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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Canals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Population growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre_and_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre_and_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Theatre and music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre_and_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nightlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nightlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Nightlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nightlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cycling_and_walking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling_and_walking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Cycling and walking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling_and_walking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Public transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>Trains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.2</span> <span>Buses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motorways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motorways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Motorways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motorways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Airport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Groningen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 99 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%86" title="خرننغن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خرننغن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qroningen" title="Qroningen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qroningen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="খ্রোনিঙেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খ্রোনিঙেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(si%C3%A2%E2%81%BF)" title="Groningen (siâⁿ) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Groningen (siâⁿ)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Гронінген (горад) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гронінген (горад)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Гронінген (горад) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гронінген (горад)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гронинген – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гронинген" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(k%C3%AAr)" title="Groningen (kêr) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Groningen (kêr)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гронинген – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гронинген" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(kapital_sa_lalawigan_sa_Olandres)" title="Groningen (kapital sa lalawigan sa Olandres) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Groningen (kapital sa lalawigan sa Olandres)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(dinas)" title="Groningen (dinas) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Groningen (dinas)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BD_(%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7)" title="Χρόνινγκεν (πόλη) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χρόνινγκεν (πόλη)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groninga" title="Groninga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Groninga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningo_(urbo)" title="Groningo (urbo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Groningo (urbo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(hiria)" title="Groningen (hiria) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Groningen (hiria)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%86" title="خرونینگن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خرونینگن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningue_(ville)" title="Groningue (ville) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Groningue (ville)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grins_(st%C3%AAd)" title="Grins (stêd) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Grins (stêd)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(caayr)" title="Groningen (caayr) – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Groningen (caayr)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groninga" title="Groninga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Groninga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9D%90%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%9D%EC%96%B8" title="흐로닝언 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="흐로닝언" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Գրոնինգեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրոնինգեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen,_Groningen" title="Groningen, Groningen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Groningen, Groningen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(citate)" title="Groningen (citate) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Groningen (citate)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Гронинген (сахар) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гронинген (сахар)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groninga" title="Groninga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Groninga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9F_(%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8)" title="חרונינגן (עיר) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חרונינגן (עיר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="გრონინგენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გრონინგენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гронинген – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гронинген" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(bajar)" title="Groningen (bajar) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Groningen (bajar)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groninga_(urbs)" title="Groninga (urbs) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Groninga (urbs)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningena" title="Groningena – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Groningena" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningenas" title="Groningenas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Groningenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groninge_(stad)" title="Groninge (stad) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Groninge (stad)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groninga" title="Groninga – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Groninga" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(Hollandia)" title="Groningen (Hollandia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Groningen (Hollandia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0)" title="ग्रोनिंगन (शहर) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ग्रोनिंगन (शहर)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="خرونينجين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خرونينجين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(Groningen)" title="Groningen (Groningen) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Groningen (Groningen)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(Groningen)" title="Groningen (Groningen) – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Groningen (Groningen)" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гронинген – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гронинген" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(stad)" title="Groningen (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Groningen (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunnen_(stad)" title="Grunnen (stad) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Grunnen (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B2%E3%83%B3" title="フローニンゲン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フローニンゲン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(by)" title="Groningen (by) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Groningen (by)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groninga_(vila)" title="Groninga (vila) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Groninga (vila)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(Niderlandiya)" title="Groningen (Niderlandiya) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Groningen (Niderlandiya)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%86_%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1" title="گروننگن شہر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گروننگن شہر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%86" title="خرونینګن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="خرونینګن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunneng" title="Grunneng – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Grunneng" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groninga" title="Groninga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Groninga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гронинген – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гронинген" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(Meente)" title="Groningen (Meente) – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Groningen (Meente)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B2ninga" title="Gròninga – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Gròninga" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(city)" title="Groningen (city) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Groningen (city)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(mesto_v_Holandsku)" title="Groningen (mesto v Holandsku) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Groningen (mesto v Holandsku)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гронинген – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гронинген" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Грониңен – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Грониңен" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="โกรนิงเงิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โกรนิงเงิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Вилояти Гронинген – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вилояти Гронинген" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гронінген – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гронінген" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="خرونیگین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خرونیگین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groninga" title="Groninga – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Groninga" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(th%C3%A0nh_ph%E1%BB%91)" title="Groningen (thành phố) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Groningen (thành phố)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(zif)" title="Groningen (zif) – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Groningen (zif)" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(stad)" title="Groningen (stad) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Groningen (stad)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9" title="格罗宁根 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="格罗宁根" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%A7%E6%A0%B9" title="格羅寧根 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="格羅寧根" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9" title="格罗宁根 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="格罗宁根" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q749#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Groningen&params=53_13_08_N_06_34_03_E_region:NL-GR_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°13′08″N</span> <span class="longitude">06°34′03″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.21889°N 6.56750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.21889; 6.56750</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City and municipality in the Netherlands</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Dutch city and municipality. For the province, see <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(province)" title="Groningen (province)">Groningen (province)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Groningen (disambiguation)">Groningen (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"OOG" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/OOG_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="OOG (disambiguation)">OOG (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City and municipality in Netherlands</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Groningen</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Gronings-language text"><i lang="gos">Grunn(en)</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Gronings_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gronings language">Gronings</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Netherlands_by_province" title="List of cities in the Netherlands by province">City</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of municipalities of the Netherlands">municipality</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:98px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gasuniegebouw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gasunie building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Gasuniegebouw.jpg/132px-Gasuniegebouw.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Gasuniegebouw.jpg/198px-Gasuniegebouw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Gasuniegebouw.jpg/264px-Gasuniegebouw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Gasunie building</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:98px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grote_markt_zuidzijde.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Grote Markt Square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Grote_markt_zuidzijde.jpg/132px-Grote_markt_zuidzijde.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Grote_markt_zuidzijde.jpg/198px-Grote_markt_zuidzijde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Grote_markt_zuidzijde.jpg/264px-Grote_markt_zuidzijde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Grote Markt Square</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadsschouwburg_Groningen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Groningen City Theater" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Stadsschouwburg_Groningen.jpg/132px-Stadsschouwburg_Groningen.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Stadsschouwburg_Groningen.jpg/198px-Stadsschouwburg_Groningen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Stadsschouwburg_Groningen.jpg/264px-Stadsschouwburg_Groningen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Groningen City Theater</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Groningen,_Korenbeurs_foto2_2009-06-28_10.27.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aa Church/Korenbeurs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Groningen%2C_Korenbeurs_foto2_2009-06-28_10.27.JPG/132px-Groningen%2C_Korenbeurs_foto2_2009-06-28_10.27.JPG" decoding="async" width="132" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Groningen%2C_Korenbeurs_foto2_2009-06-28_10.27.JPG/198px-Groningen%2C_Korenbeurs_foto2_2009-06-28_10.27.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Groningen%2C_Korenbeurs_foto2_2009-06-28_10.27.JPG/264px-Groningen%2C_Korenbeurs_foto2_2009-06-28_10.27.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Der_Aa-kerk" title="Der Aa-kerk">Aa Church</a>/Korenbeurs</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div style="height:204px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Martini_Toren.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Martini Tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Martini_Toren.JPG/110px-Martini_Toren.JPG" decoding="async" width="110" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Martini_Toren.JPG/165px-Martini_Toren.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Martini_Toren.JPG/220px-Martini_Toren.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1214" data-file-height="2256" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Martinitoren" title="Martinitoren">Martini Tower</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div style="height:204px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goudkantoor_Groningen_Netherlands.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Goudkantoor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Goudkantoor_Groningen_Netherlands.JPG/154px-Goudkantoor_Groningen_Netherlands.JPG" decoding="async" width="154" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Goudkantoor_Groningen_Netherlands.JPG/231px-Goudkantoor_Groningen_Netherlands.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Goudkantoor_Groningen_Netherlands.JPG/308px-Goudkantoor_Groningen_Netherlands.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Goudkantoor" title="Goudkantoor">Goudkantoor</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:116px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Groninger_Museum_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Groninger Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Groninger_Museum_2.jpg/268px-Groninger_Museum_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Groninger_Museum_2.jpg/402px-Groninger_Museum_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Groninger_Museum_2.jpg/536px-Groninger_Museum_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1373" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Groninger_Museum" title="Groninger Museum">Groninger Museum</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Groningen_City.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Groningen"><img alt="White flag with a horizontal green band in the middle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Groningen_City.svg/100px-Flag_of_Groningen_City.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Groningen_City.svg/150px-Flag_of_Groningen_City.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Groningen_City.svg/200px-Flag_of_Groningen_City.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Groningen" title="Flag of Groningen">Flag</a></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Groningen_stad_wapen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Groningen"><img alt="Two black eagles holding a crowned yellow shield" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Groningen_stad_wapen.svg/100px-Groningen_stad_wapen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Groningen_stad_wapen.svg/150px-Groningen_stad_wapen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Groningen_stad_wapen.svg/200px-Groningen_stad_wapen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="273" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Groningen" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Groningen">Coat of arms</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Groningen_logo_(municipality).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Groningen"><img alt="Official logo of Groningen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Groningen_logo_%28municipality%29.svg/100px-Groningen_logo_%28municipality%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Groningen_logo_%28municipality%29.svg/150px-Groningen_logo_%28municipality%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Groningen_logo_%28municipality%29.svg/200px-Groningen_logo_%28municipality%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="513" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Logo" title="Logo">Brandmark</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_-_NL_-_Municipality_code_0014_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location in Groningen"><img alt="Highlighted position of Groningen in a municipal map of Groningen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Map_-_NL_-_Municipality_code_0014_%282019%29.svg/250px-Map_-_NL_-_Municipality_code_0014_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Map_-_NL_-_Municipality_code_0014_%282019%29.svg/375px-Map_-_NL_-_Municipality_code_0014_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Map_-_NL_-_Municipality_code_0014_%282019%29.svg/500px-Map_-_NL_-_Municipality_code_0014_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="160" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location in Groningen</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Groningen is located in Netherlands"><img alt="Groningen is located in Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg/250px-Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg/375px-Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg/500px-Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="1001" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:15.52%;left:78.807%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Groningen"><img alt="Groningen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Groningen</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within the Netherlands</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Netherlands</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Groningen is located in Europe"><img alt="Groningen is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/250px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/375px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/500px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1351" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.712%;left:31.67%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Groningen"><img alt="Groningen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Groningen</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Europe</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Europe</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Groningen&params=53_13_08_N_06_34_03_E_region:NL-GR_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°13′08″N</span> <span class="longitude">06°34′03″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.21889°N 6.56750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.21889; 6.56750</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Groningen_(province)" title="Groningen (province)">Groningen</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_local_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Seat of local government">City Hall</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_Groningen" class="mw-redirect" title="City Hall, Groningen">Groningen City Hall</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-mayor_now_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayor_now-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council_(Netherlands)" title="Municipal council (Netherlands)">Municipal council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Burgomaster" title="Burgomaster">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koen_Schuiling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koen Schuiling (page does not exist)">Koen Schuiling</a> (<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_for_Freedom_and_Democracy_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (Netherlands)">VVD</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Municipality</div></th><td class="infobox-data">197.96 km<sup>2</sup> (76.43 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">185.60 km<sup>2</sup> (71.66 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">12.36 km<sup>2</sup> (4.77 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-AHN_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHN-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 m (23 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 m (39 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(January 1st 2023)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Municipality</div></th><td class="infobox-data">238 147<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,257/km<sup>2</sup> (3,260/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">216,655</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">360,748</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Groninger, Stadjer</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_the_Netherlands" title="Postal codes in the Netherlands">Postcode</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">9700–9747</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Netherlands" title="Telephone numbers in the Netherlands">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">050</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gemeente.groningen.nl/en">gemeente<wbr />.groningen<wbr />.nl<wbr />/en</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="9" data-overlays="["_77772d2f51f3afd61247d21a998c7f1aae5c5d6e"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Groningen&revid=1254551310&groups=_77772d2f51f3afd61247d21a998c7f1aae5c5d6e" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Groningen&revid=1254551310&groups=_77772d2f51f3afd61247d21a998c7f1aae5c5d6e 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">Click on the map for a fullscreen view</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Groningen</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">GROH</span>-ning-ən</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a> also </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">GRON</span>-ing-ən</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Dutch:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈɣroːnɪŋə(n)]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cd\/Nl-Groningen_2.oga\/Nl-Groningen_2.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-Groningen 2.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/Nl-Groningen_2.oga/Nl-Groningen_2.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-Groningen_2.oga" title="File:Nl-Groningen 2.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Gronings_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gronings language">Gronings</a>: <i lang="gos">Grunn</i> or <span title="Gronings-language text"><i lang="gos">Grunnen</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gos-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈχrʏnn̩]</a></span>) is the capital city and main municipality of <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(province)" title="Groningen (province)">Groningen province</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. Dubbed the "capital of the north", Groningen is the largest place as well as the economic and cultural centre of the northern part of the country;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as of December 2021, it had 235,287 inhabitants, making it the sixth largest city/municipality in the Netherlands and the second largest outside the <a href="/wiki/Randstad" title="Randstad">Randstad</a>. </p><p>Groningen was established more than 950 years ago and gained <a href="/wiki/City_rights_in_the_Low_Countries" title="City rights in the Low Countries">city rights</a> in 1245.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to its relatively isolated location from the then successive Dutch centres of power (<a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>), Groningen was historically reliant on itself and nearby regions. As a <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic</a> city, it was part of the North German trade network, but later it mainly became a regional market centre. At the height of its power in the 15th century, Groningen could be considered an independent <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a> and it remained autonomous until the <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">French era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today Groningen is a university city, home to some of the country's leading higher education institutes; <a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">University of Groningen</a> (<i>Rijksuniversiteit Groningen</i>), which is the Netherlands's second oldest university, and <a href="/wiki/Hanze_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Hanze University of Applied Sciences">Hanze University of Applied Sciences</a> (<i>Hanzehogeschool Groningen</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students comprise an estimated 25% of its total population and makes it the country's demographically youngest city.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groningen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origin and meaning of 'Groningen' and its older variant, 'Groeningen', are uncertain. A folk origin story relates the idea that, in 453 BC, exiles from <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a> who were guided by a mythical figure called Gruno (or Grunius, Gryns or Grunus), along with a group of <a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a> from Germany, founded a settlement in what is now Groningen, and built a castle on the bank of the <a href="/wiki/Hunze" title="Hunze">Hunze</a>, which they called 'Grunoburg', and which was later destroyed by the Vikings.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Motley1867_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motley1867-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One modern theory is that 'Groningen' meant 'among the people of Groni' ('Groningi' and 'Groninga' in the 11th century), derived from <i>Gronesbeke</i>, which was the old name for a small lake near the Hunze (on the northern border of <a href="/wiki/Zuidlaarderveen" title="Zuidlaarderveen">Zuidlaarderveen</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the name Grone (variant Groene) is an old Frisian personal name, the origin may very well be in a settlement originally founded by the family of Grone and their followers, which in Frisian would be called Groninga. Another theory is that the name was derived from the word <i>groenighe</i>, meaning 'green fields'.<sup id="cite_ref-Motley1867_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motley1867-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a>, it is called <i>Grins</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(province)" title="Groningen (province)">Groningen province</a>, it is called <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groot_Loug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Groot Loug (page does not exist)">Groot Loug</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loug" class="extiw" title="nl:Loug">nl</a>]</span></i>. Regionally, it is often simply referred to as <i>Stad</i> (the "city"),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Molema1887_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molema1887-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its inhabitants are referred to as <i>Stadjers</i> or <i>Stadjeder</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Conference1995_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conference1995-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch sometimes refer to it as "the Metropolis of the North",<sup id="cite_ref-HagueJenkins2005_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HagueJenkins2005-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>Martinistad</i> (after the <i><a href="/wiki/Martinitoren" title="Martinitoren">Martinitoren</a></i> tower.)<sup id="cite_ref-HagueJenkins2005_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HagueJenkins2005-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groningen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Groningen" title="Timeline of Groningen">Timeline of Groningen</a>.</div> <p>The city was founded at the northernmost point of the <i><a href="/wiki/Hondsrug" title="Hondsrug">Hondsrug</a></i> area.<sup id="cite_ref-Roggema2012_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roggema2012-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the oldest document referring to Groningen's existence dates from 1040, the area was occupied by Anglo-Saxons centuries prior.<sup id="cite_ref-Kruit2014_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kruit2014-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest archaeological evidence of a settlement in the region stems from around 3950–3650 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-BarclayField2020_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarclayField2020-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first major settlement in Groningen trace back to the year 3 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martini2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Martini2.jpg/170px-Martini2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Martini2.jpg/255px-Martini2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Martini2.jpg/340px-Martini2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martinitoren" title="Martinitoren">Martini Tower</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Groningen_1565.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Groningen_1565.jpg/220px-Groningen_1565.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Groningen_1565.jpg/330px-Groningen_1565.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Groningen_1565.jpg/440px-Groningen_1565.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3985" data-file-height="1477" /></a><figcaption>Groningen in the 16th century</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 13th century Groningen was an important trade centre and its inhabitants built a <a href="/wiki/City_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="City wall">city wall</a> to underline its authority.<sup id="cite_ref-DunfordLee2007_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DunfordLee2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city had a strong influence on its surrounding lands and the <a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings dialect</a> became common.<sup id="cite_ref-BreivikJahr2011_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BreivikJahr2011-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's most influential period was at the end of the 15th century, when the nearby province of <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a> was administered from Groningen.<sup id="cite_ref-Eyewitness2020_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eyewitness2020-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During these years the <i><a href="/wiki/Martinitoren" title="Martinitoren">Martinitoren</a></i> was built which is considered to be the city's most significant landmark.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1536, Groningen accepted <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Charles V</a>, the King of Spain and the Habsburg ruler of the other Netherlands as its ruler, thus ending the region's autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-Cruttwell1808_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruttwell1808-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was captured in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groningen_(1594)" title="Siege of Groningen (1594)">Siege of Groningen</a> (1594) by the Dutch and English forces led by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_of_Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice of Nassau">Maurice of Nassau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RosseBlair1859_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RosseBlair1859-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the siege, the city and the province joined the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Prokhovnik2004_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prokhovnik2004-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 17th century, Groningen served as a crucial hub for the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> (WIC). This powerful trading company was responsible for maritime trade, colonization, and the transportation of goods and people. </p><p>The WIC transported over 300,000 slaves from the African coast to the Dutch colonies between 1621 and 1792. Warships like the <i>Groeningen</i> sailed from Groningen’s shipyards to Africa’s west coast, carrying enslaved Africans to plantations in Brazil, Suriname, and the Antilles.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These same ships returned to Europe laden with valuable commodities such as sugar, coffee, and tobacco. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">University of Groningen</a> was founded in 1614 with initial course offerings in law, medicine, theology and philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period the city expanded rapidly and a new city wall was built.<sup id="cite_ref-Army2014_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Army2014-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lambert-van-den-Bos-Schauplatz-des-Krieges_MG_9498.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lambert-van-den-Bos-Schauplatz-des-Krieges_MG_9498.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Lambert-van-den-Bos-Schauplatz-des-Krieges_MG_9498.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lambert-van-den-Bos-Schauplatz-des-Krieges_MG_9498.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Lambert-van-den-Bos-Schauplatz-des-Krieges_MG_9498.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lambert-van-den-Bos-Schauplatz-des-Krieges_MG_9498.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Lambert-van-den-Bos-Schauplatz-des-Krieges_MG_9498.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5280" data-file-height="3198" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groningen_(1672)" title="Siege of Groningen (1672)">Siege of Groningen</a> by Bishop of Münster in 1672</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groningen_(1672)" title="Siege of Groningen (1672)">Siege of Groningen</a> (1672) led by the bishop of <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_M%C3%BCnster" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Münster">Münster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_von_Galen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernhard von Galen">Bernhard von Galen</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Third Anglo-Dutch War">Third Anglo-Dutch War</a> failed and the city walls resisted;<sup id="cite_ref-Troost2005_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Troost2005-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an event that is celebrated annually with music and fireworks on 28 August as "<i><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gronings_Ontzet" class="extiw" title="nl:Gronings Ontzet">Gronings Ontzet</a></i>" or "<i>Bommen Berend</i>" ("Bombing Bernard").<sup id="cite_ref-Archer-Antiquaries1969_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archer-Antiquaries1969-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 19th century when the kingdom of Holland under king Jerôme Bonaparte was founded, Groningen was integrated into the French system of administration, and then annexed in 1811 into the French Empire under emperor Napoleon I (until 1813). During the French administration of the area, Groningen was called <i>Groningue</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Malte-Brun1834_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malte-Brun1834-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the main square and the Grote Markt were largely destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Groningen" title="Battle of Groningen">Battle of Groningen</a> in April 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-Army2014_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Army2014-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the church <i>Martinitoren</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Goudkantoor" title="Goudkantoor">Goudkantoor</a></i>, and the city hall were undamaged.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashworth2017_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashworth2017-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groningen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a town named after Groningen in <a href="/wiki/Saramacca_District" title="Saramacca District">Saramacca District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>. a former Dutch colony. It was named after the hometown of Dutch governor-general of Suriname <a href="/wiki/Jan_Wichers" title="Jan Wichers">Jan Wichers</a>, who established the town as a fort in 1790. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canals">Canals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groningen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Canals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous canals (<a href="/wiki/Gracht" title="Gracht"><i>grachten</i></a>) surround the city, locally called <i>diep</i>. The major canals that travel from the city are the Van Starkenborghkanaal, Eemskanaal, and Winschoterdiep. Groningen’s canals, no longer used for commercial goods transport, were once vital hubs in trade and transport. The rivers crossing close to the Binnenstad have been used for trade for at least a <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Groningen#Vroege_middeleeuwen" class="extiw" title="nl:Geschiedenis van Groningen">thousand years</a>. The Dutch West India Company and foreign investors established their Groningen headquarters in Reitemakersrijge. Additional warehouses were strategically built along the canals at Noorderhaven to store colonial produce.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These warehouses often held goods obtained from plantations in the Dutch colonies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groningen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Groningen has an oceanic temperate climate, like all of the Netherlands, although slightly colder in winter than other major cities in the Netherlands due to its northeasterly position.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weather is influenced by the North Sea to the north-west and its prevailing north-western winds and gales.<sup id="cite_ref-Homans1859_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homans1859-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Summers are somewhat warm and humid.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia1879_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia1879-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temperatures of 30 °C (86 °F) or higher occur sporadically; the average daytime high is around 22 °C (72 °F). Very rainy periods are common, especially in spring and summer. Average annual precipitation is about 800 mm (31 in). Annual sunshine hours vary, but are usually below 1600 hours, giving much cloud cover similar to most of the Netherlands. Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Köppen Climate Classification">Köppen Climate Classification</a> subtype for this climate is "<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification#Group_C:_Temperate/mesothermal_climates" title="Köppen climate classification">Cfb</a>". (Marine West Coast Climate/<a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Oceanic climate</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-weatherbase1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weatherbase1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Winters are cool; on average above freezing, although frosts are common during spells of easterly winds.<sup id="cite_ref-Brechin.)(F.R.S.)1794_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brechin.)(F.R.S.)1794-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Night-time temperatures of −10 °C (14 °F) or lower are not uncommon during cold winter periods. The lowest temperature ever recorded is −26.8 °C (−16.2 °F) on 16 February 1956. Snow often falls, but rarely stays long due to warmer daytime temperatures, although white snowy days happen every winter.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Groningen (<a href="/wiki/Groningen_Airport_Eelde" title="Groningen Airport Eelde">Groningen Airport Eelde</a>), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1906–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br />(75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.8<br />(83.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8<br />(91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.8<br />(92.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.9<br />(98.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.3<br />(97.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6<br />(90.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4<br />(81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4<br />(59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">36.9<br />(98.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br />(41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0<br />(42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5<br />(49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2<br />(57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6<br />(63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br />(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2<br />(57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0<br />(48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9<br />(42.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.9<br />(57.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br />(37.0) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5<br />(41.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0<br />(48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5<br />(54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4<br />(59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3<br />(63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1<br />(57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3<br />(50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3<br />(43.3) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(38.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.8<br />(49.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(32.2) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.1<br />(31.8) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br />(34.5) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7<br />(38.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9<br />(49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2<br />(54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6<br />(49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3<br />(43.3) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br />(33.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.5<br />(41.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−22.0<br />(−7.6) </td> <td style="background: #6B6BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−22.9<br />(−9.2) </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.4<br />(−1.1) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.1<br />(17.4) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.4<br />(25.9) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(32.2) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5<br />(36.5) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.0<br />(30.2) </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.9<br />(19.6) </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.6<br />(7.5) </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−22.0<br />(−7.6) </td> <td style="background: #6B6BFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−22.9<br />(−9.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.7<br />(2.86) </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.7<br />(2.15) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.1<br />(2.13) </td> <td style="background: #BFFFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.3<br />(1.63) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.9<br />(2.28) </td> <td style="background: #9AFF9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.0<br />(2.56) </td> <td style="background: #80FF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.0<br />(3.35) </td> <td style="background: #8BFF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.8<br />(3.06) </td> <td style="background: #8AFF8A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.4<br />(2.97) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.4<br />(2.81) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.0<br />(2.76) </td> <td style="background: #88FF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.4<br />(3.13) </td> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">804.7<br />(31.68) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.3 </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #7B7BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 </td> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.2 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.0 </td> <td style="background: #7070FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">136.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">33 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000A5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">90 </td> <td style="background: #0000AD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">88 </td> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #0000A9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">89 </td> <td style="background: #0000A1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">91 </td> <td style="background: #00009E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">92 </td> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">85 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #6E6E6E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60.7 </td> <td style="background: #AAAAA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.1 </td> <td style="background: #BFBF2B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">139.0 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">188.7 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">218.0 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">198.6 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">212.3 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">196.3 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">150.7 </td> <td style="background: #B3B373; color:#000000;" class="notheme">112.9 </td> <td style="background: #777777; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.4 </td> <td style="background: #666666; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56.1 </td> <td style="background: #C0C021; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,682.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Meteorological_Institute" title="Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute">Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groningen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hotel and catering industries constitute a significant part of the economy in Groningen.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Focus on business services has increased over time and areas such as IT, life sciences, tourism, energy, and environment have developed.<sup id="cite_ref-OECD2020_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECD2020-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 2008 there were two major <a href="/wiki/Sugar_refinery" title="Sugar refinery">sugar refineries</a> within the city. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suiker_Unie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suiker Unie (page does not exist)">Suiker Unie</a> plant was constructed in the outskirts of Groningen, but became a part of the city due to expansion. The factory had 98 employees before it was closed in 2008 due to a reduction in demand.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2017, <i>CSM Vierverlaten</i> in <a href="/wiki/Hoogkerk" title="Hoogkerk">Hoogkerk</a> remains the only beet sugar production plant in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable companies from Groningen include publishing company <a href="/wiki/Noordhoff_Uitgevers" class="mw-redirect" title="Noordhoff Uitgevers">Noordhoff Uitgevers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Koopmans2015_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koopmans2015-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tobacco company <a href="/wiki/Niemeyer_(tobacco)" title="Niemeyer (tobacco)">Niemeyer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> health insurance company Menzis,<sup id="cite_ref-Leeuwen2007_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeuwen2007-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> distillery <a href="/wiki/Hooghoudt_distillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Hooghoudt distillery">Hooghoudt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Eyewitness2020_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eyewitness2020-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and natural gas companies <a href="/w/index.php?title=GasUnie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GasUnie (page does not exist)">GasUnie</a> and <a href="/wiki/GasTerra" title="GasTerra">GasTerra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-InkpenMoffett2017_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InkpenMoffett2017-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groningen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration">Immigration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groningen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Immigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox" style="float:right;"> <caption>City of Groningen population by country of origin (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country/Territory</th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">175,249 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,427 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,847 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Caribbean" title="Dutch Caribbean">Dutch Caribbean</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,959 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname"><img alt="Suriname" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/23px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/35px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/45px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,401 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Former_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Soviet Union">Former Soviet Union</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,321 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,172 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,774 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,768 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,401 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,391 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,266 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,157 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,050 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other</td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,992 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As of 2020, Groningen had a total population of 232,874 people. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>2020<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Numbers </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <th>Dutch natives </th> <td>175,249 </td> <td>75.2% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Western migration background </th> <td>29,365 </td> <td>12.6% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Non-Western migration background </th> <td>28,260 </td> <td>12.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></i> </td> <td>5,847 </td> <td>2.51% </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></i> </td> <td>3,959 </td> <td>1.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></i> </td> <td>3,401 </td> <td>1.46% </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></i> </td> <td>1,774 </td> <td>0.76% </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></i> </td> <td>1,266 </td> <td>0.54% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>232,874 </td> <td>100% </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: prose, examples, and citations. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Groningen&action=edit&section=1">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groningen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of people in Groningen, slightly more than 70%, are non-religious.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With 25.1%, the largest religion in Groningen is <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. </p> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Blue; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 7957.3282711643px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3182.0515953774px; border-left-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1444.5585503933px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 490.63900054487px; border-left-color:Turquoise"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Turquoise"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Turquoise"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 184.63791930554px; border-left-color:DarkOrchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkOrchid"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 80.632210452218px; border-left-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:97.858090432547px 20.586260876988px 0 0; border-top-color:Honeydew"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Honeydew"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religions in Groningen (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Honeydew; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No affiliation</a> (71.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_the_Netherlands" title="Protestant Church in the Netherlands">Protestant Church in the Netherlands</a> (14.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkOrchid; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> (6.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Turquoise; color:black;"> </span> Other Christian denominations (4.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands" title="Islam in the Netherlands">Islam</a> (2.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (0.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (0.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> (0.2%)</div> </div> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_growth">Population growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groningen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Population growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:280px;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1400 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1560 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">12,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.57%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1600 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">16,600</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.71%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1721 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">20,680</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.18%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1770 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">23,296</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.24%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1787 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">22,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.34%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1795 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">23,770</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.97%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="#CITEREFLourensLucassen1997">Lourens & Lucassen 1997</a>, pp. 30–31</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The municipality of Groningen has grown rapidly. In 1968 it expanded by mergers with Hoogkerk and Noorddijk,<sup id="cite_ref-Groningen1987_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groningen1987-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2019 it merged with Haren and Ten Boer.<sup id="cite_ref-OECD2020_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECD2020-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All historical data are for the original city limits, excluding Hoogkerk, Noorddijk, Haren and Ten Boer. </p><p>It has a land area of 168.93 km<sup>2</sup> (65.22 sq mi), and a total area, including water, of 180.21 km<sup>2</sup> (69.58 sq mi). Its population density is 1,367 residents per km<sup>2</sup> (3,540 per square mile). On 1 January 2019, it was merged with the municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Ten_Boer" title="Ten Boer">Ten Boer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haren,_Groningen" title="Haren, Groningen">Haren</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Groningen-Assen_metropolitan_area" title="Groningen-Assen metropolitan area">Groningen-Assen metropolitan area</a> has about half a million inhabitants. </p> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_juuutrrsj8ml8vrwfcr2ziwyln20e42"></map><img usemap="#timeline_juuutrrsj8ml8vrwfcr2ziwyln20e42" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/juuutrrsj8ml8vrwfcr2ziwyln20e42.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groningen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Groningen is nationally known as the "Metropolis of the North".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is regarded as the main urban centre of the Northern part of the country, particularly in the fields of education, business,<sup id="cite_ref-KaynakUysal2012_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KaynakUysal2012-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> music and other arts.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also known as "<i>Martinistad</i>", referring to the tower of the <i><a href="/wiki/Martinitoren" title="Martinitoren">Martinitoren</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-HagueJenkins2005_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HagueJenkins2005-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is named after Groningen's <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Tours" title="Martin of Tours">Martin of Tours</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DrijversMacDonald1995_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DrijversMacDonald1995-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large student population also contributes to the very diverse cultural scene for a city of its size.<sup id="cite_ref-HagueJenkins2005_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HagueJenkins2005-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2016 Groningen has been host of the <a href="/wiki/International_Cycling_Film_Festival" title="International Cycling Film Festival">International Cycling Film Festival</a>, an annual film festival for bicycle related films. It takes place in the art house cinema of the old Roman Catholic Hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first major international chess tournament after World War II was held in Groningen in 1946. The tournament, won by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik">Mikhail Botvinnik</a> of the USSR, was the first time the Soviet Union had sent a team to a foreign event. An international chess "Schaakfestival Groningen tournament" has been held in the city in most years since 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-Groningen_(1946)_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groningen_(1946)-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groningen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Groninger_Museum_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Groninger_Museum_2.jpg/220px-Groninger_Museum_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Groninger_Museum_2.jpg/330px-Groninger_Museum_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Groninger_Museum_2.jpg/440px-Groninger_Museum_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1373" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Groninger_Museum" title="Groninger Museum">Groninger Museum</a> (2006)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Groninger_Forum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Groninger_Forum.jpg/220px-Groninger_Forum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Groninger_Forum.jpg/330px-Groninger_Forum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Groninger_Forum.jpg/440px-Groninger_Forum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>Forum Groningen</figcaption></figure> <p>Groningen is home to the <a href="/wiki/Groninger_Museum" title="Groninger Museum">Groninger Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vries2010_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vries2010-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its new building designed by <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Mendini" title="Alessandro Mendini">Alessandro Mendini</a> in 1994 echoes the Italian post-modern concepts and is notable for its futuristic and colourful style.<sup id="cite_ref-Maidment2000_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maidment2000-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ashworth2017_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashworth2017-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city has a <a href="/wiki/Maritime_museum" title="Maritime museum">maritime museum</a>, a <a href="/wiki/University_museum" title="University museum">university museum</a>, a comics museum and a graphics museum.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groningen is also the home of <a href="/wiki/Noorderlicht" title="Noorderlicht">Noorderlicht</a>, an international photographic platform that runs a photo gallery and organizes an international photo festival.<sup id="cite_ref-Karatzogianni2013_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karatzogianni2013-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Forum_Groningen" title="Forum Groningen">Forum Groningen</a> that opened in 2019 is a cultural center consisting of a museum, art cinema, library, bars, rooftop terrace and tourist information office.<sup id="cite_ref-Guides2019_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guides2019-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre_and_music">Theatre and music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groningen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Theatre and music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadsschouwburg_Groningen_-_links.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Stadsschouwburg_Groningen_-_links.jpg/220px-Stadsschouwburg_Groningen_-_links.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Stadsschouwburg_Groningen_-_links.jpg/330px-Stadsschouwburg_Groningen_-_links.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Stadsschouwburg_Groningen_-_links.jpg/440px-Stadsschouwburg_Groningen_-_links.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3353" data-file-height="2660" /></a><figcaption>Theatre building Groningen</figcaption></figure> <p>Groningen has a city theatre called the Stadsschouwburg, located on the Turfsingel,<sup id="cite_ref-ToonderHoven2012_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ToonderHoven2012-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a theatre and concert venue called Martini Plaza,<sup id="cite_ref-Gazaleh-WeeversAgudo2007_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazaleh-WeeversAgudo2007-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a cultural venue on the Trompsingel, called the Oosterpoort.<sup id="cite_ref-ToynbeeDueck2011_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ToynbeeDueck2011-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vera is located on the Oosterstraat,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Grand Theatre on the Grote Markt,<sup id="cite_ref-MeerTilman2005_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeerTilman2005-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Simplon on the <a href="/wiki/Boterdiep" title="Boterdiep">Boterdiep</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DunfordHolland2000_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DunfordHolland2000-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several cafés feature live music, a few of which specialize in jazz music, including the <i>Jazzcafe De Spieghel</i> on the Peperstraat.<sup id="cite_ref-DunfordHolland1997_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DunfordHolland1997-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groningen is the host city for <a href="/wiki/Eurosonic_Noorderslag" title="Eurosonic Noorderslag">Eurosonic Noorderslag</a>, an annual music showcase event for bands from across Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nightlife">Nightlife</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groningen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nightlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Groningen's active nightlife depends largely on its student population, with the Grote Markt, Vismarkt, Poelestraat and Peperstraat crowded nightly, most bars not closing until five in the morning.<sup id="cite_ref-DunfordLee2007_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DunfordLee2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2005 to 2007, Groningen was named "best city centre" of the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groningen has a <a href="/wiki/Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">red-light district</a>, called <i>Nieuwstad</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groningen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Groningen_-_Voetbalstadion_Euroborg_in_vogelvlucht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Groningen_-_Voetbalstadion_Euroborg_in_vogelvlucht.jpg/220px-Groningen_-_Voetbalstadion_Euroborg_in_vogelvlucht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Groningen_-_Voetbalstadion_Euroborg_in_vogelvlucht.jpg/330px-Groningen_-_Voetbalstadion_Euroborg_in_vogelvlucht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Groningen_-_Voetbalstadion_Euroborg_in_vogelvlucht.jpg/440px-Groningen_-_Voetbalstadion_Euroborg_in_vogelvlucht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="1524" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Euroborg" title="Euroborg">Euroborg</a> football stadium</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donar_-_Landstede_Basketbal_(2016).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Donar_-_Landstede_Basketbal_%282016%29.jpg/220px-Donar_-_Landstede_Basketbal_%282016%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Donar_-_Landstede_Basketbal_%282016%29.jpg/330px-Donar_-_Landstede_Basketbal_%282016%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Donar_-_Landstede_Basketbal_%282016%29.jpg/440px-Donar_-_Landstede_Basketbal_%282016%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Donar_Groningen" class="mw-redirect" title="Donar Groningen">Donar</a> <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> game in <a href="/wiki/MartiniPlaza" title="MartiniPlaza">MartiniPlaza</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/FC_Groningen" title="FC Groningen">FC Groningen</a>, founded in 1971, is the local <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> club, and as of 2000 they play in the <a href="/wiki/Eredivisie" title="Eredivisie">Eredivisie</a>, the highest football league of the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winners of the <a href="/wiki/KNVB_Cup" title="KNVB Cup">KNVB Cup</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_KNVB_Cup" title="2014–15 KNVB Cup">2014–15 season</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their best Eredivisie result was in the 1990–91 season when they finished third.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their current stadium which opened in January 2006 has 22,525 seats.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StadiumCapacity_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StadiumCapacity-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is called the <a href="/wiki/Euroborg" title="Euroborg">Hitachi Capital Mobility Stadion</a>; it was known as the "Euroborg stadium" before 2016, and "Noordlease Stadion" from 2016 to 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American sports are fairly popular in Groningen; it has <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> clubs. Groningen's professional basketball club <a href="/wiki/Donar_(basketball_club)" title="Donar (basketball club)">Donar</a> play in the highest professional league, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Basketball_League" title="Dutch Basketball League">Dutch Basketball League</a>, and have won the national championship seven times.<sup id="cite_ref-jdus_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jdus-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Groningen_Giants&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Groningen Giants (page does not exist)">Groningen Giants</a> are the American football team of the city who play in the premier league of the <a href="/wiki/AFBN" class="mw-redirect" title="AFBN">AFBN</a> and are nicknamed as the "Kings of the North".<sup id="cite_ref-Coutinho2018_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coutinho2018-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The running event called <a href="/w/index.php?title=4_Miles_of_Groningen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4 Miles of Groningen (page does not exist)">4 Miles of Groningen</a> takes place in the city on the second Sunday of October every year with over 23,000 participants.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/2002_Giro_d%27Italia" title="2002 Giro d'Italia">2002 Giro d'Italia</a> began in Groningen, including the prologue and the start of the first stage.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city hosted the start and finish of the fifth stage of the <a href="/wiki/2013_Energiewacht_Tour" title="2013 Energiewacht Tour">2013 Energiewacht Tour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-technicalguide_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-technicalguide-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Groninger_Studenten_Rugby_Club" title="Groninger Studenten Rugby Club">Groninger Studenten Rugby Club</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groningen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gymmnasium_school_Groningen_at_23_April_2014_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gymmnasium_school_Groningen_at_23_April_2014_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Gymmnasium_school_Groningen_at_23_April_2014_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gymmnasium_school_Groningen_at_23_April_2014_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Gymmnasium_school_Groningen_at_23_April_2014_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gymmnasium_school_Groningen_at_23_April_2014_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Gymmnasium_school_Groningen_at_23_April_2014_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Praedinius_Gymnasium" title="Praedinius Gymnasium">Praedinius Gymnasium</a> in Groningen is one of the two <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasium schools</a> in the city</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Academy_Building_of_RUG_on_May_27,_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Academy_Building_of_RUG_on_May_27%2C_2019.jpg/220px-Academy_Building_of_RUG_on_May_27%2C_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Academy_Building_of_RUG_on_May_27%2C_2019.jpg/330px-Academy_Building_of_RUG_on_May_27%2C_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Academy_Building_of_RUG_on_May_27%2C_2019.jpg/440px-Academy_Building_of_RUG_on_May_27%2C_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption>Academy Building of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">University of Groningen</a> in 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2020, around 25% of the 230,000 inhabitants in Groningen are students. The city has the highest density of students and the lowest mean age in the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also Middle Schools, such as <a href="/wiki/H.N._Werkman_College" title="H.N. Werkman College">H.N. Werkman College</a> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">University of Groningen</a> (in Dutch: <i><a href="/wiki/Rijksuniversiteit_Groningen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rijksuniversiteit Groningen">Rijksuniversiteit Groningen</a></i>), established in 1614 is the second oldest university in the Netherlands (after the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leiden" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leiden">University of Leiden</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Essen2013_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essen2013-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The university educated the country's first female student, <a href="/wiki/Aletta_Jacobs" title="Aletta Jacobs">Aletta Jacobs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first Dutch national astronaut, <a href="/wiki/Wubbo_Ockels" title="Wubbo Ockels">Wubbo Ockels</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Agency2014_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agency2014-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first president of the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wim_Duisenberg" title="Wim Duisenberg">Wim Duisenberg</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Koopmans2015_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koopmans2015-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and two <a href="/wiki/Nobel_laureates" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureates">Nobel laureates</a>; <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a> (in Physics) and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Feringa" title="Ben Feringa">Ben Feringa</a> (in Chemistry).<sup id="cite_ref-Agarwal2008_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agarwal2008-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The university has about 31,000 students—22% of which are international.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hanze_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Hanze University of Applied Sciences">Hanze University of Applied Sciences</a> (in Dutch: <i><a href="/wiki/Hanze_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Hanze University of Applied Sciences">Hanzehogeschool Groningen</a></i>) was founded in 1986 and is more focused on the practical application of knowledge, offering bachelor and master courses in fields like Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Communication and Multimedia Design, and Renewable Energy.<sup id="cite_ref-hanzeuniversity1_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hanzeuniversity1-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With around 8.1% international students, Hanze hosts more than 28,000 students and is one of the largest universities of applied sciences by enrollment in the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groningen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Groningen municipal council has 45 members which, after the <a href="/wiki/2022_Dutch_municipal_elections" title="2022 Dutch municipal elections">2022 local elections</a>, was made up as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Groningen municipal council<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Party name </th> <th>Seats </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/GroenLinks" title="GroenLinks">GroenLinks</a> </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Labour Party (Netherlands)">PvdA</a> </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Democrats_66" title="Democrats 66">D66</a> </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Party_for_the_Animals" title="Party for the Animals">Party for the Animals</a> </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stadspartij 100% voor Groningen </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Socialist Party (Netherlands)">Socialist Party</a> </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/VVD" class="mw-redirect" title="VVD">VVD</a> </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Student_en_Stad" title="Student en Stad">Student en Stad</a> </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChristenUnie" class="mw-redirect" title="ChristenUnie">Christian Union</a> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal" title="Christian Democratic Appeal">Christian Democratic Appeal</a> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Party_for_the_North" title="Party for the North">Party for the North</a> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Freedom" title="Party for Freedom">Party for Freedom</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>From 2022, the ruling municipal coalition consisted of GroenLinks, PvdA, Party for the Animals, the Socialist Party and ChristenUnie.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_relations">International relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groningen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in the Netherlands">List of twin towns and sister cities in the Netherlands</a></div> <p>Groningen is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with the following cities:<sup id="cite_ref-Groningen_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groningen-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table cellpadding="10"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Newcastle-Upon-Tyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle-Upon-Tyne">Newcastle-Upon-Tyne</a>, England, UK</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Odense" title="Odense">Odense</a>, Denmark</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg</a>, Germany</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a>, Austria<sup id="cite_ref-Graz_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graz-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zl%C3%ADn" title="Zlín">Zlín</a>, Czech Republic</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a>, Poland</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, Estonia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>, Russia<sup id="cite_ref-Kaliningrad_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaliningrad-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a>, Russia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Holland,_Michigan" title="Holland, Michigan">Holland</a>, Michigan, US</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua"><img alt="Nicaragua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/San_Carlos,_R%C3%ADo_San_Juan" class="mw-redirect" title="San Carlos, Río San Juan">San Carlos</a>, Nicaragua</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>, China</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Groningen also has a trilateral partnership with the nearby northern German cities of <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg.</a><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groningen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling_and_walking">Cycling and walking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groningen&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cycling and walking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herestraat_Groningen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Herestraat_Groningen.JPG/220px-Herestraat_Groningen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Herestraat_Groningen.JPG/330px-Herestraat_Groningen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Herestraat_Groningen.JPG/440px-Herestraat_Groningen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption><i>Herestraat</i>, the main shopping street (2004)</figcaption></figure> <p>Groningen is known as the "World Cycling City"; around 57% of its residents use a bicycle for regular commute within the city.<sup id="cite_ref-G2013_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G2013-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, Groningen was chosen as the <i>Fietsstad 2002</i>, the top cycle-city in the Netherlands for 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-Tolley2003_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolley2003-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to most <a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_the_Netherlands" title="Cycling in the Netherlands">Dutch cities</a>, Groningen has developed to accommodate a large number of cyclists.<sup id="cite_ref-BruntlettBruntlett2018_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BruntlettBruntlett2018-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extensive network of bike paths were planned to make it more convenient to cycle to various destinations instead of taking a car.<sup id="cite_ref-BeckerLampe2018_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeckerLampe2018-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city has segregated cycle-paths, public transport, and a large pedestrianised zone in the city centre.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groningen's city centre was remodeled into a "pedestrian priority zone" to promote walking and biking.<sup id="cite_ref-Beatley2012_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beatley2012-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was achieved by applying the principle of <a href="/wiki/Permeability_(spatial_and_transport_planning)" title="Permeability (spatial and transport planning)">filtered permeability</a>—the network configuration favours <a href="/wiki/Active_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Active transportation">active transportation</a> and selectively "filters out" traveling in a car by reducing the number of streets that run through the centre.<sup id="cite_ref-Appleby2012_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appleby2012-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The streets that are discontinuous for cars connect to a network of pedestrian and bike paths which permeate the entire centre.<sup id="cite_ref-Spotswood2016_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spotswood2016-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, these paths go through public squares and open spaces, increasing aesthetic appeal and encouraging participation.<sup id="cite_ref-Communities1994_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Communities1994-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The logic of filtering a mode of transport is fully expressed in a comprehensive model for laying out neighbourhoods and districts—the <a href="/wiki/Fused_grid" title="Fused grid">fused grid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transport">Public transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groningen&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Public transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trains">Trains</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groningen&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Trains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20080430_Hoofdstation_Groningen_NL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/20080430_Hoofdstation_Groningen_NL.jpg/220px-20080430_Hoofdstation_Groningen_NL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/20080430_Hoofdstation_Groningen_NL.jpg/330px-20080430_Hoofdstation_Groningen_NL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/20080430_Hoofdstation_Groningen_NL.jpg/440px-20080430_Hoofdstation_Groningen_NL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Railway station</a> Groningen (2008)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen railway station</a> (in Dutch: <i>Hoofdstation</i>) is the main railway station and has regular services to most of the major cities in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashworth2017_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashworth2017-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's remaining two railway stations are <a href="/wiki/Groningen_Europapark_railway_station" title="Groningen Europapark railway station">Europapark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Groningen_Noord_railway_station" title="Groningen Noord railway station">Noord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Groningen has six railway routes:<sup id="cite_ref-trains_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trains-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Groningen – <a href="/wiki/Delfzijl" title="Delfzijl">Delfzijl</a></li> <li>Groningen – <a href="/wiki/Roodeschool" title="Roodeschool">Roodeschool</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eemshaven" title="Eemshaven">Eemshaven</a></li> <li>Groningen – <a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden" title="Leeuwarden">Leeuwarden</a></li> <li>Groningen – <a href="/wiki/Veendam" title="Veendam">Veendam</a></li> <li>Groningen – <a href="/wiki/Weener" title="Weener">Weener</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leer,_Lower_Saxony" title="Leer, Lower Saxony">Leer</a></li> <li>Groningen – <a href="/wiki/Meppel" title="Meppel">Meppel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a></li></ul> <p>On those six routes, ten lines stop at:<sup id="cite_ref-trains_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trains-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Groningen_Noord_railway_station" title="Groningen Noord railway station">Groningen North</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sauwerd_railway_station" title="Sauwerd railway station">Sauwerd</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bedum_railway_station" title="Bedum railway station">Bedum</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stedum_railway_station" title="Stedum railway station">Stedum</a> – <a href="/wiki/Loppersum_railway_station" title="Loppersum railway station">Loppersum</a> – <a href="/wiki/Appingedam_railway_station" title="Appingedam railway station">Appingedam</a> – <a href="/wiki/Delfzijl_West_railway_station" title="Delfzijl West railway station">Delfzijl West</a> – <a href="/wiki/Delfzijl_railway_station" title="Delfzijl railway station">Delfzijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Groningen_Noord_railway_station" title="Groningen Noord railway station">Groningen North</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sauwerd_railway_station" title="Sauwerd railway station">Sauwerd</a> – <a href="/wiki/Winsum_railway_station" title="Winsum railway station">Winsum</a> – <a href="/wiki/Baflo_railway_station" title="Baflo railway station">Baflo</a> – <a href="/wiki/Warffum_railway_station" title="Warffum railway station">Warffum</a> – <a href="/wiki/Usquert_railway_station" title="Usquert railway station">Usquert</a> – <a href="/wiki/Uithuizen_railway_station" title="Uithuizen railway station">Uithuizen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Uithuizermeeden_railway_station" title="Uithuizermeeden railway station">Uithuizermeeden</a> – <a href="/wiki/Roodeschool_railway_station" title="Roodeschool railway station">Roodeschool</a> – (Low Service) <a href="/wiki/Eemshaven_railway_station" title="Eemshaven railway station">Eemshaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zuidhorn_railway_station" title="Zuidhorn railway station">Zuidhorn</a> – <a href="/wiki/Grijpskerk_railway_station" title="Grijpskerk railway station">Grijpskerk</a> – <a href="/wiki/Buitenpost_railway_station" title="Buitenpost railway station">Buitenpost</a> – <a href="/wiki/De_Westereen_railway_station" title="De Westereen railway station">De Westereen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Feanw%C3%A2lden_railway_station" title="Feanwâlden railway station">Feanwâlden</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hurdegaryp_railway_station" title="Hurdegaryp railway station">Hurdegaryp</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden_Camminghaburen_railway_station" title="Leeuwarden Camminghaburen railway station">Leeuwarden Camminghaburen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden_railway_station" title="Leeuwarden railway station">Leewarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Buitenpost_railway_station" title="Buitenpost railway station">Buitenpost</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden_railway_station" title="Leeuwarden railway station">Leewarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Groningen_Europapark_railway_station" title="Groningen Europapark railway station">Groningen Europapark</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kropswolde_railway_station" title="Kropswolde railway station">Kropswolde</a> – <a href="/wiki/Martenshoek_railway_station" title="Martenshoek railway station">Martenshoek</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hoogezand-Sappemeer_railway_station" title="Hoogezand-Sappemeer railway station">Hoogezand-Sappemeer</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sappemeer_Oost_railway_station" title="Sappemeer Oost railway station">Sappemeer oost</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zuidbroek_railway_station" title="Zuidbroek railway station">Zuidbroek</a> – <a href="/wiki/Veendam_railway_station" title="Veendam railway station">Veendam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Groningen_Europapark_railway_station" title="Groningen Europapark railway station">Groningen Europapark</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kropswolde_railway_station" title="Kropswolde railway station">Kropswolde</a> – <a href="/wiki/Martenshoek_railway_station" title="Martenshoek railway station">Martenshoek</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hoogezand-Sappemeer_railway_station" title="Hoogezand-Sappemeer railway station">Hoogezand-Sappemeer</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sappemeer_Oost_railway_station" title="Sappemeer Oost railway station">Sappemeer oost</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zuidbroek_railway_station" title="Zuidbroek railway station">Zuidbroek</a> – <a href="/wiki/Scheemda_railway_station" title="Scheemda railway station">Scheemda</a> – <a href="/wiki/Winschoten_railway_station" title="Winschoten railway station">Winschoten</a> – (Lower service) <a href="/wiki/Bad_Nieuweschans_railway_station" title="Bad Nieuweschans railway station">Bad Nieuweschans</a> – <a href="/wiki/Weener_railway_station" title="Weener railway station">Weener</a> – (Due to a broken bridge, trains do not go on to <a href="/wiki/Leer_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Leer railway station">Leer</a>. Take a bus from Groningen or <a href="/wiki/Weener" title="Weener">Weener</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Groningen_Europapark_railway_station" title="Groningen Europapark railway station">Groningen Europapark</a> – <a href="/wiki/Haren_(NL)_railway_station" title="Haren (NL) railway station">Haren</a> – <a href="/wiki/Assen_railway_station" title="Assen railway station">Assen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Beilen_railway_station" title="Beilen railway station">Beilen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hoogeveen_railway_station" title="Hoogeveen railway station">Hoogeveen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Meppel_railway_station" title="Meppel railway station">Meppel</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zwolle_railway_station" title="Zwolle railway station">Zwolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Assen_railway_station" title="Assen railway station">Assen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zwolle_railway_station" title="Zwolle railway station">Zwolle</a> – <a href="/wiki/Amersfoort_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Amersfoort railway station">Amersfoort Centraal</a> – <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Centraal_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Utrecht Centraal railway station">Utrecht Centraal</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gouda_railway_station" title="Gouda railway station">Gouda</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Alexander_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotterdam Alexander railway station">Rotterdam Alexander</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Centraal_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotterdam Centraal railway station">Rotterdam Centraal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Assen_railway_station" title="Assen railway station">Assen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zwolle_railway_station" title="Zwolle railway station">Zwolle</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lelystad_Centrum_railway_station" title="Lelystad Centrum railway station">Lelystad Centrum</a> – <a href="/wiki/Almere_Centrum_railway_station" title="Almere Centrum railway station">Almere Centrum</a> – <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_zuid_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam zuid railway station">Amsterdam South</a> – <a href="/wiki/Schiphol_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Schiphol railway station">Schiphol</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leiden_Centraal_railway_station" title="Leiden Centraal railway station">Leiden Centraal</a> – <a href="/wiki/Den_Haag_Centraal_railway_station" title="Den Haag Centraal railway station">Den Haag Centraal / The Hague Centraal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buses">Buses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groningen&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Buses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> Groningen has bus lines and Q-Link—a network of buses similar to a tram/metro network.<sup id="cite_ref-BijlOort2018_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BijlOort2018-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <p>City & Q-Link Lines:<sup id="cite_ref-buses_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buses-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1: <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Main Station</a> – City Center – <a href="/wiki/University_Medical_Center_Groningen" title="University Medical Center Groningen">UMCG</a> North – <a href="/wiki/Groningen_Noord_railway_station" title="Groningen Noord railway station">Station Groningen North</a> – <a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">Zernike</a> – P+R Reitdiep</li> <li>2: <a href="/wiki/Groningen_Europapark_railway_station" title="Groningen Europapark railway station">Groningen Europapark</a> – <a href="/wiki/University_Medical_Center_Groningen" title="University Medical Center Groningen">UMCG</a> Main Entrance – <a href="/wiki/University_Medical_Center_Groningen" title="University Medical Center Groningen">UMCG</a> North – <a href="/wiki/Groningen_Noord_railway_station" title="Groningen Noord railway station">Station Groningen North</a> – <a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">Zernike</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zuidhorn_railway_station" title="Zuidhorn railway station">Station Zuidhorn</a></li> <li>3: <a href="/wiki/Lewenborg" title="Lewenborg">Lewenborg</a> – P+R Kardingen – <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Main Station</a> – P+R <a href="/wiki/Hoogkerk" title="Hoogkerk">Hoogkerk</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leek,_Netherlands" title="Leek, Netherlands">Leek</a></li> <li>4: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beijum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beijum (page does not exist)">Beijum</a> – P+R Kardingen – <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Main Station</a> – P+R <a href="/wiki/Hoogkerk" title="Hoogkerk">Hoogkerk</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peize" title="Peize">Peize</a> – <a href="/wiki/Roden,_Drenthe" class="mw-redirect" title="Roden, Drenthe">Roden</a></li> <li>5: <a href="/wiki/Harkstede" title="Harkstede">Harkstede</a> – P+R <a href="/wiki/Meerstad" title="Meerstad">Meerstad</a> – <a href="/wiki/University_Medical_Center_Groningen" title="University Medical Center Groningen">UMCG</a> Main Entrance – City Centre – <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Main Station</a> – P+R <a href="/wiki/Haren,_Groningen" title="Haren, Groningen">Haren</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zuidlaren" title="Zuidlaren">Zuidlaren</a> – <a href="/wiki/Annen" title="Annen">Annen</a></li> <li>6: P+R <a href="/wiki/Haren,_Groningen" title="Haren, Groningen">Haren</a> – <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Main Station</a> – <a href="/wiki/University_Medical_Center_Groningen" title="University Medical Center Groningen">UMCG</a> Main Entrance – <a href="/wiki/Ten_Boer" title="Ten Boer">Ten Boer</a> – <a href="/wiki/Appingedam" title="Appingedam">Appingedam</a> – <a href="/wiki/Delfzijl" title="Delfzijl">Delfzijl</a></li> <li>7: De Wijert – <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Main Station</a> – Westerhaven – Vinkhuizen – Paddepoel – <a href="/wiki/Groningen_Noord_railway_station" title="Groningen Noord railway station">Station Groningen North</a></li> <li>8: P+R <a href="/wiki/Hoogkerk" title="Hoogkerk">Hoogkerk</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hoogkerk" title="Hoogkerk">Hoogkerk</a> – Westerhaven – <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Main Station</a> -<a href="/wiki/Groningen_Europapark_railway_station" title="Groningen Europapark railway station">Groningen Europapark</a> – Corpus den Hoorn – Martini hospital – P+R <a href="/wiki/Hoogkerk" title="Hoogkerk">Hoogkerk</a></li> <li>9: <a href="/wiki/Eelde" title="Eelde">Eelde</a> – <a href="/wiki/Paterswolde" title="Paterswolde">Paterswolde</a> – Martini hospital – Corpus den Hoorn – De Wijert – <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Main Station</a> – Westerhaven – Paddepoel – <a href="/wiki/Groningen_Noord_railway_station" title="Groningen Noord railway station">Station Groningen North</a> or <a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">Zernike</a></li> <li>10: Corpus den Hoorn – Martini hospital – <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Main Station</a> – Korrewegwijk – <a href="/wiki/Groningen_Noord_railway_station" title="Groningen Noord railway station">Station Groningen North</a></li> <li>12: <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Main Station</a> – <a href="/wiki/Groningen_Europapark_railway_station" title="Groningen Europapark railway station">Groningen Europapark</a> – Euvelgunne – Eemspoort – P+R Meerstad – P+R Kardingen</li> <li>15: <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Main Station</a> – Paddepoel – <a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">Zernike</a></li> <li>18: P+R <a href="/wiki/Hoogkerk" title="Hoogkerk">Hoogkerk</a> – Vinkhuizen – Paddepoel – <a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">Zernike</a></li></ul> <p>Q-Liner Lines:<sup id="cite_ref-buses_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buses-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>300: <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – P+R Westlaren (<a href="/wiki/Zuidlaren" title="Zuidlaren">Zuidlaren</a>) – P+R <a href="/wiki/Gieten" title="Gieten">Gieten</a> – P+R <a href="/wiki/Borger_(Drenthe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Borger (Drenthe)">Borger</a> – Emmen</li> <li>304: <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – P+R <a href="/wiki/Hoogkerk" title="Hoogkerk">Hoogkerk</a> – <a href="/wiki/Drachten" title="Drachten">Drachten</a></li> <li>309: <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Assen" title="Assen">Assen</a> Busstation Marsdijk – Kloosterveen</li> <li>312: <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – P+R <a href="/wiki/Haren,_Groningen" title="Haren, Groningen">Haren</a> – P+R <a href="/wiki/Annen" title="Annen">Annen</a> – P+R <a href="/wiki/Gieten" title="Gieten">Gieten</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gasselte" title="Gasselte">Gasselte</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stadskanaal" title="Stadskanaal">Stadskanaal</a></li> <li>314: <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Drachten" title="Drachten">Drachten</a></li> <li>315: <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heereveen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heereveen (page does not exist)">Heereveen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emmeloord" title="Emmeloord">Emmeloord</a></li> <li>324: <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emmeloord" title="Emmeloord">Emmeloord</a></li></ul> <p>Night Lines:<sup id="cite_ref-buses_126-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buses-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>402: <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> → Corpus den Hoorn → <a href="/wiki/Paterswolde" title="Paterswolde">Paterswolde</a> → <a href="/wiki/Eelde" title="Eelde">Eelde</a> → <a href="/wiki/Vries,_Drenthe" class="mw-redirect" title="Vries, Drenthe">Vries</a> → <a href="/wiki/Tynaarlo" title="Tynaarlo">Tynaarlo</a> → <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a></li> <li>406: <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ten_Boer" title="Ten Boer">Ten Boer</a> – <a href="/wiki/Appingedam" title="Appingedam">Appingedam</a> – <a href="/wiki/Delfzijl" title="Delfzijl">Delfzijl</a></li> <li>417: <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> → P+R <a href="/wiki/Hoogkerk" title="Hoogkerk">Hoogkerk</a> → <a href="/wiki/Peize" title="Peize">Peize</a> → <a href="/wiki/Roden,_Drenthe" class="mw-redirect" title="Roden, Drenthe">Roden</a> → <a href="/wiki/Leek,_Netherlands" title="Leek, Netherlands">Leek</a> → P+R <a href="/wiki/Hoogkerk" title="Hoogkerk">Hoogkerk</a> – <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a></li> <li>418: <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> → <a href="/wiki/Haren,_Groningen" title="Haren, Groningen">Haren</a> → <a href="/wiki/Zuidlaren" title="Zuidlaren">Zuidlaren</a> → <a href="/wiki/Annen" title="Annen">Annen</a> → P+R <a href="/wiki/Gieten" title="Gieten">Gieten</a> → P+R <a href="/wiki/Annen" title="Annen">Annen</a> → P+R Westlaren → P+R <a href="/wiki/Haren,_Groningen" title="Haren, Groningen">Haren</a> → <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a></li> <li>419: <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Assen" title="Assen">Assen</a> Busstation Marsdijk – <a href="/wiki/Assen_railway_station" title="Assen railway station">Station Assen</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <p>Regional lines:<sup id="cite_ref-buses_126-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buses-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>35: <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Aduard" title="Aduard">Aduard</a> – <a href="/wiki/Oldehove,_Groningen" title="Oldehove, Groningen">Oldehove</a></li> <li>39: <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – Vinkhuizen – <a href="/wiki/Zuidhorn" title="Zuidhorn">Zuidhorn</a> – <a href="/wiki/Grootegast" title="Grootegast">Grootegast</a> – <a href="/wiki/Surhuisterveen" title="Surhuisterveen">Surhuisterveen</a></li> <li>50: <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Haren,_Groningen" title="Haren, Groningen">Haren</a> – <a href="/wiki/Glimmen" title="Glimmen">Glimmen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vries,_Drenthe" class="mw-redirect" title="Vries, Drenthe">Vries</a> – <a href="/wiki/Assen_railway_station" title="Assen railway station">Station Assen</a></li> <li>51: <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Haren,_Groningen" title="Haren, Groningen">Haren</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zuidlaren" title="Zuidlaren">Zuidlaren</a> – <a href="/wiki/Annen" title="Annen">Annen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Loon" title="Loon">Loon</a> – <a href="/wiki/Assen_railway_station" title="Assen railway station">Station Assen</a></li> <li>61: <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bedum" title="Bedum">Bedum</a> – <a href="/wiki/Middelstum" title="Middelstum">Middelstum</a> – <a href="/wiki/Uithuizen" title="Uithuizen">Uithuizen</a></li> <li>65: <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Winsum" title="Winsum">Winsum</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zoutkamp" title="Zoutkamp">Zoutkamp</a></li> <li>76: <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hoogezand" title="Hoogezand">Hoogezand</a></li> <li>85: <a href="/wiki/Lewenborg" title="Lewenborg">Lewenborg</a> – <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leek,_Netherlands" title="Leek, Netherlands">Leek</a> – <a href="/wiki/Oosterwolde,_Friesland" title="Oosterwolde, Friesland">Oosterwolde</a></li> <li>86: <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peize" title="Peize">Peize</a> – <a href="/wiki/Norg" title="Norg">Norg</a></li> <li>88: P+R <a href="/wiki/Hoogkerk" title="Hoogkerk">Hoogkerk</a> – <a href="/wiki/Oostwold,_Westerwartier" class="mw-redirect" title="Oostwold, Westerwartier">Oostwold</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leek,_Netherlands" title="Leek, Netherlands">Leek</a></li> <li>107: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">Zernike</a> – P+R <a href="/wiki/Gieten" title="Gieten">Gieten</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gasselte" title="Gasselte">Gasselte</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stadskanaal" title="Stadskanaal">Stadskanaal</a></li> <li>109: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">Zernike</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tynaarlo" title="Tynaarlo">Tynaarlo</a> – <a href="/wiki/Assen" title="Assen">Assen</a> Busstation Marsdijk</li> <li>133: <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – P+R <a href="/wiki/Hoogkerk" title="Hoogkerk">Hoogkerk</a> – Via <a href="/wiki/A7_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A7 motorway (Netherlands)">A7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Grootegast" title="Grootegast">Grootegast</a> – <a href="/wiki/Surhuisterveen" title="Surhuisterveen">Surhuisterveen</a></li> <li>139: <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hoogkerk" title="Hoogkerk">Hoogkerk</a> – <a href="/wiki/Grootegast" title="Grootegast">Grootegast</a> – <a href="/wiki/Surhuisterveen" title="Surhuisterveen">Surhuisterveen</a></li> <li>160: <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eemshaven" title="Eemshaven">Eemshaven</a></li> <li>163: <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Winsum" title="Winsum">Winsum</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lauwersoog" title="Lauwersoog">Lauwersoog</a> (connecting the ferry to <a href="/wiki/Schiermonnikoog_(island_and_municipality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schiermonnikoog (island and municipality)">Schiermonnikoog</a>)</li> <li>171: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">Zernike</a> – Via <a href="/wiki/A7_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A7 motorway (Netherlands)">A7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hoogezand" title="Hoogezand">Hoogezand</a> – <a href="/wiki/Veendam" title="Veendam">Veendam</a></li> <li>174: <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hoogezand" title="Hoogezand">Hoogezand</a>- <a href="/wiki/Zuidbroek,_Groningen" title="Zuidbroek, Groningen">Zuidbroek</a> – <a href="/wiki/Veendam" title="Veendam">Veendam</a></li> <li>178: <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Slochteren" title="Slochteren">Slochteren</a> – <a href="/wiki/Siddeburen" title="Siddeburen">Siddeburen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Appingedam" title="Appingedam">Appingedam</a> (limited Service to <a href="/wiki/Appingedam" title="Appingedam">Appingedam</a>)</li> <li>182: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">Zernike</a> – <a href="/wiki/Drachten" title="Drachten">Drachten</a></li> <li>183: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">Zernike</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leek,_Netherlands" title="Leek, Netherlands">Leek</a></li> <li>184: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">Zernike</a> – <a href="/wiki/Roden,_Drenthe" class="mw-redirect" title="Roden, Drenthe">Roden</a></li> <li>189: <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Marum" title="Marum">Marum</a> – <a href="/wiki/Drachten" title="Drachten">Drachten</a></li></ul> <p>Other Lines:<sup id="cite_ref-buses_126-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buses-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>563: <a href="/wiki/Lewenborg" title="Lewenborg">Lewenborg</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thesinge" title="Thesinge">Thesinge</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Annen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sint Annen (page does not exist)">Sint Annen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ten_Boer" title="Ten Boer">Ten Boer</a></li> <li>564: <a href="/wiki/Ten_Boer" title="Ten Boer">Ten Boer</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Woltersum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Woltersum (page does not exist)">Woltersum</a> – <a href="/wiki/Appingedam" title="Appingedam">Appingedam</a></li> <li>637: <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen</a> → <a href="/wiki/Zuidhorn" title="Zuidhorn">Zuidhorn</a> → <a href="/wiki/Grijpskerk" title="Grijpskerk">Grijpskerk</a> → <a href="/wiki/Zoutkamp" title="Zoutkamp">Zoutkamp</a></li> <li>679: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">Zernike</a> ← <a href="/wiki/Winschoten" title="Winschoten">Winschoten</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Direct bus routes from Groningen to <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> are also available. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motorways">Motorways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groningen&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Motorways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/A28_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A28 motorway (Netherlands)">A28 motorway</a> connects Groningen to <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Utrecht (city)">Utrecht</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Assen" title="Assen">Assen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amersfoort" title="Amersfoort">Amersfoort</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Eyewitness2017_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eyewitness2017-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/A7_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A7 motorway (Netherlands)">A7 motorway</a> connects it to <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zaandam" title="Zaandam">Zaandam</a> (West), and <a href="/wiki/Winschoten" title="Winschoten">Winschoten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leer,_Lower_Saxony" title="Leer, Lower Saxony">Leer</a> (East).<sup id="cite_ref-DoddGrace1989_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DoddGrace1989-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airport">Airport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groningen&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Airport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_737-8K2,_Transavia_Airlines_JP5966774.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Boeing_737-8K2%2C_Transavia_Airlines_JP5966774.jpg/220px-Boeing_737-8K2%2C_Transavia_Airlines_JP5966774.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Boeing_737-8K2%2C_Transavia_Airlines_JP5966774.jpg/330px-Boeing_737-8K2%2C_Transavia_Airlines_JP5966774.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Boeing_737-8K2%2C_Transavia_Airlines_JP5966774.jpg/440px-Boeing_737-8K2%2C_Transavia_Airlines_JP5966774.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Groningen Airport Eelde</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Groningen_Airport_Eelde" title="Groningen Airport Eelde">Groningen Airport Eelde</a> is an international airport located near <a href="/wiki/Eelde" title="Eelde">Eelde</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Drenthe" title="Drenthe">Drenthe</a>, with scheduled services to <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gran_Canaria" title="Gran Canaria">Gran Canaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorca</a> & <a href="/wiki/Bodrum" title="Bodrum">Bodrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groningen&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Groningen" title="List of people from Groningen">List of people from Groningen</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dirk_Jan_de_Geer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dirk_Jan_de_Geer.jpg/100px-Dirk_Jan_de_Geer.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dirk_Jan_de_Geer.jpg/150px-Dirk_Jan_de_Geer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dirk_Jan_de_Geer.jpg/200px-Dirk_Jan_de_Geer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>Dirk Jan de Geer, 1926</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Janszoon_Tasman" class="mw-redirect" title="Abel Janszoon Tasman">Abel Janszoon Tasman</a> (1603–1659), explorer, seafarer, merchant for the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Dominicus_Trip_van_Zoudtlandt" title="Albert Dominicus Trip van Zoudtlandt">Albert Dominicus Trip van Zoudtlandt</a> (1776–1835), lieutenant-general at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_Adriaans_Boomgaard" title="Geert Adriaans Boomgaard">Geert Adriaans Boomgaard</a> (1788–1899), soldier, first validated supercentenarian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a> (1853–1926), physicist, Nobel laureate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Jan_de_Geer" title="Dirk Jan de Geer">Dirk Jan de Geer</a> (1870–1960), statesman and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Dutch Prime Minister</a> (1926–29, 1939–40), advocated peace settlement between the Netherlands and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in 1940</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alidius_Tjarda_van_Starkenborgh_Stachouwer" title="Alidius Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer">A. W. L. Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer</a> (1888–1978), last colonial <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies">Governor-General</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_East_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands East Indies">Netherlands East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Velleman" title="Michel Velleman">Michel Velleman</a> (1895–1943), Jewish magician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Wolthuis" title="Jan Wolthuis">Jan Wolthuis</a> (1903–1983), lawyer and collaborator, active in <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right politics</a> after WWII</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esm%C3%A9e_van_Eeghen" title="Esmée van Eeghen">Esmée van Eeghen</a> (1918–1944), <a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Dutch resistance</a> member executed by the Nazis in Paddepoel, Noorddijk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hoekstra" title="Pete Hoekstra">Pete Hoekstra</a> (born 1953), <a href="/wiki/United_States_ambassador_to_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="United States ambassador to the Netherlands">United States ambassador to the Netherlands</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Congress">member of Congress</a> representing <a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 2nd congressional district">Michigan's 2nd congressional district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Kemkers" title="Gerard Kemkers">Gerard Kemkers</a> (born 1967), <a href="/wiki/Speed_skating" title="Speed skating">speed skating</a> bronze medalist at <a href="/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics" title="1988 Winter Olympics">1988 Winter Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anda_Kerkhoven" title="Anda Kerkhoven">Anda Kerkhoven</a> (1919–1945), Dutch resistance member executed by the Nazis near Glimmen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauke_Mollema" title="Bauke Mollema">Bauke Mollema</a> (born 1986), cyclist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Feenstra" title="Kim Feenstra">Kim Feenstra</a> (born 1985), model</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Woldring" title="Ben Woldring">Ben Woldring</a> (born 1985), internet entrepreneur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Valente_(footballer,_born_2003)" title="Luciano Valente (footballer, born 2003)">Luciano Valente</a> (born 2003), professional footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noisia" title="Noisia">Noisia</a>, music producers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicetone" title="Vicetone">Vicetone</a>, DJ and music producer duo</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groningen&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Geertruidsgasthuis" title="Sint Geertruidsgasthuis">Sint Geertruidsgasthuis</a>, a <i><a href="/wiki/Hofje" title="Hofje">hofje</a></i> in Groningen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunze" title="Hunze">Hunze</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groningen&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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Gemeente Groningen. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gemeente.groningen.nl/burgemeester">the original</a> on 22 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Assen: Koninklijke Van Gorcum. p. 71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Groningen%2C+een+stad+apart+%3A+over+het+verleden+van+een+eigenzinnige+stad+%281000-1600%29&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Assen%3A+Koninklijke+Van+Gorcum&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=van+de+Broek&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFadministrator" class="citation web cs1">administrator. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studyinholland.co.uk/city/study_in_groningen.html">"Study in Groningen, The Netherlands"</a>. <i>Study In Holland</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Loman, Jr. 1855. pp. 44–45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Navorscher%3A+Een+middel+tot+gedachtenwisseling+en+letterkundig+verkeer%2C+tusschen+allen+die+iets+weten%3A+iets+te+vragen+hebben%2C+of+iets+kunnen+oplossen+...&rft.pages=44-45&rft.pub=J.C.+Loman%2C+Jr.&rft.date=1855&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De0sWAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Motley1867-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Motley1867_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Motley1867_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Lothrop_Motley1867" class="citation book cs1">John Lothrop Motley (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=upDBc7E_2bEC&pg=PA270"><i>History of the United Netherlands, from the Death of William the Silent to the Synod of Dort: With a Full View of the English-Dutch Struggle Against Spain, and of the Origin and Destruction of the Spanish Armada</i></a>. John Murray. p. 270.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+United+Netherlands%2C+from+the+Death+of+William+the+Silent+to+the+Synod+of+Dort%3A+With+a+Full+View+of+the+English-Dutch+Struggle+Against+Spain%2C+and+of+the+Origin+and+Destruction+of+the+Spanish+Armada&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1867&rft.au=John+Lothrop+Motley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DupDBc7E_2bEC%26pg%3DPA270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j_RKAAAACAAJ"><i>Nieuwe Groninger encyclopedie</i></a> (in Dutch). REGIO-PRoject uitgevers. 1999. p. 317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5028-132-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5028-132-4"><bdi>978-90-5028-132-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nieuwe+Groninger+encyclopedie&rft.pages=317&rft.pub=REGIO-PRoject+uitgevers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-5028-132-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj_RKAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gtb.inl.nl/iWDB/search?wdb=WFT&actie=article&id=35345">"Grins (II)”</a>, in <i>Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal</i> (in Dutch), 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0vI7AAAAIAAJ"><i>Onze taaltuin</i></a> (in Dutch). Vol. 5–6. 1936. p. 187.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Onze+taaltuin&rft.pages=187&rft.date=1936&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0vI7AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Molema1887-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Molema1887_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmer_Molema1887" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Helmer Molema (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JdAvAAAAYAAJ"><i>Woordenboek der Groningsche volkstaal in de 19de eeuw</i></a> (in Dutch). 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International Conference (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K_XBi0i23XYC&pg=PA94"><i>Structures and Contingencies in Computerized Historical Research: Proceedings of the IX International Conference of the Association for History & Computing, Nijmegen, 1994</i></a>. Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6550-142-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-6550-142-8"><bdi>90-6550-142-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structures+and+Contingencies+in+Computerized+Historical+Research%3A+Proceedings+of+the+IX+International+Conference+of+the+Association+for+History+%26+Computing%2C+Nijmegen%2C+1994&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Verloren&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=90-6550-142-8&rft.au=Association+for+History+and+Computing.+International+Conference&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK_XBi0i23XYC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HagueJenkins2005-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HagueJenkins2005_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HagueJenkins2005_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HagueJenkins2005_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HagueJenkins2005_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCliff_HaguePaul_Jenkins2005" class="citation book cs1">Cliff Hague; Paul Jenkins (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=njjk7N1e_UwC&pg=PA109"><i>Place Identity, Participation and Planning</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26242-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26242-2"><bdi>978-0-415-26242-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Place+Identity%2C+Participation+and+Planning&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26242-2&rft.au=Cliff+Hague&rft.au=Paul+Jenkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnjjk7N1e_UwC%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roggema2012-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roggema2012_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRob_Roggema2012" class="citation book cs1">Rob Roggema (2 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UVuO8k2wO28C&pg=PA8"><i>Swarming Landscapes: The Art of Designing For Climate Adaptation</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-4378-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-4378-6"><bdi>978-94-007-4378-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swarming+Landscapes%3A+The+Art+of+Designing+For+Climate+Adaptation&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-12-02&rft.isbn=978-94-007-4378-6&rft.au=Rob+Roggema&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUVuO8k2wO28C%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kruit2014-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kruit2014_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPieter_C._van_der_Kruit2014" class="citation book cs1">Pieter C. van der Kruit (18 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aqJ3BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA85"><i>Jacobus Cornelius Kapteyn: Born Investigator of the Heavens</i></a>. Springer. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-10876-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-10876-6"><bdi>978-3-319-10876-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacobus+Cornelius+Kapteyn%3A+Born+Investigator+of+the+Heavens&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014-11-18&rft.isbn=978-3-319-10876-6&rft.au=Pieter+C.+van+der+Kruit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaqJ3BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BarclayField2020-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BarclayField2020_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlistair_BarclayDavid_FieldJim_Leary2020" class="citation book cs1">Alistair Barclay; David Field; Jim Leary (30 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MFHPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT270"><i>Houses of the Dead</i></a>. Oxbow Books. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78925-411-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78925-411-2"><bdi>978-1-78925-411-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Houses+of+the+Dead&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2020-04-30&rft.isbn=978-1-78925-411-2&rft.au=Alistair+Barclay&rft.au=David+Field&rft.au=Jim+Leary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMFHPDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.A._Balkema1982" class="citation book cs1">A.A. Balkema (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lDErAQAAIAAJ"><i>Palaeohistoria</i></a>. Vol. 32. A.A. Balkema. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789054101369" title="Special:BookSources/9789054101369"><bdi>9789054101369</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palaeohistoria&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=A.A.+Balkema&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9789054101369&rft.au=A.A.+Balkema&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlDErAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DunfordLee2007-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DunfordLee2007_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DunfordLee2007_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_DunfordPhil_Lee2007" class="citation book cs1">Martin Dunford; Phil Lee (1 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V8uPoIHShRwC&pg=PT556"><i>The Rough Guide to the Netherlands</i></a>. Rough Guides Limited. pp. 556–575. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84836-843-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84836-843-9"><bdi>978-1-84836-843-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+the+Netherlands&rft.pages=556-575&rft.pub=Rough+Guides+Limited&rft.date=2007-03-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84836-843-9&rft.au=Martin+Dunford&rft.au=Phil+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV8uPoIHShRwC%26pg%3DPT556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BreivikJahr2011-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BreivikJahr2011_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeiv_E._BreivikErnst_H._Jahr2011" class="citation book cs1">Leiv E. Breivik; Ernst H. Jahr (1 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7FYd9CWvYtMC&pg=PA267"><i>Language Change: Contributions to the Study of its Causes</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 267–270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-085306-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-085306-3"><bdi>978-3-11-085306-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Change%3A+Contributions+to+the+Study+of+its+Causes&rft.pages=267-270&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011-06-01&rft.isbn=978-3-11-085306-3&rft.au=Leiv+E.+Breivik&rft.au=Ernst+H.+Jahr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7FYd9CWvYtMC%26pg%3DPA267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyewitness2020-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eyewitness2020_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyewitness2020_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDK_Eyewitness2020" class="citation book cs1">DK Eyewitness (7 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UyDQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT448"><i>DK Eyewitness The Netherlands</i></a>. Dorling Kindersley Limited. pp. 448–456. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-46459-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-46459-5"><bdi>978-0-241-46459-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DK+Eyewitness+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=448-456&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley+Limited&rft.date=2020-05-07&rft.isbn=978-0-241-46459-5&rft.au=DK+Eyewitness&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUyDQDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.O. van der Werff, <i>Martini. Kerk en toren</i>. Assen, 2003, p. 53; F. Westra, <i>Martinitoren</i>. Groningen, 2009, p. 29. According to an improbable myth, the tower would have been 127 m high</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cruttwell1808-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cruttwell1808_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClement_Cruttwell1808" class="citation book cs1">Clement Cruttwell (1808). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8S8Ne7f0jhUC&pg=PP331"><i>The New Universal Gazetteer, or, Geographical Dictionary: Containing a Description of All the Empires, Kingdoms, States, Provinces, Cities, Towns, Forts, Seas, Harbours, Rivers, Lakes, Mountains, and Capes in the Known World ; with the Government, Customs, Manners, and Religion of the Inhabitants ... ; with Twenty-eight Whole Sheet Maps</i></a>. Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme. p. 331.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Universal+Gazetteer%2C+or%2C+Geographical+Dictionary%3A+Containing+a+Description+of+All+the+Empires%2C+Kingdoms%2C+States%2C+Provinces%2C+Cities%2C+Towns%2C+Forts%2C+Seas%2C+Harbours%2C+Rivers%2C+Lakes%2C+Mountains%2C+and+Capes+in+the+Known+World+%3B+with+the+Government%2C+Customs%2C+Manners%2C+and+Religion+of+the+Inhabitants+...+%3B+with+Twenty-eight+Whole+Sheet+Maps&rft.pages=331&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Hurst%2C+Rees+and+Orme&rft.date=1808&rft.au=Clement+Cruttwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8S8Ne7f0jhUC%26pg%3DPP331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RosseBlair1859-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RosseBlair1859_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Willoughby_RosseJohn_Blair1859" class="citation book cs1">J. Willoughby Rosse; John Blair (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3HE-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA871"><i>An Index of Dates: Comprehending the Principal Facts in the Chronology and History of the World, from the Earliest to the Present Time. Alphabetically Arranged. Being a Complete Index to the Enlarged Edition of Blair's Chronological Tables</i></a>. Bell & Daldy. p. 871.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Index+of+Dates%3A+Comprehending+the+Principal+Facts+in+the+Chronology+and+History+of+the+World%2C+from+the+Earliest+to+the+Present+Time.+Alphabetically+Arranged.+Being+a+Complete+Index+to+the+Enlarged+Edition+of+Blair%27s+Chronological+Tables&rft.pages=871&rft.pub=Bell+%26+Daldy&rft.date=1859&rft.au=J.+Willoughby+Rosse&rft.au=John+Blair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3HE-AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prokhovnik2004-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prokhovnik2004_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Prokhovnik2004" class="citation book cs1">R. Prokhovnik (31 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E1GHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA68"><i>Spinoza and Republicanism</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-00090-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-00090-2"><bdi>978-0-230-00090-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spinoza+and+Republicanism&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2004-03-31&rft.isbn=978-0-230-00090-2&rft.au=R.+Prokhovnik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE1GHDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://northerntimes.nl/groningens-links-to-the-dutch-slave-trade/">"Groningen's links to the Dutch Slave Trade"</a>. <i>The Northern Times</i>. 25 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Northern+Times&rft.atitle=Groningen%27s+links+to+the+Dutch+Slave+Trade&rft.date=2019-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnortherntimes.nl%2Fgroningens-links-to-the-dutch-slave-trade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/student/study-abroad/universities/groningen-university-of-2248629.html">"Groningen, University of"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 22 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Groningen%2C+University+of&rft.date=2011-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fstudent%2Fstudy-abroad%2Funiversities%2Fgroningen-university-of-2248629.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Army2014-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Army2014_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Army2014_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajor_Jeffrey_D._Noll_U.S._Army2014" class="citation book cs1">Major Jeffrey D. Noll U.S. Army (15 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GpxvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT32"><i>Restraint In Urban Warfare: The Canadian Attack On Groningen, Netherlands, 13-16 April 1945</i></a>. Lucknow Books. pp. 32–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78289-810-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78289-810-8"><bdi>978-1-78289-810-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restraint+In+Urban+Warfare%3A+The+Canadian+Attack+On+Groningen%2C+Netherlands%2C+13-16+April+1945&rft.pages=32-66&rft.pub=Lucknow+Books&rft.date=2014-08-15&rft.isbn=978-1-78289-810-8&rft.au=Major+Jeffrey+D.+Noll+U.S.+Army&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGpxvCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Troost2005-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Troost2005_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWouter_Troost2005" class="citation book cs1">Wouter Troost (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H0_sYPHETj0C&pg=PA92"><i>William III the Stadholder-king: A Political Biography</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5071-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5071-3"><bdi>978-0-7546-5071-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+III+the+Stadholder-king%3A+A+Political+Biography&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5071-3&rft.au=Wouter+Troost&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH0_sYPHETj0C%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archer-Antiquaries1969-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Archer-Antiquaries1969_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociety_of_Archer-Antiquaries1969" class="citation book cs1">Society of Archer-Antiquaries (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P4IdAQAAMAAJ"><i>Journal of the Society of Archer-Antiquaries</i></a>. Society of Archer-Antiquaries. p. 126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Archer-Antiquaries&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Society+of+Archer-Antiquaries&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Society+of+Archer-Antiquaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP4IdAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toerisme.groningen.nl/english/agenda/bommen-berend">Groningen tourism site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210073357/http://toerisme.groningen.nl/english/agenda/bommen-berend">Archived</a> 2008-12-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malte-Brun1834-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Malte-Brun1834_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConrad_Malte-Brun1834" class="citation book cs1">Conrad Malte-Brun (1834). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rqYgAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1095"><i>A System of Universal Geography: Or A Description of All the Parts of the World, on a New Plan, According to the Great Natural Divisions of the Globe</i></a>. S. Walker. p. 1095.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+System+of+Universal+Geography%3A+Or+A+Description+of+All+the+Parts+of+the+World%2C+on+a+New+Plan%2C+According+to+the+Great+Natural+Divisions+of+the+Globe&rft.pages=1095&rft.pub=S.+Walker&rft.date=1834&rft.au=Conrad+Malte-Brun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrqYgAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA1095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashworth2017-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ashworth2017_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashworth2017_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashworth2017_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG.J._Ashworth2017" class="citation book cs1">G.J. Ashworth (22 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qe1HDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT90"><i>The Construction of Built Heritage: A North European Perspective on Policies, Practices and Outcomes</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 87–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-74212-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-74212-2"><bdi>978-1-351-74212-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+Built+Heritage%3A+A+North+European+Perspective+on+Policies%2C+Practices+and+Outcomes&rft.pages=87-96&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017-11-22&rft.isbn=978-1-351-74212-2&rft.au=G.J.+Ashworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQe1HDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://northerntimes.nl/groningens-links-to-the-dutch-slave-trade/">"Groningen's links to the Dutch Slave Trade"</a>. <i>The Northern Times</i>. 25 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Northern+Times&rft.atitle=Groningen%27s+links+to+the+Dutch+Slave+Trade&rft.date=2019-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnortherntimes.nl%2Fgroningens-links-to-the-dutch-slave-trade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/dutch/0/steps/2052">"The weather and surroundings of Groningen"</a>. FutureLearn<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+weather+and+surroundings+of+Groningen&rft.pub=FutureLearn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.futurelearn.com%2Fcourses%2Fdutch%2F0%2Fsteps%2F2052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Homans1859-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Homans1859_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Smith_Homans1859" class="citation book cs1">J. Smith Homans (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xHZQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA976"><i>A Cyclopedia of Commerce and Commercial Navigation, with Maps and Engravings: To which is Now Added a Chart of the Bay and Harbor of New York, with the Soundings of East River, North River, Harlem River, Newark Bay, and New York Bay</i></a>. Harper & Brothers. pp. 970–990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Cyclopedia+of+Commerce+and+Commercial+Navigation%2C+with+Maps+and+Engravings%3A+To+which+is+Now+Added+a+Chart+of+the+Bay+and+Harbor+of+New+York%2C+with+the+Soundings+of+East+River%2C+North+River%2C+Harlem+River%2C+Newark+Bay%2C+and+New+York+Bay&rft.pages=970-990&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1859&rft.au=J.+Smith+Homans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxHZQAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia1879-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia1879_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopular_encyclopedia1879" class="citation book cs1">Popular encyclopedia (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PVhbdonnwj0C&pg=PA468"><i>The popular encyclopedia; or, 'Conversations Lexicon': [ed. by A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weatherbase&rft.atitle=Groningen%2C+Netherlands+K%C3%B6ppen+Climate+Classification+%28Weatherbase%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatherbase.com%2Fweather%2Fweather-summary.php3%3Fs%3D592559%26cityname%3DGroningen%2C%2BGroningen%2C%2BNetherlands%26units%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brechin.)(F.R.S.)1794-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brechin.)(F.R.S.)1794_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_GUTHRIE_(of_Brechin.)James_FERGUSON_(F.R.S.)William_Herschel1794" class="citation book cs1">William GUTHRIE (of Brechin.); James FERGUSON (F.R.S.); William Herschel (1794). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9rNfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA449"><i>A new geographical, historical, and commercial Grammar. Fourteenth edition, illustrated with a correct set of maps</i></a>. pp. 449–451.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+new+geographical%2C+historical%2C+and+commercial+Grammar.+Fourteenth+edition%2C+illustrated+with+a+correct+set+of+maps&rft.pages=449-451&rft.date=1794&rft.au=William+GUTHRIE+%28of+Brechin.%29&rft.au=James+FERGUSON+%28F.R.S.%29&rft.au=William+Herschel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9rNfAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8A4eAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Meteorological Magazine</i></a>. Vol. 119. H.M. Stationery Office. 1990. p. 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meteorological+Magazine&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8A4eAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.klimaatatlas.nl/tabel/stationsdata/klimtab_8110_280.pdf">"Klimaattabel Eelde, langjarige gemiddelden, tijdvak 1981–2010"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Meteorological_Institute" title="Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute">Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Klimaattabel+Eelde%2C+langjarige+gemiddelden%2C+tijdvak+1981%E2%80%932010&rft.pub=Royal+Netherlands+Meteorological+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.klimaatatlas.nl%2Ftabel%2Fstationsdata%2Fklimtab_8110_280.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://weerstatistieken.nl/eelde/1906/januari">"Eelde, gehomogeniseerde langjarige extremen, tijdvak 1906–2022"</a>. Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eelde%2C+gehomogeniseerde+langjarige+extremen%2C+tijdvak+1906%E2%80%932022&rft.pub=Royal+Netherlands+Meteorological+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweerstatistieken.nl%2Feelde%2F1906%2Fjanuari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2020/10/number-of-overnight-tourists-up-to-46-million-in-2019">"Number of overnight tourists up to 46 million in 2019"</a>. <i>Statistics Netherlands</i>. 9 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Netherlands&rft.atitle=Number+of+overnight+tourists+up+to+46+million+in+2019&rft.date=2020-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.nl%2Fen-gb%2Fnews%2F2020%2F10%2Fnumber-of-overnight-tourists-up-to-46-million-in-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OECD2020-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OECD2020_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OECD2020_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOECD2020" class="citation book cs1">OECD (31 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ps7ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16"><i>OECD Urban Studies The Circular Economy in Groningen, the Netherlands</i></a>. OECD Publishing. pp. 14–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-72442-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-72442-6"><bdi>978-92-64-72442-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OECD+Urban+Studies+The+Circular+Economy+in+Groningen%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.pages=14-24&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=2020-03-31&rft.isbn=978-92-64-72442-6&rft.au=OECD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dps7ZDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foodingredientsfirst.com/news/suiker-unie-to-concentrate-sugar-production-in-dinteloord-and-hoogkerk.html">"Suiker Unie to Concentrate Sugar Production in Dinteloord and Hoogkerk"</a>. <i>FoodIngredientsFirst.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FoodIngredientsFirst.com&rft.atitle=Suiker+Unie+to+Concentrate+Sugar+Production+in+Dinteloord+and+Hoogkerk&rft.date=2008-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodingredientsfirst.com%2Fnews%2Fsuiker-unie-to-concentrate-sugar-production-in-dinteloord-and-hoogkerk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.confectionerynews.com/Article/2005/01/07/CSM-beet-plant-a-victim-of-EU-sugar-reform">"CSM beet plant a victim of EU sugar reform"</a>. <i>ConfectioneryNews</i>. 16 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ConfectioneryNews&rft.atitle=CSM+beet+plant+a+victim+of+EU+sugar+reform&rft.date=2017-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.confectionerynews.com%2FArticle%2F2005%2F01%2F07%2FCSM-beet-plant-a-victim-of-EU-sugar-reform&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koopmans2015-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koopmans2015_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koopmans2015_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoop_W._Koopmans2015" class="citation book cs1">Joop W. Koopmans (5 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GU-xCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Netherlands</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 67–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5593-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5593-7"><bdi>978-1-4422-5593-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Netherlands&rft.pages=67-100&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2015-11-05&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-5593-7&rft.au=Joop+W.+Koopmans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGU-xCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f_jsAAAAMAAJ"><i>International Brands and Their Companies</i></a>. Gale Research. 1991. p. 641. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-6946-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-6946-7"><bdi>978-0-8103-6946-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Brands+and+Their+Companies&rft.pages=641&rft.pub=Gale+Research&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8103-6946-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df_jsAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leeuwen2007-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leeuwen2007_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSjors_van_Leeuwen2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sjors van Leeuwen (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Blsywu9OjKkC&pg=PA11"><i>Zorgmarketing in de praktijk</i></a> (in Dutch). Uitgeverij Van Gorcum. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-232-4325-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-232-4325-0"><bdi>978-90-232-4325-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zorgmarketing+in+de+praktijk&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Van+Gorcum&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-232-4325-0&rft.au=Sjors+van+Leeuwen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBlsywu9OjKkC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-InkpenMoffett2017-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-InkpenMoffett2017_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_C._InkpenMichael_H._MoffettKannan_Ramaswamy2017" class="citation book cs1">Andrew C. Inkpen; Michael H. Moffett; Kannan Ramaswamy (14 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=phxpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88"><i>The Global Oil & Gas Industry: Stories From the Field</i></a>. PennWell Corporation. pp. 87–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59370-381-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59370-381-3"><bdi>978-1-59370-381-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+Oil+%26+Gas+Industry%3A+Stories+From+the+Field&rft.pages=87-88&rft.pub=PennWell+Corporation&rft.date=2017-06-14&rft.isbn=978-1-59370-381-3&rft.au=Andrew+C.+Inkpen&rft.au=Michael+H.+Moffett&rft.au=Kannan+Ramaswamy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DphxpDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statline.cbs.nl/Statweb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=37713&D1=0-8&D2=0&D3=1-2,6-55&D4=603&D5=l&HDR=T,G4&STB=G1,G3,G2&VW=T">"CBS StatLine – Bevolking; leeftijd, herkomstgroepering, geslacht en regio, 1 januari"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630224048/http://statline.cbs.nl/Statweb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=37713&D1=0-8&D2=0&D3=1-2,6-55&D4=603&D5=l&HDR=T,G4&STB=G1,G3,G2&VW=T">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CBS+StatLine+%E2%80%93+Bevolking%3B+leeftijd%2C+herkomstgroepering%2C+geslacht+en+regio%2C+1+januari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatline.cbs.nl%2FStatweb%2Fpublication%2F%3FDM%3DSLNL%26PA%3D37713%26D1%3D0-8%26D2%3D0%26D3%3D1-2%2C6-55%26D4%3D603%26D5%3Dl%26HDR%3DT%2CG4%26STB%3DG1%2CG3%2CG2%26VW%3DT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37713/table">"CBS Statline"</a>. <i>opendata.cbs.nl</i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opendata.cbs.nl&rft.atitle=CBS+Statline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopendata.cbs.nl%2Fstatline%2F%23%2FCBS%2Fnl%2Fdataset%2F37713%2Ftable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.nl/-/media/_pdf/2016/51/religie-regionaal-2010-2015.pdf">"De religieuze kaart van Nederland, 2010-2015"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Statistics_Netherlands" title="Statistics Netherlands">Statistics Netherlands</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Netherlands&rft.atitle=De+religieuze+kaart+van+Nederland%2C+2010-2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.nl%2F-%2Fmedia%2F_pdf%2F2016%2F51%2Freligie-regionaal-2010-2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/maatwerk/2014/40/kerkelijkheid-en-kerkbezoek-2010-2013">"Kerkelijkheid en kerkbezoek, 2010/2013"</a>. Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. 2 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kerkelijkheid+en+kerkbezoek%2C+2010%2F2013&rft.pub=Centraal+Bureau+voor+de+Statistiek&rft.date=2014-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.nl%2Fnl-nl%2Fmaatwerk%2F2014%2F40%2Fkerkelijkheid-en-kerkbezoek-2010-2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groningen1987-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Groningen1987_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistorisch_Genootschap_te_Groningen1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Historisch Genootschap te Groningen (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yPdMVMhVIboC&pg=PA73"><i>De Historie herzien: vijfde bundel "Historische avonden"</i></a> (in Dutch). Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6550-309-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-6550-309-9"><bdi>90-6550-309-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Historie+herzien%3A+vijfde+bundel+%22Historische+avonden%22&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Verloren&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=90-6550-309-9&rft.au=Historisch+Genootschap+te+Groningen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyPdMVMhVIboC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMah2018" class="citation news cs1">Mah, Kenny (30 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/life/2018/09/30/dutch-haven-a-day-in-groningen1/1677720">"Dutch haven: A day in Groningen"</a>. <i>Malay Mail</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Malay+Mail&rft.atitle=Dutch+haven%3A+A+day+in+Groningen&rft.date=2018-09-30&rft.aulast=Mah&rft.aufirst=Kenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.malaymail.com%2Fnews%2Flife%2F2018%2F09%2F30%2Fdutch-haven-a-day-in-groningen1%2F1677720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KaynakUysal2012-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KaynakUysal2012_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErdener_KaynakMuzaffer_Uysal2012" class="citation book cs1">Erdener Kaynak; Muzaffer Uysal (12 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FJUt5PJNs-gC&pg=PA16"><i>Global Tourist Behavior</i></a>. Routledge. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-58641-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-58641-5"><bdi>978-1-136-58641-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Tourist+Behavior&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-11-12&rft.isbn=978-1-136-58641-5&rft.au=Erdener+Kaynak&rft.au=Muzaffer+Uysal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFJUt5PJNs-gC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.groningenlife.nl/en/culture#:~:text=There's%20a%20reason%20Groningen%20is,has%20a%20great%20historical%20atmosphere.">"Culture"</a>. 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MacDonald (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3_J7rbzsVeMC&pg=PA326"><i>Centres of Learning: Learning and Location in Pre-Modern Europe and the Near East</i></a>. BRILL. p. 326. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10193-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10193-4"><bdi>90-04-10193-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Centres+of+Learning%3A+Learning+and+Location+in+Pre-Modern+Europe+and+the+Near+East&rft.pages=326&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=90-04-10193-4&rft.au=Hendrik+Jan+Willem+Drijvers&rft.au=Alasdair+A.+MacDonald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3_J7rbzsVeMC%26pg%3DPA326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://northerntimes.nl/what-where-when-new-tips-for-groningen-and-leeuwarden/">"What, where, when: New tips for Groningen and Leeuwarden"</a>. <i>The Northern Times</i>. Persbureau Tammeling BV. 31 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Northern+Times&rft.atitle=What%2C+where%2C+when%3A+New+tips+for+Groningen+and+Leeuwarden&rft.date=2019-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnortherntimes.nl%2Fwhat-where-when-new-tips-for-groningen-and-leeuwarden%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groningen_(1946)-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Groningen_(1946)_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?tid=79918">"Groningen (1946)"</a>. <i>chessgames.com</i>. 1 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chessgames.com&rft.atitle=Groningen+%281946%29&rft.date=2021-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessgames.com%2Fperl%2Fchess.pl%3Ftid%3D79918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vries2010-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vries2010_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarietta_de_Vries2010" class="citation book cs1">Marietta de Vries (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c1-r9WXOUggC&pg=PA278"><i>Present</i></a>. 010 Publishers. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6450-708-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6450-708-3"><bdi>978-90-6450-708-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Present&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=010+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-6450-708-3&rft.au=Marietta+de+Vries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc1-r9WXOUggC%26pg%3DPA278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maidment2000-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maidment2000_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFred_Maidment2000" class="citation book cs1">Fred Maidment (November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UajkWiB4j1sC"><i>International Business: 01/02</i></a>. McGraw-Hill/Dushkin. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-243344-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-243344-9"><bdi>978-0-07-243344-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Business%3A+01%2F02&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill%2FDushkin&rft.date=2000-11&rft.isbn=978-0-07-243344-9&rft.au=Fred+Maidment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUajkWiB4j1sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vrfiqM00FIwC&pg=PT31"><i>The north and the Frisian Islands Rough Guides Snapshot Netherlands (includes Leeuwarden, Harlingen, Hindeloopen, Makkum, Sneek and Groningen)</i></a>. Rough Guides Limited. 25 April 2013. pp. 29–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4093-3543-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4093-3543-6"><bdi>978-1-4093-3543-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+north+and+the+Frisian+Islands+Rough+Guides+Snapshot+Netherlands+%28includes+Leeuwarden%2C+Harlingen%2C+Hindeloopen%2C+Makkum%2C+Sneek+and+Groningen%29&rft.pages=29-36&rft.pub=Rough+Guides+Limited&rft.date=2013-04-25&rft.isbn=978-1-4093-3543-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvrfiqM00FIwC%26pg%3DPT31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karatzogianni2013-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Karatzogianni2013_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAthina_Karatzogianni2013" class="citation book cs1">Athina Karatzogianni (17 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5K_t15wRTNEC&pg=PA75"><i>Violence and War in Culture and the Media: Five Disciplinary Lenses</i></a>. Routledge. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-50021-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-50021-3"><bdi>978-1-136-50021-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violence+and+War+in+Culture+and+the+Media%3A+Five+Disciplinary+Lenses&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-06-17&rft.isbn=978-1-136-50021-3&rft.au=Athina+Karatzogianni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5K_t15wRTNEC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guides2019-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guides2019_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRough_Guides2019" class="citation book cs1">Rough Guides (1 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g0OWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT355"><i>The Rough Guide to the Netherlands (Travel Guide eBook)</i></a>. Apa Publications (UK) Limited. p. 355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78919-527-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78919-527-9"><bdi>978-1-78919-527-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+the+Netherlands+%28Travel+Guide+eBook%29&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=Apa+Publications+%28UK%29+Limited&rft.date=2019-03-01&rft.isbn=978-1-78919-527-9&rft.au=Rough+Guides&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg0OWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ToonderHoven2012-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ToonderHoven2012_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeanette_M._L._den_ToonderBettina_van_Hoven2012" class="citation book cs1">Jeanette M. L. den Toonder; Bettina van Hoven (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bQDhNRLWggQC&pg=PR13"><i>Re-exploring Canadian Space</i></a>. Barkhuis. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-91431-05-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-91431-05-0"><bdi>978-94-91431-05-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Re-exploring+Canadian+Space&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Barkhuis&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-94-91431-05-0&rft.au=Jeanette+M.+L.+den+Toonder&rft.au=Bettina+van+Hoven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbQDhNRLWggQC%26pg%3DPR13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gazaleh-WeeversAgudo2007-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gazaleh-WeeversAgudo2007_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazaleh-WeeversShirley_AgudoConnie_Moser2007" class="citation book cs1">Gazaleh-Weevers, Sheila; Shirley Agudo; Connie Moser (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eWgeTv6runIC&pg=PA261"><i>Here's Holland</i></a>. Eburon Uitgeverij B.V. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5972-141-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5972-141-8"><bdi>978-90-5972-141-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Here%27s+Holland&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Eburon+Uitgeverij+B.V.&rft.date=2007-06&rft.isbn=978-90-5972-141-8&rft.aulast=Gazaleh-Weevers&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft.au=Shirley+Agudo&rft.au=Connie+Moser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeWgeTv6runIC%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ToynbeeDueck2011-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ToynbeeDueck2011_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJason_ToynbeeByron_Dueck2011" class="citation book cs1">Jason Toynbee; Byron Dueck (31 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2A3JBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT371"><i>Migrating Music</i></a>. Routledge. p. 371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-90093-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-90093-8"><bdi>978-1-136-90093-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migrating+Music&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011-03-31&rft.isbn=978-1-136-90093-8&rft.au=Jason+Toynbee&rft.au=Byron+Dueck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2A3JBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hxraAAAAMAAJ"><i>Living Blues</i></a> (42-44 ed.). 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NAi Publishers. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5662-405-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5662-405-7"><bdi>978-90-5662-405-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dutch+Realist&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=NAi+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-5662-405-7&rft.au=Karelse+Van+der+Meer&rft.au=Harm+Tilman&rft.au=De+Zwarte+Hond&rft.au=Raimond+Wouda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DogZQAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DunfordHolland2000-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DunfordHolland2000_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_DunfordJack_HollandPhil_Lee2000" class="citation book cs1">Martin Dunford; Jack Holland; Phil Lee (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vwSWOWmCBhUC"><i>The Rough Guide to Holland</i></a>. 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Transport Research Laboratory. 1995. p. 49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Environmental+Assessment+of+Traffic+Management+Schemes%3A+A+Literature+Review&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Transport+Research+Laboratory&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRgdRAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beatley2012-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beatley2012_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_Beatley2012" class="citation book cs1">Timothy Beatley (26 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dlMuQxpjCgsC&pg=PA45"><i>Green Urbanism: Learning From European Cities</i></a>. Island Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61091-013-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61091-013-2"><bdi>978-1-61091-013-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Green+Urbanism%3A+Learning+From+European+Cities&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=2012-09-26&rft.isbn=978-1-61091-013-2&rft.au=Timothy+Beatley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdlMuQxpjCgsC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Appleby2012-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Appleby2012_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Appleby2012" class="citation book cs1">Paul Appleby (12 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VKgeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA175"><i>Integrated Sustainable Design of Buildings</i></a>. Routledge. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-53985-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-53985-5"><bdi>978-1-136-53985-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Integrated+Sustainable+Design+of+Buildings&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-10-12&rft.isbn=978-1-136-53985-5&rft.au=Paul+Appleby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVKgeBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spotswood2016-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spotswood2016_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiona_Spotswood2016" class="citation book cs1">Fiona Spotswood (26 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cvOfCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102"><i>Beyond Behaviour Change: Key Issues, Interdisciplinary Approaches and Future Directions</i></a>. Policy Press. pp. 102–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4473-1756-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4473-1756-2"><bdi>978-1-4473-1756-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Behaviour+Change%3A+Key+Issues%2C+Interdisciplinary+Approaches+and+Future+Directions&rft.pages=102-104&rft.pub=Policy+Press&rft.date=2016-02-26&rft.isbn=978-1-4473-1756-2&rft.au=Fiona+Spotswood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcvOfCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Communities1994-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Communities1994_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommission_of_the_European_Communities1994" class="citation book cs1">Commission of the European Communities (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VnNPAAAAMAAJ"><i>City and Environment</i></a>. The Commission. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-826-5902-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-826-5902-1"><bdi>978-92-826-5902-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+and+Environment&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=The+Commission&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-92-826-5902-1&rft.au=Commission+of+the+European+Communities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVnNPAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Melia, S. (2012). <i>Filtered and unfiltered permeability: The European and Anglo-Saxon approaches</i>. Project, 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stationsweb.nl/station.asp?station=groningenkempkensberg">Halte Groningen Europapark</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210207170506/http://stationsweb.nl/station.asp?station=groningenkempkensberg">Archived</a> 7 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span>, Stationsweb. Retrieved on 25 May 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stationsweb.nl/station.asp?station=groningennoord">Station Groningen Noord</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121141715/http://www.stationsweb.nl/station.asp?station=groningennoord">Archived</a> 21 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span>, Stationweb. Retrieved 8 December 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trains-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trains_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trains_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nieuws.ns.nl/spoorkaart-2020-hier-te-downloaden/">"Spoorkaart 2020: hier te downloaden"</a> (in Dutch). Nieus. 23 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spoorkaart+2020%3A+hier+te+downloaden&rft.pub=Nieus&rft.date=2020-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnieuws.ns.nl%2Fspoorkaart-2020-hier-te-downloaden%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BijlOort2018-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BijlOort2018_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRob_van_Der_BijlNiels_Van_OortBert_Bukman2018" class="citation book cs1">Rob van Der Bijl; Niels Van Oort; Bert Bukman (29 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t31gDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA178"><i>Light Rail Transit Systems: 61 Lessons in Sustainable Urban Development</i></a>. Elsevier Science. pp. 166–186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-814785-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-814785-6"><bdi>978-0-12-814785-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+Rail+Transit+Systems%3A+61+Lessons+in+Sustainable+Urban+Development&rft.pages=166-186&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2018-06-29&rft.isbn=978-0-12-814785-6&rft.au=Rob+van+Der+Bijl&rft.au=Niels+Van+Oort&rft.au=Bert+Bukman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt31gDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-buses-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-buses_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buses_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buses_126-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buses_126-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buses_126-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ovbureau.nl/ov-cijfers/interactieve/">"OV in cijfersInteractieve lijnennetkaart"</a> (in Dutch). OV-bureau Groningen Drenthe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OV+in+cijfersInteractieve+lijnennetkaart&rft.pub=OV-bureau+Groningen+Drenthe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ovbureau.nl%2Fov-cijfers%2Finteractieve%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyewitness2017-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eyewitness2017_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDK_Eyewitness2017" class="citation book cs1">DK Eyewitness (6 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2KXDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA309"><i>DK Eyewitness The Netherlands</i></a>. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-45190-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-45190-8"><bdi>978-0-241-45190-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DK+Eyewitness+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley+Limited&rft.date=2017-07-06&rft.isbn=978-0-241-45190-8&rft.au=DK+Eyewitness&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2KXDDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DoddGrace1989-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DoddGrace1989_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent_A._DoddPatrick_M._Grace1989" class="citation book cs1">Vincent A. Dodd; Patrick M. Grace (1 June 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XIrxAOPL9tsC&pg=PA176"><i>Agricultural Engineering: Proceedings of the 11th International Congress, Dublin, 4-8 September 1989</i></a>. CRC Press. pp. 176–181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6191-980-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6191-980-3"><bdi>978-90-6191-980-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agricultural+Engineering%3A+Proceedings+of+the+11th+International+Congress%2C+Dublin%2C+4-8+September+1989&rft.pages=176-181&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1989-06-01&rft.isbn=978-90-6191-980-3&rft.au=Vincent+A.+Dodd&rft.au=Patrick+M.+Grace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXIrxAOPL9tsC%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.groningenairport.nl/bestemmingen-overzicht">"Destinations"</a>. Groningen Airport Eelde<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Destinations&rft.pub=Groningen+Airport+Eelde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.groningenairport.nl%2Fbestemmingen-overzicht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groningen&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLourensLucassen1997" class="citation book cs1">Lourens, Piet; Lucassen, Jan (1997). <i>Inwonertallen van Nederlandse steden ca. 1300–1800</i>. Amsterdam: NEHA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9057420082" title="Special:BookSources/9057420082"><bdi>9057420082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inwonertallen+van+Nederlandse+steden+ca.+1300%E2%80%931800&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=NEHA&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9057420082&rft.aulast=Lourens&rft.aufirst=Piet&rft.au=Lucassen%2C+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroningen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groningen&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 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sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Groningen</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Groningen" class="extiw" title="wikt:Groningen">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Groningen" class="extiw" title="c:Groningen">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Groningen" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Groningen">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Groningen" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Groningen">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Groningen" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;background:#ccccff"><div id="Groningen" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groningen</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_of_Groningen" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Groningen_Province" title="Template:Groningen Province"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Groningen_Province" title="Template talk:Groningen Province"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Groningen_Province" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Groningen Province"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_of_Groningen" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(province)" title="Groningen (province)">Groningen</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eemsdelta" title="Eemsdelta">Eemsdelta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Het_Hogeland" title="Het Hogeland">Het Hogeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden-Groningen" title="Midden-Groningen">Midden-Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldambt_(municipality)" title="Oldambt (municipality)">Oldambt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekela" title="Pekela">Pekela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadskanaal" title="Stadskanaal">Stadskanaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veendam" title="Veendam">Veendam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerkwartier_(municipality)" title="Westerkwartier (municipality)">Westerkwartier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerwolde_(municipality)" title="Westerwolde (municipality)">Westerwolde</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Groningen_position.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Groningen_position.svg/60px-Groningen_position.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Groningen_position.svg/90px-Groningen_position.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Groningen_position.svg/120px-Groningen_position.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="236" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>See also</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Municipalities of the Netherlands">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capital_cities_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dutch_capital_cities" title="Template:Dutch capital cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dutch_capital_cities" title="Template talk:Dutch capital cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch_capital_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch capital cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capital_cities_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Netherlands" title="Capital of the Netherlands">National capital</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_government" title="Seat of government">Seat of government</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Constituent countries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">Provinces</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Public bodies</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Oranjestad,_Aruba" title="Oranjestad, Aruba">Oranjestad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Willemstad" title="Willemstad">Willemstad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Philipsburg,_Sint_Maarten" title="Philipsburg, Sint Maarten">Philipsburg</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Assen" title="Assen">Assen</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Drenthe" title="Drenthe">Drenthe</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lelystad" title="Lelystad">Lelystad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Flevoland" title="Flevoland">Flevoland</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden" title="Leeuwarden">Leeuwarden</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Groningen</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(province)" title="Groningen (province)">Groningen</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Limburg</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%27s-Hertogenbosch" title="'s-Hertogenbosch">'s-Hertogenbosch</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North Brabant">North Brabant</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North Holland">North Holland</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Overijssel" title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">South Holland</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(province)" title="Utrecht (province)">Utrecht</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Middelburg,_Zeeland" title="Middelburg, Zeeland">Middelburg</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kralendijk" title="Kralendijk">Kralendijk</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/The_Bottom" title="The Bottom">The Bottom</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oranjestad,_Sint_Eustatius" title="Oranjestad, Sint Eustatius">Oranjestad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Netherlands_by_province" title="List of cities in the Netherlands by province">List of cities in the Netherlands by province</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hanseatic_League" title="Template talk:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> by quarter, and trading posts of the Hanseatic League</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Chief cities shown in <span class="smallcaps">smallcaps</span>.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free Imperial Cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wendish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lübeck" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;;padding:0.75em 1.0em;"><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklam" title="Anklam">Anklam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demmin" title="Demmin">Demmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kolberg <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kołobrzeg)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar%C5%82owo" title="Darłowo">Rügenwalde <span style="font-size:85%;">(Darłowo)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Stettin <span style="font-size:85%;">(Szczecin)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Stolp <span style="font-size:85%;">(Słupsk)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargard" title="Stargard">Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visby" title="Visby">Visby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wismar" title="Wismar">Wismar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/150px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/225px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/300px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="603" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/150px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/225px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/300px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3720" data-file-height="2996" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BrunswickMagdeburg" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Brunswick</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt an der Oder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Baltic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Danzig(Gdańsk)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk"><span class="smallcaps">Danzig</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(Gdańsk)</span></span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Breslau <span style="font-size:85%;">(Wrocław)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Dorpat <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tartu)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbing <span style="font-size:85%;">(Elbląg)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Cracow <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kraków)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Reval <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tallinn)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga <span style="font-size:85%;">(Rīga)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Thorn <span style="font-size:85%;">(Toruń)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Westphalian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cologne_1Dortmund_1" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></i></span> <span class="nobold"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span><br /><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></i></span> <span class="nobold"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampen,_Overijssel" title="Kampen, Overijssel">Kampen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soest,_Germany" title="Soest, Germany">Soest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zutphen" title="Zutphen">Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><hr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor">Kontore</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bryggen" title="Bryggen">Bryggen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontor_of_Bruges" title="Kontor of Bruges">Kontor of Bruges</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a><sup>2</sup><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelyard" title="Steelyard">Steelyard</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterhof_(Novgorod)" title="Peterhof (Novgorod)">Peterhof</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Vitten</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falsterbo" title="Falsterbo">Falsterbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">Bishop's Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire" title="Boston, Lincolnshire">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Ipswich" title="Port of Ipswich">Ipswich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herford" title="Herford">Herford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Yarmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> were both chief city of the Westphalian Quarter at different times.</li><li><sup><small>2</small></sup> The kontor was moved to <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> once <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> became inaccessible due to the silting of the <a href="/wiki/Zwin" title="Zwin">Zwin</a> channel.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Groningen" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Groningen" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Groningen</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Het_Hogeland" title="Het Hogeland">Het Hogeland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eemsdelta" title="Eemsdelta">Eemsdelta</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Westerkwartier_(municipality)" title="Westerkwartier (municipality)">Westerkwartier</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Groningen</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Midden-Groningen" title="Midden-Groningen">Midden-Groningen</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Noordenveld" title="Noordenveld">Noordenveld</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Drenthe" title="Drenthe">DR</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tynaarlo" title="Tynaarlo">Tynaarlo</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Drenthe" title="Drenthe">DR</a>)</td> <td></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Populated_places_in_the_municipality_of_Groningen" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dutch_municipality_Groningen" title="Template:Dutch municipality Groningen"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dutch_municipality_Groningen" title="Template talk:Dutch municipality Groningen"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch_municipality_Groningen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch municipality Groningen"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Populated_places_in_the_municipality_of_Groningen" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Populated places in the <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Municipalities of the Netherlands">municipality</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Groningen</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haren,_Groningen" title="Haren, Groningen">Haren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoogkerk" title="Hoogkerk">Hoogkerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorkwerd" title="Dorkwerd">Dorkwerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert,_Netherlands" title="Engelbert, Netherlands">Engelbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garmerwolde" title="Garmerwolde">Garmerwolde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glimmen" title="Glimmen">Glimmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leegkerk" title="Leegkerk">Leegkerk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lellens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lellens (page does not exist)">Lellens</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lellens" class="extiw" title="nl:Lellens">nl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meerstad" title="Meerstad">Meerstad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middelbert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middelbert (page does not exist)">Middelbert</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelbert" class="extiw" title="nl:Middelbert">nl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noorddijk,_Groningen" title="Noorddijk, Groningen">Noorddijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noorderhoogebrug" title="Noorderhoogebrug">Noorderhoogebrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noordlaren" title="Noordlaren">Noordlaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onnen" title="Onnen">Onnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterswolde" title="Paterswolde">Paterswolde</a> (partially)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint-Annen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sint-Annen (page does not exist)">Sint-Annen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Annen" class="extiw" title="nl:Sint-Annen">nl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Boer" title="Ten Boer">Ten Boer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Post" title="Ten Post">Ten Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesinge" title="Thesinge">Thesinge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winneweer" title="Winneweer">Winneweer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wittewierum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wittewierum (page does not exist)">Wittewierum</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittewierum" class="extiw" title="nl:Wittewierum">nl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woltersum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Woltersum (page does not exist)">Woltersum</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woltersum" class="extiw" title="nl:Woltersum">nl</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hamlets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essen,_Groningen" title="Essen, Groningen">Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruischerbrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruischerbrug (page does not exist)">Ruischerbrug</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruischerbrug" class="extiw" title="nl:Ruischerbrug">nl</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities,_towns_and_villages_in_Groningen" title="List of cities, towns and villages in Groningen">List of cities, towns and villages in Groningen</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_of_Groningen" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Groningen_Province" title="Template:Groningen Province"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Groningen_Province" title="Template talk:Groningen Province"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Groningen_Province" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Groningen Province"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_of_Groningen" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(province)" title="Groningen (province)">Groningen</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eemsdelta" title="Eemsdelta">Eemsdelta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Het_Hogeland" title="Het Hogeland">Het Hogeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden-Groningen" title="Midden-Groningen">Midden-Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldambt_(municipality)" title="Oldambt (municipality)">Oldambt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekela" title="Pekela">Pekela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadskanaal" title="Stadskanaal">Stadskanaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veendam" title="Veendam">Veendam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerkwartier_(municipality)" title="Westerkwartier (municipality)">Westerkwartier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerwolde_(municipality)" title="Westerwolde (municipality)">Westerwolde</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Groningen_position.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Groningen_position.svg/60px-Groningen_position.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Groningen_position.svg/90px-Groningen_position.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Groningen_position.svg/120px-Groningen_position.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="236" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>See also</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Municipalities of the Netherlands">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hanseatic_League" title="Template talk:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> by quarter, and trading posts of the Hanseatic League</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Chief cities shown in <span class="smallcaps">smallcaps</span>.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free Imperial Cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wendish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lübeck" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;;padding:0.75em 1.0em;"><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklam" title="Anklam">Anklam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demmin" title="Demmin">Demmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kolberg <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kołobrzeg)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar%C5%82owo" title="Darłowo">Rügenwalde <span style="font-size:85%;">(Darłowo)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Stettin <span style="font-size:85%;">(Szczecin)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Stolp <span style="font-size:85%;">(Słupsk)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargard" title="Stargard">Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visby" title="Visby">Visby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wismar" title="Wismar">Wismar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/150px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/225px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/300px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="603" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/150px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/225px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/300px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3720" data-file-height="2996" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BrunswickMagdeburg" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Brunswick</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt an der Oder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Baltic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Danzig(Gdańsk)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk"><span class="smallcaps">Danzig</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(Gdańsk)</span></span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Breslau <span style="font-size:85%;">(Wrocław)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Dorpat <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tartu)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbing <span style="font-size:85%;">(Elbląg)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Cracow <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kraków)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Reval <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tallinn)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga <span style="font-size:85%;">(Rīga)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Thorn <span style="font-size:85%;">(Toruń)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Westphalian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cologne_1Dortmund_1" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></i></span> <span class="nobold"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span><br /><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></i></span> <span class="nobold"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampen,_Overijssel" title="Kampen, Overijssel">Kampen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soest,_Germany" title="Soest, Germany">Soest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zutphen" title="Zutphen">Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><hr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor">Kontore</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bryggen" title="Bryggen">Bryggen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontor_of_Bruges" title="Kontor of Bruges">Kontor of Bruges</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a><sup>2</sup><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelyard" title="Steelyard">Steelyard</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterhof_(Novgorod)" title="Peterhof (Novgorod)">Peterhof</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Vitten</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falsterbo" title="Falsterbo">Falsterbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">Bishop's Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire" title="Boston, Lincolnshire">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Ipswich" title="Port of Ipswich">Ipswich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herford" title="Herford">Herford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Yarmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> were both chief city of the Westphalian Quarter at different times.</li><li><sup><small>2</small></sup> The kontor was moved to <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> once <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> became inaccessible due to the silting of the <a href="/wiki/Zwin" title="Zwin">Zwin</a> channel.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000106589539">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/127790264">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205850/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyCCtykQbQgdbrd39cByd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4094052-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79081849">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118642384">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118642384">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Groningen (Nizozemsko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134190&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548084705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/32843dc6-d9a0-46d2-bcf1-981bb8af4b4c">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026384639">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/005162">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Groningen&oldid=1254551310">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Groningen&oldid=1254551310</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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