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class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious ritual subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_ritual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Ancient_Egypt_and_Punt_(Horn_of_Africa)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Ancient_Egypt_and_Punt_(Horn_of_Africa)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>In Ancient Egypt and Punt (Horn of Africa)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Ancient_Egypt_and_Punt_(Horn_of_Africa)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Hebrew_Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Hebrew_Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>In the Hebrew Bible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Hebrew_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_ancient_Nabataea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_ancient_Nabataea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>In ancient Nabataea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_ancient_Nabataea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_New_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_New_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>In the New Testament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_New_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_contemporary_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_contemporary_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>In contemporary Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_contemporary_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>In Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_myrrh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_myrrh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ancient myrrh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_myrrh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_products_that_can_be_confused_with_myrrh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_products_that_can_be_confused_with_myrrh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other products that can be confused with myrrh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_products_that_can_be_confused_with_myrrh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Myrrh</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirre" title="Mirre – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mirre" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrra" title="Myrra – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Myrra" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1_(%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="مر (نبات) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مر (نبات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܡܘܪܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܘܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirra" title="Mirra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mirra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8" title="গন্ধরস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গন্ধরস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Міра (смала) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Міра (смала)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Мирово етерично масло – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мирово етерично масло" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirra_(goma_resina)" title="Mirra (goma resina) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mirra (goma resina)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrha" title="Myrha – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Myrha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrr" title="Myrr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Myrr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrra" title="Myrra – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Myrra" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrrhe" title="Myrrhe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Myrrhe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCrr" title="Mürr – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mürr" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF_(%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7)" title="Μύρο (ρητίνη) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μύρο (ρητίνη)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirra" title="Mirra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mirra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirho" title="Mirho – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mirho" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirra" title="Mirra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mirra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1_%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="مر مکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مر مکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrrhe" title="Myrrhe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Myrrhe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miorr" title="Miorr – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Miorr" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirra" title="Mirra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mirra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%B0%EC%95%BD" title="몰약 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="몰약" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smirna_(smola)" title="Smirna (smola) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Smirna (smola)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miro" title="Miro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Miro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mur_(resin)" title="Mur (resin) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mur (resin)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrra" title="Myrra – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Myrra" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirra" title="Mirra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mirra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8_(%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9D)" title="מור (בושם) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מור (בושם)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98)" title="მური (გუმფისი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მური (გუმფისი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mira_(derva)" title="Mira (derva) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mira (derva)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Миро – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Миро" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miora" title="Miora – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Miora" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B1" title="മീറ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മീറ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morhabshi" title="Morhabshi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Morhabshi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirre" title="Mirre – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mirre" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%A1%E8%96%AC" title="没薬 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="没薬" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrra" title="Myrra – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Myrra" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrra" title="Myrra – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Myrra" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirra" title="Mirra – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mirra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirra" title="Mirra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mirra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smirn%C4%83" title="Smirnă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Smirnă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Мирра (смола) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мирра (смола)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Myrrh" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mira_(kadilo)" title="Mira (kadilo) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mira (kadilo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malmal" title="Malmal – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Malmal" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Миро – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Миро" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smirna_(smola)" title="Smirna (smola) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Smirna (smola)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirha_(kumihartsi)" title="Mirha (kumihartsi) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mirha (kumihartsi)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrra" title="Myrra – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Myrra" 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Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mür" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Смирна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Смирна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%99t_d%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c" title="Một dược – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Một dược" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirra" title="Mirra – Waray" lang="war" 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Aromatic resin from the Commiphora myrrha tree</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Myrrh_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Myrrh (disambiguation)">Myrrh (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commiphora-myrrha-resin-myrrh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Small lumps of myrrh resin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Commiphora-myrrha-resin-myrrh.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="190" data-file-height="171" /></a><figcaption>Myrrh resin</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Myrrh</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span></span>/</a></span></span>; from an unidentified ancient <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> language, see <i><a href="#Etymology">§ Etymology</a></i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">gum</a>-<a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> extracted from a few small, thorny tree species of the <i><a href="/wiki/Commiphora" title="Commiphora">Commiphora</a></i> genus, belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Burseraceae" title="Burseraceae">Burseraceae</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Myrrh resin has been used throughout history in <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perfumery" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfumery">perfumery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incenses</a>. Myrrh mixed with <a href="/wiki/Posca" title="Posca">posca</a> or wine was widely used in many ancient cultures to produce pleasurable feelings and as an anti-inflammatory and <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="single source only for ancient Rome (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extraction_and_production">Extraction and production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myrrh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Extraction and production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commiphora_myrrha_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Botanical illustration showing thorny branches of plant with small, oval-shaped leaves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Commiphora_myrrha_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-019.jpg/220px-Commiphora_myrrha_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Commiphora_myrrha_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-019.jpg/330px-Commiphora_myrrha_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Commiphora_myrrha_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Commiphora_myrrha" title="Commiphora myrrha">Commiphora myrrha</a></i> tree, one of the primary trees from which myrrh is harvested</figcaption></figure> <p>When a cut on a tree penetrates through the <a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">bark</a> and into the <a href="/wiki/Sapwood_(wood)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapwood (wood)">sapwood</a>, the tree secretes a <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a>. Myrrh gum, like <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a>, is such a resin. Myrrh is harvested by repeatedly cutting the trees to bleed the gum, which is waxy and coagulates quickly. After the harvest, the gum becomes hard and glossy. The gum is yellowish and may be either clear or opaque. It darkens deeply as it ages, and white streaks emerge.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Myrrh gum is commonly harvested from trees of the <a href="/wiki/Commiphora" title="Commiphora">genus Commiphora</a>. It is commonly extracted from the species <i><a href="/wiki/Commiphora_myrrha" title="Commiphora myrrha">Commiphora myrrha</a><sup id="cite_ref-Naming_of_Commiphora_myrrha_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naming_of_Commiphora_myrrha-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Commiphora_africana" title="Commiphora africana">Commiphora africana</a>, Commiphora erythraea, <a href="/wiki/Commiphora_gileadensis" title="Commiphora gileadensis">Commiphora gileadensis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commiphora_habessinica" class="mw-redirect" title="Commiphora habessinica">Commiphora habessinica</a>, Commiphora hodai, Commiphora quardricincta, <a href="/wiki/Commiphora_schimperi" title="Commiphora schimperi">Commiphora schimperi</a></i> and Commiphora truncata.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Commiphora myrrha</i> is native to <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somali_Region" title="Somali Region">Somali Region of Ethiopia</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>. Meetiga, a trade name for Arabian myrrh, is brittler and gummier than the Somali variety and does not have the latter's white markings. </p><p>Liquid myrrh, or <a href="/wiki/Stacte" title="Stacte">stacte</a>, which was written about by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was formerly a greatly valued ingredient and is commercially available as Jewish Incense. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myrrh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>myrrh</i> corresponds to a common <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> root <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%85_%D8%B1_%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:م ر ر">m-r-r</a></i> meaning "bitter", as in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مُرّ</span></span> <i><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">murr</i></span></i> and <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> <span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text"><span lang="arc" dir="rtl">ܡܪܝܪܐ</span></span> <i><span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text"><i lang="arc-Latn">mureera</i></span></i>. Its name entered the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> by way of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, in which it is called <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מור</span></span> <i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">mor</i></span></i>, and also later as a Semitic <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears in numerous pre-Hellenic sources up to the translation of the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, and later makes its way into the <a href="/wiki/Greek_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek myth">Greek myth</a> about <a href="/wiki/Myrrha" title="Myrrha">Myrrha</a>; in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek language</a>, the related word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μῠ́ρον</span></span> (<i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">múron</i></span></i>), likely derived from a Semitic source, became a general term for <a href="/wiki/Perfume" title="Perfume">perfume</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attributed_medicinal_properties">Attributed medicinal properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myrrh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Attributed medicinal properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balsamodendron_ehrenbergianum00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Balsamodendron_ehrenbergianum00.jpg/220px-Balsamodendron_ehrenbergianum00.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Balsamodendron_ehrenbergianum00.jpg/330px-Balsamodendron_ehrenbergianum00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Balsamodendron_ehrenbergianum00.jpg/440px-Balsamodendron_ehrenbergianum00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Commiphora_gileadensis" title="Commiphora gileadensis">Commiphora gileadensis</a></i> (listed as "Balsamodendron ehrenbergianum")</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Medical_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs more <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">reliable medical references</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a> or relies too heavily on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Primary_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Primary sources">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please review the contents of the section and <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myrrh&action=edit">add the appropriate references</a> if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. <small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Myrrh%22">"Myrrh"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Myrrh%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Myrrh%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Myrrh%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Myrrh%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Myrrh%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/60px-Star_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/120px-Star_of_life.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="192" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_old_bottle_of_Tincture_of_Myrrh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/An_old_bottle_of_Tincture_of_Myrrh.jpg/220px-An_old_bottle_of_Tincture_of_Myrrh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/An_old_bottle_of_Tincture_of_Myrrh.jpg/330px-An_old_bottle_of_Tincture_of_Myrrh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/An_old_bottle_of_Tincture_of_Myrrh.jpg/440px-An_old_bottle_of_Tincture_of_Myrrh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088" /></a><figcaption>An old bottle of Tincture of Myrrh</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacology</a>, myrrh has been used as an antiseptic in mouthwashes, gargles, and toothpastes.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been used in liniments and salves applied to abrasions and other minor skin ailments. Myrrh has been used as an <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesic</a> for toothache pain and in liniments applied to bruises, aching muscles, and sprains.<sup id="cite_ref-trieste_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trieste-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Myrrh gum has often been claimed to reduce the symptoms of indigestion, ulcers, colds, cough, asthma, respiratory congestion, arthritis, and cancer, although more good scientific evidence is needed to support these uses.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-faraj_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faraj-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence to suggest certain compounds in myrrh interact with <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">central opioid pathways</a> in the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_ritual">Religious ritual</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myrrh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Religious ritual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Ancient_Egypt_and_Punt_(Horn_of_Africa)"><span id="In_Ancient_Egypt_and_Punt_.28Horn_of_Africa.29"></span>In Ancient Egypt and Punt (Horn of Africa)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myrrh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In Ancient Egypt and Punt (Horn of Africa)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fifth-dynasty ruler of Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">King Sahure</a>, recorded the earliest attested expedition to the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">land of Punt</a>, the modern day <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>), whose members brought back large quantities of myrrh, <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">malachite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">electrum</a>. The expedition also brought back wild animals (particularly <a href="/wiki/Cheetahs" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheetahs">cheetahs</a>), a secretary bird (<i><a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_serpentarius" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagittarius serpentarius">Sagittarius serpentarius</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Giraffes" class="mw-redirect" title="Giraffes">giraffes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamadryas_baboon" title="Hamadryas baboon">Hamadryas</a> baboons (which were sacred to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptians">Ancient Egyptians</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">ebony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> and animal skins. In a relief from his mortuary temple celebrating the success of this expedition, Sahure is shown tending a myrrh tree in the garden of his palace. The relief, entitled "<i>Sahure's splendor soars up to heaven</i>", is the only one in Egyptian art that depicts a king gardening.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Myrrh was used by the ancient Egyptians, along with <a href="/wiki/Natron" title="Natron">natron</a>, for the embalming of mummies.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Hebrew_Bible">In the Hebrew Bible</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myrrh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In the Hebrew Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MyrrhEssentialOil.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Glass vial containing oil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/MyrrhEssentialOil.png/250px-MyrrhEssentialOil.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/MyrrhEssentialOil.png/330px-MyrrhEssentialOil.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/MyrrhEssentialOil.png/500px-MyrrhEssentialOil.png 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>An essential oil extracted from myrrh (<i>Commiphora myrrha</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Myrrh is mentioned as a rare perfume in several places in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2037:25">Genesis 37:25</a>, the traders to whom <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>'s sons sold their brother <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(biblical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph (biblical)">Joseph</a> had "<a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a> ... loaded with spices, balm, and myrrh," and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Exodus%2030:23–25">Exodus 30:23–25</a> specifies that Moses was to use 500 <a href="/wiki/Shekel" title="Shekel">shekels</a> of liquid myrrh as a core ingredient of the sacred anointing oil. </p><p>Myrrh was an ingredient of <i><a href="/wiki/Incense_offering_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Incense offering in rabbinic literature">Ketoret</a>:</i> the consecrated <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temples</a> at <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, as described in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>. An offering was made of the <i>Ketoret</i> on a special incense altar and was an important component of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">temple service</a>. Myrrh is also listed as an ingredient in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_anointing_oil" title="Holy anointing oil">holy anointing oil</a> used to anoint the <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">tabernacle</a>, high priests and kings. </p><p>Oil of myrrh is used in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Esther#2:12" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Esther">Esther 2:12</a> in a purification ritual for the new queen to King <a href="/wiki/Ahasuerus" title="Ahasuerus">Ahasuerus</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Now when every maid's turn was come to go in to king Ahasuerus, after that she had been twelve months, according to the manner of the women, (for so were the days of their purifications accomplished, to wit, six months with oil of myrrh, and six months with sweet odours, and with other things for the purifying of the women).</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_ancient_Nabataea">In ancient Nabataea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myrrh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In ancient Nabataea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Myrrh was recorded in the first century BC by <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> to have been traded overland and by sea via <a href="/wiki/Nabateans" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabateans">Nabatean</a> <a href="/wiki/Caravan_(travellers)" title="Caravan (travellers)">caravans</a> and sea ports, which transported it from Southern Arabia to their capital city of <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a>, from which it was distributed throughout the Mediterranean region.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_New_Testament">In the New Testament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myrrh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In the New Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Myrrh is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> as one of the three gifts (with <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a>) that the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">magi</a> "from the East" presented to the <a href="/wiki/Child_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Child Jesus">Christ Child</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%202:11&version=nrsv">Matthew 2:11</a>). Myrrh was also present at Jesus' death and burial. Jesus was offered wine and myrrh at his crucifixion (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:23&version=nrsv">Mark 15:23</a>). According to <a href="/wiki/John%27s_Gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="John's Gospel">John's Gospel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicodemus" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a> brought a 100-pound mixture of myrrh and aloes to wrap Jesus' body (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:39&version=nrsv">John 19:39</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> relates that as Jesus went to the cross, he was given vinegar to drink mingled with gall: and when he had tasted thereof, he would not drink (Matthew 27:34); the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a> describes the drink as wine mingled with myrrh (Mark 15:23). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_contemporary_Christianity">In contemporary Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myrrh&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In contemporary Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of its mention in the New Testament, myrrh is an <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a> offered during some Christian <a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">liturgical celebrations</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Thurible" title="Thurible">Thurible</a>). Liquid myrrh is sometimes added to <a href="/wiki/Egg_tempera" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg tempera">egg tempera</a> in the making of <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a>. Myrrh is mixed with <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a> and sometimes more scents and is used in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a>, traditional <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Episcopal</a> churches. </p><p>Myrrh is also used to prepare the sacramental <a href="/wiki/Chrism" title="Chrism">chrism</a> used by many churches of both Eastern and Western rites. In the Middle East, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> traditionally uses oil scented with myrrh (and other fragrances) to perform the <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacrament</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy#Chrismation" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">chrismation</a>, which is commonly referred to as "receiving the <a href="/wiki/Holy_anointing_oil" title="Holy anointing oil">Chrism</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Islam">In Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myrrh&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the hadith of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, narrated by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Nuaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Nuaim">Abu Nuaim</a> on the authority of Abban bin Saleh bin Anas, Muhammad said, "Fumigate your houses with mugwort, myrrh and thyme." (<i>Kanz-ul-Ummal</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Encyclopedia of Islamic Herbal Medicine</i> mentions the same hadith: "The Messenger of Allah stated, 'Fumigate your houses with al-shih, murr, and sa'tar.'" The author states that this use of the word "murr" refers specifically to <i>Commiphora myrrha</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other two are Al-Shih (possibly <a href="/wiki/Mugwort" title="Mugwort">mugwort</a>) and Sa'tar (or <i>Za'atar</i> - <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_myrrh">Ancient myrrh</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myrrh&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ancient myrrh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Pedanius Dioscorides</a> described the myrrh of the first century AD as most likely to refer to a "species of <a href="/wiki/Mimosa" title="Mimosa">mimosa</a>", describing it "like the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Acacia_nilotica" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia nilotica">thorn</a>". He describes its appearance and leaf structure as "spinnate-winged".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_products_that_can_be_confused_with_myrrh">Other products that can be confused with myrrh</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myrrh&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other products that can be confused with myrrh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oleo-gum-resins of a number of other <i>Commiphora</i> species are also used as perfumes, medicines (such as aromatic wound dressings), and incense ingredients. These myrrh-like resins are known as <a href="/wiki/Bdellium" title="Bdellium">bdellium</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Guggul" class="mw-redirect" title="Guggul">guggul</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_bdellium" class="mw-redirect" title="African bdellium">African bdellium</a>), <a href="/wiki/Balsam" title="Balsam">balsam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Balm_of_Gilead" title="Balm of Gilead">balm of Gilead</a> or Mecca balsam) and opopanax (<a href="/wiki/Bisabol" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisabol">bisabol</a>). </p><p>Fragrant "myrrh beads" are made from the crushed seeds of <i><a href="/wiki/Detarium" title="Detarium">Detarium</a> microcarpum</i>, an unrelated West African tree. These beads are traditionally worn by married women in <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> as multiple strands around the hips. </p><p>The name "myrrh" is also applied to the <a href="/wiki/Potherb" class="mw-redirect" title="Potherb">potherb</a> <i>Myrrhis odorata</i>, otherwise known as "<a href="/wiki/Cicely" title="Cicely">cicely</a>" or "sweet cicely". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myrrh&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bdellium" title="Bdellium">Bdellium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrism" title="Chrism">Chrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myroblyte_saint" title="Myroblyte saint">Myroblyte saint</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naturalis_Historia" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalis Historia">Naturalis Historia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myrrh&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Naming_of_Commiphora_myrrha-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Naming_of_Commiphora_myrrha_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Another commonly used name, Commiphora molmol,[1] is now considered a synonym for Commiphora myrrha.[2]</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myrrh&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rice, Patty C., <i>Amber: Golden Gem of the Ages</i>, Author House, Bloomington, 2006 p.321</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPliny_the_Elder1855" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (1855) [77]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A0EMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA253">"15: Wines Drunk by the Ancient Romans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)"><i>The Natural History</i></a>. Vol. 14. Translated by Bostock, John; Riley, Henry Thomas. London: H.G. Bohn. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-598-91078-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-598-91078-3"><bdi>978-0-598-91078-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=15%3A+Wines+Drunk+by+the+Ancient+Romans&rft.btitle=The+Natural+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=H.G.+Bohn&rft.date=1855&rft.isbn=978-0-598-91078-3&rft.au=Pliny+the+Elder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA0EMAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyrrh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caspar Neumann, William Lewis, <i>The chemical works of Caspar Neumann, M.D.</i>,2nd Ed., Vol 3, London, 1773 p.55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGöttsch1986" class="citation journal cs1">Göttsch, Eggert (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41965939">"TRADITIONAL AROMATIC AND PERFUME PLANTS IN CENTRAL ETHIOPIA (A botanical and ethno-historical survey)"</a>. <i>Journal of Ethiopian Studies</i>. <b>19</b>: <span class="nowrap">81–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0304-2243">0304-2243</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41965939">41965939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethiopian+Studies&rft.atitle=TRADITIONAL+AROMATIC+AND+PERFUME+PLANTS+IN+CENTRAL+ETHIOPIA+%28A+botanical+and+ethno-historical+survey%29&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41965939%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0304-2243&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6ttsch&rft.aufirst=Eggert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41965939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyrrh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny the Elder with Bostock, John and Riley, Henry Thomas, trans. (1855) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/naturalhistoryof03plin#page/130"><i>The Natural History of Pliny</i>.</a> London, England, UK: Henry G. Bohn. vol. 3, Book 12, Chapters 33–35, pp. 129–132. From Ch. 35, p. 130: "The [myrrh] tree spontaneously exudes, before the incision is made, a liquid which bears the name of stacte, and to which there is no myrrh that is superior."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein, Ernest, <i>A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Hebrew Language for Readers of English</i>, The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Haifa" title="University of Haifa">University of Haifa</a>, Carta, Jerusalem, p.380</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930043102/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=17990">"Species Information"</a>. www.worldagroforestrycentre.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=17990">the original</a> on 2011-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Species+Information&rft.pub=www.worldagroforestrycentre.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldagroforestrycentre.org%2Fsea%2Fproducts%2Fafdbases%2Faf%2Fasp%2FSpeciesInfo.asp%3FSpID%3D17990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyrrh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trieste-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-trieste_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20110809204252/http://www.ics.trieste.it/MAPs/MedicinalPlants_Plant.aspx?id=599">"ICS-UNIDO – MAPs"</a>. www.ics.trieste.it. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ics.trieste.it/MAPs/MedicinalPlants_Plant.aspx?id=599">the original</a> on 2011-08-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICS-UNIDO+%E2%80%93+MAPs&rft.pub=www.ics.trieste.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ics.trieste.it%2FMAPs%2FMedicinalPlants_Plant.aspx%3Fid%3D599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyrrh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-570/myrrh">"Myrrh - Uses, Side Effects, and More"</a>. WebMD: Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer Version<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Myrrh+-+Uses%2C+Side+Effects%2C+and+More&rft.pub=WebMD%3A+Natural+Medicines+Comprehensive+Database+Consumer+Version&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmd.com%2Fvitamins%2Fai%2Fingredientmono-570%2Fmyrrh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyrrh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faraj-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-faraj_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl_Faraj2005" class="citation journal cs1">Al Faraj, S (2005). "Antagonism of the anticoagulant effect of warfarin caused by the use of Commiphora molmol as a herbal medication: A case report". <i>Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology</i>. <b>99</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">219–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F136485905X17434">10.1179/136485905X17434</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15814041">15814041</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2097777">2097777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Tropical+Medicine+and+Parasitology&rft.atitle=Antagonism+of+the+anticoagulant+effect+of+warfarin+caused+by+the+use+of+Commiphora+molmol+as+a+herbal+medication%3A+A+case+report&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E219-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2097777%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15814041&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F136485905X17434&rft.aulast=Al+Faraj&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyrrh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDolara1996" class="citation journal cs1">Dolara, Piero (1996-01-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/379029a0.pdf">"Analgesic effects of myrrh"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>379</b> (6560): 29. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Natur.379...29D">1996Natur.379...29D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F379029a0">10.1038/379029a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8538737">8538737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Analgesic+effects+of+myrrh&rft.volume=379&rft.issue=6560&rft.pages=29&rft.date=1996-01-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8538737&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F379029a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996Natur.379...29D&rft.aulast=Dolara&rft.aufirst=Piero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2F379029a0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyrrh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S.Wachsmann, (2008) "Seagoing Ships & Seamanship in the Bronze Age Levant" - Page 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fritze, Ronald H. "New worlds: The great voyages of discovery 1400-1600". Sutton Publishing Limited, 2002, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. W. Eadie, J. P. Oleson (1986) "The Water-Supply Systems of Nabatean and Roman Ḥumayma", <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tibbenabawi.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=260&Itemid=286">Myrrh ~ مر مكي</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morrow, Joh A. "Encyclopedia of Islamic Herbal Medicine". Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2011, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2B1IAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA35"><i>The visitor or monthly instructor</i></a>. Religious Tract Society. 1837. pp. 35–<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+visitor+or+monthly+instructor&rft.pages=35-&rft.pub=Religious+Tract+Society&rft.date=1837&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2B1IAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyrrh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myrrh&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMassoudEl_SisiSalamaMassoud2001" class="citation journal cs1">Massoud A, El Sisi S, Salama O, Massoud A (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4269%2Fajtmh.2001.65.96">"Preliminary study of therapeutic efficacy of a new fasciolicidal drug derived from <i>Commiphora molmol</i> (myrrh)"</a>. <i>Am J Trop Med Hyg</i>. <b>65</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">96–</span>99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4269%2Fajtmh.2001.65.96">10.4269/ajtmh.2001.65.96</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11508399">11508399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Trop+Med+Hyg&rft.atitle=Preliminary+study+of+therapeutic+efficacy+of+a+new+fasciolicidal+drug+derived+from+Commiphora+molmol+%28myrrh%29&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E96-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4269%2Fajtmh.2001.65.96&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11508399&rft.aulast=Massoud&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=El+Sisi%2C+S&rft.au=Salama%2C+O&rft.au=Massoud%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4269%252Fajtmh.2001.65.96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyrrh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDalby2000" class="citation book cs1">Dalby, Andrew (2000). <i>Dangerous Tastes: the story of spices</i>. London: British Museum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-2720-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-2720-0"><bdi>978-0-7141-2720-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dangerous+Tastes%3A+the+story+of+spices&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-2720-0&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyrrh" class="Z3988"></span> (US <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22789-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-22789-1">0-520-22789-1</a>), pp. 107–122.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDalby2003" class="citation book cs1">Dalby, Andrew (2003). <i>Food in the ancient world from A to Z</i>. London, New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23259-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23259-3"><bdi>978-0-415-23259-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+in+the+ancient+world+from+A+to+Z&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23259-3&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyrrh" class="Z3988"></span>, pp. 226–227, with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perso.orange.fr/dalby/extra/FoodAZExtra.html#Myrrh">additions</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMonfieur_Pomet1709" class="citation journal cs1">Monfieur Pomet (1709). "Abyssine Myrrh)". <i>History of Drugs</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Drugs&rft.atitle=Abyssine+Myrrh%29&rft.date=1709&rft.au=Monfieur+Pomet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyrrh" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090621091727/http://www.bookofherbs.com:80/a/Abyssine_Myrrh_ruggs.htm">Abyssine Myrrh</a></li> <li><i>The One Earth Herbal Sourcebook: Everything You Need to Know About Chinese, Western, and Ayurvedic Herbal Treatments</i> by Ph.D., A.H.G., D.Ay, Alan Keith Tillotson, O.M.D., L.Ac., Nai-shing Hu Tillotson, and M.D., Robert Abel Jr.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbdul-GhaniLoutfyHassan2009" class="citation journal cs1">Abdul-Ghani, RA; Loutfy, N; Hassan, A (2009). "Myrrh and trematodoses in Egypt: An overview of safety, efficacy and effectiveness profiles". <i>Parasitology International</i>. <b>58</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">210–</span>4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.parint.2009.04.006">10.1016/j.parint.2009.04.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19446652">19446652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parasitology+International&rft.atitle=Myrrh+and+trematodoses+in+Egypt%3A+An+overview+of+safety%2C+efficacy+and+effectiveness+profiles&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E210-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.parint.2009.04.006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19446652&rft.aulast=Abdul-Ghani&rft.aufirst=RA&rft.au=Loutfy%2C+N&rft.au=Hassan%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyrrh" class="Z3988"></span> ( A good review on its antiparasitic activities) .</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myrrh&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/myrrh" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/myrrh">myrrh</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itmonline.org/arts/myrrh.htm">History of Myrrh and Frankincense</a> (itmonline.org)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilberry" title="Bilberry">Bilberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_binucao" title="Garcinia binucao">Binukaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">Blackberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">Blueberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">Breadfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">Durian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_gummi-gutta" title="Garcinia gummi-gutta">Gambooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huckleberry" title="Huckleberry">Huckleberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea" title="Vaccinium vitis-idaea">Lingonberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_vesca" title="Fragaria vesca">Woodland strawberry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaf_vegetables" title="List of leaf vegetables">Edible plants</a> / <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddlehead" title="Fiddlehead">Fiddlehead ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_palm" title="Heart of palm">Heart of palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Mahuwa_flowers" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahuwa flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroxylon_sagu" title="Metroxylon sagu">Sago palm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycas_circinalis" title="Cycas circinalis">queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fil%C3%A9_powder" title="Filé powder">filé powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_beer" title="Root beer">root beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenoa" title="Serenoa">Saw palmetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng#Wild_ginseng" title="Ginseng">Wild ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_onion" title="Wild onion">Wild onions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">Bear garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">Canada onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_vineale" title="Allium vineale">Crow garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_bisceptrum" title="Allium bisceptrum">Twincrest onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_validum" title="Allium validum">Pacific mountain onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">Ramps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">Mushrooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russula_vesca" title="Russula vesca">Bare-toothed russula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imleria_badia" title="Imleria badia">Bay bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_scabrum" title="Leccinum scabrum">Birch bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis">Cep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantharellus" title="Cantharellus">Chanterelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillaria_mellea" title="Armillaria mellea">Honey mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a> (reishi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsutake" title="Matsutake">Matsutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_campestris" title="Agaricus campestris">Meadow mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morchella" title="Morchella">Morel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleurotus_ostreatus" title="Pleurotus ostreatus">Oyster mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrolepiota_procera" title="Macrolepiota procera">Parasol mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_aurantiacum" title="Leccinum aurantiacum">Red cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactarius_deliciosus" title="Lactarius deliciosus">Saffron milk cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suillus_luteus" title="Suillus luteus">Slippery jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">Truffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricholoma_equestre" title="Tricholoma equestre">Yellow knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphium_affine" title="Scaphium affine">Malva nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Oil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allanblackia_oil" title="Allanblackia oil">Allanblackia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonia" title="Platonia">Bacuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlenut_oil" title="Candlenut oil">Candlenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_grandiflorum" title="Theobroma grandiflorum">Capuacu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnauba_wax" title="Carnauba wax">Carnauba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydnocarpus_wightiana_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydnocarpus wightiana seed oil">Chaulmoogra <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<i>Hydnocarpus wightiana</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_oil" title="Eucalyptus oil">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illipe" title="Illipe">Illipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_wax" title="Japan wax">Japan wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokum_butter" title="Kokum butter">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pycnanthus_angolensis" title="Pycnanthus angolensis">Kombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadesma_butyracea" title="Pentadesma butyracea">Kpangnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusum_oil" title="Kusum oil">Kusum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichilia_emetica" title="Trichilia emetica">Mafura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Oil" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_oil" title="Mango oil">Mango butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_murumuru" title="Astrocaryum murumuru">Murumuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagkesar_seed_oil" title="Nagkesar seed oil">Nagkesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">kernel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulwara_oil" title="Phulwara oil">Phulwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilu_oil" title="Pilu oil">Pilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongamia_oil" title="Pongamia oil">Pongamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta_seed_oil" title="Shorea robusta seed oil">Sal-seed <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<i>Shorea robusta</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanu_oil" title="Tamanu oil">Tamanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea-seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_tree_oil" title="Tea tree oil">Tea-tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_aculeatum" title="Astrocaryum aculeatum">Tucuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucuhuba_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ucuhuba seed oil">Ucuuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vateria_indica_oil" title="Vateria indica oil"><i>Vateria indica</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">Resins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoin_(resin)" title="Benzoin (resin)">Benzoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch tar">Birch tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creosote#Wood-tar_creosote" title="Creosote">Creosote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">Gamboge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Myrrh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">Rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">Turpentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a> / <a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">gum</a> / etc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">Birch syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicle" title="Chicle">Chicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Coconut sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_sugar" title="Date sugar">Date sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_syrup" title="Fruit syrup">Fruit syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">Gum arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_(botany)" title="Kino (botany)">Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">Latex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">Maple sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akpeteshie" title="Akpeteshie">akpeteshie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogogoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogogoro">ogogoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_gum" title="Spruce gum">Spruce gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadou" title="Amadou">Amadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_musical_instruments" title="Bamboo musical instruments">musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_bark" title="Birch bark">Birch bark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_beer" title="Birch beer">Birch beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">Forage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaria" title="Uncaria">Gambier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss#Commercial" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural dyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">henna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">Quinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diospyros_melanoxylon" title="Diospyros melanoxylon">Tendu leaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">Thatching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_ivory" title="Vegetable ivory">Vegetable ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow#Medicinal" title="Willow">Willow bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa"><i>Dehesa</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Iberian agroforestry)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_produce_(India)" title="Forest produce (India)">Indian forest produce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_stores" title="Naval stores">Naval stores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcrafting" title="Wildcrafting">Wildcrafting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Category:Non-timber forest products">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Non-timber_forest_products" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Non-timber forest products">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nativity_of_Jesus151" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Template:Nativity of Jesus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Template talk:Nativity of Jesus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nativity of Jesus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nativity_of_Jesus151" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_(magus)" title="Melchior (magus)">Melchior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_(magus)" title="Caspar (magus)">Caspar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthazar_(magus)" title="Balthazar (magus)">Balthazar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_(1622).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/250px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/330px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/500px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2057" data-file-height="1690" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Place</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi#Gifts" title="Biblical Magi">Gifts of the Magi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Myrrh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Narratives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1" title="Matthew 1">Matthew 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:18" title="Matthew 1:18">Matthew 1:18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:19" title="Matthew 1:19">Matthew 1:19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:20" title="Matthew 1:20">Matthew 1:20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:21" title="Matthew 1:21">Matthew 1:21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:22" title="Matthew 1:22">Matthew 1:22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:23" title="Matthew 1:23">Matthew 1:23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:24" title="Matthew 1:24">Matthew 1:24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:25" title="Matthew 1:25">Matthew 1:25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_2:11" title="Matthew 2:11">Matthew 2:11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Adoration_of_the_Magi_in_art" title="Category:Adoration of the Magi in art">In art</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luke_2" title="Luke 2">Luke 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">Annunciation to the shepherds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Date_of_the_birth_of_Jesus" title="Date of the birth of Jesus">Date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manger" title="Manger">Manger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_dreams" title="Saint Joseph's dreams">Saint Joseph's dreams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_later_culture" title="Nativity of Jesus in later culture">In culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">In art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_the_Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Category:Films about the Nativity of Jesus">In film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batlejka" title="Batlejka">Batlejka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalking_the_door" title="Chalking the door">Chalking the door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_village" title="Christmas village">Christmas village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_szopka" title="Kraków szopka">Szopka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_Jesus_theft" title="Baby Jesus theft">theft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_play" title="Nativity play">Nativity play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertep" title="Vertep">Vertep</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vertep_(Serbian)" title="Vertep (Serbian)">Serbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Category:Nativity of Jesus in art">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Remembrances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203635#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1021" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203635#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1021" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203635#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1031561/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4216586-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85089313">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12361275w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12361275w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX5265152">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007555868705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032616910">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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