզային էնցեֆալիտի վիրուս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_krpeljnog_meningoencefalitisa" title="Virus krpeljnog meningoencefalitisa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Virus krpeljnog meningoencefalitisa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthoflavivirus_encephalitidis" title="Orthoflavivirus encephalitidis – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Orthoflavivirus encephalitidis" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_della_encefalite_trasmessa_da_zecche" title="Virus della encefalite trasmessa da zecche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Virus della encefalite trasmessa da zecche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="فيروس التهاب الدماغ المحمول بالقراد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيروس التهاب الدماغ المحمول بالقراد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSME-wiirus" title="FSME-wiirus – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="FSME-wiirus" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Вирус клещевого энцефалита – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вирус клещевого энцефалита" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_klopnega_meningoencefalitisa" title="Virus klopnega meningoencefalitisa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Virus klopnega meningoencefalitisa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q251824#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of virus</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)"><i>Tick-borne encephalitis virus</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tick-Borne_Encephalitis_Virus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="TBEV at different pH levels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Tick-Borne_Encephalitis_Virus.png/220px-Tick-Borne_Encephalitis_Virus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Tick-Borne_Encephalitis_Virus.png/330px-Tick-Borne_Encephalitis_Virus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Tick-Borne_Encephalitis_Virus.png/440px-Tick-Borne_Encephalitis_Virus.png 2x" data-file-width="3898" data-file-height="2043" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">TBEV at different pH levels </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)"><a href="/wiki/Virus_classification" title="Virus classification">Virus classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Flavivirus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>(unranked): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Realm</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Riboviria" title="Riboviria"><i>Riboviria</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthornavirae" title="Orthornavirae"><i>Orthornavirae</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kitrinoviricota" title="Kitrinoviricota"><i>Kitrinoviricota</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flaviviridae" title="Flaviviridae"><i>Flasuviricetes</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flaviviridae" title="Flaviviridae"><i>Amarillovirales</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flaviviridae" title="Flaviviridae"><i>Flaviviridae</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flavivirus" title="Flavivirus"><i>Flavivirus</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>Tick-borne encephalitis virus</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)">Strains </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Absettarov virus</li> <li>Sofjin virus</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Tick-borne encephalitis virus</b> (<b>TBEV</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Positive-strand_RNA_virus" title="Positive-strand RNA virus">positive-strand RNA virus</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_encephalitis" title="Tick-borne encephalitis">tick-borne encephalitis</a> in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Flavivirus" title="Flavivirus">Flavivirus</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tick-borne_encephalitis_virus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tick-borne_encephalitis_virus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TBEV is a member of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Flavivirus" title="Flavivirus">Flavivirus</a></i>. Other close relatives, members of the TBEV serocomplex, include <i><a href="/wiki/Omsk_hemorrhagic_fever_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus">Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kyasanur_Forest_disease_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyasanur Forest disease virus">Kyasanur Forest disease virus</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Alkhurma_virus" title="Alkhurma virus">Alkhurma virus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Louping_ill_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Louping ill virus">Louping ill virus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Langat_virus" title="Langat virus">Langat virus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mansfield-2009-2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansfield-2009-2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subtypes">Subtypes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tick-borne_encephalitis_virus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Subtypes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TBEV has three subtypes: </p> <ul><li>Western European subtype (formerly Central European encephalitis virus, CEEV; principal tick vector: <i><a href="/wiki/Ixodes_ricinus" title="Ixodes ricinus">Ixodes ricinus</a></i>);</li> <li>Siberian subtype (formerly West Siberian virus; principal tick vector: <i><a href="/wiki/Ixodes_persulcatus" title="Ixodes persulcatus">Ixodes persulcatus</a></i>);</li> <li>Far Eastern subtype (formerly Russian Spring Summer encephalitis virus, RSSEV; principal tick vector: <i>Ixodes persulcatus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The reference strain is the Sofjin strain.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovalev_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovalev-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Virology">Virology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tick-borne_encephalitis_virus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Virology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tick-borne_encephalitis_virus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TBEV is a <a href="/wiki/Sense_(molecular_biology)" title="Sense (molecular biology)">positive-sense</a> single-stranded <a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a>, contained in a 40-60 nm spherical, <a href="/wiki/Viral_envelope" title="Viral envelope">enveloped</a> capsid.<sup id="cite_ref-Mansfield-2009-2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansfield-2009-2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The TBEV genome is approximately 11kb in size, which contains a <a href="/wiki/Five-prime_cap" title="Five-prime cap">5' cap</a>, a single <a href="/wiki/Open_reading_frame" title="Open reading frame">open reading frame</a> with 3' and 5' <a href="/wiki/Untranslated_region" title="Untranslated region">UTRs</a>, and is without <a href="/wiki/Polyadenylation" title="Polyadenylation">polyadenylation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mansfield-2009-2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansfield-2009-2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other flaviviruses,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the TBEV genome codes for ten viral proteins, three <a href="/wiki/Viral_structural_protein" title="Viral structural protein">structural</a>, and seven <a href="/wiki/Viral_nonstructural_protein" title="Viral nonstructural protein">nonstructural</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruzek-2019_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruzek-2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mansfield-2009-2_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansfield-2009-2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The structural proteins are C (<a href="/wiki/Capsid" title="Capsid">capsid</a>), PrM (premembrane), which is cleaved to produce the final <a href="/wiki/Membrane_protein" title="Membrane protein">membrane protein</a>, (M), and <a href="/wiki/Envelope_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Envelope protein">envelope protein</a> (E). The seven nonstructural proteins are: NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5. The role of some nonstructural proteins is known, NS5 serves as <a href="/wiki/RNA-dependent_RNA_polymerase" title="RNA-dependent RNA polymerase">RNA-dependent RNA polymerase</a>, NS3 has <a href="/wiki/Protease" title="Protease">protease</a> (in complex with NS2B) and <a href="/wiki/Helicase" title="Helicase">helicase</a> activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruzek-2019_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruzek-2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mansfield-2009-2_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansfield-2009-2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Structural and nonstructural proteins are not required for the genome to be infectious.<sup id="cite_ref-Mansfield-2009-2_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansfield-2009-2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All viral proteins are expressed as a single large polyprotein, with the order C, PrM, E, NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruzek-2019_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruzek-2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viral_genetic_determinants_for_pathogenicity">Viral genetic determinants for pathogenicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tick-borne_encephalitis_virus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Viral genetic determinants for pathogenicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The envelope protein is involved in receptor-binding and neurovirulence, where increased glycosaminoglycan-binding affinity attenuates neuroinvasiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-Joshii_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joshii-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conformation of the E protein during viral particle secretion is influenced by glycosylation as well.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The immunogenicity of TBEV NS1 has been demonstrated, showcasing its ability to trigger oxidative stress and elicit the expression of immunoproteasome subunits. Additionally, it has been observed to stimulate the production of cytokines.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NS5 protein has <a href="/wiki/Interferon" title="Interferon">interferon</a> antagonist activity as it downregulates the expression of IFN receptor subunit. Non structural protein 5 (NS5) affects neuropathogenesis by attenuation of neurite outgrowth. <a href="/wiki/Untranslated_region" title="Untranslated region">Untranslated region</a> 3 (UTR3) and UTR 5 affect genomic RNA cyclization and replication, and viral RNA transport in dendrites, which impacts neurogenesis and synaptic communication.<sup id="cite_ref-Joshii_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joshii-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tick-borne_encephalitis_virus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Life cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transmission">Transmission</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tick-borne_encephalitis_virus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Infection of the <a href="/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (epidemiology)">vector</a> begins when a tick takes a blood meal from an infected <a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">host</a>. This can occur at any part of the tick's life cycle but a <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_transmission" title="Horizontal transmission">horizontal transmission</a> between infected <a href="/wiki/Nymph_(biology)" title="Nymph (biology)">nymphs</a> and uninfected <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> co-feeding on the same host is thought to be key in maintaining the circulation of TBEV.<sup id="cite_ref-Nuttall-1994_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nuttall-1994-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mansfield-2009-2_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansfield-2009-2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TBEV in the blood of the host infects the tick through the <a href="/wiki/Insect_physiology" title="Insect physiology">midgut</a>, from where it can pass to the salivary glands to be passed to the next host. In non-adult ticks, TBEV is transmitted <a href="/wiki/Transstadial_transmission" title="Transstadial transmission">transtadially</a> by infecting cells that are not destroyed during <a href="/wiki/Moulting" title="Moulting">molting</a>, thus the tick remains infectious throughout its life.<sup id="cite_ref-Nuttall-1994_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nuttall-1994-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infected adult ticks may be able to lay eggs that are infected, transmitting the virus <a href="/wiki/Transovarial_transmission" title="Transovarial transmission">transovarially</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Replication">Replication</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tick-borne_encephalitis_virus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Replication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viruses-10-00340-g002.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Viruses-10-00340-g002.png/220px-Viruses-10-00340-g002.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Viruses-10-00340-g002.png/330px-Viruses-10-00340-g002.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Viruses-10-00340-g002.png/440px-Viruses-10-00340-g002.png 2x" data-file-width="2518" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>Replication cycle of tick-borne flaviviruses.</figcaption></figure> <p>In humans, the infection begins in the skin (with the exception of food-borne cases, about 1% of infections) at the site of the bite of an infected tick, where <a href="/wiki/Langerhans_cell" title="Langerhans cell">Langerhans cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a> in the skin are preferentially targeted.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruzek-2019_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruzek-2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TBEV envelope (E) proteins recognize <a href="/wiki/Heparan_sulfate" title="Heparan sulfate">heparan sulfate</a> (and likely other receptors) on the host cell surface and are <a href="/wiki/Endocytosis" title="Endocytosis">endocytosed</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Receptor-mediated_endocytosis" title="Receptor-mediated endocytosis">clathrin mediated pathway</a>. Acidification of the late <a href="/wiki/Endosome" title="Endosome">endosome</a> triggers a conformational change in the E proteins, resulting in fusion, followed by uncoating, and release of the single-stranded RNA genome into the cytoplasm.<sup id="cite_ref-Pulkkinen-2018_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pulkkinen-2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mansfield-2009-2_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansfield-2009-2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The viral polyprotein is translated and inserts into the <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum">ER</a> membrane, where it is processed on the <a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">cytosolic side</a> by host peptidases and in the lumen by viral enzyme action. The viral proteins C, NS3, and NS5 are cleaved into the cytosol (though NS3 can complex with NS2B or NS4A to perform <a href="/wiki/Protease" title="Protease">proteolytic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Helicase" title="Helicase">helicase</a> activity), while the remaining nonstructural proteins alter the structure of the ER membrane. This altered membrane permits the assembly of replication complexes, where the viral genome is replicated by the viral <a href="/wiki/RNA-dependent_RNA_polymerase" title="RNA-dependent RNA polymerase">RNA-dependent RNA polymerase</a>, NS5.<sup id="cite_ref-Pulkkinen-2018_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pulkkinen-2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ruzek-2019_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruzek-2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newly replicated viral RNA genomes are then packaged by the C proteins while on the cytosolic side of the ER membrane, forming the immature <a href="/wiki/Capsid" title="Capsid">nucleocapsid</a>, and gain E and PrM proteins, arranged as a heterodimer, during budding into the lumen of the ER. The immature virion is spiky and geometric in comparison to the mature particle. The particle passes through the <a href="/wiki/Golgi_apparatus" title="Golgi apparatus">golgi apparatus</a> and <i>trans</i>-golgi network, under increasingly acidic conditions, by which the virion matures with cleavage of the Pr segment from the M protein and formation fusion competent E protein homodimers. Though the cleaved Pr segment remains associated with protein complex until exit.<sup id="cite_ref-Mansfield-2009-2_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansfield-2009-2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pulkkinen-2018_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pulkkinen-2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The virus is released from the host cell upon fusion of the transport vesicle with the host cell membrane, the cleaved Pr now segments dissociate, resulting in a fully mature, infectious virus.<sup id="cite_ref-Mansfield-2009-2_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansfield-2009-2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pulkkinen-2018_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pulkkinen-2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, partially mature and immature viruses are sometimes released as well; immature viruses are noninfectious as the E proteins are not fusion competent, partially mature viruses are still capable of infection.<sup id="cite_ref-Pulkkinen-2018_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pulkkinen-2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathogenesis_and_immune_response">Pathogenesis and immune response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tick-borne_encephalitis_virus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pathogenesis and immune response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viruses-10-00340-g004.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Viruses-10-00340-g004.png/220px-Viruses-10-00340-g004.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Viruses-10-00340-g004.png/330px-Viruses-10-00340-g004.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Viruses-10-00340-g004.png/440px-Viruses-10-00340-g004.png 2x" data-file-width="3645" data-file-height="5865" /></a><figcaption>IFN evasion strategies of Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV).</figcaption></figure> <p>With the exception of food-borne cases, infection begins in the skin at the site of the tick bite. Skin <a href="/wiki/Dendritic_cell" title="Dendritic cell">dendritic</a> (or Langerhans) cells (DCs) are preferentially targeted.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruzek-2019_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruzek-2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, the virus replicates locally and immune response is triggered when viral components are recognized by cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs).<sup id="cite_ref-Velay-2019_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Velay-2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recognition causes the release of cytokines including <a href="/wiki/Interferon" title="Interferon">interferons (IFN)</a> <a href="/wiki/Interferon_type_I" title="Interferon type I">α, β</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interferon_gamma" title="Interferon gamma">γ</a> and chemokines, attracting migratory immune cells to the site of the bite.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruzek-2019_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruzek-2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The infection may be halted at this stage and cleared, before the onset of noticeable symptoms. Notably, tick saliva enhances infection by modulating host immune response, dampening apoptotic signals.<sup id="cite_ref-Velay-2019_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Velay-2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the infection continues, migratory DCs and macrophages become infected and travel to the local draining lymph node where activation of <a href="/wiki/Polymorphonuclear_leukocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymorphonuclear leukocyte">polymorphonuclear leukocytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monocyte" title="Monocyte">monocytes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Complement_system" title="Complement system">complement system</a> are activated.<sup id="cite_ref-Velay-2019_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Velay-2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The draining lymph node can also serve as a viral amplification site, from where TBEV gains systemic access. This viremic stage corresponds to the first symptomatic phase in the prototypical biphasic pattern of tick-borne encephalitis.<sup id="cite_ref-Mansfield-2009-2_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansfield-2009-2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TBEV has a strong preference for neuronal tissue, and is neuroinvasive.<sup id="cite_ref-Blom-2018_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blom-2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial viremic stage allows access to a number of the preferential tissues. However, the exact mechanism by which TBEV crosses into the central nervous system (CNS) is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-Blom-2018_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blom-2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Velay-2019_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Velay-2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mansfield-2009-2_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansfield-2009-2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several proposed mechanism for TBEV breaching the blood-brain barrier (BBB): 1)The "Trojan Horse" mechanism, whereby TBEV gains access to the CNS while infecting an immune cell that passes through the BBB;<sup id="cite_ref-Velay-2019_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Velay-2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ruzek-2019_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruzek-2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blom-2018_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blom-2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2) Disruption and increased permeability of the BBB by immune immune cytokines;<sup id="cite_ref-Blom-2018_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blom-2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3) Via infection of the olfactory neurons;<sup id="cite_ref-Ruzek-2019_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruzek-2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 4) Via retrograde transport along peripheral nerves to the CNS;<sup id="cite_ref-Ruzek-2019_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruzek-2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 5) Infection of the cells that make up part of the BBB.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruzek-2019_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruzek-2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Velay-2019_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Velay-2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CNS infection brings on the second phase in the classic biphasic infection pattern associated with the European subtype. CNS disease is immunopathological; release of inflammatory cytokines coupled with the action of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and possibly NK cells results in inflammation and apoptosis of infected cells that is responsible for many of the CNS symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Velay-2019_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Velay-2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blom-2018_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blom-2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humoral_response">Humoral response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tick-borne_encephalitis_virus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Humoral response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TBEV specific IgM and IgG antibodies are produced in response to infection.<sup id="cite_ref-Mansfield-2009-2_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansfield-2009-2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IgM antibodies appear and peak first, as well as reaching higher levels, and typically dissipate in about 1.5 months post infection, though there exists considerable variation from patient to patient. IgG levels peak at about 6 weeks after the appearance of CNS symptoms, then decline slightly but do not dissipate, likely conferring life long immunity to the patient.<sup id="cite_ref-Mansfield-2009-2_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansfield-2009-2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ruzek-2019_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruzek-2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tick-borne_encephalitis_virus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ancestor of the extant strains appears to have separated into several clades approximately 2750 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Anonymous2012_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anonymous2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far Eastern</a> subtypes diverged about 2250 years ago. A second analysis suggests an earlier date of evolution (3300 years ago) with a rapid increase in the number of strains starting around 300 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Uzcátegui2012_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uzcátegui2012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different strains of the virus have been transmitted at least three times into <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> between 260–430 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Suzuki2007_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suzuki2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Takashima2001_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takashima2001-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strains circulating in <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> appear to have originated from both Russia and Western Europe<sup id="cite_ref-Lundkvist2001_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lundkvist2001-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while those in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> appear to have originated in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Golovljova2004_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golovljova2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> strains appear to be related to those from Western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Mickiené2001_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mickiené2001-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the European and Siberian TBEV sub-types are closely related while the Far-eastern sub-type is closer to the Louping Ill Virus.<sup id="cite_ref-Mansfield-2009-2_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansfield-2009-2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in antigenic relatedness, based on the E, NS3, and NS5 proteins, all three sub-types are highly similar, and Louping Ill virus is the closest relative outside the collective TBEV group.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tick-borne_encephalitis_virus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though the first description of what may have been TBE appears in records in the 1700s in Scandinavia,<sup id="cite_ref-Blom-2018_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blom-2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> identification of the TBEV virus occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-Zlobin-2017_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zlobin-2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The investigation began due to an outbreak of what was believed to be <a href="/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis" title="Japanese encephalitis">Japanese Encephalitis</a> ("Summer encephalitis"), among Soviet troops stationed along the border with the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese empire</a> (present day <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>), near the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Far Eastern</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk" title="Khabarovsk">Khabarovsk</a>. The expedition was led by virologist <a href="/wiki/Lev_Zilber" title="Lev Zilber">Lev A. Zilber</a>, who assembled a team of twenty young scientists in a number of related fields such as <a href="/wiki/Acarology" title="Acarology">acarology</a>, microbiology, neurology, and epidemiology.<sup id="cite_ref-Uspensky-2018_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uspensky-2018-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zlobin-2017_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zlobin-2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expedition arrived in Khabarovsk on May 15, 1937, and divided into squads, Northern-led by Elizabeth N. Levkovich and working in the <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk_Krai" title="Khabarovsk Krai">Khabarovski Krai</a>- and Southern-led by Alexandra D. Sheboldaeva, working in the <a href="/wiki/Primorsky_Krai" title="Primorsky Krai">Primorski Krai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zlobin-2017_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zlobin-2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inside the month of May, the expedition had identified ticks as the likely vector, collected <a href="/wiki/Ixodes_persulcatus" title="Ixodes persulcatus"><i>I. persucatus</i></a> ticks by exposure of bare skin by <a href="/wiki/Entomologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Entomologist">entomologist</a> Alexander V. Gutsevich and virologist <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Chumakov" title="Mikhail Chumakov">Mikhail P. Chumakov</a> had isolated the virus from ticks feeding on intentionally infected mice. During the summer, five expeditions members became infected with TBEV, and while there were no fatalities, three of the five suffered damaging <a href="/wiki/Sequela" title="Sequela">sequelae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zlobin-2017_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zlobin-2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expedition returned in mid-August and in October 1937 <a href="/wiki/Lev_Zilber" title="Lev Zilber">Zilber</a> and Sheboldova were arrested, falsely accused of spreading Japanese encephalitis. Expedition epidemiologist Tamara M. Safonov, was arrested the following January for protesting the charges against Zilber and Sheboldova. As a consequence of the arrests, one of the important initial works was published under the authorship of expedition acarologist, Vasily S. Mironov. Zilber was released in 1939 and managed to restore, along with Sheboldova, co-authorship on this initial work; however, Safanov and Sheboldova (who was not released) spent 18 years in <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">labor camps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zlobin-2017_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zlobin-2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Uspensky-2018_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uspensky-2018-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tick-borne_encephalitis_virus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Mansfield-2009-2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mansfield-2009-2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mansfield-2009-2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mansfield-2009-2_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mansfield-2009-2_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mansfield-2009-2_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mansfield-2009-2_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mansfield-2009-2_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mansfield-2009-2_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mansfield-2009-2_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mansfield-2009-2_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mansfield-2009-2_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mansfield-2009-2_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mansfield-2009-2_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mansfield-2009-2_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mansfield-2009-2_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ticks+and+Tick-Borne+Diseases&rft.atitle=Several+words+in+addition+to+%22A+brief+history+of+the+discovery+of+tick-borne+encephalitis+virus+in+the+late+1930s%22+by+V.I.+Zlobin%2C+V.V.+Pogodina+and+O.+Kahl+%28TTBDIS%2C+2017%2C+8%2C+813-820%29&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E834-%3C%2Fspan%3E835&rft.date=2018-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ttbdis.2018.03.007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29559213&rft.aulast=Uspensky&rft.aufirst=I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATick-borne+encephalitis+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tick-borne_encephalitis_virus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Encephalitis+Viruses%2C+Tick-Borne">Encephalitis+Viruses,+Tick-Borne</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120624014042/http://www.who.int/ith/diseases/tbe/en/">Tick-borne encephalitis</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int">World Health Organization</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tbenews.com/The_TBE_Book_4th_Ed_Flip_Version/mobile/index.html">The TBE Book</a> 4th Edition, Gerhard Dobler, Wilhelm Erber, Michael Bröker, Heinz-Josef Schmitt, Global Health Press, May 25, 2021 -pp 386pp</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zoonotic_viral_diseases" title="Template:Zoonotic viral diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zoonotic_viral_diseases" title="Template talk:Zoonotic viral diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zoonotic_viral_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zoonotic viral diseases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zoonotic_viral_diseases_(A80–B34,_042–079)127" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">Zoonotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Viral_disease" title="Viral disease">viral diseases</a> (A80–B34, <a href="/wiki/042%E2%80%93079" class="mw-redirect" title="042–079">042–079</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropod<br />-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mosquito-borne_disease" title="Mosquito-borne disease">Mosquito<br />-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Bunyavirales" title="Bunyavirales">Bunyavirales</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbovirus_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbovirus encephalitis">Arbovirus encephalitides</a>: <a href="/wiki/Batai_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Batai virus">Batai virus</a> <ul><li>BATV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwamba_orthobunyavirus" title="Bwamba orthobunyavirus">Bwamba Fever</a> <ul><li>BWAV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_encephalitis_orthobunyavirus" title="California encephalitis orthobunyavirus">California encephalitis</a> <ul><li>CEV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown_Canyon_encephalitis" title="Jamestown Canyon encephalitis">Jamestown Canyon encephalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Crosse_encephalitis" title="La Crosse encephalitis">La Crosse encephalitis</a> <ul><li>LACV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahyna_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahyna virus">Tahyna virus</a> <ul><li>TAHV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tete_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tete virus">Tete virus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Viral hemorrhagic fever">Viral hemorrhagic fevers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bunyamwera_orthobunyavirus" title="Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus">Bunyamwera fever</a> <ul><li>BUNV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngari_virus" title="Ngari virus">Ngari virus</a> <ul><li>NRIV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_Valley_fever" title="Rift Valley fever">Rift Valley fever</a> <ul><li>RVFV</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Flaviviridae" title="Flaviviridae">Flaviviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbovirus_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbovirus encephalitis">Arbovirus encephalitides</a>: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis" title="Japanese encephalitis">Japanese encephalitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese encephalitis virus">JEV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Valley_encephalitis_virus" title="Murray Valley encephalitis virus">Australian encephalitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Valley_encephalitis_virus" title="Murray Valley encephalitis virus">MVEV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunjin_virus" title="Kunjin virus">KUNV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_encephalitis" title="Saint Louis encephalitis">Saint Louis encephalitis</a> <ul><li>SLEV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usutu_virus" title="Usutu virus">Usutu virus</a> <ul><li>USUV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nile_fever" title="West Nile fever">West Nile fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Nile_virus" title="West Nile virus">WNV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Viral hemorrhagic fever">Viral hemorrhagic fevers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dengue_fever" title="Dengue fever">Dengue fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dengue_virus" title="Dengue virus">DENV-1-4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">Yellow fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow fever virus">YFV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zika_fever" title="Zika fever">Zika fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZIKV" class="mw-redirect" title="ZIKV">ZIKV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Togaviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Togaviridae">Togaviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbovirus_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbovirus encephalitis">Arbovirus encephalitides</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_equine_encephalitis" title="Eastern equine encephalitis">Eastern equine encephalomyelitis</a> <ul><li>EEEV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_equine_encephalitis_virus" title="Western equine encephalitis virus">Western equine encephalomyelitis</a> <ul><li>WEEV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_equine_encephalitis_virus" title="Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus">Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis</a> <ul><li>VEEV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikungunya" title="Chikungunya">Chikungunya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chikungunya_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Chikungunya virus">CHIKV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27nyong%27nyong_virus" title="O'nyong'nyong virus">O'nyong'nyong fever</a> <ul><li>ONNV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogosta_disease" title="Pogosta disease">Pogosta disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindbis_virus" title="Sindbis virus">Sindbis virus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_River_fever" title="Ross River fever">Ross River fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_River_virus" title="Ross River virus">RRV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semliki_Forest_virus" title="Semliki Forest virus">Semliki Forest virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Reoviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Reoviridae">Reoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banna_virus" title="Banna virus">Banna virus encephalitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_disease#Viral" title="Tick-borne disease">Tick<br />-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Bunyavirales" title="Bunyavirales">Bunyavirales</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Viral hemorrhagic fever">Viral hemorrhagic fevers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Crimean%E2%80%93Congo_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever">Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever</a> (CCHFV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Heartland virus">Heartland virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_fever_with_thrombocytopenia_syndrome" title="Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome">Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Huaiyangshan_banyangvirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Huaiyangshan banyangvirus">Huaiyangshan banyangvirus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tete_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tete virus">Tete virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbovirus_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbovirus encephalitis">Arbovirus encephalitides</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bhanja_virus" title="Bhanja virus">Bhanja virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Flaviviridae" title="Flaviviridae">Flaviviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbovirus_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbovirus encephalitis">Arbovirus encephalitides</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_encephalitis" title="Tick-borne encephalitis">Tick-borne encephalitis</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">TBEV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powassan_encephalitis" title="Powassan encephalitis">Powassan encephalitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powassan_virus" title="Powassan virus">POWV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Viral hemorrhagic fever">Viral hemorrhagic fevers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Omsk_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Omsk hemorrhagic fever">Omsk hemorrhagic fever</a> <ul><li>OHFV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyasanur_Forest_disease" title="Kyasanur Forest disease">Kyasanur Forest disease</a> <ul><li>KFDV</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkhurma_virus" title="Alkhurma virus">AHFV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langat_virus" title="Langat virus">Langat virus</a> <ul><li>LGTV</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae" title="Orthomyxoviridae">Orthomyxoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_virus" title="Bourbon virus">Bourbon virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Reoviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Reoviridae">Reoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_tick_fever" title="Colorado tick fever">Colorado tick fever</a> <ul><li>CTFV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemerovo_tickborne_viral_fever" title="Kemerovo tickborne viral fever">Kemerovo tickborne viral fever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sandfly#Viruses" title="Sandfly">Sandfly<br />-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Bunyavirales" title="Bunyavirales">Bunyavirales</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adria_virus" title="Adria virus">Adria virus</a> (ADRV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oropouche_fever" title="Oropouche fever">Oropouche fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oropouche_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oropouche virus">Oropouche virus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pappataci_fever" title="Pappataci fever">Pappataci fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toscana_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Toscana virus">Toscana virus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandfly_fever_Naples_phlebovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandfly fever Naples phlebovirus">Sandfly fever Naples virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Rhabdoviridae" title="Rhabdoviridae">Rhabdoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandipura_vesiculovirus" title="Chandipura vesiculovirus">Chandipura virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammal<br />-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">Rodent<br />-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Arenavirus" title="Arenavirus">Arenaviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Viral hemorrhagic fever">Viral hemorrhagic fevers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lassa_fever" title="Lassa fever">Lassa fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lassa_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lassa virus">LASV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever">Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever</a> <ul><li>GTOV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Argentine hemorrhagic fever">Argentine hemorrhagic fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentinian_mammarenavirus" title="Argentinian mammarenavirus">JUNV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Brazilian hemorrhagic fever">Brazilian hemorrhagic fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Brazilian hemorrhagic fever">SABV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Bolivian hemorrhagic fever">Bolivian hemorrhagic fever</a> <ul><li>MACV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lujo_mammarenavirus" title="Lujo mammarenavirus">LUJV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapare_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapare virus">CHPV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Bunyavirales" title="Bunyavirales">Bunyavirales</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hantavirus_hemorrhagic_fever_with_renal_syndrome" title="Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome">Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dobrava-Belgrade_orthohantavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobrava-Belgrade orthohantavirus">DOBV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantaan_orthohantavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hantaan orthohantavirus">HTNV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puumala_orthohantavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Puumala orthohantavirus">PUUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_orthohantavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Seoul orthohantavirus">SEOV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_virus" title="Amur virus">AMRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_virus" title="Thailand virus">THAIV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantavirus_pulmonary_syndrome" title="Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome">Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andes_orthohantavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Andes orthohantavirus">ANDV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_Nombre_orthohantavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin Nombre orthohantavirus">SNV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Herpesviridae" title="Herpesviridae">Herpesviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Murid_gammaherpesvirus_4" title="Murid gammaherpesvirus 4">Murid gammaherpesvirus 4</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bat#Disease_transmission" title="Bat">Bat<br />-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Filoviridae" title="Filoviridae">Filoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebola virus disease">Ebola virus disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundibugyo_virus" 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lyssavirus">ABLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokola_lyssavirus" title="Mokola lyssavirus">MOKV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duvenhage_lyssavirus" title="Duvenhage lyssavirus">DUVV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_bat_lyssavirus" title="Lagos bat lyssavirus">LBV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandipura_vesiculovirus" title="Chandipura vesiculovirus">CHPV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Paramyxoviridae" title="Paramyxoviridae">Paramyxoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henipavirus" title="Henipavirus">Henipavirus encephalitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hendra_virus" title="Hendra virus">HeV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipah_virus" title="Nipah virus">NiV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Coronaviridae" 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2">HTLV-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Poxviridae" title="Poxviridae">Poxviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanapox" title="Tanapox">Tanapox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaba_monkey_tumor_virus" title="Yaba monkey tumor virus">Yaba monkey tumor virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple<br />vectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Rhabdoviridae" title="Rhabdoviridae">Rhabdoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" 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