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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contraindications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contraindications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Contraindications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contraindications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverse_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverse_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Adverse effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" 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aria-controls="toc-Synthesis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Synthesis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biosynthesis_in_Artemisia_annua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biosynthesis_in_Artemisia_annua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Biosynthesis in <i>Artemisia annua</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biosynthesis_in_Artemisia_annua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_synthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_synthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Chemical synthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthesis_in_engineered_organisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthesis_in_engineered_organisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Synthesis in engineered organisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthesis_in_engineered_organisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_and_price" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_and_price"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Production and price</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_and_price-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Metabolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Discovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_artemisinin-based_combination_therapies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_artemisinin-based_combination_therapies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>New artemisinin-based combination therapies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_artemisinin-based_combination_therapies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Helminthiasis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Helminthiasis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Helminthiasis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Helminthiasis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Cancer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autoimmune_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autoimmune_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Autoimmune disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autoimmune_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polycystic_ovary_syndrome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polycystic_ovary_syndrome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Polycystic ovary syndrome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polycystic_ovary_syndrome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Artemisinin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="أرتيميسينين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أرتيميسينين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ارتمیسینین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ارتمیسینین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisinina" title="Artemisinina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Artemisinina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisinin" title="Artemisinin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Artemisinin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisinin" title="Artemisinin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Artemisinin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisinin" title="Artemisinin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Artemisinin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Αρτεμισινίνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρτεμισινίνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisinina" title="Artemisinina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Artemisinina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisinino" title="Artemisinino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Artemisinino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisinina" title="Artemisinina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Artemisinina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%C3%A9misinine" title="Artémisinine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Artémisinine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%ED%85%8C%EB%AF%B8%EC%8B%9C%EB%8B%8C" title="아르테미시닌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아르테미시닌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="आर्टिमीसिनिन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आर्टिमीसिनिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisinin" title="Artemisinin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Artemisinin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisinina" title="Artemisinina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Artemisinina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ארטמיסינין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארטמיסינין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemizinin" title="Artemizinin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Artemizinin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Артемизинин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Артемизинин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisinine" title="Artemisinine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Artemisinine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B7%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3" title="アルテミシニン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルテミシニン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisinin" title="Artemisinin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Artemisinin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisinina" title="Artemisinina – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Artemisinina" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisinina" title="Artemisinina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Artemisinina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisinin%C4%83" title="Artemisinină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Artemisinină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Артемизинин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Артемизинин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemizinin" title="Artemizinin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Artemizinin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisinin" title="Artemisinin – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Artemisinin" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisinin" title="Artemisinin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Artemisinin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisiniini" title="Artemisiniini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Artemisiniini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisinin" title="Artemisinin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Artemisinin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="อาร์ทีมิซินิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาร์ทีมิซินิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisinin" title="Artemisinin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Artemisinin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E8%92%BF%E7%B4%A0" title="青蒿素 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" 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</nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Artemisin" title="Artemisin">Artemisin</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title"><span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): Artemisinin">Artemisinin</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Artemisinin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Artemisinin.svg/220px-Artemisinin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Artemisinin.svg/330px-Artemisinin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Artemisinin.svg/440px-Artemisinin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Artemisinin_3D_balls_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Artemisinin_3D_balls_2.png/220px-Artemisinin_3D_balls_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Artemisinin_3D_balls_2.png/330px-Artemisinin_3D_balls_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Artemisinin_3D_balls_2.png/440px-Artemisinin_3D_balls_2.png 2x" data-file-width="2041" data-file-height="1973" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Artemisinine, qinghaosu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of<br />administration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Oral</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_P01" title="ATC code P01">P01BE01</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01BE01">WHO</a></span>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry">IUPAC name</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="font-size: 97%;">(3<i>R</i>,5a<i>S</i>,6<i>R</i>,8a<i>S</i>,9<i>R</i>,12<i>S</i>,12a<i>R</i>)-Octahydro-3,6,9-trimethyl-3,12-epoxy-12<i>H</i>-pyrano[4,3-<i>j</i>]-1,2-benzodioxepin-10(3<i>H</i>)-one</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=63968-64-9">63968-64-9</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem#CID" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/68827">68827</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.62060.html">62060</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/9RMU91N5K2">9RMU91N5K2</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D02481">D02481</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:223316">CHEBI:223316</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL567597">ChEMBL567597</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID2040652">DTXSID2040652</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426921#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.110.458">100.110.458</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426921#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Chemical and physical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>15</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>22</sub><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>5</sub></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002282336000000000♠"></span>282.336</span> g·mol<sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC3O%5BC%40%40H%5D4O%5BC%40%40%5D1%28OO%5BC%40%40%5D42%5BC%40%40H%5D%28CC1%29%5BC%40H%5D%28C%29CC%5BC%40H%5D2%5BC%40H%5D3C%29C">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.24 ± 0.1 g/cm<sup>3</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">152 to 157 °C (306 to 315 °F)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">decomposes</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">O=C3O[C@@H]4O[C@@]1(OO[C@@]42[C@@H](CC1)[C@H](C)CC[C@H]2[C@H]3C)C</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C15H22O5/c1-8-4-5-11-9(2)12(16)17-13-15(11)10(8)6-7-14(3,18-13)19-20-15/h8-11,13H,4-7H2,1-3H3/t8-,9-,10+,11+,13-,14-,15-/m1/s1<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:BLUAFEHZUWYNDE-NNWCWBAJSA-N<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">(what is this?)</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">  <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=671166811&page2=Artemisinin">(verify)</a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Artemisinin</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>) and its <a href="/wiki/Semisynthesis" title="Semisynthesis">semisynthetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Derivative_(chemistry)" title="Derivative (chemistry)">derivatives</a> are a group of <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">drugs</a> used in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> due to <i><a href="/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparum" title="Plasmodium falciparum">Plasmodium falciparum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang2019_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was discovered in 1972 by <a href="/wiki/Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Tu Youyou</a>, who shared the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> for her discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel-2015_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Antimalarial_medication#Artemisinin-based_combination_therapies_(ACTs)" title="Antimalarial medication">Artemisinin-based combination therapies</a> (ACTs) are now standard treatment worldwide for <i>P. falciparum</i> malaria as well as malaria due to other species of <i><a href="/wiki/Plasmodium" title="Plasmodium">Plasmodium</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWHO20159–11_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWHO20159–11-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artemisinin is <a href="/wiki/Extraction_(chemistry)" title="Extraction (chemistry)">extracted</a> from the plant <i><a href="/wiki/Artemisia_annua" title="Artemisia annua">Artemisia annua</a></i> (sweet wormwood) an herb employed in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_traditional_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese traditional medicine">Chinese traditional medicine</a>. A precursor compound can be produced using a <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetically engineered</a> <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a>, which is much more efficient than using the plant.<sup id="cite_ref-arsenault_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arsenault-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Artemisinin and its derivatives are all <a href="/wiki/Sesquiterpene_lactone" title="Sesquiterpene lactone">sesquiterpene lactones</a> containing an unusual <a href="/wiki/Organic_peroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic peroxide">peroxide</a> bridge. This endoperoxide <a href="/wiki/1,2,4-trioxane" class="mw-redirect" title="1,2,4-trioxane">1,2,4-trioxane</a> ring is responsible for their antimalarial properties. Few other natural compounds with such a peroxide bridge are known.<sup id="cite_ref-eic_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eic-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Artemisinin and its derivatives have been used for the treatment of malarial and <a href="/wiki/Helminthiasis" title="Helminthiasis">parasitic worm (helminth)</a> infections. Advantages of such treatments over other anti-parasitics include faster parasite elimination and broader efficacy across the parasite life-cycle; disadvantages include their low <a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">bioavailability</a>, poor <a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacokinetic">pharmacokinetic</a> properties, and high cost.<sup id="cite_ref-whirl_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whirl-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, use of the drug by itself as a <a href="/wiki/Monotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotherapy">monotherapy</a> is explicitly discouraged by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as there have been signs that malarial parasites are developing <a href="/wiki/Drug_resistance" title="Drug resistance">resistance</a> to the drug.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Combination_therapy" title="Combination therapy">Combination therapies</a>, featuring artemisinin or its derivatives alongside some other antimalarial drug, constitute the contemporary standard-of-care treatment regimen for malaria.<sup id="cite_ref-Pelfrene_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelfrene-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_use">Medical use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artemisinin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) recommends artemisinin or one of its derivatives ― typically in combination with a longer-lasting partner drug ― as frontline therapy for all cases of malaria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWHO20159–11_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWHO20159–11-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <a href="/wiki/Uncomplicated_malaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncomplicated malaria">uncomplicated malaria</a>, the WHO recommends three days of oral treatment with any of five artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs): <a href="/wiki/Artemether/lumefantrine" title="Artemether/lumefantrine">artemether/lumefantrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artesunate/amodiaquine" title="Artesunate/amodiaquine">artesunate/amodiaquine</a> (ASAQ), <a href="/wiki/Artesunate/mefloquine" title="Artesunate/mefloquine">artesunate/mefloquine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine">dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Artesunate/sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine" title="Artesunate/sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine">artesunate/sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWHO20159–11_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWHO20159–11-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In each of these combinations, the artemisinin derivative rapidly kills the parasites, but is itself rapidly cleared from the body.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalmanClainDuvalMénard2019"Artemisin,_the_Front-Line_Compound_against_Malaria_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalmanClainDuvalMénard2019"Artemisin,_the_Front-Line_Compound_against_Malaria-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The longer-lived partner drug kills the remaining parasites and provides some lingering protection from reinfection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWHO201534_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWHO201534-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/Severe_malaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe malaria">severe malaria</a>, the WHO recommends <a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">intravenous</a> or <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Intramuscular">intramuscular</a> treatment with the artemisinin derivative <a href="/wiki/Artesunate" title="Artesunate">artesunate</a> for at least 24 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWHO201572_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWHO201572-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artesunate treatment is continued until the treated person is well enough to take oral medication. They are then given a three-day course of an ACT, for uncomplicated malaria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWHO201572_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWHO201572-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where artesunate is not available, the WHO recommends intramuscular injection of the less potent artemisinin derivative <a href="/wiki/Artemether" title="Artemether">artemether</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWHO201578–79_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWHO201578–79-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For children less than six years old, if injected artesunate is not available the WHO recommends <a href="/wiki/Rectal_administration" title="Rectal administration">rectal administration</a> of artesunate, followed by referral to a facility with the resources for further care.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWHO201572_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWHO201572-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Artemisinins are not used for malaria prevention because of the extremely short activity (<a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">half-life</a>) of the drug. To be effective, it would have to be administered multiple times each day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contraindications">Contraindications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artemisinin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contraindications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The WHO recommends avoiding ACT for women in their first trimester of pregnancy due to a lack of research on artemisinin's safety in early pregnancy. Instead the WHO recommends a seven-day course of <a href="/wiki/Clindamycin" title="Clindamycin">clindamycin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">quinine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWHO201549–50_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWHO201549–50-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For pregnant women in their second or third trimesters, the WHO recommends a normal treatment course with an ACT.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWHO201550–51_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWHO201550–51-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some other groups, certain ACTs are avoided due to side effects of the partner drug: sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine is avoided during the first few weeks of life as it interferes with the action of <a href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">bilirubin</a> and can worsen <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_jaundice" title="Neonatal jaundice">neonatal jaundice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWHO201552_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWHO201552-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/HIV-positive" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV-positive">HIV-positive</a> people, the combination of <a href="/wiki/Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole" title="Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole">trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zidovudine" title="Zidovudine">zidovudine</a>-containing <a href="/wiki/Antiretroviral" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiretroviral">antiretroviral</a> treatments, and <a href="/wiki/Artesunate/amodiaquine" title="Artesunate/amodiaquine">ASAQ</a> is associated with <a href="/wiki/Neutropenia" title="Neutropenia">neutropenia</a>. The combination of the HIV drug <a href="/wiki/Efavirenz" title="Efavirenz">efavirenz</a> and ASAQ is associated with liver toxicity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWHO201555–56_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWHO201555–56-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artemisinin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Adverse effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Artemisinins are generally well tolerated at the doses used to treat malaria.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_WR,_White_NJ_2004_25–61_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_WR,_White_NJ_2004_25–61-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The side effects from the artemisinin class of medications are similar to the symptoms of malaria: <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Emesis">vomiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_appetite" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of appetite">loss of appetite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>. Mild blood abnormalities have also been noted. A rare but serious adverse effect is <a href="/wiki/Allergic_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic reaction">allergic reaction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_WR,_White_NJ_2004_25–61_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_WR,_White_NJ_2004_25–61-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One case of significant <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">liver inflammation</a> has been reported in association with prolonged use of a relatively high-dose of artemisinin for an unclear reason (the patient did not have malaria).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The drugs used in combination therapies can contribute to the adverse effects experienced by those undergoing treatment. Adverse effects in patients with acute <i>P. falciparum</i> malaria treated with artemisinin derivatives tend to be higher.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artemisinin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An unusual component of the artemisinin molecules is an endoperoxide 1,2,4-trioxane ring. This is the main antimalarial centre of the molecule.<sup id="cite_ref-anne_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anne-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modifications at carbon 10 (C10) position give rise to a variety of derivatives which are more powerful than the original compound.<sup id="cite_ref-woodrow_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woodrow-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the physical properties of artemisinin itself, such as poor bioavailability, limit its effectiveness, semisynthetic <a href="/wiki/Derivative_(chemistry)" title="Derivative (chemistry)">derivatives</a> of artemisinin have been developed. Derivatives of <a href="/wiki/Dihydroartemisinin" title="Dihydroartemisinin">dihydroartemisinin</a> were made since 1976. Artesunate, arteether and artemether were first synthesized in 1986. Many derivatives have been produced of which <a href="/wiki/Artelinic_acid" title="Artelinic acid">artelinic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artemotil" title="Artemotil">artemotil</a>, artemisone, SM735, SM905, SM933, SM934, and SM1044 are among the most powerful compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-li_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-li-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aderibigde_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aderibigde-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also simplified analogs in <a href="/wiki/Preclinical_development" title="Preclinical development">preclinical development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 120 other derivatives have been prepared, but clinical testing has not been possible due to lack of financial support.<sup id="cite_ref-anne_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anne-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Artemisinin is poorly soluble in oils and water. Therefore, it is typically administered via the digestive tract, either by oral or rectal administration. Artesunate however can be administered via the intravenous and intramuscular, as well as the oral and rectal routes.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A synthetic compound with a similar trioxolane structure (a ring containing three oxygen atoms) named <a href="/wiki/Arterolane" title="Arterolane">RBx-11160</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showed promise in <i>in vitro</i> testing. Phase II testing in patients with malaria was not as successful as hoped, but the manufacturer decided to start Phase III testing anyway.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artemisinin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mechanism of action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2018, the exact mechanism of action of artemisinins has not been fully elucidated.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artemisinin itself is a <a href="/wiki/Prodrug" title="Prodrug">prodrug</a> of the biologically active <a href="/wiki/Dihydroartemisinin" title="Dihydroartemisinin">dihydroartemisinin</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolite</a> undergoes cleavage of its <a href="/wiki/Endoperoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Endoperoxide">endoperoxide</a> ring inside the <a href="/wiki/Erythrocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythrocyte">erythrocytes</a>. As the drug molecules come in contact with the <a href="/wiki/Haem" class="mw-redirect" title="Haem">haem</a> (associated with the <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> of the red blood cells), the <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">iron(II) oxide</a> breaks the endoperoxide ring.<sup id="cite_ref-tilley_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tilley-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process produces <a href="/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)#In_biology" title="Radical (chemistry)">free radicals</a> that in turn damage susceptible proteins, resulting in the death of the parasite.<sup id="cite_ref-Winzler2014rev_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winzler2014rev-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cravo2015rev_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cravo2015rev-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016 artemisinin was shown to bind to a large number of targets suggesting that it acts in a promiscuous manner. Artemisinin's endoperoxide moiety is however less sensitive to free iron(II) oxide, and therefore more active in the intraerythrocytic stages of <i>P. falciparum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, clinical practice shows that unlike other antimalarials, artemisinin is active during all life cycle stages of the parasite.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resistance">Resistance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artemisinin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clinical evidence for artemisinin <a href="/wiki/Drug_resistance" title="Drug resistance">drug resistance</a> in southeast Asia was first reported in 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was subsequently confirmed by a detailed study from western <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resistance in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> was reported in 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in northern Cambodia, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-Briggs_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briggs-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NEJM_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emerging resistance was reported in southern <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, central Myanmar and northeastern Cambodia in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-Briggs_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briggs-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NEJM_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parasite's <a href="/wiki/Kelch_protein" title="Kelch protein">kelch</a> gene on chromosome 13 appears to be a reliable molecular marker for clinical resistance in Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, the WHO stated that resistance to the most effective antimalarial drug, artemisinin, could unravel national Indian malaria control programs, which have achieved significant progress in the last decade. WHO advocates the rational use of antimalarial drugs and acknowledges the crucial role of community health workers in reducing malaria in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Artemisinins can be used alone, but this leads to a high rate of <a href="/wiki/Recrudescence" title="Recrudescence">return of parasites</a> and other drugs are required to clear the body of all parasites and prevent a recurrence. The WHO is pressuring manufacturers to stop making the uncompounded drug available to the medical community at large, aware of the catastrophe that would result if the malaria parasite developed resistance to artemisinins.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two main mechanisms of resistance drive <i>Plasmodium</i> resistance to antimalarial drugs. The first one is an efflux of the drug away from its action site due to mutations in different transporter genes (like <i>pfcrt</i> in <a href="/wiki/Chloroquine" title="Chloroquine">chloroquine</a> resistance) or an increased number of the gene copies (like pfmdr1 copy number in <a href="/wiki/Mefloquine" title="Mefloquine">mefloquine</a> resistance). The second is a change in the parasite target due to mutations in corresponding genes (like, at the cytosol level, <i>dhfr</i> and <i>dhps</i> in <a href="/wiki/Sulfadoxine" title="Sulfadoxine">sulfadoxine</a>-<a href="/wiki/Pyrimethamine" title="Pyrimethamine">pyrimethamine</a> resistance or, at the mitochondrion level, <i><a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_b" title="Cytochrome b">cytochrome b</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Atovaquone" title="Atovaquone">atovaquone</a> resistance). Resistance of <i>P. falciparum</i> to the new artemisinin compounds involves a novel mechanism corresponding to a quiescence phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-OujiAugereau2018_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OujiAugereau2018-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artemisinin&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> future resistance research will make use of <a href="/wiki/Transgenic_mice" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgenic mice">transgenic mice</a> to discover relevant <a href="/wiki/Molecular_marker" title="Molecular marker">molecular markers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wicht-et-al-2020_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wicht-et-al-2020-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthesis">Synthesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artemisinin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Synthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biosynthesis_in_Artemisia_annua">Biosynthesis in <i>Artemisia annua</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artemisinin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Biosynthesis in Artemisia annua"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The biosynthesis of artemisinin is believed to involve the <a href="/wiki/Mevalonate_pathway" title="Mevalonate pathway">mevalonate pathway</a> (MVA) and the cyclization of <a href="/wiki/Farnesyl_diphosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Farnesyl diphosphate">farnesyl diphosphate</a> (FDP). It is not clear whether the <a href="/wiki/Non-mevalonate_pathway" title="Non-mevalonate pathway">non-mevalonate pathway</a> can also contribute 5-carbon precursors (<a href="/wiki/Isopentenyl_pyrophosphate" title="Isopentenyl pyrophosphate">IPP</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dimethylallyl_pyrophosphate" title="Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate">DMAPP</a>), as occurs in other sesquiterpene biosynthetic systems. The routes from artemisinic alcohol to artemisinin remain controversial, and they differ mainly in when the reduction step takes place. Both routes suggested dihydroartemisinic acid as the final precursor to artemisinin. Dihydroartemisinic acid then undergoes photo-oxidation to produce dihydroartemisinic acid hydroperoxide.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ring expansion by the cleavage of hydroperoxide and a second oxygen-mediated hydroperoxidation finish the biosynthesis of artemisinin.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Artemisinin_synthesis.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Figure 1. Biosynthesis of Artemisinin"><img alt="Biosynthesis of Artemisinin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Artemisinin_synthesis.svg/359px-Artemisinin_synthesis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="359" height="496" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Artemisinin_synthesis.svg/539px-Artemisinin_synthesis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Artemisinin_synthesis.svg/718px-Artemisinin_synthesis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Figure 1. Biosynthesis of Artemisinin</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_synthesis">Chemical synthesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artemisinin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chemical synthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The total synthesis of artemisinin has been performed from available organic starting materials, using basic organic reagents, many times. The first two total syntheses were a <a href="/wiki/Enantioselective_synthesis" title="Enantioselective synthesis">stereoselective synthesis</a> by Schmid and Hofheinz at <a href="/wiki/Hoffmann-La_Roche" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoffmann-La Roche">Hoffmann-La Roche</a> in Basel starting from (−)-<a href="/wiki/Menthol#Production" title="Menthol">isopulegol</a> (13 steps, ~5% overall yield), and a concurrent synthesis by Zhou and coworkers at the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry from (<i>R</i>)-(+)-<a href="/wiki/Citronellal" title="Citronellal">citronellal</a> (20 steps, ~0.3% overall yield).<sup id="cite_ref-PirrungMorehad1997_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PirrungMorehad1997-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Key steps of the Schmid–Hofheinz approach included an initial Ohrloff stereoselective hydroboration/oxidation to establish the "off-ring" methyl stereocenter on the propene side chain; two sequential lithium-reagent mediated alkylations that introduced all needed carbon atoms and that were, together highly diastereoselective; and further reduction, oxidation, and desilylation steps performed on this mono-carbocyclic intermediate, including a final <a href="/wiki/Singlet_oxygen" title="Singlet oxygen">singlet oxygen</a>-utilizing <a href="/wiki/Photooxygenation#Type_II" title="Photooxygenation">photooxygenation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ene_reaction" title="Ene reaction">ene reaction</a>, which, after acidic workup closed the three remaining oxacyclic rings of the desired product, artemisinin, in a single step.<sup id="cite_ref-PirrungMorehad1997_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PirrungMorehad1997-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(In essence, the final oxidative ring-closing operation in these syntheses accomplishes the closing three biosynthetic steps shown above.) </p><p>A wide variety of further routes continue to be explored, from early days until today, including total synthesis routes from (<i>R</i>)-(+)-pulegone, <a href="/wiki/List_of_compounds_with_carbon_number_10" title="List of compounds with carbon number 10">isomenthene</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PirrungMorehad1997_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PirrungMorehad1997-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even <a href="/wiki/Cyclohexenone" title="Cyclohexenone">2-cyclohexen-1-one</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as routes better described as partial or <a href="/wiki/Semisynthesis" title="Semisynthesis">semisyntheses</a> from a more plentiful biosynthetic precursor, artemisinic acid—in the latter case, including some very short and very high yielding <a href="/wiki/Biomimetic_synthesis" title="Biomimetic synthesis">biomimetic synthesis</a> examples (of Roth and Acton, and Haynes et al., 3 steps, 30% yield), which again feature the singlet oxygen ene chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PirrungMorehad1997_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PirrungMorehad1997-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthesis_in_engineered_organisms">Synthesis in engineered organisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artemisinin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Synthesis in engineered organisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The partnership to develop semisynthetic artemisinin was led by <a href="/wiki/PATH_(global_health_organization)" title="PATH (global health organization)">PATH's</a> Drug Development program (through an affiliation with OneWorld Health), with funding from the <a href="/wiki/Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" title="Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation</a>. The project began in 2004, and initial project partners included the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> (which provided the technology on which the project was based – a process that genetically altered yeast to produce artemisinic acid)<sup id="cite_ref-Ball_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Amyris (a biotechnology firm in California, which refined the process to enable large-scale production and developed scalable processes for transfer to an industrial partner). </p><p>In 2006, a team from UC Berkeley reported they had engineered <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i> yeast to produce a small amount of the precursor artemisinic acid. The synthesized artemisinic acid can then be transported out, purified and chemically converted into artemisinin that they claim will cost roughly US$0.25 per dose. In this effort of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">synthetic biology</a>, a modified mevalonate pathway was used, and the yeast cells were engineered to express the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Amorpha-4,11-diene_synthase" title="Amorpha-4,11-diene synthase">amorphadiene synthase</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" title="Cytochrome P450">cytochrome P450</a> <a href="/wiki/Monooxygenase" title="Monooxygenase">monooxygenase</a> (CYP71AV1), both from <i><a href="/wiki/Artemisia_annua" title="Artemisia annua">Artemisia annua</a></i>. A three-step oxidation of <a href="/wiki/Amorpha-4,11-diene" title="Amorpha-4,11-diene">amorpha-4,11-diene</a> gives the resulting artemisinic acid.<sup id="cite_ref-Ro_DK,_Paradise_EM,_Ouellet_M,_et_al._2006_940–3_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ro_DK,_Paradise_EM,_Ouellet_M,_et_al._2006_940–3-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The UC Berkeley method was augmented using technology from various other organizations. The final successful technology is based on inventions licensed from UC Berkeley and the National Research Council (NRC) Plant Biotechnology Institute of Canada.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Commercial production of semisynthetic artemisinin is now underway at <a href="/wiki/Sanofi" title="Sanofi">Sanofi</a>'s site in Garessio, Italy. This second source of artemisinin is poised to enable a more stable flow of key antimalarial treatments to those who need them most.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanofi_and_PATH_announce_the_launch_of_large-scale_production_of_semisynthetic_artemisinin_against_malaria_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanofi_and_PATH_announce_the_launch_of_large-scale_production_of_semisynthetic_artemisinin_against_malaria-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The production goal is set at 35 tonnes for 2013. It is expected to increase to 50–60 tons per year in 2014, supplying approximately one-third of the global annual need for artemisinin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2013, WHO's Prequalification of Medicines Programme announced the acceptability of semisynthetic artemisinin for use in the manufacture of active pharmaceutical ingredients submitted to WHO for prequalification, or that have already been qualified by WHO.<sup id="cite_ref-Semisynthetic_artemisinin_achieves_WHO_prequalification_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Semisynthetic_artemisinin_achieves_WHO_prequalification-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sanofi's active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) produced from semisynthetic artemisinin (artesunate) was also prequalified by WHO on May 8, 2013, making it the first semisynthetic artemisinin derivative prequalified.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2010, a team from <a href="/wiki/Wageningen_University_and_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Wageningen University and Research">Wageningen University and Research</a> reported they had engineered a close relative of tobacco, <i><a href="/wiki/Nicotiana_benthamiana" title="Nicotiana benthamiana">Nicotiana benthamiana</a></i>, that can also produce the precursor, artemisinic acid.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_and_price">Production and price</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artemisinin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Production and price"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China and Vietnam provide 70% and East Africa 20% of the raw plant material.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seedlings are grown in nurseries and then transplanted into fields. It takes about 8 months for them to reach full size. The plants are harvested, the leaves are dried and sent to facilities where the artemisinin is extracted using a solvent, typically <a href="/wiki/Hexane" title="Hexane">hexane</a>. Alternative extraction methods have been proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The market price for artemisinin has fluctuated widely, between <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>120 and $1,200 per kilogram from 2005 to 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-aec_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aec-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese company <a href="/w/index.php?title=Artepharm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artepharm (page does not exist)">Artepharm</a> created a combination artemisinin and <a href="/wiki/Piperaquine" title="Piperaquine">piperaquine</a> drug marketed as Artequick. In addition to <a href="/wiki/Clinical_research" title="Clinical research">clinical research</a> performed in China and southeast Asia, Artequick was used in large-scale malaria eradication efforts in the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>. Those efforts, conducted in 2007, 2012, and 2013–14, produced a 95–97% reduction in the number of malaria cases in the Comoros.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After negotiation with the WHO, <a href="/wiki/Novartis" title="Novartis">Novartis</a> and Sanofi provide ACT drugs at cost on a nonprofit basis; however, these drugs are still more expensive than other malaria treatments.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artesunate injection for severe malaria treatment is made by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guilin_Pharmaceutical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guilin Pharmaceutical (page does not exist)">Guilin Pharmaceutical</a> factory in China where production has received WHO prequalification.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High-yield varieties of <i>Artemisia</i> are being produced by the Centre for Novel Agricultural Products at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_York" title="University of York">University of York</a> using molecular breeding techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-aec_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aec-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using seed supplied by Action for Natural Medicine (ANAMED), the <a href="/wiki/World_Agroforestry_Centre" title="World Agroforestry Centre">World Agroforestry Centre</a> (ICRAF) has developed a hybrid, dubbed A3, which can grow to a height of 3 meters and produce 20 times more artemisinin than wild varieties. In northwestern <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, ICRAF is working together with a medical organization, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a>, ANAMED and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development to train farmers on how to grow the shrub from cuttings, and to harvest and dry the leaves to make artemisia tea. However, the WHO does not recommend the use of <i>A. annua</i> plant materials, including tea, for the prevention and treatment of malaria.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, Sanofi announced the launch<sup id="cite_ref-Sanofi_and_PATH_announce_the_launch_of_large-scale_production_of_semisynthetic_artemisinin_against_malaria_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanofi_and_PATH_announce_the_launch_of_large-scale_production_of_semisynthetic_artemisinin_against_malaria-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of a production facility in Garessio, Italy, to manufacture the antiplasmodial drug on a large scale. The partnership to create a new pharmaceutical manufacturing process was led by <a href="/wiki/PATH_(global_health_organization)" title="PATH (global health organization)">PATH's</a> Drug Development program (through an affiliation with OneWorld Health), with funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and based on a modified biosynthetic process for artemisinic acid, initially designed by <a href="/wiki/Jay_Keasling" title="Jay Keasling">Jay Keasling</a> at UC Berkeley and optimized by <a href="/wiki/Amyris_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyris (company)">Amyris</a>. The reaction is followed by a <a href="/wiki/Photochemistry" title="Photochemistry">photochemical</a> process creating singlet oxygen to obtain the end product. Sanofi expects to produce 25 tons of artemisinin in 2013, ramping up the production to 55–60 tonnes in 2014. The price per kilogram will be US$350–400, roughly the same as the botanical source.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite concerns that this equivalent source would lead to the demise of companies, which produce this substance conventionally through extraction of <i>A. annua</i> biomass, an increased supply of this drug will likely produce lower prices and therefore increase the availability for ACT treatment. In 2014, Sanofi announced the release of the first batch of semisynthetic artemisinin. 1.7 million doses of Sanofi's <a href="/wiki/Artesunate/amodiaquine" title="Artesunate/amodiaquine">ASAQ</a>, a fixed-dose artemisinin-based combination therapy will be shipped to half a dozen African countries over the next few months.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2016 systematic review of four studies from East Africa concluded that subsidizing ACT in the private retail sector in combination with training and marketing has led to the increased availability of ACT in stores, increased use of ACT for febrile children under five years of age, and decrease in the use of older, less effective antimalarials among children under five years of age. The underlying studies did not determine if the children had malaria nor determine if there were health benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metabolism">Metabolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artemisinin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Metabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After ingestion or injection, artemisinin and its derivatives (arteether, artemether, and artesunate) are all rapidly converted in the bloodstream to <a href="/wiki/Dihydroartemisinin" title="Dihydroartemisinin">dihydroartemisinin</a> (DHA), which has 5–10 times greater antimalarial potency than artemisinin.<sup id="cite_ref-NJW2010_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NJW2010-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DHA is eventually converted in the liver into metabolites such as deoxyartemisinin, deoxydihydroartemisinin, and 9,10-dihydrodeoxyartemisinin. These reactions are catalyzed by the enzymes <a href="/wiki/CYP2A6" title="CYP2A6">CYP2A6</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a>, and <a href="/wiki/CYP3A5" title="CYP3A5">CYP3A5</a>, which belong to the <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" title="Cytochrome P450">cytochrome P450</a> group present in the <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum#Smooth_endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum">smooth endoplasmic reticulum</a>. These metabolites lack antimalarial properties due to the loss of the endoperoxide group (deoxyartemisinin however has anti-inflammatory and antiulcer properties.<sup id="cite_ref-Fu2020_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fu2020-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) All these metabolites undergo <a href="/wiki/Glucuronidation" title="Glucuronidation">glucuronidation</a>, after which they are excreted through the urine or feces. <a href="/wiki/Glucuronosyltransferase" title="Glucuronosyltransferase">Glucuronosyltransferases</a>, in particular <a href="/wiki/UGT1A9" title="UGT1A9">UGT1A9</a> and <a href="/wiki/UGT2B7" title="UGT2B7">UGT2B7</a>, are responsible for this process. DHA is also removed through <a href="/wiki/Bile" title="Bile">bile</a> as minor <a href="/wiki/Glucuronide" title="Glucuronide">glucuronides</a>. Due to their rapid metabolism, artemisinin and its derivatives are relatively safe drugs with a relatively high <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_index" title="Therapeutic index">therapeutic index</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-whirl_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whirl-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artemisinin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artemisinin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Artemisinin is an antimalarial lactone derived from <i>qinghao</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">青蒿</span></span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Artemisia_annua" title="Artemisia annua">Artemisia annua</a></i> or sweet wormwood). In 1596, <a href="/wiki/Li_Shizhen" title="Li Shizhen">Li Shizhen</a> recommended tea made from <i>qinghao</i> specifically to treat malaria symptoms in his <i><a href="/wiki/Compendium_of_Materia_Medica" class="mw-redirect" title="Compendium of Materia Medica">Compendium of Materia Medica</a></i>. The genus name is derived from the Greek goddess <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> and, more specifically, may have been named after Queen <a href="/wiki/Artemisia_II_of_Caria" title="Artemisia II of Caria">Artemisia II of Caria</a>, a botanist and medical researcher in the fourth century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery">Discovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artemisinin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Project_523" title="Project 523">Project 523</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artemisia_annua.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Artemisia_annua.jpg/150px-Artemisia_annua.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Artemisia_annua.jpg/225px-Artemisia_annua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Artemisia_annua.jpg/300px-Artemisia_annua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><i>Artemisia annua</i></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Artemisia annua</i> – a common <a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">herb</a> found in many parts of the world. In 1967, a plant screening research program, under a secret military program code-named "<a href="/wiki/Project_523" title="Project 523">Project 523</a>", was set up by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> to find an adequate treatment for malaria; the program and early clinical work were ordered by <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> at the request of <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnamese</a> leaders to provide assistance for their malaria-ridden army.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the course of this research in 1972, <a href="/wiki/Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Tu Youyou</a> discovered artemisinin in the leaves of <i>Artemisia annua</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller2011_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2011-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Named <i>qinghaosu</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">青蒿素</span>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'compound of green-blue wormwood'),<sup id="cite_ref-Miller2011_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2011-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3rd-char-lit-trans_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3rd-char-lit-trans-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was one of many candidates tested as possible treatments for malaria by Chinese scientists, from a list of nearly 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tu Youyou also discovered that a low-temperature extraction process could be used to isolate an effective antimalarial substance from the plant. Tu says she was influenced by a traditional Chinese herbal medicine source <i>The Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergency Treatments</i> written in 340 CE by <a href="/wiki/Ge_Hong" title="Ge Hong">Ge Hong</a> saying that this herb should be steeped in cold water.<sup id="cite_ref-scimag_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scimag-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This book contained the useful reference to the herb: "A handful of <i>qinghao</i> immersed with two litres of water, wring out the juice and drink it all." </p><p>Tu's team subsequently isolated an <a href="/wiki/Extract" title="Extract">extract</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller2011_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2011-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Results were published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Medical_Journal" title="Chinese Medical Journal">Chinese Medical Journal</a></i> in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller2011_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2011-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eic_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eic-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extracted substance, once subject to purification, proved to be a useful starting point to obtain purified artemisinin.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller2011_78-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2011-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2012 review reported that artemisinin-based therapies were the most effective drugs for treatment of malaria at that time;<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was also reported to clear malaria parasites from patients' bodies faster than other drugs. In addition to artemisinin, Project 523 developed a number of products that can be used in combination with artemisinin, including <a href="/wiki/Lumefantrine" title="Lumefantrine">lumefantrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piperaquine" title="Piperaquine">piperaquine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pyronaridine" title="Pyronaridine">pyronaridine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller2011_78-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2011-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1990s, Novartis filed a new Chinese patent for a combination treatment with artemether/lumefantrine, providing the first artemisinin-based combination therapies (Coartem) at reduced prices to the WHO.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, after artemisinin had become the treatment of choice for malaria, the WHO called for an immediate halt to single-drug artemisinin preparations in favor of combinations of artemisinin with another malaria drug, to reduce the risk of parasites developing resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, Tu Youyou was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Lasker-DeBakey_Clinical_Medical_Research_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award">Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award</a> for her role in the discovery and development of artemisinin.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller2011_78-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2011-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 5, 2015, she was awarded half of the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> for discovering artemisinin, "a drug that has significantly reduced the mortality rates for patients suffering from malaria".<sup id="cite_ref-nobel-2015_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other half of the prize was awarded jointly to <a href="/wiki/William_C._Campbell_(scientist)" title="William C. Campbell (scientist)">William C. Campbell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satoshi_%C5%8Cmura" title="Satoshi Ōmura">Satoshi Ōmura</a> for discovering <a href="/wiki/Avermectin" title="Avermectin">avermectin</a>, "the derivatives of which have radically lowered the incidence of <a href="/wiki/Onchocerciasis" title="Onchocerciasis">river blindness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_filariasis" title="Lymphatic filariasis">lymphatic filariasis</a>, as well as showing efficacy against an expanding number of other parasitic diseases".<sup id="cite_ref-nobel-2015_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artemisinin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_artemisinin-based_combination_therapies">New artemisinin-based combination therapies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artemisinin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: New artemisinin-based combination therapies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The WHO notes four additional ACTs that are in preliminary <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trials</a> or regionally used for which there is no evidence to recommend widespread use: <a href="/wiki/Artesunate/pyronaridine" title="Artesunate/pyronaridine">artesunate/pyronaridine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arterolane" title="Arterolane">arterolane</a>-<a href="/wiki/Piperaquine" title="Piperaquine">piperaquine</a>, artemisinin-piperaquine base, and artemisinin/naphthoquine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWHO201594_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWHO201594-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Helminthiasis">Helminthiasis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artemisinin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Helminthiasis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A serendipitous discovery was made in China in the early 1980s while searching for novel <a href="/wiki/Anthelmintic" title="Anthelmintic">anthelmintics</a> for <a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis" title="Schistosomiasis">schistosomiasis</a> that artemisinin was effective against <a href="/wiki/Schistosoma" title="Schistosoma">schistosomes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the human blood <a href="/wiki/Fluke_(flatworm)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluke (flatworm)">flukes</a>, which are the second-most prevalent parasitic infections, after malaria. Artemisinin and its derivatives are all potent antihelmintics.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artemisinins were later found to possess a broad spectrum of activity against a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Trematodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Trematodes">trematodes</a>, including <i><a href="/wiki/Schistosoma_japonicum" title="Schistosoma japonicum">Schistosoma japonicum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Schistosoma_mansoni" title="Schistosoma mansoni">S. mansoni</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Schistosoma_haematobium" title="Schistosoma haematobium">S. haematobium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Clonorchis_sinensis" title="Clonorchis sinensis">Clonorchis sinensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fasciola_hepatica" title="Fasciola hepatica">Fasciola hepatica</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Opisthorchis_viverrini" title="Opisthorchis viverrini">Opisthorchis viverrini</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancer">Cancer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artemisinin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cancer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Artemisinin and its derivatives are under laboratory research for their potential anti-cancer effects.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang2019_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-konstat_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-konstat-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2018, only preliminary clinical research had been conducted using artemisininin derivatives in various cancers, with no approved clinical applications.<sup id="cite_ref-raffetin_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raffetin-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autoimmune_disease">Autoimmune disease</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artemisinin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Autoimmune disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Artemisinin derivatives may suppress immune reactions, such as inflammation. One derivative, SM934, was approved in 2015 by the Chinese <a href="/wiki/National_Medical_Products_Administration" title="National Medical Products Administration">National Medical Products Administration</a> for a clinical trial as a drug for <a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">systemic lupus erythematosus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polycystic_ovary_syndrome">Polycystic ovary syndrome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artemisinin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Polycystic ovary syndrome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Artemisinin may be potentially useful for treating symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artemisinin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemisia_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemisia (genus)">Artemisia (genus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemisin" title="Artemisin">Artemisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santonin" title="Santonin">Santonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacognosy" title="Pharmacognosy">Pharmacognosy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artemisinin&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wang2019-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wang2019_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wang2019_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWangXuWongLi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Wang J, Xu C, Wong YK, Li Y, Liao F, Jiang T, et al. 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Geneva: <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-154912-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-154912-7"><bdi>978-92-4-154912-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/908628497">908628497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guidelines+for+the+Treatment+of+Malaria&rft.place=Geneva&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F908628497&rft.isbn=978-92-4-154912-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtemisinin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalmanClainDuvalMénard2019" class="citation journal cs1">Talman AM, Clain J, Duval R, Ménard R, Ariey F (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pt.2019.09.005">"Artemisinin Bioactivity and Resistance in Malaria Parasites"</a>. <i>Trends Parasitol</i>. <b>35</b> (12): 953–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pt.2019.09.005">10.1016/j.pt.2019.09.005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31699532">31699532</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+Parasitol&rft.atitle=Artemisinin+Bioactivity+and+Resistance+in+Malaria+Parasites&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=953-63&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pt.2019.09.005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31699532&rft.aulast=Talman&rft.aufirst=AM&rft.au=Clain%2C+J&rft.au=Duval%2C+R&rft.au=M%C3%A9nard%2C+R&rft.au=Ariey%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.pt.2019.09.005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtemisinin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artemisinin&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Artemisinin" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Artemisinin">Artemisinin</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/malaria_prog_summary.shtml">"Defeating the Curse"</a>. <i>BBC Horizon</i>. <q>Artemisinin has proven to be the most effective anti-malarial drug ever produced.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Horizon&rft.atitle=Defeating+the+Curse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fsn%2Ftvradio%2Fprogrammes%2Fhorizon%2Fmalaria_prog_summary.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtemisinin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0736q1j">"BBC World Service - Witness History, China's breakthrough malaria cure"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>. 11 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC+World+Service+-+Witness+History%2C+China%27s+breakthrough+malaria+cure&rft.date=2019-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fp0736q1j&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtemisinin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apicomplexa" title="Apicomplexa">Apicom-<br />plexa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conoidasida" title="Conoidasida">Conoidasida</a>/<br />(<a href="/wiki/Coccidiostat" title="Coccidiostat">Coccidiostats</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cryptosporidiosis#Treatment" title="Cryptosporidiosis">Cryptosporidiosis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiazolide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thiazolide (page does not exist)">thiazolides</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Nitazoxanide" title="Nitazoxanide">nitazoxanide</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Isosporiasis#Treatment" title="Isosporiasis">Isosporiasis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole" title="Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole">trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Toxoplasmosis#Treatment" title="Toxoplasmosis">Toxoplasmosis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimethamine" title="Pyrimethamine">pyrimethamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfadiazine" title="Sulfadiazine">sulfadiazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clindamycin" title="Clindamycin">clindamycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atovaquone" title="Atovaquone">atovaquone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aconoidasida" title="Aconoidasida">Aconoidasida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antimalarial_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimalarial drug">Malaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual <br />agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemozoin#Inhibitors" title="Hemozoin">Hemozoin<br />inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aminoquinoline" title="Aminoquinoline">Aminoquinolines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Aminoquinoline" title="4-Aminoquinoline">(4-)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amodiaquine" title="Amodiaquine">amodiaquine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroquine" title="Chloroquine">chloroquine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxychloroquine" title="Hydroxychloroquine">hydroxychloroquine</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8-Aminoquinoline" title="8-Aminoquinoline">(8-)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Primaquine" title="Primaquine">primaquine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamaquine" title="Pamaquine">pamaquine</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafenoquine" title="Tafenoquine">tafenoquine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4-Methanolquinolines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mefloquine" title="Mefloquine">mefloquine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">quinine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">quinidine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumefantrine" title="Lumefantrine">lumefantrine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemether/lumefantrine" title="Artemether/lumefantrine">+ artemether</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halofantrine" title="Halofantrine">halofantrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antifolate" title="Antifolate">Antifolates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dihydrofolate_reductase_inhibitor" title="Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor">DHFR inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimethamine" title="Pyrimethamine">pyrimethamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloguanil" title="Cycloguanil">cycloguanil</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biguanide" title="Biguanide">biguanides</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorproguanil" title="Chlorproguanil">chlorproguanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proguanil" title="Proguanil">proguanil</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sulfonamide_(medicine)" title="Sulfonamide (medicine)">Sulfonamides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulfadoxine" title="Sulfadoxine">sulfadoxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfalene" title="Sulfalene">sulfalene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Co-formulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine" title="Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine">sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine</a> (SP)<sup>#</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sesquiterpene_lactones" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesquiterpene lactones">Sesquiterpene<br />lactones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemether" title="Artemether">artemether</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">artemisinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemotil" title="Artemotil">artemotil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artesunate" title="Artesunate">artesunate</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroartemisinin" title="Dihydroartemisinin">dihydroartemisinin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atovaquone" title="Atovaquone">atovaquone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atovaquone/proguanil" title="Atovaquone/proguanil">+ proguanil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracycline" title="Tetracycline">tetracycline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxycycline" title="Doxycycline">doxycycline</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clindamycin" title="Clindamycin">clindamycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepacrine" title="Mepacrine">mepacrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyronaridine" title="Pyronaridine">pyronaridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperaquine" title="Piperaquine">piperaquine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combi-<br />nations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Fixed-dose_(co-formulated)_ACTs" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fixed-dose (co-formulated) <a class="mw-selflink selflink">ACTs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemether/lumefantrine" title="Artemether/lumefantrine">artemether/lumefantrine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arterolane" title="Arterolane">arterolane</a>/piperaquine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artesunate/amodiaquine" title="Artesunate/amodiaquine">artesunate/amodiaquine</a> (ASAQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artesunate/mefloquine" title="Artesunate/mefloquine">artesunate/mefloquine</a> (ASMQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artesunate/pyronaridine" title="Artesunate/pyronaridine">artesunate/pyronaridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperaquine/dihydroartemisinin" title="Piperaquine/dihydroartemisinin">piperaquine/dihydroartemisinin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other combinations<br />(not co-formulated)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>artesunate/mefloquine</li> <li>artesunate/SP</li> <li>quinine/clindamycin</li> <li>quinine/doxycycline</li> <li>quinine/tetracycline</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Babesiosis#Treatment" title="Babesiosis">Babesiosis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clindamycin" title="Clindamycin">clindamycin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">Cilio-<br />phora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balantidiasis#Treatment" title="Balantidiasis">Balantidiasis</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tetracycline" title="Tetracycline">tetracycline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stramenopile" title="Stramenopile">Stramen-<br />opile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blastocystosis#Treatment" title="Blastocystosis">Blastocystosis</a>: <a href="/wiki/Metronidazole" title="Metronidazole">metronidazole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Xenobiotic-sensing_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Xenobiotic-sensing_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Xenobiotic-sensing receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Xenobiotic-sensing_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Xenobiotic-sensing receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Xenobiotic-sensing_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Xenobiotic-sensing receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Xenobiotic-sensing_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Xenobiotic-sensing_receptor" title="Xenobiotic-sensing receptor">Xenobiotic-sensing receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_androstane_receptor" title="Constitutive androstane receptor"><abbr title="Constitutive androstane receptor">CAR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Constitutive androstane receptor</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=6,7-Dimethylesculetin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6,7-Dimethylesculetin (page does not exist)">6,7-Dimethylesculetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiodarone" title="Amiodarone">Amiodarone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Artemisinin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benfuracarb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benfuracarb (page does not exist)">Benfuracarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvedilol" title="Carvedilol">Carvedilol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysin" title="Chrysin">Chrysin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CITCO_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CITCO (drug) (page does not exist)">CITCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotrimazole" title="Clotrimazole">Clotrimazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclophosphamide" title="Cyclophosphamide">Cyclophosphamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypermethrin" title="Cypermethrin">Cypermethrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prasterone" title="Prasterone">prasterone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efavirenz" title="Efavirenz">Efavirenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellagic_acid" title="Ellagic acid">Ellagic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griseofulvin" title="Griseofulvin">Griseofulvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxychlor" title="Methoxychlor">Methoxychlor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">Nefazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevirapine" title="Nevirapine">Nevirapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicardipine" title="Nicardipine">Nicardipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octicizer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Octicizer (page does not exist)">Octicizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permethrin" title="Permethrin">Permethrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">Phenobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">Phenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B2-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5β-Dihydroprogesterone">Pregnanedione (5β-dihydroprogesterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserpine" title="Reserpine">Reserpine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TCPOBOP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TCPOBOP (page does not exist)">TCPOBOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telmisartan" title="Telmisartan">Telmisartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolnaftate" title="Tolnaftate">Tolnaftate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troglitazone" title="Troglitazone">Troglitazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproic acid">Valproic acid</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=3,17%CE%B2-Estradiol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3,17β-Estradiol (page does not exist)">3,17β-Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5%CE%B1-Androstan-3%CE%B1-ol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5α-Androstan-3α-ol (page does not exist)">3α-Androstanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Androst-16-en-3%CE%B1-ol" class="mw-redirect" title="5α-Androst-16-en-3α-ol">3α-Androstenol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5%CE%B1-Androstan-3%CE%B2-ol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5α-Androstan-3β-ol (page does not exist)">3β-Androstanol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5%CE%B1-Androstan-17-ol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5α-Androstan-17-ol (page does not exist)">17-Androstanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyl_isothiocyanate" title="Allyl isothiocyanate">AITC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">Ethinylestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclizine" title="Meclizine">Meclizine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigramide_J&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nigramide J (page does not exist)">Nigramide J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okadaic_acid" title="Okadaic acid">Okadaic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PK-11195" class="mw-redirect" title="PK-11195">PK-11195</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-07662&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-07662 (page does not exist)">S-07662</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=T-0901317&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T-0901317 (page does not exist)">T-0901317</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pregnane_X_receptor" title="Pregnane X receptor"><abbr title="Pregnane X receptor">PXR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Pregnane X receptor</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Hydroxypregnenolone" title="17α-Hydroxypregnenolone">17α-Hydroxypregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="17α-Hydroxyprogesterone">17α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%944-Androstenedione" class="mw-redirect" title="Δ4-Androstenedione">Δ<sup>4</sup>-Androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%945-Androstenediol" class="mw-redirect" title="Δ5-Androstenediol">Δ<sup>5</sup>-Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%945-Androstenedione" class="mw-redirect" title="Δ5-Androstenedione">Δ<sup>5</sup>-Androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AA-861&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AA-861 (page does not exist)">AA-861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allopregnanediol" title="Allopregnanediol">Allopregnanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5α-Dihydroprogesterone">Allopregnanedione (5α-dihydroprogesterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">Allopregnanolone (brexanolone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Lipoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Lipoic acid">Alpha-Lipoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrisentan" title="Ambrisentan">Ambrisentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMI-193" class="mw-redirect" title="AMI-193">AMI-193</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amlodipine_besylate" class="mw-redirect" title="Amlodipine besylate">Amlodipine besylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimycotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimycotic">Antimycotics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Artemisinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurothioglucose" title="Aurothioglucose">Aurothioglucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_acid" title="Bile acid">Bile acids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithionol" title="Bithionol">Bithionol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosentan" title="Bosentan">Bosentan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bumecaine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bumecaine (page does not exist)">Bumecaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafestol" title="Cafestol">Cafestol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephaloridine" title="Cephaloridine">Cephaloridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephradine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephradine">Cephradine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciglitazone" title="Ciglitazone">Ciglitazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clindamycin" title="Clindamycin">Clindamycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clofenvinfos" class="mw-redirect" title="Clofenvinfos">Clofenvinfos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroxine" title="Chloroxine">Chloroxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotrimazole" title="Clotrimazole">Clotrimazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colforsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Colforsin">Colforsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosterone" title="Corticosterone">Corticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclophosphamide" title="Cyclophosphamide">Cyclophosphamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demecolcine" title="Demecolcine">Demecolcine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">Dexamethasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prasterone" title="Prasterone">prasterone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prasterone_sulfate" title="Prasterone sulfate">prasterone sulfate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibunate_sodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dibunate sodium">Dibunate sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclazuril" title="Diclazuril">Diclazuril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicloxacillin" title="Dicloxacillin">Dicloxacillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimercaprol" title="Dimercaprol">Dimercaprol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinaline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinaline (page does not exist)">Dinaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetaxel" title="Docetaxel">Docetaxel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docusate_calcium" class="mw-redirect" title="Docusate calcium">Docusate calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodecylbenzenesulfonic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid">Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dronabinol" title="Dronabinol">Dronabinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droxidopa" title="Droxidopa">Droxidopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburnamonine" class="mw-redirect" title="Eburnamonine">Eburnamonine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopipam" title="Ecopipam">Ecopipam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzacamene" title="Enzacamene">Enzacamene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epothilone_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Epothilone B">Epothilone B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythromycin" title="Erythromycin">Erythromycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famprofazone" title="Famprofazone">Famprofazone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Febantel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Febantel (page does not exist)">Febantel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felodipine" title="Felodipine">Felodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenbendazole" title="Fenbendazole">Fenbendazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flucloxacillin" title="Flucloxacillin">Flucloxacillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorometholone" title="Fluorometholone">Fluorometholone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griseofulvin" title="Griseofulvin">Griseofulvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guggulsterone" title="Guggulsterone">Guggulsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloprogin" title="Haloprogin">Haloprogin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetacillin_potassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hetacillin potassium">Hetacillin potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperforin" title="Hyperforin">Hyperforin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum" title="Hypericum perforatum"><i>Hypericum perforatum</i> (St John's wort)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indinavir_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indinavir sulfate">Indinavir sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasalocid_sodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasalocid sodium">Lasalocid sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levothyroxine" title="Levothyroxine">Levothyroxine</a></li> <li>Linolenic acid: <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Linolenic_acid" title="Α-Linolenic acid">α-Linolenic acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gamma-Linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Linolenic acid">γ-linolenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LOE-908&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LOE-908 (page does not exist)">LOE-908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loratadine" title="Loratadine">Loratadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovastatin" title="Lovastatin">Lovastatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclizine" title="Meclizine">Meclizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacycline" title="Metacycline">Metacycline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylprednisolone" title="Methylprednisolone">Methylprednisolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metyrapone" title="Metyrapone">Metyrapone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mevastatin" title="Mevastatin">Mevastatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafcillin" title="Nafcillin">Nafcillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicardipine" title="Nicardipine">Nicardipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifedipine" title="Nifedipine">Nifedipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilvadipine" title="Nilvadipine">Nilvadipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisoldipine" title="Nisoldipine">Nisoldipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norelgestromin" title="Norelgestromin">Norelgestromin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omeprazole" title="Omeprazole">Omeprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlistat" title="Orlistat">Orlistat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxatomide" title="Oxatomide">Oxatomide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paclitaxel" title="Paclitaxel">Paclitaxel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">Phenobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperine" title="Piperine">Piperine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plicamycin" title="Plicamycin">Plicamycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednisolone" title="Prednisolone">Prednisolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnanediol" title="Pregnanediol">Pregnanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B2-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5β-Dihydroprogesterone">Pregnanedione (5β-dihydroprogesterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnanolone" title="Pregnanolone">Pregnanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">Pregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_16%CE%B1-carbonitrile" title="Pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile">Pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proadifen" title="Proadifen">Proadifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quingestrone" title="Quingestrone">Quingestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserpine" title="Reserpine">Reserpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_triiodothyronine" title="Reverse triiodothyronine">Reverse triiodothyronine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifampicin" title="Rifampicin">Rifampicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifaximin" title="Rifaximin">Rifaximin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimexolone" title="Rimexolone">Rimexolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riodipine" title="Riodipine">Riodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritonavir" title="Ritonavir">Ritonavir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simvastatin" title="Simvastatin">Simvastatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirolimus" title="Sirolimus">Sirolimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiroxatrine" title="Spiroxatrine">Spiroxatrine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-12813&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-12813 (page does not exist)">SR-12813</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suberoylanilide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suberoylanilide (page does not exist)">Suberoylanilide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfisoxazole" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfisoxazole">Sulfisoxazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suramin" title="Suramin">Suramin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacrolimus" title="Tacrolimus">Tacrolimus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenylidone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenylidone (page does not exist)">Tenylidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terconazole" title="Terconazole">Terconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_isocaproate" title="Testosterone isocaproate">Testosterone isocaproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracycline" title="Tetracycline">Tetracycline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiamylal_sodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiamylal sodium">Thiamylal sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiothixene" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiothixene">Thiothixene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thonzonium_bromide" title="Thonzonium bromide">Thonzonium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianeptine" title="Tianeptine">Tianeptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troglitazone" title="Troglitazone">Troglitazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troleandomycin" title="Troleandomycin">Troleandomycin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropanyl_3,5-dimethulbenzoate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tropanyl 3,5-dimethulbenzoate (page does not exist)">Tropanyl 3,5-dimethulbenzoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafirlukast" title="Zafirlukast">Zafirlukast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeranol" title="Zeranol">Zeranol</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">Ketoconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesamin" title="Sesamin">Sesamin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artemisinin&oldid=1258359470">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artemisinin&oldid=1258359470</a>"</div></div> <div 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