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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Medical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Available_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Available_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Available forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Available_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beverages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beverages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Beverages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beverages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Scientific</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contraindications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contraindications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Contraindications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contraindications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverse_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverse_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Adverse effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism_of_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism_of_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mechanism of action</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Chemistry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chemistry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Synthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Synthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biosynthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biosynthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Biosynthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biosynthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catalysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catalysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Catalysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catalysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Natural occurrence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation_in_the_US" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation_in_the_US"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Regulation in the US</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation_in_the_US-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Termination_of_pregnancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Termination_of_pregnancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Termination of pregnancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Termination_of_pregnancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cutting_agent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cutting_agent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Cutting agent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cutting_agent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Quinine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="كينين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كينين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="کوینین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کوینین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="কুইনিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কুইনিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Хінін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хінін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Хинин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хинин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinina" title="Quinina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Quinina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinin" title="Chinin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chinin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwinin" title="Cwinin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cwinin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinin" title="Kinin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kinin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinin" title="Chinin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chinin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiniin" title="Kiniin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kiniin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Κινίνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κινίνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinina" title="Quinina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Quinina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A4inino" title="Ĥinino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĥinino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinina" title="Kinina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kinina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="کینین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کینین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Quinine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuin%C3%ADn" title="Cuinín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cuinín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinina" title="Quinina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Quinina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%80%B4%EB%8B%8C" title="퀴닌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="퀴닌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Քինին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քինին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8" title="कुनैन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कुनैन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinin" title="Kinin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kinin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinino" title="Quinino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Quinino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuinina" title="Kuinina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kuinina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinino" title="Chinino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chinino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9F" title="כינין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כינין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="کیونین – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کیونین" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwinini" title="Kwinini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kwinini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinina" title="Quinina – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Quinina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hin%C4%ABns" title="Hinīns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hinīns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chininas" title="Chininas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Chininas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin%C3%ADni" title="Kiníni – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Kiníni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinin" title="Kinin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kinin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Кинин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кинин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB" title="ക്വിനൈൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്വിനൈൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuinina" title="Kuinina – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kuinina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ကွီနိုင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကွီနိုင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinine" title="Kinine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kinine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8D" title="キニーネ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キニーネ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinin" title="Kinin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kinin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinina" title="Quinina – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Quinina" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D" title="କୁଇନାଇନ୍ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କୁଇନାଇନ୍" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinina" title="Chinina – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chinina" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinina" title="Quinina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quinina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinin%C4%83" title="Chinină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chinină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Хинин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хинин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Quinine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin%C3%ADn" title="Chinín – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chinín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinin" title="Kinin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kinin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinin_(lek)" title="Kinin (lek) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kinin (lek)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinin_(lek)" title="Kinin (lek) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kinin (lek)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiniini" title="Kiniini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiniini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinin" title="Kinin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kinin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="క్వినైన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="క్వినైన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ควินิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ควินิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinin" title="Kinin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kinin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Хінін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хінін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinin" title="Quinin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quinin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%8E%E5%AE%81" title="奎宁 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奎宁" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" 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class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">quinidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quinone" title="Quinone">quinone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quinoline" title="Quinoline">quinoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloroquine" title="Chloroquine">chloroquine</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Kinin" title="Kinin">kinin</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Nine album, see <a href="/wiki/Quinine_(album)" title="Quinine (album)"><i>Quinine</i> (album)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the flowering herb known as wild quinine, see <a href="/wiki/Parthenium_integrifolium" title="Parthenium integrifolium"><i>Parthenium integrifolium</i></a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title"><span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): Quinine">Quinine</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quinine_structure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Quinine_structure.png/200px-Quinine_structure.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Quinine_structure.png/300px-Quinine_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Quinine_structure.png/400px-Quinine_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="690" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quinine-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Quinine-3D-balls.png/180px-Quinine-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Quinine-3D-balls.png/270px-Quinine-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Quinine-3D-balls.png/360px-Quinine-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KWIN</span>-een</i></a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names" title="Drug nomenclature">Trade names</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Qualaquin, Quinbisul, others<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">AHFS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="www.drugs.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/quinine-sulfate.html">Monograph</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="medlineplus.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682322.html">a682322</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">License data</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr></small> <a href="/wiki/DailyMed" title="DailyMed">DailyMed</a>: <span title="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Quinine">Quinine</a></span></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr></small> <span title="www.accessdata.fda.gov"><a href="/wiki/U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.SearchAction&SearchTerm=Quinine&SearchType=BasicSearch">Quinine</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_category" title="Pregnancy category">Pregnancy<br />category</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>:</small> D<sup id="cite_ref-Drugs.com_pregnancy_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com_pregnancy-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of<br />administration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">By mouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Intramuscular">intramuscular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">intravenous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rectal_administration" title="Rectal administration">rectal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_M09" title="ATC code M09">M09AA01</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=M09AA01">WHO</a></span>) <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_P01" title="ATC code P01">P01BC01</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01BC01">WHO</a></span>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Legal status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons#Schedule_4" title="Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons">S4</a> (Prescription only)</li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Canada">CA</abbr></small>: <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug"> ℞-only</a></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United Kingdom">UK</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">POM</a> (Prescription only)</li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Boxed_warning" title="Boxed warning"><span style="border:thin solid black;">WARNING</span></a><sup id="cite_ref-FDA-AllBoxedWarnings_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA-AllBoxedWarnings-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Rx-only</li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetic</a> data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">Protein binding</a></th><td class="infobox-data">70–95%<sup id="cite_ref-MSR_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSR-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a> (mostly <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a> and <a href="/wiki/CYP2C19" title="CYP2C19">CYP2C19</a>-mediated)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">Elimination <span class="nowrap">half-life</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data">8–14 hours (adults), 6–12 hours (children)<sup id="cite_ref-MSR_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSR-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a> (20%)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry">IUPAC name</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="font-size: 97%;">(<i>R</i>)-(6-Methoxyquinolin-4-yl)[(1<i>S</i>,2<i>S</i>,4<i>S</i>,5<i>R</i>)-5-vinylquinuclidin-2-yl]methanol</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=130-95-0">130-95-0</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem#CID" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/8549">8549</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Pharmacology" title="Guide to Pharmacology">IUPHAR/BPS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.guidetopharmacology.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=2510">2510</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.drugbank.ca"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00468">DB00468</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.84989.html">84989</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/A7V27PHC7A">A7V27PHC7A</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D08460">D08460</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:15854">CHEBI:15854</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL170">ChEMBL170</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID0044280">DTXSID0044280</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189522#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.004.550">100.004.550</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189522#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Chemical and physical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>20</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>24</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><sub>2</sub><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>2</sub></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002324424000000000♠"></span>324.424</span> g·mol<sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=%5BH%5D%5BC%40%40%5D1%28%5BC%40%40H%5D%28C2%3DCC%3DNC3%3DCC%3DC%28C%3DC23%29OC%29O%29C%5BC%40%40H%5D4CC%5BN%40%5D1C%5BC%40%40H%5D4C%3DC">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">177 °C (351 °F)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">[H][C@@]1([C@@H](C2=CC=NC3=CC=C(C=C23)OC)O)C[C@@H]4CC[N@]1C[C@@H]4C=C</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C20H24N2O2/c1-3-13-12-22-9-7-14(13)10-19(22)20(23)16-6-8-21-18-5-4-15(24-2)11-17(16)18/h3-6,8,11,13-14,19-20,23H,1,7,9-10,12H2,2H3/t13-,14-,19-,20+/m0/s1<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:LOUPRKONTZGTKE-WZBLMQSHSA-N<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">(what is this?)</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">  <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=441980057&page2=Quinine">(verify)</a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Quinine</b> is a medication used to treat <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babesiosis" title="Babesiosis">babesiosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2020_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes the treatment of malaria due to <i><a href="/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparum" title="Plasmodium falciparum">Plasmodium falciparum</a></i> that is resistant to <a href="/wiki/Chloroquine" title="Chloroquine">chloroquine</a> when <a href="/wiki/Artesunate" title="Artesunate">artesunate</a> is not available.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2020_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While sometimes used for <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_leg_cramps" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal leg cramps">nocturnal leg cramps</a>, quinine is not recommended for this purpose due to the risk of serious <a href="/wiki/Side_effect" title="Side effect">side effects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2020_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be taken by mouth or <a href="/wiki/Intravenously" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenously">intravenously</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2020_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malaria resistance to quinine occurs in certain areas of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quinine is also used as an ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Tonic_water" title="Tonic water">tonic water</a> and other beverages to impart a bitter taste.<sup id="cite_ref-olmsted_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olmsted-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common side effects include headache, <a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">ringing in the ears</a>, vision issues, and <a href="/wiki/Sweating" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweating">sweating</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2020_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More severe side effects include <a href="/wiki/Deafness" title="Deafness">deafness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrombocytopenia" title="Thrombocytopenia">low blood platelets</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Irregular_heartbeat" class="mw-redirect" title="Irregular heartbeat">irregular heartbeat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2020_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use can make one more prone to <a href="/wiki/Sunburn" title="Sunburn">sunburn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2020_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it is unclear if use during pregnancy carries potential for fetal harm, treating malaria during pregnancy with quinine when appropriate is still recommended.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2020_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quinine is an <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloid</a>, a naturally occurring chemical compound.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2020_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> How it works as a medicine is not entirely clear.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2020_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quinine was first isolated in 1820 from the bark of a <a href="/wiki/Cinchona" title="Cinchona">cinchona</a> tree, which is native to <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2020_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its molecular formula was determined by <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Strecker" title="Adolph Strecker">Adolph Strecker</a> in 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The class of chemical compounds to which it belongs is thus called the cinchona alkaloids. Bark extracts had been used to treat malaria since at least 1632 and it was introduced to Spain as early as 1636 by <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit missionaries">Jesuit missionaries</a> returning from the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is on the <a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO21st_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO21st-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHO22nd_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO22nd-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treatment of malaria with quinine marks the first known use of a chemical compound to treat an infectious disease.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical">Medical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Medical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2006, quinine is no longer recommended by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) as a first-line treatment for <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, because there are other substances that are equally effective with fewer side effects. They recommend that it be used only when <a href="/wiki/Artemisinin#Artemisinin_derivatives" title="Artemisinin">artemisinins</a> are not available.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Because of increasing malaria resistance to the drug? (March 2024)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quinine is also used to treat <a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">lupus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>. </p><p>Quinine was frequently prescribed as an <a href="/wiki/Off-label" class="mw-redirect" title="Off-label">off-label</a> treatment for <a href="/wiki/Cramps#Nocturnal_leg_cramps" class="mw-redirect" title="Cramps">leg cramps at night</a>, but this has become less common since 2010 due to a warning from the US <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) that such practice is associated with life-threatening side effects.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA_Safety_Communication_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA_Safety_Communication-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FDA_risks_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA_risks-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quinine can also act as a competitive inhibitor of <a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase" title="Monoamine oxidase">monoamine oxidase</a> (MAO), an enzyme that removes neurotransmitters from the brain. As an <a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitor">MAO inhibitor</a>, it has potential to serve as a treatment for individuals with psychological disorders, similar to antidepressants that inhibit MAO.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Available_forms">Available forms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Available forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quinine is a basic <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amine</a> and is usually provided as a salt. Various existing preparations include the <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloride" title="Hydrochloride">hydrochloride</a>, dihydrochloride, <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a>, bisulfate and <a href="/wiki/Gluconate" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluconate">gluconate</a>. In the United States, quinine sulfate is commercially available in 324 mg tablets under the brand name Qualaquin. </p><p>All quinine salts may be given orally or <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">intravenously</a> (IV); quinine gluconate may also be given <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">intramuscularly</a> (IM) or rectally (PR).<sup id="cite_ref-Barennes1996_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barennes1996-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barennes2006_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barennes2006-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main problem with rectal administration is that the dose can be expelled before it is completely absorbed; in practice, this is corrected by giving a further half dose. No injectable preparation of quinine is licensed in the US; <a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">quinidine</a> is used instead.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Quinine base in various salts</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Amount equivalent to 100 mg quinine base </th></tr> <tr> <td>Quinine base </td> <td>100 mg </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quinine bisulfate </td> <td>169 mg </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quinine dihydrochloride </td> <td>122 mg </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quinine gluconate </td> <td>160 mg </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quinine hydrochloride </td> <td>111 mg </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quinine sulfate dihydrate [(quinine)<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>∙2H<sub>2</sub>O] </td> <td>121 mg </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beverages">Beverages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Beverages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tonic_water" title="Tonic water">Tonic water</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tonic_water_uv.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Tonic_water_uv.jpg/220px-Tonic_water_uv.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Tonic_water_uv.jpg/330px-Tonic_water_uv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Tonic_water_uv.jpg/440px-Tonic_water_uv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tonic_water" title="Tonic water">Tonic water</a>, in normal light and ultraviolet "<a href="/wiki/Black_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Black light">black light</a>". The quinine content of tonic water causes it to <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluoresce</a> under black light.</figcaption></figure> <p>Quinine is a flavor component of <a href="/wiki/Tonic_water" title="Tonic water">tonic water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bitter_lemon" title="Bitter lemon">bitter lemon</a> <a href="/wiki/Drink_mixer" title="Drink mixer">drink mixers</a>. On the <a href="/wiki/Soda_gun" title="Soda gun">soda gun</a> behind many bars, tonic water is designated by the letter "Q" representing quinine.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tonic water was initially marketed as a means of delivering quinine to consumers in order to offer anti-malarial protection. According to tradition, because of the bitter taste of anti-<a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malarial</a> quinine tonic, British colonials in India mixed it with <a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">gin</a> to make it more palatable, thus creating the <a href="/wiki/Gin_and_tonic" title="Gin and tonic">gin and tonic</a> cocktail, which is still popular today.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it is possible to drink enough tonic water to temporarily achieve quinine levels that offer anti-malarial protection, it is not a sustainable long-term means of protection.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In France, quinine is an ingredient of an <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritif" class="mw-redirect" title="Apéritif">apéritif</a></i></span> known as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Quinquina" title="Quinquina">quinquina</a></i></span>, or <i>"Cap Corse"</i>, and the wine-based <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">apéritif</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Dubonnet" title="Dubonnet">Dubonnet</a>. In Spain, quinine (also known as "Peruvian bark" for its origin from the native cinchona tree) is sometimes blended into sweet <a href="/wiki/Malaga_(wine)" title="Malaga (wine)">Malaga wine</a>, which is then called <i>"Malaga Quina"</i>. In Italy, the traditional flavoured wine <a href="/wiki/Barolo#Barolo_Chinato" title="Barolo">Barolo Chinato</a> is infused with quinine and local herbs, and is served as a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Digestif" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestif">digestif</a></i></span>. In Britain, the company <a href="/wiki/A.G._Barr" title="A.G. Barr">A.G. Barr</a> uses quinine as an ingredient in the carbonated and <a href="/wiki/Caffeinated_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Caffeinated beverage">caffeinated beverage</a> <a href="/wiki/Irn-Bru" title="Irn-Bru">Irn-Bru</a>. In Uruguay and Argentina, quinine is an ingredient of a <a href="/wiki/PepsiCo" title="PepsiCo">PepsiCo</a> tonic water named <a href="/wiki/Paso_de_los_Toros_(drink)" title="Paso de los Toros (drink)">Paso de los Toros</a>. In Denmark, it is used as an ingredient in the carbonated sports drink <a href="/wiki/Faxe_Kondi" title="Faxe Kondi">Faxe Kondi</a> made by <a href="/wiki/Royal_Unibrew" title="Royal Unibrew">Royal Unibrew</a>. </p><p>As a flavouring agent in drinks, quinine is limited to 83 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">ppm</a> (<span class="nowrap">100 mg/L</span>) in the United States, and in the European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific">Scientific</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scientific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quinine (and <a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">quinidine</a>) are used as the <a href="/wiki/Chirality_(chemistry)" title="Chirality (chemistry)">chiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Moiety_(chemistry)" title="Moiety (chemistry)">moiety</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligands</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Sharpless_asymmetric_dihydroxylation" title="Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation">Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation</a> as well as for numerous other chiral catalyst backbones. Because of its relatively constant and well-known <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a> <a href="/wiki/Quantum_yield" title="Quantum yield">quantum yield</a>, quinine is used in <a href="/wiki/Photochemistry" title="Photochemistry">photochemistry</a> as a common fluorescence <a href="/wiki/Standard_(metrology)" title="Standard (metrology)">standard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.in_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.in-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Quinine_sulfate_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quinine_sulfate-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contraindications">Contraindications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contraindications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of the narrow difference between its therapeutic and toxic effects, quinine is a common cause of drug-induced disorders, including <a href="/wiki/Thrombocytopenia" title="Thrombocytopenia">thrombocytopenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thrombotic_microangiopathy" title="Thrombotic microangiopathy">thrombotic microangiopathy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-liles_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liles-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even from minor levels occurring in common beverages, quinine can have severe <a href="/wiki/Adverse_event" title="Adverse event">adverse effects</a> involving multiple organ systems, among which are <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> effects and <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">hypotension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_anemia" title="Hemolytic anemia">hemolytic anemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acute_kidney_injury" title="Acute kidney injury">acute kidney injury</a>, liver toxicity, and blindness.<sup id="cite_ref-liles_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liles-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In people with <a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">atrial fibrillation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conduction_system_of_the_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conduction system of the heart">conduction defects</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Heart_block" title="Heart block">heart block</a>, quinine can cause <a href="/wiki/Heart_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart arrhythmia">heart arrhythmias</a>, and should be avoided.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (June 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Quinine can cause <a href="/wiki/Hemolysis" title="Hemolysis">hemolysis</a> in <a href="/wiki/G6PD_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="G6PD deficiency">G6PD deficiency</a> (an inherited deficiency), but this risk is small and the physician should not hesitate to use quinine in people with G6PD deficiency when there is no alternative.<sup id="cite_ref-USlabel2013_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USlabel2013-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While not necessarily an absolute contraindication, concomitant administration of quinine with drugs primarily metabolized by <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a> may lead to higher than expected plasma concentrations of the drug, due to quinine's strong inhibition of the enzyme.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID27618912_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID27618912-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Adverse effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quinine can cause unpredictable serious and life-threatening blood and cardiovascular reactions including <a href="/wiki/Thrombocytopenia" title="Thrombocytopenia">low platelet count</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hemolytic%E2%80%93uremic_syndrome" title="Hemolytic–uremic syndrome">hemolytic–uremic syndrome</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thrombotic_thrombocytopenic_purpura" title="Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura">thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura</a> (HUS/TTP), <a href="/wiki/Long_QT_syndrome" title="Long QT syndrome">long QT syndrome</a> and other serious cardiac arrhythmias including <i><a href="/wiki/Torsades_de_pointes" title="Torsades de pointes">torsades de pointes</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_fever" title="Blackwater fever">blackwater fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disseminated_intravascular_coagulation" title="Disseminated intravascular coagulation">disseminated intravascular coagulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leukopenia" title="Leukopenia">leukopenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neutropenia" title="Neutropenia">neutropenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2020_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some people who have developed TTP due to quinine have gone on to develop <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2020_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USlabel2013_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USlabel2013-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also cause serious hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylactic shock, <a href="/wiki/Urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticaria">urticaria</a>, serious skin rashes, including <a href="/wiki/Stevens%E2%80%93Johnson_syndrome" title="Stevens–Johnson syndrome">Stevens–Johnson syndrome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toxic_epidermal_necrolysis" title="Toxic epidermal necrolysis">toxic epidermal necrolysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">angioedema</a>, facial edema, <a href="/wiki/Bronchospasm" title="Bronchospasm">bronchospasm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_granulomatous_hepatitis" title="Idiopathic granulomatous hepatitis">granulomatous hepatitis</a>, and itchiness.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2020_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USlabel2013_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USlabel2013-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most common adverse effects involve a group of symptoms called <a href="/wiki/Cinchonism" title="Cinchonism">cinchonism</a>, which can include headache, vasodilation and sweating, nausea, <a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">tinnitus</a>, hearing impairment, <a href="/wiki/Vertigo" title="Vertigo">vertigo</a> or dizziness, blurred vision, and disturbance in color perception.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2020_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-liles_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liles-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USlabel2013_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USlabel2013-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More severe cinchonism includes vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, deafness, blindness, and disturbances in heart rhythms.<sup id="cite_ref-USlabel2013_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USlabel2013-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cinchonism is much less common when quinine is given by mouth, but oral quinine is not well tolerated (quinine is exceedingly bitter and many people will vomit after ingesting quinine tablets).<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2020_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other drugs, such as Fansidar (<a href="/wiki/Sulfadoxine" title="Sulfadoxine">sulfadoxine</a> with <a href="/wiki/Pyrimethamine" title="Pyrimethamine">pyrimethamine</a>) or Malarone (<a href="/wiki/Proguanil" title="Proguanil">proguanil</a> with <a href="/wiki/Atovaquone" title="Atovaquone">atovaquone</a>), are often used when oral therapy is required. Quinine ethyl carbonate is tasteless and odourless,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but is available commercially only in Japan. Blood glucose, electrolyte and cardiac monitoring are not necessary when quinine is given by mouth. </p><p>Quinine has diverse <a href="/wiki/Drug_interaction" title="Drug interaction">unwanted interactions</a> with numerous <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">prescription drugs</a>, such as potentiating the <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">anticoagulant</a> effects of <a href="/wiki/Warfarin" title="Warfarin">warfarin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2020_5-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a strong inhibitor of <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PMID27618912_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID27618912-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an enzyme involved in the metabolism of many drugs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mechanism of action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is missing information</b> about cramp mechanism; MAOI action aforementioned.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Quinine" title="Talk:Quinine">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Quinine is used for its <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a> to the malarial pathogen, <i><a href="/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparum" title="Plasmodium falciparum">Plasmodium falciparum</a></i>, by interfering with its ability to dissolve and metabolize <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2020_5-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with other quinoline antimalarial drugs, the precise <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_action" title="Mechanism of action">mechanism of action</a> of quinine has not been fully resolved, although <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a> studies indicate it inhibits <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acid</a> and protein synthesis, and inhibits <a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">glycolysis</a> in <i>P. falciparum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2020_5-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most widely accepted hypothesis of its action is based on the well-studied and closely related quinoline drug, <a href="/wiki/Chloroquine" title="Chloroquine">chloroquine</a>. This model involves the inhibition of <a href="/wiki/Hemozoin" title="Hemozoin">hemozoin</a> <a href="/wiki/Biocrystallization" title="Biocrystallization">biocrystallization</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Heme_ligase" title="Heme ligase">heme detoxification</a> pathway, which facilitates the aggregation of <a href="/wiki/Cytotoxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytotoxic">cytotoxic</a> <a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">heme</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)"><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (May 2020)">medical citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Free cytotoxic heme accumulates in the parasites, causing their deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quinine may target the malaria <a href="/wiki/Purine_nucleoside_phosphorylase" title="Purine nucleoside phosphorylase">purine nucleoside phosphorylase</a> enzyme.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UV</a> absorption of quinine peaks around 350 nm (in <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet A">UVA</a>). Fluorescent emission peaks at around 460 nm (bright blue/cyan hue).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quinine is highly <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescent</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quantum_yield" title="Quantum yield">quantum yield</a> ~0.58) in 0.1 <a href="/wiki/Molar_concentration" title="Molar concentration">M</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> solution.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.in_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.in-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Quinine_sulfate_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quinine_sulfate-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthesis">Synthesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Synthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quinine_total_synthesis" title="Quinine total synthesis">Quinine total synthesis</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cinchona" title="Cinchona">Cinchona trees</a> remain the only economically practical source of quinine. However, under wartime pressure during World War II, research towards its synthetic production was undertaken. A formal chemical synthesis was accomplished in 1944 by American chemists <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">R.B. Woodward</a> and <a href="/wiki/W.E._Doering" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E. Doering">W.E. Doering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward1944_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward1944-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, several more efficient <a href="/wiki/Quinine_total_synthesis" title="Quinine total synthesis">quinine total syntheses</a> have been achieved,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but none of them can compete in economic terms with isolation of the alkaloid from natural sources. The first synthetic <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic</a> <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauveine" title="Mauveine">mauveine</a>, was discovered by <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Perkin" title="William Henry Perkin">William Henry Perkin</a> in 1856 while he was attempting to synthesize quinine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Biosynthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quinine_Biosynthesis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Quinine_Biosynthesis.png/220px-Quinine_Biosynthesis.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Quinine_Biosynthesis.png/330px-Quinine_Biosynthesis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Quinine_Biosynthesis.png/440px-Quinine_Biosynthesis.png 2x" data-file-width="2015" data-file-height="2475" /></a><figcaption>Quinine biosynthesis</figcaption></figure> <p>In the first step of quinine <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">biosynthesis</a>, the enzyme strictosidine synthase catalyzes a stereoselective <a href="/wiki/Pictet%E2%80%93Spengler_reaction" title="Pictet–Spengler reaction">Pictet–Spengler reaction</a> between <a href="/wiki/Tryptamine" title="Tryptamine">tryptamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secologanin" title="Secologanin">secologanin</a> to yield <a href="/wiki/Strictosidine" title="Strictosidine">strictosidine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suitable modification of <a href="/wiki/Strictosidine" title="Strictosidine">strictosidine</a> leads to an aldehyde. Hydrolysis and decarboxylation would initially remove one carbon from the iridoid portion and produce corynantheal. Then the <a href="/wiki/Tryptamine" title="Tryptamine">tryptamine</a> side-chain were cleaved adjacent to the nitrogen, and this nitrogen was then bonded to the acetaldehyde function to yield cinchonaminal. Ring opening in the indole heterocyclic ring could generate new amine and keto functions. The new quinoline heterocycle would then be formed by combining this amine with the aldehyde produced in the <a href="/wiki/Tryptamine" title="Tryptamine">tryptamine</a> side-chain cleavage, giving cinchonidinone. For the last step, hydroxylation and methylation gives quinine.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catalysis">Catalysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Catalysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quinine and other <a href="/wiki/Cinchona_alkaloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinchona alkaloid"><i>Cinchona</i> alkaloids</a> can be used as <a href="/wiki/Organocatalysis" title="Organocatalysis">catalysts</a> for <a href="/wiki/Stereoselective" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereoselective">stereoselective</a> reactions in <a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">organic synthesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reyes-et-al-2016_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reyes-et-al-2016-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: Table 3B Plate 560">: Table 3B Plate 560 </span></sup> For example, the quinine-catalyzed <a href="/wiki/Michael_addition" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael addition">Michael addition</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Malononitrile" title="Malononitrile">malononitrile</a> to <a href="/wiki/%CE%91,%CE%B2-enone" class="mw-redirect" title="Α,β-enone">α,β-enones</a> gives a high degree of sterechemical control.<sup id="cite_ref-Reyes-et-al-2016_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reyes-et-al-2016-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_malaria" title="History of malaria">History of malaria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cinchona_calisaya_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-179.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Cinchona_calisaya_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-179.jpg/220px-Cinchona_calisaya_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-179.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Cinchona_calisaya_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-179.jpg/330px-Cinchona_calisaya_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-179.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Cinchona_calisaya_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-179.jpg/440px-Cinchona_calisaya_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-179.jpg 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>19th-century illustration of <i>Cinchona calisaya</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Quinine was used as a muscle relaxant by the <a href="/wiki/Quechuas" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechuas">Quechua</a> people, who are indigenous to <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, to halt shivering.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Quechua would mix the ground bark of <a href="/wiki/Cinchona" title="Cinchona">cinchona</a> trees with sweetened water to offset the bark's bitter taste, thus producing something similar to <a href="/wiki/Tonic_water" title="Tonic water">tonic water</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spanish <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> missionaries were the first to bring cinchona to Europe. The Spanish had observed the Quechua's use of cinchona and were aware of the medicinal properties of cinchona bark by the 1570s or earlier: <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Monardes" title="Nicolás Monardes">Nicolás Monardes</a> (1571) and Juan Fragoso (1572) both described a tree, which was subsequently identified as the cinchona tree, whose bark was used to produce a drink to treat <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quinine has been used in unextracted form by Europeans since at least the early 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A popular story of how it was brought to Europe by the <a href="/wiki/Countess_of_Chinchon" class="mw-redirect" title="Countess of Chinchon">Countess of Chinchon</a> was debunked by medical historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alec_Haggis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alec Haggis (page does not exist)">Alec Haggis</a> around 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 17th century, malaria was endemic to the <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marshes</a> surrounding the city of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. It had caused the deaths of several <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">popes</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">cardinals</a> and countless common Roman citizens. Most of the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priests</a> trained in Rome had seen malaria patients and were familiar with the <a href="/wiki/Shivering" title="Shivering">shivering</a> brought on by the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/febrile" class="extiw" title="wikt:febrile">febrile</a> phase of the disease. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> Agostino Salumbrino (1564–1642),<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an <a href="/wiki/Apothecary" title="Apothecary">apothecary</a> by training who lived in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> (now in present-day <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>), observed the Quechua using the bark of the cinchona tree to treat such shivering. While its effect in treating malaria (and malaria-induced shivering) was unrelated to its effect in controlling shivering from <a href="/wiki/Rigors" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigors">rigors</a>, it was a successful medicine against malaria. At the first opportunity, Salumbrino sent a small quantity to Rome for testing as a malaria treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years that followed, cinchona bark, known as <a href="/wiki/Jesuit%27s_bark" title="Jesuit's bark">Jesuit's bark</a> or Peruvian bark, became one of the most valuable commodities shipped from Peru to Europe. When <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">King Charles II</a> was cured of malaria at the end of the 17th Century with quinine, it became popular in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It remained the antimalarial drug of choice until the 1940s, when other drugs took over.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The form of quinine most effective in treating malaria was found by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Marie_de_La_Condamine" title="Charles Marie de La Condamine">Charles Marie de La Condamine</a> in 1737.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1820, French researchers <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Joseph_Pelletier" title="Pierre Joseph Pelletier">Pierre Joseph Pelletier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bienaim%C3%A9_Caventou" title="Joseph Bienaimé Caventou">Joseph Bienaimé Caventou</a> first isolated quinine from the bark of a tree in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Cinchona" title="Cinchona">Cinchona</a></i> – probably <i><a href="/wiki/Cinchona_pubescens" title="Cinchona pubescens">Cinchona pubescens</a></i> – and subsequently named the substance.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name was derived from the original <a href="/wiki/Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechua</a> (Inca) word for the cinchona tree bark, <i>quina</i> or <i>quina-quina</i>, which means "bark of bark" or "holy bark". Prior to 1820, the bark was dried, ground to a fine powder, and mixed into a liquid (commonly wine) in order to be drunk. Large-scale use of quinine as a malaria <a href="/wiki/Prophylaxis" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophylaxis">prophylaxis</a> started around 1850. In 1853 <a href="/wiki/Paul_Briquet" title="Paul Briquet">Paul Briquet</a> published a brief history and discussion of the literature on "quinquina".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quinine played a significant role in the colonization of Africa by Europeans. The availability of quinine for treatment had been said to be the prime reason Africa ceased to be known as the "white man's grave". A historian said, "it was quinine's efficacy that gave colonists fresh opportunities to swarm into the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(region)" title="Gold Coast (region)">Gold Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and other parts of west Africa".<sup id="cite_ref-clifford_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clifford-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To maintain their monopoly on cinchona bark, Peru and surrounding countries began outlawing the export of cinchona seeds and saplings in the early 19th century. In 1865, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Incra_Mamani" title="Manuel Incra Mamani">Manuel Incra Mamani</a> collected seeds from a plant particularly high in quinine and provided them to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ledger" title="Charles Ledger">Charles Ledger</a>. Ledger sent them to his brother, who sold them to the Dutch government. Mamani was arrested on a seed collecting trip in 1871, and beaten so severely, likely because of providing the seeds to foreigners, that he died soon afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 19th century the Dutch grew the plants in Indonesian plantations. Soon they became the main suppliers of the tree. In 1913 they set up the <a href="/wiki/Kina_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Kina Bureau">Kina Bureau</a>, a cartel of cinchona producers charged with controlling price and production.<sup id="cite_ref-Shah-2010_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shah-2010-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1930s Dutch plantations in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> were producing 22 million pounds of cinchona bark, or 97% of the world's quinine production.<sup id="cite_ref-clifford_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clifford-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. attempts to prosecute the Kina Bureau proved unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-Shah-2010_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shah-2010-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Allied powers were cut off from their supply of quinine when Germany conquered the Netherlands, and Japan controlled the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. The US had obtained four million cinchona seeds from the Philippines and began operating cinchona plantations in <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>. Additionally, they began harvesting wild cinchona bark during the <a href="/wiki/Cinchona_Missions" title="Cinchona Missions">Cinchona Missions</a>. Such supplies came too late. Tens of thousands of US troops in Africa and the South Pacific died of malaria due to the lack of quinine.<sup id="cite_ref-clifford_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clifford-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite controlling the supply, the Japanese did not make effective use of quinine, and thousands of Japanese troops in the southwest Pacific died as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quinine remained the antimalarial drug of choice until after World War II. Since then, other drugs that have fewer side effects, such as <a href="/wiki/Chloroquine" title="Chloroquine">chloroquine</a>, have largely replaced it.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Bromo Quinine</i> were <a href="/wiki/Brand_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Brand name">brand name</a> <a href="/wiki/Cough_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cough medicine">cold tablets</a> containing quinine, manufactured by Grove Laboratories. They were first marketed in 1889 and available until at least the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conducting research in central Missouri, <a href="/wiki/John_Sappington" title="John Sappington">John S. Sappington</a> independently developed an anti-malaria pill from quinine. Sappington began importing cinchona bark from Peru in 1820. In 1832, using quinine derived from the cinchona bark, Sappington developed a pill to treat a variety of fevers, such as scarlet fever, yellow fever, and influenza in addition to malaria. These illnesses were widespread in the Missouri and Mississippi valleys. He manufactured and sold "Dr. Sappington's Anti-Fever Pills" across Missouri. Demand became so great that within three years, Sappington founded a company known as Sappington and Sons to sell his pills nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_occurrence">Natural occurrence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Natural occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bark of <i><a href="/wiki/Remijia" title="Remijia">Remijia</a></i> contains 0.5–2% of quinine. The bark is cheaper than bark of <i><a href="/wiki/Cinchona" title="Cinchona">Cinchona</a></i>. As it has an intense taste, it is used for making <a href="/wiki/Tonic_water" title="Tonic water">tonic water</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hobhouse_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobhouse-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulation_in_the_US"><span class="anchor" id="Regulation_in_the_US"></span> Regulation in the US</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Regulation in the US"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1969 to 1992, the US <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) received 157 reports of health problems related to quinine use, including 23 which had resulted in death.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994, the FDA banned the marketing of <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">over-the-counter</a> quinine as a treatment for nocturnal leg cramps. <a href="/wiki/Pfizer" title="Pfizer">Pfizer</a> <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals">Pharmaceuticals</a> had been selling the brand name Legatrin for this purpose. It is also sold as a softgel (by SmithKlineBeecham) as Q-vel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Doctors may still prescribe quinine, but the FDA has ordered firms to stop marketing unapproved drug products containing quinine. The FDA is also cautioning consumers about <a href="/wiki/Off-label_use" title="Off-label use">off-label use</a> of quinine to treat leg cramps.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA_Safety_Communication_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA_Safety_Communication-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FDA_risks_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA_risks-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quinine is approved for treatment of malaria, but was also commonly prescribed to treat leg cramps and similar conditions. Because malaria is life-threatening, the risks associated with quinine use are considered acceptable when used to treat that condition.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though Legatrin was banned by the FDA for the treatment of leg cramps, the drug manufacturer URL Mutual has branded a quinine-containing drug named Qualaquin. It is marketed as a treatment for malaria and is sold in the United States only by prescription. In 2004, the CDC reported only 1,347 confirmed cases of malaria in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Termination_of_pregnancy">Termination of pregnancy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Termination of pregnancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For much of the 20th century, women's use of an overdose of quinine to deliberately terminate a pregnancy was a relatively common <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> method in various parts of the world, including China.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cutting_agent">Cutting agent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cutting agent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quinine is sometimes detected as a <a href="/wiki/Cutting_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutting agent">cutting agent</a> in <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">street drugs</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quinine is used as a treatment for <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptocaryon_irritans" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptocaryon irritans">Cryptocaryon irritans</a></i> (commonly referred to as white spot, crypto or marine ich) infection of <a href="/wiki/Marine_aquarium" title="Marine aquarium">marine aquarium</a> fish.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/international/quinine.html">"Quinine International"</a>. <i>Drugs.com</i>. 2 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Drugs.com&rft.atitle=Quinine+International&rft.date=2020-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugs.com%2Finternational%2Fquinine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drugs.com_pregnancy-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drugs.com_pregnancy_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drugs.com_pregnancy_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/quinine.html">"Quinine Use During Pregnancy"</a>. <i>Drugs.com</i>. 25 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quinine+sulfate&rft.pub=Drugs.com&rft.date=2020-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugs.com%2Fmonograph%2Fquinine-sulfate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsuEffaOpieMeremikwu2019" class="citation journal cs1">Esu EB, Effa EE, Opie ON, Meremikwu MM (June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6580442">"Artemether for severe malaria"</a>. <i>The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>6</b> (6): CD010678. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD010678.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD010678.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6580442">6580442</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31210357">31210357</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Artemether+for+severe+malaria&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=CD010678&rft.date=2019-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6580442%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31210357&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD010678.pub3&rft.aulast=Esu&rft.aufirst=EB&rft.au=Effa%2C+EE&rft.au=Opie%2C+ON&rft.au=Meremikwu%2C+MM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6580442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoleyTilley1997" class="citation journal cs1">Foley M, Tilley L (February 1997). 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Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-815-18450-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-815-18450-8"><bdi>978-0-815-18450-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160915152729/https://books.google.com/books?id=1vnk6J8knKkC&pg=PA137">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry%3A+The+Molecular+Science&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-815-18450-8&rft.aulast=Olmsted&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Williams%2C+GM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1vnk6J8knKkC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillcox2004" class="citation book cs1">Willcox M (28 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L3lZiwsCZoYC&pg=PA23"><i>Traditional Medicinal Plants and Malaria</i></a>. 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Wiley. pp. 380–381. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470742761" title="Special:BookSources/9780470742761"><bdi>9780470742761</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medicinal+natural+products+%3A+a+biosynthetic+approach&rft.pages=380-381&rft.edition=3rdition&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.isbn=9780470742761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorMaresh2006" class="citation journal cs1">O'Connor SE, Maresh JJ (August 2006). "Chemistry and biology of monoterpene indole alkaloid biosynthesis". <i>Natural Product Reports</i>. <b>23</b> (4): 532–547. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fb512615k">10.1039/b512615k</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16874388">16874388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natural+Product+Reports&rft.atitle=Chemistry+and+biology+of+monoterpene+indole+alkaloid+biosynthesis&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=532-547&rft.date=2006-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fb512615k&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16874388&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=SE&rft.au=Maresh%2C+JJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reyes-et-al-2016-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reyes-et-al-2016_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reyes-et-al-2016_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReyesUriaVicarioCarrillo2016" class="citation cs2">Reyes E, Uria U, Vicario JL, Carrillo L (13 September 2016), "The Catalytic, Enantioselective Michael Reaction", <i>Organic Reactions</i>, <a href="/wiki/Hoboken" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoboken">Hoboken</a>, New Jersey, US: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 1–898, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0471264180.or090.01">10.1002/0471264180.or090.01</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-26418-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-26418-7"><bdi>978-0-471-26418-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Catalytic%2C+Enantioselective+Michael+Reaction&rft.btitle=Organic+Reactions&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey%2C+US&rft.pages=1-898&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2016-09-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F0471264180.or090.01&rft.isbn=978-0-471-26418-7&rft.aulast=Reyes&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Uria%2C+U&rft.au=Vicario%2C+JL&rft.au=Carrillo%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlückigerHanbury1874" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_August_Fl%C3%BCckiger" title="Friedrich August Flückiger">Flückiger FA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hanbury" title="Daniel Hanbury">Hanbury D</a> (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ATQbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA302">"Cortex Cinchonæ"</a>. <i>Pharmacographia: A History of the Principal Drugs of Vegetable Origin, Met with in Great Britain and British India</i>. London: Macmillan and Co. pp. 302–331.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cortex+Cinchon%C3%A6&rft.btitle=Pharmacographia%3A+A+History+of+the+Principal+Drugs+of+Vegetable+Origin%2C+Met+with+in+Great+Britain+and+British+India&rft.place=London&rft.pages=302-331&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co.&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=Fl%C3%BCckiger&rft.aufirst=FA&rft.au=Hanbury%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DATQbAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbsWest2020" class="citation book cs1">Hobbs K, West D (2020). <i>The Story of Trees : and how they changed the way we live</i>. illustrated by Thibaud Hérem. London: Laurence King. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7862-7522-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7862-7522-6"><bdi>978-1-7862-7522-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Trees+%3A+and+how+they+changed+the+way+we+live&rft.place=London&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Laurence+King&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-7862-7522-6&rft.aulast=Hobbs&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=West%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtiz_Crespo1995" class="citation journal cs1">Ortiz Crespo FI (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reumatologiaclinica.org/en-pdf-S2173574307702460">"Fragoso, Monardes and pre-Chinchonian knowledge of Cinchona"</a>. <i>Archives of Natural History</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 169–181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fanh.1995.22.2.169">10.3366/anh.1995.22.2.169</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0260-9541">0260-9541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Natural+History&rft.atitle=Fragoso%2C+Monardes+and+pre-Chinchonian+knowledge+of+Cinchona&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=169-181&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fanh.1995.22.2.169&rft.issn=0260-9541&rft.aulast=Ortiz+Crespo&rft.aufirst=FI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reumatologiaclinica.org%2Fen-pdf-S2173574307702460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart2004" class="citation book cs1">Stuart DC (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ze0n0yeqsXUC&pg=PA28"><i>Dangerous Garden: The Quest for Plants to Change Our Lives</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01104-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01104-5"><bdi>978-0-674-01104-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dangerous+Garden%3A+The+Quest+for+Plants+to+Change+Our+Lives&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01104-5&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=DC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZe0n0yeqsXUC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonardes1580" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Monardes" title="Nicolás Monardes">Monardes N</a> (1580). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BMiaWiCqFCMC&pg=RA1-PA75-IA2"><i>Primera y segunda y tercera partes de la Historia medicinal, de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales, que sirven en Medicina</i></a> [<i>First and second and third parts of medicinal History, of the things that are brought from our West Indies, which are used in Medicine</i>] (in Spanish). Seville, Spain: Fernando Díaz. pp. 74–75. <q>Del nuevo Reyno, traen una corteza, que dizen ser de un arbol, que es de mucha grandeza: el qual dizen que lleva unas hojas en forma de coraçon, y que no lleva fruto. Este arbol tiene una corteza gruessa, muy solida y dura, que en esto y en el color parece mucho a la corteza del palo que llaman Guayacan: en la superficie tiene una pelicula delgada blanquisca, quebrada por toda ella: tiene la corteza mas de un dedo de gruesso, solida y pesada: la qual gustada tiene notable amargor, como el de la Genciana: tiene en el gusto notable astriction, con alguna aromaticidad, porque al fin de mascar la respica della buen olor. Tienen los Indios esta corteza en mucho, y usan della en todo genero de camaras, que sean con sangre, o sin ella. Los Españoles fatigados de aquesta enfermedad, por aviso de los Indios, han usado de aquesta corteza y han sanado muchos dellos con ella.<br />Toman della tanto como una haba pequeña hecha polvos, tomase en vino tinto, o en agua apropiada, como tienen la calentura, o mal: hase de tomar por la mañana en ayunas, tres o quatro vezes: usando en lo demas, la orden y regimiento que conviene a los que tienen camaras.</q> [From the new kingdom, there is brought a bark, which is said to be from a tree, which is very large: it is said that it bears leaves in the form of a heart, and that it bears no fruit. This tree has a thick bark, very solid and hard, that in this and in its color looks much like the bark of the tree that is called <i><a href="/wiki/Lignum_vitae" title="Lignum vitae">guayacán</a></i>: on the surface, it has a thin, discontinuous whitish film throughout it: it has bark more than one finger thick, solid and heavy: which, when tasted, has a considerable bitterness, like that of the gentian: it has in its taste a considerable astringency, with some aromaticity, because at the end of chewing it, one breathes with a sweet odor. The Indians hold this bark in high regard, and use it for all sorts of diarrhea, that are with blood [i.e., bloody] and without it. The Spanish [who are] tired of this disease, on the advice of the Indians, have used this bark and have healed many of those with it. They take as much as a small bean, make [it into] powder, take it in red wine or in appropriate water, if they have fever or illness: it must be taken in the morning on an empty stomach, three or four times: otherwise, using the order and regimen that suits those who have diarrhea.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primera+y+segunda+y+tercera+partes+de+la+Historia+medicinal%2C+de+las+cosas+que+se+traen+de+nuestras+Indias+Occidentales%2C+que+sirven+en+Medicina&rft.place=Seville%2C+Spain&rft.pages=74-75&rft.pub=Fernando+D%C3%ADaz&rft.date=1580&rft.aulast=Monardes&rft.aufirst=N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBMiaWiCqFCMC%26pg%3DRA1-PA75-IA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFragoso1572" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fragoso J (1572). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZGpIEb3BRfAC"><i>Discursos de las cosas aromaticas, arboles y frutales, y de otras muchas medicinas simples que se traen de la India Oriental y que sirven al uso de medicina</i></a> [<i>Discourse on fragrant things, trees and fruits, as well as many other ordinary medicines that have been brought from India and the Orient and are of use to medicine</i>] (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Francisco Sánchez. p. 35. <q>En el nuevo mundo ay un grande arbol que lleva las hojas a forma de coraçon, y carece de fruto. Tiene dos cortezas, la una gruessa muy solida y dura, que assi en la sustancia como en el color es muy semejante al Guayacan: la otra es mas delgada y blanquezina, la qual es amarga con alguna estipticidad: y demas desto es aromatica. Tienenla en mucho nuestros Indios, porque la usan contra qualesquier camaras, tomando del polvo peso de una drama o poco mas, desatado en agua azerada, o vino tinto.</q> [In the new world, there is a big tree that bears leaves in the form of a heart, and lacks fruit. It has two barks, one [is] thick, very solid, [and] hard, which in substance as well as in color is much like <i>guayacan</i> [i.e., <i>lignum vitae</i>]: the other is thinner and whitish, which is bitter with some styptic [i.e., astringent] quality: and besides this, it is aromatic. Our Indians regard it highly, because they use it against any diarrheas, taking a weight of a dram or a bit more of the powder, mixing it in mineral water, or red wine.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discursos+de+las+cosas+aromaticas%2C+arboles+y+frutales%2C+y+de+otras+muchas+medicinas+simples+que+se+traen+de+la+India+Oriental+y+que+sirven+al+uso+de+medicina&rft.place=Madrid%2C+Spain&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Francisco+S%C3%A1nchez&rft.date=1572&rft.aulast=Fragoso&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZGpIEb3BRfAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchanTalisunaErhartYeka2011" class="citation journal cs1">Achan J, Talisuna AO, Erhart A, Yeka A, Tibenderana JK, Baliraine FN, et al. (May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3121651">"Quinine, an old anti-malarial drug in a modern world: role in the treatment of malaria"</a>. <i>Malaria Journal</i>. <b>10</b>: 144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1475-2875-10-144">10.1186/1475-2875-10-144</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3121651">3121651</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21609473">21609473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Malaria+Journal&rft.atitle=Quinine%2C+an+old+anti-malarial+drug+in+a+modern+world%3A+role+in+the+treatment+of+malaria&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=144&rft.date=2011-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3121651%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21609473&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1475-2875-10-144&rft.aulast=Achan&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Talisuna%2C+AO&rft.au=Erhart%2C+A&rft.au=Yeka%2C+A&rft.au=Tibenderana%2C+JK&rft.au=Baliraine%2C+FN&rft.au=Rosenthal%2C+PJ&rft.au=D%27Alessandro%2C+U&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3121651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPain2001" class="citation journal cs1">Pain S (15 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg17123085-200-the-countess-and-the-cure/">"The Countess and the cure"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=The+Countess+and+the+cure&rft.date=2001-09-15&rft.aulast=Pain&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg17123085-200-the-countess-and-the-cure%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Andrade1642" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Alonso_Andrada" title="Alonso Andrada">de Andrade A</a> (3 August 1642). "Vida del Devoto Hermano Agustin Salumbrino" [The life of the devout Brother Agustin Salumbrino]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=paaIyIGye1gC&pg=PA612"><i>Varones ilustres en santidad, letras y zelo de las almas de la Compañía de Jesús</i></a> [<i>Illustrious men in holiness, letters, and zeal for souls of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></i>]. Varones ilustres de la Compañía de Jesús (in Spanish). Vol. 5. Original series by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Eusebio_Nieremberg" title="Juan Eusebio Nieremberg">Juan Eusebio Nieremberg</a>. Madrid, Spain: José Fernandez de Buendía (published 1666). pp. 612–628. p. 612: <q>Naciò el Hermano Agustin Salumbrino el año de mil y quinientos y sesenta y quatro en la Ciudad de Fḷọṛi en la Romania […]</q> [Brother Agustino Salumbrino was born in the year 1564 in the city of <a href="/wiki/Forl%C3%AC" title="Forlì">Forlì</a> in <a href="/wiki/Romagna" title="Romagna">Romagna</a>]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vida+del+Devoto+Hermano+Agustin+Salumbrino&rft.btitle=Varones+ilustres+en+santidad%2C+letras+y+zelo+de+las+almas+de+la+Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa+de+Jes%C3%BAs&rft.place=Madrid%2C+Spain&rft.series=Varones+ilustres+de+la+Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa+de+Jes%C3%BAs&rft.pages=612-628&rft.pub=Jos%C3%A9+Fernandez+de+Buend%C3%ADa&rft.date=1642-08-03&rft.aulast=de+Andrade&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpaaIyIGye1gC%26pg%3DPA612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedina_RodríguezAceves_ÁvilaMoreno_Rodríguez2007" class="citation journal cs1">Medina Rodríguez F, Aceves Ávila FJ, Moreno Rodríguez J (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reumatologiaclinica.org/en-pdf-S2173574307702460">"Precisions on the History of Quinine"</a>. <i>Reumatología Clínica</i>. Letters to the Editor. <b>3</b> (4): 194–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS2173-5743%2807%2970246-0">10.1016/S2173-5743(07)70246-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2173-5743">2173-5743</a>. <q>In fact, though the last wordon this has not yet been spoken, there are Jesuit texts thatmention that quinine reached Rome in 1632, with theprovincial of the Jesuit missions in Peru, father AlonsoMessia Venegas, as its introducer, when he brought asample of the bark to present it as a primacy, and whohad left Lima 2 years earlier, because evidence of his stayin Seville 1632 has been registered, publishing one of hisbooks there and following his way to Rome as a procurator.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reumatolog%C3%ADa+Cl%C3%ADnica&rft.atitle=Precisions+on+the+History+of+Quinine&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=194-196&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS2173-5743%2807%2970246-0&rft.issn=2173-5743&rft.aulast=Medina+Rodr%C3%ADguez&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Aceves+%C3%81vila%2C+FJ&rft.au=Moreno+Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reumatologiaclinica.org%2Fen-pdf-S2173574307702460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorres_Saldamando1882" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Torres Saldamando E (June 1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/losantiguosjesui00torr/page/180/mode/2up">"El P. Diego de Torres Vazquez"</a>. <i>Los antiguos jesuitas del Perú</i> (in Spanish). Lima, Peru: Imprenta Liberal. pp. 180–181. p. 181: <q>Al siguiente año se dirigieron á Europa los Procuradores P. Alonso Messía Venegas y P. Hernando de Leon Garavito, llevando gran cantidad de la corteza de la quina, cuyo conocimiento extendieron por el mundo los jesuitas.</q> [In the following year [i.e., 1631] there went to Europe the procurators Father Alonso Messia Venegas and Father Hernando de Leon Garavito, taking a great quantity of cinchona bark, knowledge of which the Jesuits spread throughout the world.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=El+P.+Diego+de+Torres+Vazquez&rft.btitle=Los+antiguos+jesuitas+del+Per%C3%BA&rft.place=Lima%2C+Peru&rft.pages=180-181&rft.pub=Imprenta+Liberal&rft.date=1882-06&rft.aulast=Torres+Saldamando&rft.aufirst=E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flosantiguosjesui00torr%2Fpage%2F180%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailetti" class="citation web cs1">Bailetti A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lamalariayelarboldequina.blogspot.com/2013/11/capitulo-9-proximamente.html">"Capítulo 10: La Condesa de Chinchón"</a>. <i>LA MISIÓN DEL JESUITA AGUSTÍN SALUMBRINO, la malaria y el árbol de quina</i>. <q>A últimas horas de la tarde del treinta y uno de mayo de 1631 se hizo a la vela la Armada Real con dirección a Panamá llevando el precioso cargamento de oro y plata.<br />En una de las naves viajaban los procuradores jesuitas padres Alonso Messia y Hernando León Garavito custodiando los fardos con la corteza de quina en polvo preparados por Salumbrino. Después de casi veinte días de navegación el inapreciable medicamento llegó a la ciudad de Panamá, donde fue descargado para cruzar en mulas el agreste camino del itsmo palúdico hasta Portobelo para seguir a Cartagena y la Habana, cruzar el Atlántico y llegar a Sanlúcar de Barrameda en Sevilla. […] Finalmente siguió su camino a Roma y a su destino final el Hospital del Espíritu Santo.</q> [Late in the afternoon of 31 May 1631, the royal armada set sail in the direction of Panama, carrying its multimillion [dollar] cargo of gold and silver.<br />On one of the ships traveled the Jesuit procurators Fathers Alonso Messia and Hernando León Garavito, guarding the cases of powdered cinchona bark, prepared by Salumbrino. After almost 20 days of sailing, medicine arrived in the city of Panama, where it was transloaded onto mules. It then traveled the malarial isthmus as far as Portobelo, thence to Cartagena [in Colombia] and Havana. It then traveled to Sanlúcar de Barrameda in Seville, [Spain]. […] Finally it followed the road to Rome and to its final destination, the Hospital of the Holy Spirit]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LA+MISI%C3%93N+DEL+JESUITA+AGUST%C3%8DN+SALUMBRINO%2C+la+malaria+y+el+%C3%A1rbol+de+quina&rft.atitle=Cap%C3%ADtulo+10%3A+La+Condesa+de+Chinch%C3%B3n&rft.aulast=Bailetti&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flamalariayelarboldequina.blogspot.com%2F2013%2F11%2Fcapitulo-9-proximamente.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocco2004" class="citation book cs1">Rocco F (2004). <i>Quinine: malaria and the quest for a cure that changed the world</i>. New York, NY: Perennial.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quinine%3A+malaria+and+the+quest+for+a+cure+that+changed+the+world&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Perennial&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Rocco&rft.aufirst=F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphrey2000" class="citation book cs1">Humphrey L (2000). <i>Quinine and Quarantine</i>. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quinine+and+Quarantine&rft.place=Columbia%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Humphrey&rft.aufirst=L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarie_de_la_Condamine1737" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Marie_de_La_Condamine" title="Charles Marie de La Condamine">Marie de la Condamine C</a> (29 May 1737). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yOAEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA226">"Sur l'arbre du quinquina"</a>. <i>Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences</i>. Imprimerie Royale (published 1740). pp. 226–243.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sur+l%27arbre+du+quinquina&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+royale+des+sciences&rft.pages=226-243&rft.pub=Imprimerie+Royale&rft.date=1737-05-29&rft.aulast=Marie+de+la+Condamine&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyOAEAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Jussieu accompanied de la Condamine on the latter's expedition to Peru: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Jussieu1737" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Jussieu" title="Joseph de Jussieu">de Jussieu J</a> (1737). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/bpt6k90339p"><i>Description de l'arbre à quinquina</i></a>. Paris: Société du traitement des quinquinas (published 1934).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Description+de+l%27arbre+%C3%A0+quinquina&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+du+traitement+des+quinquinas&rft.date=1737&rft.aulast=de+Jussieu&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fview3if%2Fga%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k90339p&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelletierCaventou1820" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pelletier PJ, Caventou JB (1820). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=veE3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA337">"Recherches Chimiques sur les Quinquinas"</a> [Continuation: Chemical Research on Quinquinas]. <i>Annales de Chimie et de Physique</i> (in French). <b>15</b>. Crochard: 337–365. <q>The authors name quinine on page 348: <i>" …, nous avons cru devoir la nommer </i>quinine<i>, pour la distinguer de la cinchonine par un nom qui indique également son origine."</i></q> […, we thought that we should name it "quinine" in order to distinguish it from cinchonine by means of a name that also indicates its origin.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+de+Chimie+et+de+Physique&rft.atitle=Recherches+Chimiques+sur+les+Quinquinas&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=337-365&rft.date=1820&rft.aulast=Pelletier&rft.aufirst=PJ&rft.au=Caventou%2C+JB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DveE3AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriquet1853" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Briquet" title="Paul Briquet">Briquet P</a> (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b23982135"><i>Traité thérapeutique du quinone et de ses préparations</i></a> (in French). Paris: L. Martinet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trait%C3%A9+th%C3%A9rapeutique+du+quinone+et+de+ses+pr%C3%A9parations&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=L.+Martinet&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Briquet&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb23982135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clifford-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clifford_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clifford_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clifford_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConner2005" class="citation book cs1">Conner CD (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peopleshistoryof0000conn"><i>A People's History of Science: Miners, Midwives, and 'Low Mechanicks'<span></span></i></a></span>. New York: Nation Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peopleshistoryof0000conn/page/95">95–96</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56025-748-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56025-748-6"><bdi>978-1-56025-748-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People%27s+History+of+Science%3A+Miners%2C+Midwives%2C+and+%27Low+Mechanicks%27&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=95-96&rft.pub=Nation+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-56025-748-6&rft.aulast=Conner&rft.aufirst=CD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeopleshistoryof0000conn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span> Also cites <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1998" class="citation book cs1">Porter R (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatestbenefitt00port/page/465"><i>The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity</i></a>. New York: W. W. Norton. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatestbenefitt00port/page/465">465–466</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04634-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04634-2"><bdi>978-0-393-04634-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greatest+Benefit+to+Mankind%3A+A+Medical+History+of+Humanity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=465-466&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-393-04634-2&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatestbenefitt00port%2Fpage%2F465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanales2022" class="citation web cs1">Canales NA (7 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wellcomecollection.org/articles/YjyPpREAAB8AhS-R">"Hunting lost plants in botanical collections"</a>. <i>Wellcome Collection</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wellcome+Collection&rft.atitle=Hunting+lost+plants+in+botanical+collections&rft.date=2022-04-07&rft.aulast=Canales&rft.aufirst=NA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwellcomecollection.org%2Farticles%2FYjyPpREAAB8AhS-R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shah-2010-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shah-2010_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shah-2010_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah2010" class="citation book cs1">Shah S (2010). <i>The Fever: How Malaria Has Ruled Humankind for 500,000 Years</i>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fever%3A+How+Malaria+Has+Ruled+Humankind+for+500%2C000+Years&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton1953" class="citation book cs1">Morton L (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_29.htm">"29"</a>. <i>The Fall of the Philippines</i>. Washington, D.C.: United States Army. p. 524. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525032120/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_29.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=29&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+Philippines&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=524&rft.pub=United+States+Army&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2F5-2%2F5-2_29.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawk" class="citation web cs1">Hawk A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/AJRP/remember.nsf/Web-Printer/1989A520D772FE7ECA256B5A0011AF2B?OpenDocument">"Remembering the war in New Guinea: Japanese Medical Corps – malaria"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111122234912/http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/AJRP/remember.nsf/Web-Printer/1989A520D772FE7ECA256B5A0011AF2B?OpenDocument">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remembering+the+war+in+New+Guinea%3A+Japanese+Medical+Corps+%E2%80%93+malaria&rft.aulast=Hawk&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fajrp.awm.gov.au%2FAJRP%2Fremember.nsf%2FWeb-Printer%2F1989A520D772FE7ECA256B5A0011AF2B%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeaton1963" class="citation book cs1">Heaton LD, ed. 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Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army. pp. 401 and 434. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120129130700/http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/Malaria/chapterVIII.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8&rft.btitle=Preventive+Medicine+in+World+War+II%3A+Volume+VI%2C+Communicable+Diseases%3A+Malaria&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=401+and+434&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Army&rft.date=1963&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.amedd.army.mil%2Fbooksdocs%2Fwwii%2FMalaria%2FchapterVIII.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/ttt/japanese_medical_services.html">"Notes on Japanese Medical Services"</a>. <i>Tactical and Technical Trends</i> (36). 1943. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111014082451/http://lonesentry.com/articles/ttt/japanese_medical_services.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tactical+and+Technical+Trends&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Japanese+Medical+Services&rft.issue=36&rft.date=1943&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonesentry.com%2Farticles%2Fttt%2Fjapanese_medical_services.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah2010" class="citation book cs1">Shah S (2010). <i>The Fever: How Malaria Has Ruled Humankind for 500,000 Years</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FDA+Consumer+Magazine&rft.atitle=FDA+Orders+Stop+to+Marketing+of+Quinine+for+Night+Leg+Cramps&rft.date=1995-07%2F1995-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Ffdac%2Fdeparts%2F695_updates.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090728012040/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2006/ucm108799.htm">"FDA Orders Unapproved Quinine Drugs from the Market and Cautions Consumers About Off-Label Use of Quinine to Treat Leg Cramps"</a> (Press release). 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(May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/ss/ss5301.pdf">"Malaria surveillance--United States, 2004"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries</i>. <b>55</b> (4): 23–37. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16723971">16723971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Morbidity+and+Mortality+Weekly+Report.+Surveillance+Summaries&rft.atitle=Malaria+surveillance--United+States%2C+2004&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=23-37&rft.date=2006-05&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16723971&rft.aulast=Skarbinski&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=James%2C+EM&rft.au=Causer%2C+LM&rft.au=Barber%2C+AM&rft.au=Mali%2C+S&rft.au=Nguyen-Dinh%2C+P&rft.au=Roberts%2C+JM&rft.au=Parise%2C+ME&rft.au=Slutsker%2C+L&rft.au=Newman%2C+RD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fmmwr%2FPDF%2Fss%2Fss5301.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez2023" class="citation book cs1">Rodriguez SM (2023). <i>Reproductive realities in modern China : birth control and abortion, 1911-2021</i>. Cambridge, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-02733-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-02733-5"><bdi>978-1-009-02733-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1366057905">1366057905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reproductive+realities+in+modern+China+%3A+birth+control+and+abortion%2C+1911-2021&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1366057905&rft.isbn=978-1-009-02733-5&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=SM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121017234110/http://www.justice.gov/dea/pr/micrograms/2009/mg1009.pdf">"Dimethyltryptamine and Ecstasy Mimic Tablets (Actually Containing 5-Methoxy-Methylisopropyltryptamine) in Oregon"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S. Department of Justice. October 2009. p. 79. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/dea/pr/micrograms/2009/mg1009.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reef+Culture+Magazine&rft.atitle=Cryptocaryon+irritans&rft.aulast=Porritt&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reefculturemagazine.com.au%2Fcryptocaryon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Schroeder-Lein G (2008). <i>The encyclopedia of Civil War medicine</i>. Armonk, NY: Sharpe, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+encyclopedia+of+Civil+War+medicine&rft.place=Armonk%2C+NY&rft.pub=Sharpe%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Schroeder-Lein&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobhouse2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hobhouse_(author)" title="Henry Hobhouse (author)">Hobhouse H</a> (2005) [1986]. <i>Seeds of Change: Six Plants That Transformed Mankind</i>. Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59376-049-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59376-049-6"><bdi>978-1-59376-049-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeds+of+Change%3A+Six+Plants+That+Transformed+Mankind&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=Counterpoint&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59376-049-6&rft.aulast=Hobhouse&rft.aufirst=H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Stockwell JR (October 1982). <a href="/wiki/Malaria_prophylaxis" title="Malaria prophylaxis">"Aeromedical considerations of malaria prophylaxis with mefloquine hydrochloride"</a>. <i>Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine</i>. <b>53</b> (10): 1011–1013. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6983345">6983345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aviation%2C+Space%2C+and+Environmental+Medicine&rft.atitle=Aeromedical+considerations+of+malaria+prophylaxis+with+mefloquine+hydrochloride&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1011-1013&rft.date=1982-10&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6983345&rft.aulast=Stockwell&rft.aufirst=JR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Wolff RS, Wirtschafter D, Adkinson C (June 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811180033/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2278">"Ocular quinine toxicity treated with hyperbaric oxygen"</a>. <i>Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 131–134. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9171472">9171472</a>. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Undersea+%26+Hyperbaric+Medicine&rft.atitle=Ocular+quinine+toxicity+treated+with+hyperbaric+oxygen&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=131-134&rft.date=1997-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9171472&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=RS&rft.au=Wirtschafter%2C+D&rft.au=Adkinson%2C+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.rubicon-foundation.org%2F2278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Slater L (2009). <i>War and disease : biomedical research on malaria in the twentieth century</i>. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+disease+%3A+biomedical+research+on+malaria+in+the+twentieth+century&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Slater&rft.aufirst=L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd1884" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Demarest_Lloyd" title="Henry Demarest Lloyd">Lloyd HD</a> (June 1884). "Lords of Industry". <i>The North American Review</i>. <b>138</b> (331). University of Northern Iowa: 535–553. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-2397">0029-2397</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25118388">25118388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+North+American+Review&rft.atitle=Lords+of+Industry&rft.volume=138&rft.issue=331&rft.pages=535-553&rft.date=1884-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25118388%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0029-2397&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=HD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">World Health Organization (2015). <i>Guidelines for the treatment of malaria</i> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO). <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10665%2F162441">10665/162441</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789241549127" title="Special:BookSources/9789241549127"><bdi>9789241549127</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guidelines+for+the+treatment+of+malaria&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization+%28WHO%29&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10665%2F162441&rft.isbn=9789241549127&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/quinine" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/quinine">quinine</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/quinine%7Cpublisher=U.S.">Quinine</a> at the Drug Information Portal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/pharm/pim464.htm">Quinine</a> at the International Programme on Chemical Safety</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemwatch.net/resource-center/quinine/">"Quinine"</a>. <i>Resource Center</i>. Chemwatch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Resource+Center&rft.atitle=Quinine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemwatch.net%2Fresource-center%2Fquinine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apicomplexa" title="Apicomplexa">Apicom-<br />plexa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conoidasida" title="Conoidasida">Conoidasida</a>/<br />(<a href="/wiki/Coccidiostat" title="Coccidiostat">Coccidiostats</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cryptosporidiosis#Treatment" title="Cryptosporidiosis">Cryptosporidiosis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiazolide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thiazolide (page does not exist)">thiazolides</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Nitazoxanide" title="Nitazoxanide">nitazoxanide</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Isosporiasis#Treatment" title="Isosporiasis">Isosporiasis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole" title="Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole">trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Toxoplasmosis#Treatment" title="Toxoplasmosis">Toxoplasmosis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimethamine" title="Pyrimethamine">pyrimethamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfadiazine" title="Sulfadiazine">sulfadiazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clindamycin" title="Clindamycin">clindamycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atovaquone" title="Atovaquone">atovaquone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aconoidasida" title="Aconoidasida">Aconoidasida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antimalarial_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimalarial drug">Malaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual <br />agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemozoin#Inhibitors" title="Hemozoin">Hemozoin<br />inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aminoquinoline" title="Aminoquinoline">Aminoquinolines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Aminoquinoline" title="4-Aminoquinoline">(4-)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amodiaquine" title="Amodiaquine">amodiaquine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroquine" title="Chloroquine">chloroquine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxychloroquine" title="Hydroxychloroquine">hydroxychloroquine</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8-Aminoquinoline" title="8-Aminoquinoline">(8-)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Primaquine" title="Primaquine">primaquine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamaquine" title="Pamaquine">pamaquine</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafenoquine" title="Tafenoquine">tafenoquine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4-Methanolquinolines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mefloquine" title="Mefloquine">mefloquine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">quinine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">quinidine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumefantrine" title="Lumefantrine">lumefantrine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemether/lumefantrine" title="Artemether/lumefantrine">+ artemether</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halofantrine" title="Halofantrine">halofantrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antifolate" title="Antifolate">Antifolates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dihydrofolate_reductase_inhibitor" title="Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor">DHFR inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimethamine" title="Pyrimethamine">pyrimethamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloguanil" title="Cycloguanil">cycloguanil</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biguanide" title="Biguanide">biguanides</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorproguanil" title="Chlorproguanil">chlorproguanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proguanil" title="Proguanil">proguanil</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sulfonamide_(medicine)" title="Sulfonamide (medicine)">Sulfonamides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulfadoxine" title="Sulfadoxine">sulfadoxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfalene" title="Sulfalene">sulfalene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Co-formulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine" title="Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine">sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine</a> (SP)<sup>#</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sesquiterpene_lactones" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesquiterpene lactones">Sesquiterpene<br />lactones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemether" title="Artemether">artemether</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemisinin" title="Artemisinin">artemisinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemotil" title="Artemotil">artemotil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artesunate" title="Artesunate">artesunate</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroartemisinin" title="Dihydroartemisinin">dihydroartemisinin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atovaquone" title="Atovaquone">atovaquone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atovaquone/proguanil" title="Atovaquone/proguanil">+ proguanil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracycline" title="Tetracycline">tetracycline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxycycline" title="Doxycycline">doxycycline</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clindamycin" title="Clindamycin">clindamycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepacrine" title="Mepacrine">mepacrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyronaridine" title="Pyronaridine">pyronaridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperaquine" title="Piperaquine">piperaquine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combi-<br />nations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Fixed-dose_(co-formulated)_ACTs" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fixed-dose (co-formulated) <a href="/wiki/Artemisinin" title="Artemisinin">ACTs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemether/lumefantrine" title="Artemether/lumefantrine">artemether/lumefantrine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arterolane" title="Arterolane">arterolane</a>/piperaquine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artesunate/amodiaquine" title="Artesunate/amodiaquine">artesunate/amodiaquine</a> (ASAQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artesunate/mefloquine" title="Artesunate/mefloquine">artesunate/mefloquine</a> (ASMQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artesunate/pyronaridine" title="Artesunate/pyronaridine">artesunate/pyronaridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperaquine/dihydroartemisinin" title="Piperaquine/dihydroartemisinin">piperaquine/dihydroartemisinin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other combinations<br />(not co-formulated)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>artesunate/mefloquine</li> <li>artesunate/SP</li> <li>quinine/clindamycin</li> <li>quinine/doxycycline</li> <li>quinine/tetracycline</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Babesiosis#Treatment" title="Babesiosis">Babesiosis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clindamycin" title="Clindamycin">clindamycin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">Cilio-<br />phora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balantidiasis#Treatment" title="Balantidiasis">Balantidiasis</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tetracycline" title="Tetracycline">tetracycline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stramenopile" title="Stramenopile">Stramen-<br />opile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blastocystosis#Treatment" title="Blastocystosis">Blastocystosis</a>: <a href="/wiki/Metronidazole" title="Metronidazole">metronidazole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Non-timber_forest_products" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Template:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Template talk:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Non-timber_forest_products" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">Animal products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">Furs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pine_honey" title="Pine honey">pine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Wild game</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berry" title="Berry">Berries</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree" title="Fruit tree">tree fruit</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilberry" title="Bilberry">Bilberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_binucao" title="Garcinia binucao">Binukaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">Blackberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">Blueberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">Breadfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">Durian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_gummi-gutta" title="Garcinia gummi-gutta">Gambooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huckleberry" title="Huckleberry">Huckleberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea" title="Vaccinium vitis-idaea">Lingonberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_vesca" title="Fragaria vesca">Woodland strawberry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaf_vegetables" title="List of leaf vegetables">Edible plants</a> / <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddlehead" title="Fiddlehead">Fiddlehead ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_palm" title="Heart of palm">Heart of palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Mahuwa_flowers" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahuwa flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroxylon_sagu" title="Metroxylon sagu">Sago palm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycas_circinalis" title="Cycas circinalis">queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fil%C3%A9_powder" title="Filé powder">filé powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_beer" title="Root beer">root beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenoa" title="Serenoa">Saw palmetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng#Wild_ginseng" title="Ginseng">Wild ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_onion" title="Wild onion">Wild onions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">Bear garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">Canada onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_vineale" title="Allium vineale">Crow garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_bisceptrum" title="Allium bisceptrum">Twincrest onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_validum" title="Allium validum">Pacific mountain onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">Ramps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">Mushrooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russula_vesca" title="Russula vesca">Bare-toothed russula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imleria_badia" title="Imleria badia">Bay bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_scabrum" title="Leccinum scabrum">Birch bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis">Cep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantharellus" title="Cantharellus">Chanterelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillaria_mellea" title="Armillaria mellea">Honey mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a> (reishi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsutake" title="Matsutake">Matsutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_campestris" title="Agaricus campestris">Meadow mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morchella" title="Morchella">Morel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleurotus_ostreatus" title="Pleurotus ostreatus">Oyster mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrolepiota_procera" title="Macrolepiota procera">Parasol mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_aurantiacum" title="Leccinum aurantiacum">Red cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactarius_deliciosus" title="Lactarius deliciosus">Saffron milk cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suillus_luteus" title="Suillus luteus">Slippery jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">Truffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricholoma_equestre" title="Tricholoma equestre">Yellow knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphium_affine" title="Scaphium affine">Malva nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Oil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allanblackia_oil" title="Allanblackia oil">Allanblackia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonia" title="Platonia">Bacuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlenut_oil" title="Candlenut oil">Candlenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_grandiflorum" title="Theobroma grandiflorum">Capuacu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnauba_wax" title="Carnauba wax">Carnauba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydnocarpus_wightiana_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydnocarpus wightiana seed oil">Chaulmoogra <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Hydnocarpus wightiana</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_oil" title="Eucalyptus oil">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illipe" title="Illipe">Illipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_wax" title="Japan wax">Japan wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokum_butter" title="Kokum butter">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pycnanthus_angolensis" title="Pycnanthus angolensis">Kombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadesma_butyracea" title="Pentadesma butyracea">Kpangnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusum_oil" title="Kusum oil">Kusum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichilia_emetica" title="Trichilia emetica">Mafura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Oil" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_oil" title="Mango oil">Mango butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_murumuru" title="Astrocaryum murumuru">Murumuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagkesar_seed_oil" title="Nagkesar seed oil">Nagkesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">kernel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulwara_oil" title="Phulwara oil">Phulwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilu_oil" title="Pilu oil">Pilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongamia_oil" title="Pongamia oil">Pongamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta_seed_oil" title="Shorea robusta seed oil">Sal-seed <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Shorea robusta</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanu_oil" title="Tamanu oil">Tamanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea-seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_tree_oil" title="Tea tree oil">Tea-tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_aculeatum" title="Astrocaryum aculeatum">Tucuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucuhuba_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ucuhuba seed oil">Ucuuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vateria_indica_oil" title="Vateria indica oil"><i>Vateria indica</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">Resins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoin_(resin)" title="Benzoin (resin)">Benzoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch tar">Birch tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creosote#Wood-tar_creosote" title="Creosote">Creosote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">Gamboge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">Rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">Turpentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a> / <a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">gum</a> / etc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">Birch syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicle" title="Chicle">Chicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Coconut sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_sugar" title="Date sugar">Date sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_syrup" title="Fruit syrup">Fruit syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">Gum arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_(botany)" title="Kino (botany)">Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">Latex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">Maple sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akpeteshie" title="Akpeteshie">akpeteshie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogogoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogogoro">ogogoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_gum" title="Spruce gum">Spruce gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadou" title="Amadou">Amadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_musical_instruments" title="Bamboo musical instruments">musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_bark" title="Birch bark">Birch bark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_beer" title="Birch beer">Birch beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">Forage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaria" title="Uncaria">Gambier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss#Commercial" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural dyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">henna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diospyros_melanoxylon" title="Diospyros melanoxylon">Tendu leaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">Thatching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_ivory" title="Vegetable ivory">Vegetable ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow#Medicinal" title="Willow">Willow bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa"><i>Dehesa</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Iberian agroforestry)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_produce_(India)" title="Forest produce (India)">Indian forest produce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_stores" title="Naval stores">Naval stores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcrafting" title="Wildcrafting">Wildcrafting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189522#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4136724-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Quinine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85109880">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Quinine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11940835j">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Quinine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11940835j">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="キニーネ"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565827">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000309950&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553297805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quinine&oldid=1257034523">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quinine&oldid=1257034523</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Quinine" 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