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</div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-藝術與文化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#藝術與文化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>藝術與文化</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-藝術與文化-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关藝術與文化子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-藝術與文化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-博物館" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#博物館"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>博物館</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-博物館-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文化中心" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文化中心"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>文化中心</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文化中心-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-夜生活" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#夜生活"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>夜生活</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-夜生活-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-格羅寧根大學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#格羅寧根大學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>格羅寧根大學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-格羅寧根大學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政治" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政治"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>政治</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政治-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-工業" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#工業"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>工業</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-工業-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-運輸" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#運輸"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>運輸</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-運輸-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关運輸子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-運輸-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-鐵路" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#鐵路"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>鐵路</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-鐵路-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-道路" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#道路"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>道路</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-道路-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-公車" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#公車"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>公車</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-公車-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-航空" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#航空"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>航空</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-航空-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-足球場館" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#足球場館"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>足球場館</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-足球場館-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-氣候" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#氣候"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>氣候</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-氣候-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-知名人物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#知名人物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>知名人物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-知名人物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-社区" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社区"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>社区</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-社区-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-友好城市" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#友好城市"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>友好城市</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-友好城市-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>注釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">格罗宁根</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。99种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%86" title="خرننغن – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خرننغن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="خرونينجين – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خرونينجين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qroningen" title="Qroningen – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qroningen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Гронінген (горад) – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гронінген (горад)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Гронінген (горад) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гронінген (горад)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гронинген – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гронинген" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="খ্রোনিঙেন – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খ্রোনিঙেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(k%C3%AAr)" title="Groningen (kêr) – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Groningen (kêr)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(kapital_sa_lalawigan_sa_Olandres)" title="Groningen (kapital sa lalawigan sa Olandres) – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Groningen (kapital sa lalawigan sa Olandres)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гронинген – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гронинген" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(dinas)" title="Groningen (dinas) – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Groningen (dinas)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BD_(%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7)" title="Χρόνινγκεν (πόλη) – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χρόνινγκεν (πόλη)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningo_(urbo)" title="Groningo (urbo) – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Groningo (urbo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groninga" title="Groninga – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Groninga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(hiria)" title="Groningen (hiria) – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Groningen (hiria)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%86" title="خرونینگن – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خرونینگن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 斐济语" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐济语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningue_(ville)" title="Groningue (ville) – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Groningue (ville)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grins_(st%C3%AAd)" title="Grins (stêd) – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Grins (stêd)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groninga" title="Groninga – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Groninga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(caayr)" title="Groningen (caayr) – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Groningen (caayr)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9F_(%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8)" title="חרונינגן (עיר) – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חרונינגן (עיר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(Hollandia)" title="Groningen (Hollandia) – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Groningen (Hollandia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Գրոնինգեն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրոնինգեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(citate)" title="Groningen (citate) – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Groningen (citate)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen,_Groningen" title="Groningen, Groningen – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Groningen, Groningen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groninga" title="Groninga – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Groninga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B2%E3%83%B3" title="フローニンゲン – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フローニンゲン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="გრონინგენი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გრონინგენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гронинген – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гронинген" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9D%90%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%9D%EC%96%B8" title="흐로닝언 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="흐로닝언" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(bajar)" title="Groningen (bajar) – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Groningen (bajar)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groninga_(urbs)" title="Groninga (urbs) – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Groninga (urbs)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groninge_(stad)" title="Groninge (stad) – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Groninge (stad)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groninga" title="Groninga – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Groninga" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningenas" title="Groningenas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Groningenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningena" title="Groningena – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Groningena" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(Groningen)" title="Groningen (Groningen) – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Groningen (Groningen)" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гронинген – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гронинген" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0)" title="ग्रोनिंगन (शहर) – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ग्रोनिंगन (शहर)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(Groningen)" title="Groningen (Groningen) – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Groningen (Groningen)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunneng" title="Grunneng – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Grunneng" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunnen_(stad)" title="Grunnen (stad) – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Grunnen (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(stad)" title="Groningen (stad) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Groningen (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(by)" title="Groningen (by) – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Groningen (by)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groninga_(vila)" title="Groninga (vila) – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Groninga (vila)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Гронинген (сахар) – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гронинген (сахар)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%86_%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1" title="گروننگن شہر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گروننگن شہر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%86" title="خرونینګن – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="خرونینګن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groninga" title="Groninga – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Groninga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гронинген – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гронинген" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B2ninga" title="Gròninga – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Gròninga" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(city)" title="Groningen (city) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Groningen (city)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(mesto_v_Holandsku)" title="Groningen (mesto v Holandsku) – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Groningen (mesto v Holandsku)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гронинген – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гронинген" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(Meente)" title="Groningen (Meente) – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Groningen (Meente)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 西里西亚语" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Вилояти Гронинген – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вилояти Гронинген" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="โกรนิงเงิน – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โกรนิงเงิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Грониңен – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Грониңен" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гронінген – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гронінген" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="خرونیگین – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خرونیگین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(Niderlandiya)" title="Groningen (Niderlandiya) – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Groningen (Niderlandiya)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groninga" title="Groninga – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Groninga" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(th%C3%A0nh_ph%E1%BB%91)" title="Groningen (thành phố) – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Groningen (thành phố)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(stad)" title="Groningen (stad) – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Groningen (stad)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(zif)" title="Groningen (zif) – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Groningen (zif)" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9" title="格罗宁根 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="格罗宁根" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(si%C3%A2%E2%81%BF)" title="Groningen (siâⁿ) – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Groningen (siâⁿ)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%A7%E6%A0%B9" title="格羅寧根 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="格羅寧根" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-a6eeb09d" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>此條目介紹的是格罗宁根省的首府及同名市镇的中心城市。关于其所属的同名的省，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9%E7%9C%81" title="格罗宁根省">格罗宁根省</a></b>」。关于其所属的同名的市镇，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9_(%E5%B8%82%E9%95%87)" title="格罗宁根 (市镇)">格罗宁根 (市镇)</a></b>」。</div> <style 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.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Copy_edit plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/48px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/72px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/96px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%AF%A9%E6%A0%B8%E6%A0%A1%E5%B0%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:如何審核校對">編修</a>，以確保文法、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:避免使用的字詞">用詞、语气</a>、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C" title="Wikipedia:格式手册">格式</a>、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C/%E6%A0%87%E7%82%B9%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="Wikipedia:格式手册/标点符号">標點</a>等使用恰当。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2016年10月6日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>請按照<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%AF%A9%E6%A0%B8%E6%A0%A1%E5%B0%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:如何審核校對">校對指引</a>，幫助<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&action=edit">编辑</a>這個條目。（<a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:编辑">幫助</a>、<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9" title="Talk:格罗宁根">討論</a>）</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="noteTA-a6eeb09d" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="NL Places"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Unit"></div></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:斯希普霍尔;zh-tw:史基浦;"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67735281">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:23em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:1.25em; white-space:nowrap"><span class="fn org">格羅寧根</span><br /><span class="nickname">Groningen</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#cddeff; font-weight:bold;"><span class="category"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B010%E4%B8%87%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E4%BB%A5%E4%B8%8A%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="荷兰10万人口以上城市列表">城市</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><div style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse;border:0px solid black;width:260px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:2px 0 0 2px"><div style="display:table;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Groninger_Forum_-_panorama_(14).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Groninger_Forum_-_panorama_%2814%29.jpg/260px-Groninger_Forum_-_panorama_%2814%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Groninger_Forum_-_panorama_%2814%29.jpg/390px-Groninger_Forum_-_panorama_%2814%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Groninger_Forum_-_panorama_%2814%29.jpg/520px-Groninger_Forum_-_panorama_%2814%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5978" data-file-height="3985" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoge_der_Aa2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hoge_der_Aa2.jpg/129px-Hoge_der_Aa2.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hoge_der_Aa2.jpg/194px-Hoge_der_Aa2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hoge_der_Aa2.jpg/258px-Hoge_der_Aa2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Overzicht_van_de_voorgevel_met_ingangspartij_en_bordestrap,_plein_met_fietsenstalling_op_de_voorgrond_-_Groningen_-_20416140_-_RCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Overzicht_van_de_voorgevel_met_ingangspartij_en_bordestrap%2C_plein_met_fietsenstalling_op_de_voorgrond_-_Groningen_-_20416140_-_RCE.jpg/129px-Overzicht_van_de_voorgevel_met_ingangspartij_en_bordestrap%2C_plein_met_fietsenstalling_op_de_voorgrond_-_Groningen_-_20416140_-_RCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Overzicht_van_de_voorgevel_met_ingangspartij_en_bordestrap%2C_plein_met_fietsenstalling_op_de_voorgrond_-_Groningen_-_20416140_-_RCE.jpg/194px-Overzicht_van_de_voorgevel_met_ingangspartij_en_bordestrap%2C_plein_met_fietsenstalling_op_de_voorgrond_-_Groningen_-_20416140_-_RCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Overzicht_van_de_voorgevel_met_ingangspartij_en_bordestrap%2C_plein_met_fietsenstalling_op_de_voorgrond_-_Groningen_-_20416140_-_RCE.jpg/258px-Overzicht_van_de_voorgevel_met_ingangspartij_en_bordestrap%2C_plein_met_fietsenstalling_op_de_voorgrond_-_Groningen_-_20416140_-_RCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2835" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Groningermuseum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Groningermuseum.JPG/129px-Groningermuseum.JPG" decoding="async" width="129" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Groningermuseum.JPG/194px-Groningermuseum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Groningermuseum.JPG/258px-Groningermuseum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Station_Groningen_vanaf_Emmaviaduct.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Station_Groningen_vanaf_Emmaviaduct.jpg/129px-Station_Groningen_vanaf_Emmaviaduct.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Station_Groningen_vanaf_Emmaviaduct.jpg/194px-Station_Groningen_vanaf_Emmaviaduct.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Station_Groningen_vanaf_Emmaviaduct.jpg/258px-Station_Groningen_vanaf_Emmaviaduct.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div>上：格羅寧根天際線，右方塔式建築為<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%8F%90%E5%B0%BC%E5%A1%94" title="马提尼塔">马提尼塔</a><br />中：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿河 (荷蘭)" data-lang-code="nl" data-lang-name="荷兰语" data-foreign-title="Hoge der A"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%B2%B3_(%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿河 (荷蘭)（页面不存在）">阿河</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">荷兰语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoge_der_A" class="extiw" title="nl:Hoge der A"><span lang="nl" dir="auto">Hoge der A</span></a></span>）</span></span>沿岸的舊倉庫、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="格罗宁根大学">格羅寧根大學</a>主建築<br />下：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%A7%E6%A0%B9%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8" title="格羅寧根博物館">格羅寧根博物館</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%A7%E6%A0%B9%E8%BB%8A%E7%AB%99" title="格羅寧根車站">格羅寧根車站</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84040992">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_Groningen_city.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="格羅寧根旗幟"><img alt="格羅寧根旗幟" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_Groningen_city.svg/120px-Flag_Groningen_city.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_Groningen_city.svg/180px-Flag_Groningen_city.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_Groningen_city.svg/240px-Flag_Groningen_city.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br /><small>旗幟</small></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Groningen_stad_wapen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="格羅寧根徽章"><img alt="格羅寧根徽章" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Groningen_stad_wapen.svg/120px-Groningen_stad_wapen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Groningen_stad_wapen.svg/180px-Groningen_stad_wapen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Groningen_stad_wapen.svg/240px-Groningen_stad_wapen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="273" /></a></span><br /><small>徽章</small></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LocatieGroningen_(city).png" class="mw-file-description" title="格羅寧根的位置"><img alt="格羅寧根的位置" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/LocatieGroningen_%28city%29.png/250px-LocatieGroningen_%28city%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/LocatieGroningen_%28city%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="130" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="">坐标：<span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82757201">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=zh&pagename=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&params=53.2189_N_6.5675_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="此地的地图、航拍照片和其他数据"><span class="latitude">53°13′08″N</span> <span class="longitude">6°34′03″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="此地的地图、航拍照片和其他数据">53.2189°N 6.5675°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.2189; 6.5675</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" class="mw-redirect" title="世界政区索引">国家</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0" title="荷兰">荷蘭</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E7%9C%81%E4%BB%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="荷兰省份">省</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%A7%E6%A0%B9%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="格羅寧根省">格羅寧根省</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E9%95%87_(%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0)" title="市镇 (荷兰)">市镇</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9_(%E5%B8%82%E9%95%87)" title="格罗宁根 (市镇)">格罗宁根</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;">面积<span style="font-weight:normal">(2006)</span></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • <span class="nowrap">总计</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">83.69 平方公里（32.31 平方英里）</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • 陸地</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">79.59 平方公里（30.73 平方英里）</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • 水域</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">4.10 平方公里（1.58 平方英里）</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;">人口<span style="font-weight:normal">（2007年1月1日）</span></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • 總計</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">185,000人</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="人口密度">密度</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2,324人/平方公里（6,020人/平方英里）</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> </th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><small>來源：<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%B1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="荷蘭統計局">CBS</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statline.cbs.nl/">Statline</a>.</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E5%8C%BA" title="时区">时区</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4" title="欧洲中部时间">CET</a>（<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a>）</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E6%97%B6%E5%88%B6" title="夏时制">夏时制</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E5%A4%8F%E4%BB%A4%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲中部夏令時間">CEST</a>（<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a>）</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadsdelen_groningen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Stadsdelen_groningen.jpg/225px-Stadsdelen_groningen.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Stadsdelen_groningen.jpg/338px-Stadsdelen_groningen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Stadsdelen_groningen.jpg/450px-Stadsdelen_groningen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>格羅寧根行政區</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Groningermuseum2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Groningermuseum2.jpg/225px-Groningermuseum2.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Groningermuseum2.jpg/338px-Groningermuseum2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Groningermuseum2.jpg/450px-Groningermuseum2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%A7%E6%A0%B9%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8" title="格羅寧根博物館">格羅寧根博物館</a>（Groninger Museum） (2004)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RijksUniversiteit_Groningen_-_University_of_Groningen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/RijksUniversiteit_Groningen_-_University_of_Groningen.jpg/225px-RijksUniversiteit_Groningen_-_University_of_Groningen.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/RijksUniversiteit_Groningen_-_University_of_Groningen.jpg/338px-RijksUniversiteit_Groningen_-_University_of_Groningen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/RijksUniversiteit_Groningen_-_University_of_Groningen.jpg/450px-RijksUniversiteit_Groningen_-_University_of_Groningen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1005" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="格罗宁根大学">格羅寧根大學</a>主建築 (2004)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Groningen_Der_Aa-kerk_april04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Groningen_Der_Aa-kerk_april04.jpg/225px-Groningen_Der_Aa-kerk_april04.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Groningen_Der_Aa-kerk_april04.jpg/338px-Groningen_Der_Aa-kerk_april04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Groningen_Der_Aa-kerk_april04.jpg/450px-Groningen_Der_Aa-kerk_april04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>Aa教堂 (2004)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20090218_Der_Aa-kerk_Groningen_NL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/20090218_Der_Aa-kerk_Groningen_NL.jpg/225px-20090218_Der_Aa-kerk_Groningen_NL.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="412" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/20090218_Der_Aa-kerk_Groningen_NL.jpg/338px-20090218_Der_Aa-kerk_Groningen_NL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/20090218_Der_Aa-kerk_Groningen_NL.jpg/450px-20090218_Der_Aa-kerk_Groningen_NL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2205" data-file-height="4041" /></a><figcaption>晚上的Aa教堂 (2009)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herestraat_Groningen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Herestraat_Groningen.JPG/225px-Herestraat_Groningen.JPG" decoding="async" width="225" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Herestraat_Groningen.JPG/338px-Herestraat_Groningen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Herestraat_Groningen.JPG/450px-Herestraat_Groningen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>Herestraat，主要的購物街 (2004)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20100516_Gedempte_Zuiderdiep_96_Groningen_NL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/20100516_Gedempte_Zuiderdiep_96_Groningen_NL.jpg/225px-20100516_Gedempte_Zuiderdiep_96_Groningen_NL.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/20100516_Gedempte_Zuiderdiep_96_Groningen_NL.jpg/338px-20100516_Gedempte_Zuiderdiep_96_Groningen_NL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/20100516_Gedempte_Zuiderdiep_96_Groningen_NL.jpg/450px-20100516_Gedempte_Zuiderdiep_96_Groningen_NL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿姆斯特丹学校建筑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Amsterdam School"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%B9%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿姆斯特丹学校建筑（页面不存在）">阿姆斯特丹学校建筑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_School" class="extiw" title="en:Amsterdam School"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Amsterdam School</span></a></span>）</span></span> Gedempte Zuiderdiep 96</figcaption></figure> <p><b>格罗宁根</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="荷蘭語">荷蘭語</a>：<span lang="nl">Groningen</span>，<small>荷兰语发音：</small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:荷蘭語國際音標">[ˈɣroːnɪŋə(n)]</a></span> <span class="nowrap" style="font-size:85%">（<span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cd\/Nl-Groningen_2.oga\/Nl-Groningen_2.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"zh","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-Groningen 2.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/Nl-Groningen_2.oga/Nl-Groningen_2.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="播放音频" title="播放音频" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-Groningen_2.oga" title="File:Nl-Groningen 2.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>）</span>）是位于<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0" title="荷兰">荷兰</a>北部的一座中型城市，也是<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9%E7%9C%81" title="格罗宁根省">格罗宁根省</a>的首府和及<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9_(%E5%B8%82%E9%95%87)" title="格罗宁根 (市镇)">同名市镇</a>的中心城市，人口约185,000（2007年），是荷兰北部人口最多的城市。 </p><p>著名景点有<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%8F%90%E5%B0%BC%E5%A1%94" title="马提尼塔">马提尼塔</a>（Martini Tower）。塔高97米，于1482年建成，是荷兰第四高的<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" title="教堂">教堂</a>尖塔。格罗宁根还是<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="格罗宁根大学">格罗宁根大学</a>和格罗宁根高等职业学校的所在地。全市大学生共有5万多，占人口很大比重。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>目前最早記載格羅寧根的文件約在1040年<sup id="cite_ref-Kruit2014_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kruit2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。但目前發現最古老的考古遺跡約在西元前3950至3720年<sup id="cite_ref-BarclayField2020_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarclayField2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。直到西元三世紀，格羅寧根才出現第一個主要聚落<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>13世紀，格羅寧根成為一個重要的貿易中心，並建造<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E7%89%86" class="mw-redirect" title="城牆">城牆</a><sup id="cite_ref-DunfordLee2007_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DunfordLee2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。該市對於周圍地區有極大的影響力，讓格羅寧根<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="方言">方言</a>成為當地的主要語言<sup id="cite_ref-BreivikJahr2011_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BreivikJahr2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。15世紀末，當時鄰近的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%A3%AB%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="菲士蘭">菲士蘭省</a>由格羅寧根管理，是格羅寧根最具影響力的時代<sup id="cite_ref-Eyewitness2020_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eyewitness2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 。同一時期，格羅寧根修築了馬提尼塔，高約127公尺，成為當時歐洲最高的建築物<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。16世紀，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="西班牙帝國">西班牙帝國</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="荷蘭共和國">荷蘭共和國</a>爆發<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="八十年戰爭">八十年戰爭</a>。1594年，格羅寧根選擇支持<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="西班牙帝國">西班牙帝國</a>，但之後改變立場，加入荷蘭共和國<sup id="cite_ref-Cruttwell1808_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruttwell1808-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RosseBlair1859_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RosseBlair1859-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1614年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="格罗宁根大学">格羅寧根大學</a>成立，最初的目的是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="神學">宗教教育</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。同一時期，城市發展快速，並興建新城牆<sup id="cite_ref-Army2014_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Army2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。1672年，<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E8%8B%B1%E8%8D%B7%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第三次英荷战争">第三次英荷戰爭</a>爆發，格羅寧根受到<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="明斯特">明斯特</a>主教<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Bernhard von Galen" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bernhard von Galen"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_von_Galen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernhard von Galen（页面不存在）">Bernhard von Galen</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_von_Galen" class="extiw" title="en:Bernhard von Galen"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bernhard von Galen</span></a></span>）</span></span>的猛烈攻擊，但城牆成功阻擋了攻勢。每年的8月28日，民眾會以音樂和<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%9F%E7%81%AB" title="烟火">煙火</a>慶祝這次勝利<sup id="cite_ref-Troost2005_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Troost2005-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Archer-Antiquaries1969_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archer-Antiquaries1969-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>格羅寧根沒有逃過二戰的蹂躪。1945年4月的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%A7%E6%A0%B9%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格羅寧根戰役（页面不存在）">格羅寧根戰役</a>，城中的主廣場格羅特市場廣場（Grote Markt）遭到嚴重破壞。不過馬提尼塔、馬提尼教堂、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Goudkantoor" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Goudkantoor"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goudkantoor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goudkantoor（页面不存在）">Goudkantoor</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goudkantoor" class="extiw" title="en:Goudkantoor"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Goudkantoor</span></a></span>）</span></span>和市政廳都未受到破壞。這場戰爭持續了數天<sup id="cite_ref-Ashworth2017_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashworth2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="藝術與文化"><span id=".E8.97.9D.E8.A1.93.E8.88.87.E6.96.87.E5.8C.96"></span>藝術與文化</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：藝術與文化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>雖然格羅寧根不是個非常大的都市，但它仍是荷蘭該地區重要的都會，尤其在音樂和其他藝術、教育、商業等領域中有著重要地位。格羅寧根大量的學生族群也為城市建立了一個多元化的文化背景<sup id="cite_ref-KaynakUysal2012_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KaynakUysal2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="博物館"><span id=".E5.8D.9A.E7.89.A9.E9.A4.A8"></span>博物館</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：博物館"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>格羅寧根最重要且最知名的博物館是<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%A7%E6%A0%B9%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8" title="格羅寧根博物館">格羅寧根博物館</a>（Groninger Museum）<sup id="cite_ref-Vries2010_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vries2010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%8D%93%C2%B7%E9%96%80%E8%92%82%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞歷山卓·門蒂尼（页面不存在）">亞歷山卓·門蒂尼</a>（Alessandro Mendini）所設計的建築讓格羅寧格博物館成為荷蘭最現代且最創新的博物館之一<sup id="cite_ref-Maidment2000_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maidment2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。另外，格羅寧根還有一座<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="科學博物館">科學博物館</a>、一座<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%AB%E7%95%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="漫畫">漫畫</a>博物館和一座<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B8%E8%8D%89" class="mw-redirect" title="菸草">菸草</a>博物館。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="文化中心"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.8C.96.E4.B8.AD.E5.BF.83"></span>文化中心</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：文化中心"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%A7%E6%A0%B9%E8%AB%96%E5%A3%87" title="格羅寧根論壇">格羅寧根論壇</a>文化中心於2019年11月29日開幕，其建築結合<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="圖書館">圖書館</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1%E9%99%A2" title="電影院">電影院</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%A7%E6%A0%B9%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8" title="格羅寧根博物館">格羅寧根博物館</a>的一部分<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="夜生活"><span id=".E5.A4.9C.E7.94.9F.E6.B4.BB"></span>夜生活</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：夜生活"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>格羅寧根的夜生活大部分是依靠其學生族群。格羅特市場等廣場在夜晚十分擁擠，尤其是星期四與星期五，部分酒吧營業至早上7點。2006年，格羅寧根被票選為荷蘭「最佳市中心」（de beste binnenstad）<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="格羅寧根大學"><span id=".E6.A0.BC.E7.BE.85.E5.AF.A7.E6.A0.B9.E5.A4.A7.E5.AD.B8"></span>格羅寧根大學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：格羅寧根大學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="格罗宁根大学">格羅寧根大學</a></div> <p>1614年成立的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="格罗宁根大学">格羅寧根大學</a>有著豐富的學術傳統，是荷蘭第二悠久的大學（僅次於<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E9%A0%93%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="萊頓大學">萊頓大學</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-Essen2013_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essen2013-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。荷蘭第一位女性學生、荷蘭第一位太空人，<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲中央銀行">歐洲中央銀行</a>總裁都來自格羅寧根大學，此外还有多位<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E7%8D%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="諾貝爾獎">諾貝爾獎</a>得主。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="政治"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB"></span>政治</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：政治"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>市議會有39個席次。左派政黨<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E9%BB%A8_(%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD)" title="工黨 (荷蘭)">工黨</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%BF%E8%89%B2%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE_(%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0)" title="绿色左派 (荷兰)">綠色左派</a>是最大黨。2002年選舉結束後，他們與<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E9%BB%A8_(%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD)" title="基督教民主黨 (荷蘭)">基督教民主黨</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8" title="自由民主人民黨">自由民主人民黨</a>組成聯盟。2006年選舉結束後，三個左派政黨（工黨、綠色左派和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E9%BB%A8_(%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD)" title="社會黨 (荷蘭)">社會黨</a>）在4月26日組成新政治聯盟。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="工業"><span id=".E5.B7.A5.E6.A5.AD"></span>工業</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：工業"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>长久以来，格罗宁根一直是荷兰北部的贸易和工业中心，众多欧洲著名企业在此设立总部和办事处。重點產業有冶金、机械、造船、化学、纺织、造纸等。目前CSM（Centrale Suiker Maatschappij）在格羅寧根有間<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="食糖">製糖</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%BB%A0" title="工廠">工廠</a>，每年的產量約300,000<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%99%B8" title="公噸">公噸</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="運輸"><span id=".E9.81.8B.E8.BC.B8"></span>運輸</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：運輸"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>格羅寧根被稱為「世界單車之都」，因為市內57%的旅遊是以單車為工具。<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>格羅寧根有著廣泛的單車網路、良好的公共運輸和市中心大範圍的步行區，十分適合想遠離汽車的人士。在一個義大利節目的調查中<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，認為格羅寧根對於單車的使用是義大利值得的仿效對象。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="鐵路"><span id=".E9.90.B5.E8.B7.AF"></span>鐵路</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：鐵路"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>格羅寧根設有三個車站： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%A7%E6%A0%B9%E8%BB%8A%E7%AB%99" title="格羅寧根車站">格羅寧根火車站</a>（Groningen railway station）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%A7%E6%A0%B9%E6%AD%90%E7%BE%85%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92%E7%81%AB%E8%BB%8A%E7%AB%99" class="mw-redirect" title="格羅寧根歐羅巴公園火車站">格羅寧根歐羅巴公園火車站</a>（Groningen Europapark railway station）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%A7%E6%A0%B9%E5%8C%97%E7%81%AB%E8%BB%8A%E7%AB%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格羅寧根北火車站（页面不存在）">格羅寧根北火車站</a>（Groningen Noord railway station）</li></ul> <p>主車站（由<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="荷蘭鐵路">荷蘭鐵路</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E7%91%9E%E5%8F%91" class="mw-redirect" title="爱瑞发">爱瑞发</a>營運）可通往荷蘭大多數的主要城市。 </p><p>直達地有： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%B2%E6%B2%83%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="茲沃勒">茲沃勒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%BB%98%E6%96%AF%E7%A6%8F%E7%89%B9" title="阿默斯福特">阿默斯福特</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%88%BE%E5%BC%97%E7%91%9F%E5%A7%86" title="希爾弗瑟姆">希爾弗瑟姆</a>（Hilversum）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%B9" title="阿姆斯特丹">阿姆斯特丹</a>南方與<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%9F%BA%E6%B5%A6%E6%A9%9F%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="史基浦機場">史基浦機場</a>：荷蘭鐵路</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%B2%E6%B2%83%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="茲沃勒">茲沃勒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%BB%98%E6%96%AF%E7%A6%8F%E7%89%B9" title="阿默斯福特">阿默斯福特</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%92%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="烏特勒支">烏特勒支</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%AA%E8%BE%BE" title="豪达">豪達</a>（Gouda）與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%89%99" title="海牙">海牙</a>：荷蘭鐵路</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%95%E4%BC%90%E7%99%BB" title="吕伐登">呂伐登</a>：爱瑞发</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E8%B5%AB%E8%B4%8A%E5%BE%B7-%E8%96%A9%E7%8F%80%E6%A2%85%E7%88%BE" title="霍赫贊德-薩珀梅爾">Hoogezand-Sappemeer</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E6%96%AF%E9%9C%8D%E6%BB%95" title="溫斯霍滕">Winschoten</a>、德國<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="萊爾">萊爾</a>（Leer）：爱瑞发</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Roodeschool" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roodeschool"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roodeschool&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roodeschool（页面不存在）">Roodeschool</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roodeschool" class="extiw" title="en:Roodeschool"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roodeschool</span></a></span>）</span></span>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB%E5%AE%B0%E5%B0%94" title="代尔夫宰尔">代爾夫宰爾</a>：爱瑞发</li> <li>爱瑞发計畫在2009年至2010年開始營運往<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E4%B8%B9" title="芬丹">Veendam</a>的路線。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="道路"><span id=".E9.81.93.E8.B7.AF"></span>道路</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：道路"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=A28%E9%AB%98%E9%80%9F%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF_(%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A28高速公路 (荷蘭)（页面不存在）">A28高速公路</a>連結格羅寧根與<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%92%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="烏特勒支">烏特勒支</a>（途中經由<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%B2%E6%B2%83%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="茲沃勒">茲沃勒</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%BB%98%E6%96%AF%E7%A6%8F%E7%89%B9" title="阿默斯福特">阿默斯福特</a>）。<a href="/w/index.php?title=A7%E9%AB%98%E9%80%9F%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF_(%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A7高速公路 (荷蘭)（页面不存在）">A7高速公路</a>往西南方則通往<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%A3%AB%E8%98%AD%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="菲士蘭省">菲士蘭省</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%B9" title="阿姆斯特丹">阿姆斯特丹</a>，往東則可到達<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E8%90%8A%E6%A2%85" class="mw-redirect" title="不萊梅">不萊梅</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="公車"><span id=".E5.85.AC.E8.BB.8A"></span>公車</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：公車"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E7%91%9E%E5%8F%91" class="mw-redirect" title="爱瑞发">爱瑞发</a>經營數條市區公車及都會公車。主要路線有： </p> <ul><li>3: <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Lewenborg" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lewenborg"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewenborg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lewenborg（页面不存在）">Lewenborg</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewenborg" class="extiw" title="en:Lewenborg"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lewenborg</span></a></span>）</span></span>-市中心-主車站-Vinkhuizen</li> <li>6: Beijum-市中心-主車站-Hoornsemeer</li> <li>11: Zernike-市中心-主車站</li> <li>33/39/133:格羅寧根-<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Surhuisterveen" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Surhuisterveen"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surhuisterveen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surhuisterveen（页面不存在）">Surhuisterveen</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surhuisterveen" class="extiw" title="en:Surhuisterveen"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Surhuisterveen</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>50/51:格羅寧根-<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A3%AE" title="阿森">阿森</a></li> <li>61:格羅寧根-<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%BE%B7%E5%A7%86" title="贝德姆">Bedum</a>-<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Uithuizen" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Uithuizen"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uithuizen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uithuizen（页面不存在）">Uithuizen</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uithuizen" class="extiw" title="en:Uithuizen"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Uithuizen</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>82格羅寧根-<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Roden" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roden (Drenthe)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roden（页面不存在）">Roden</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roden_(Drenthe)" class="extiw" title="en:Roden (Drenthe)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roden (Drenthe)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> <ul><li>140:格羅寧根-<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%84%E4%B8%B9" title="阿平厄丹">Appingedam</a> -<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB%E5%AE%B0%E5%B0%94" title="代尔夫宰尔">代爾夫宰爾</a></li> <li>163:格羅寧根-Lauwersoog（連結通往<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%8C%E8%92%99%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%E5%B3%B6" title="斯希蒙尼克島">斯希蒙尼克岛</a>（Schiermonnikoog）的渡輪）</li> <li>300/305:格羅寧根-<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Borger" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Borger (Drenthe)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Borger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borger（页面不存在）">Borger</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borger_(Drenthe)" class="extiw" title="en:Borger (Drenthe)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Borger (Drenthe)</span></a></span>）</span></span>-<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%96%80" class="mw-disambig" title="埃門">埃門</a>（Emmen）</li> <li>301:格羅寧根-<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E4%B8%B9" title="芬丹">Veendam</a></li> <li>304/314:格羅寧根-<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E8%B5%AB%E6%BB%95" title="德拉赫滕">Drachten</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%80%AB%E8%8A%AC" title="海倫芬">海倫芬</a></li> <li>315:格羅寧根-<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%80%AB%E8%8A%AC" title="海倫芬">海倫芬</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E9%BB%98" title="萊默">萊默</a>（Lemmer）-<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="萊利斯塔德">萊利斯塔德</a>（荷蘭最長的公車路線，由<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Interliner" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Interliner"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interliner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interliner（页面不存在）">Interliner</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interliner" class="extiw" title="en:Interliner"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Interliner</span></a></span>）</span></span>營運）</li></ul> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publicexpress.de">Public Express</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120330143756/http://www.publicexpress.de/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）也營運格羅寧根（火車站）直達不萊梅（機場）的公車路線。 </p><p>計畫再未來建造一條有軌電車路線，連結中央車站、市中心和大學集中地（Zernike）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="航空"><span id=".E8.88.AA.E7.A9.BA"></span>航空</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：航空"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9%E6%9C%BA%E5%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="格罗宁根机场">格羅寧根機場</a>（Groningen Airport Eelde）位於格羅寧根市中心南方10公里，提供往歐洲的預定和假日包機服務。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="足球場館"><span id=".E8.B6.B3.E7.90.83.E5.A0.B4.E9.A4.A8"></span>足球場館</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：足球場館"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%A7%E6%A0%B9%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E6%9C%83" title="格羅寧根足球會">格罗宁根足球俱乐部</a>的主場為<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E7%BE%85%E5%A0%A1%E7%90%83%E5%A0%B4" title="歐羅堡球場">歐羅堡球場</a>（Euroborg）。歐羅堡球場在2006年1月正式啟用，可容納22,600觀眾。目前計劃要將容納人數增加到35,000至40,000人。格罗宁根足球俱乐部前主場為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%B8%95%E5%85%8B%E7%90%83%E5%A0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧斯特帕克球場（页面不存在）">奧斯特帕克球場</a>（Oosterpark Stadion），可容納12,500人。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="氣候"><span id=".E6.B0.A3.E5.80.99"></span>氣候</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：氣候"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>格羅寧根與荷蘭全境依樣都屬於海洋性溫帶氣候<sup id="cite_ref-weatherbase1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weatherbase1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，不過由於其東北風，冬季比荷蘭其他主要城市的略冷<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Homans1859_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homans1859-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。夏天比較溫暖和潮濕<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia1879_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia1879-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，偶爾會出現30°C（86°F）或更高的溫度；白天的平均氣溫大約為22°C（72°F）。在春季和夏季經常下雨，年平均降水量約為800毫米（31英寸）。 </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height: 1.2em; margin:;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">格羅寧根 (<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9%E6%9C%BA%E5%9C%BA-%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="格罗宁根机场-埃德">格羅寧根國際機場</a>)，1981–2010年 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">月份 </th> <th scope="col">1月 </th> <th scope="col">2月 </th> <th scope="col">3月 </th> <th scope="col">4月 </th> <th scope="col">5月 </th> <th scope="col">6月 </th> <th scope="col">7月 </th> <th scope="col">8月 </th> <th scope="col">9月 </th> <th scope="col">10月 </th> <th scope="col">11月 </th> <th scope="col">12月 </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">全年 </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">历史最高温 °C（°F） </th> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br />(75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.8<br />(83.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8<br />(91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.8<br />(92.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.9<br />(94.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.3<br />(97.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6<br />(90.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4<br />(81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4<br />(59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">36.3<br />(97.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">平均高温 °C（°F） </th> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7<br />(40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4<br />(41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0<br />(48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4<br />(56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4<br />(63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br />(67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2<br />(72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1<br />(71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br />(65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9<br />(57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7<br />(47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br />(41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.4<br />(56.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">日均气温 °C（°F） </th> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3<br />(36.1) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(36.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br />(41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3<br />(54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9<br />(58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9<br />(62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8<br />(56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0<br />(42.8) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9<br />(37.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">平均低温 °C（°F） </th> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.4<br />(31.3) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6<br />(30.9) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br />(34.5) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4<br />(38.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9<br />(44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5<br />(49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6<br />(52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3<br />(48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2<br />(43.2) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9<br />(37.2) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(32.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.2<br />(41.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">历史最低温 °C（°F） </th> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−22.0<br />(−7.6) </td> <td style="background: #6B6BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−22.9<br />(−9.2) </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.4<br />(−1.1) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.1<br />(17.4) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.4<br />(25.9) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(32.2) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5<br />(36.5) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.0<br />(30.2) </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.9<br />(19.6) </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.6<br />(7.5) </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−22.0<br />(−7.6) </td> <td style="background: #6B6BFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−22.9<br />(−9.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">平均<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%8D%E6%B0%B4%E9%87%8F" title="降水量">降水量</a> mm（英寸） </th> <td style="background: #90FF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.2<br />(2.92) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.4<br />(2.02) </td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.3<br />(2.53) </td> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.1<br />(1.66) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.0<br />(2.28) </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.2<br />(2.80) </td> <td style="background: #88FF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.4<br />(3.13) </td> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.9<br />(2.79) </td> <td style="background: #86FF86; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.3<br />(3.08) </td> <td style="background: #90FF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.0<br />(2.91) </td> <td style="background: #8BFF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.0<br />(2.95) </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.4<br />(2.89) </td> <td style="background: #98FF98; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">812.1<br />(31.97) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">平均降水天数<span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">（≥ 1 mm）</span> </th> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">137 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">平均降雪天数 </th> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">33 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">平均<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E6%BF%95%E5%BA%A6" title="相對濕度">相對濕度</a>（％） </th> <td style="background: #0000A5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">90 </td> <td style="background: #0000AD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">88 </td> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #0000A9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">89 </td> <td style="background: #0000A1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">91 </td> <td style="background: #00009E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">92 </td> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">85 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">月均<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E7%85%A7%E6%99%82%E6%95%B8" title="日照時數">日照時數</a> </th> <td style="background: #636363; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">54.2 </td> <td style="background: #9F9F9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.4 </td> <td style="background: #B5B567; color:#000000;" class="notheme">117.2 </td> <td style="background: #D0D000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">171.6 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">210.0 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">187.0 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">199.1 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">183.9 </td> <td style="background: #C0C024; color:#000000;" class="notheme">137.0 </td> <td style="background: #B0B083; color:#000000;" class="notheme">107.2 </td> <td style="background: #6A6A6A; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56.5 </td> <td style="background: #565656; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.5 </td> <td style="background: #BBBB40; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,550.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">数据来源：荷蘭皇家氣象協會<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="知名人物"><span id=".E7.9F.A5.E5.90.8D.E4.BA.BA.E7.89.A9"></span>知名人物</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：知名人物"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%85%8B" title="约翰·古德利克">约翰·古德利克</a>，天文學家。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%8A%AA%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="丹尼爾·伯努利">丹尼爾·伯努利</a>，物理學家。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%9C%AB%E6%9E%97%C2%B7%E6%98%82%E5%85%A7%E6%96%AF" title="海克·卡末林·昂內斯">海克·卡末林·昂內斯</a>，物理學家。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%8A%E6%B4%A5%E5%93%88" title="约翰·赫伊津哈">約翰·赫伊津哈</a>，語言學家。</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="社区"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E5.8C.BA"></span>社区</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：社区"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9_(%E5%B8%82%E9%95%87)" title="格罗宁根 (市镇)">格罗宁根</a> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-count:3; column-width:auto;"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Dorkwerd" data-lang-code="nl" data-lang-name="荷兰语" data-foreign-title="Dorkwerd"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorkwerd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorkwerd（页面不存在）">Dorkwerd</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">荷兰语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorkwerd" class="extiw" title="nl:Dorkwerd"><span lang="nl" dir="auto">Dorkwerd</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Engelbert" data-lang-code="nl" data-lang-name="荷兰语" data-foreign-title="Engelbert (dorp)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engelbert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Engelbert（页面不存在）">Engelbert</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">荷兰语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelbert_(dorp)" class="extiw" title="nl:Engelbert (dorp)"><span lang="nl" dir="auto">Engelbert (dorp)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Euvelgunne" data-lang-code="nl" data-lang-name="荷兰语" data-foreign-title="Euvelgunne"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euvelgunne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euvelgunne（页面不存在）">Euvelgunne</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">荷兰语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euvelgunne" class="extiw" title="nl:Euvelgunne"><span lang="nl" dir="auto">Euvelgunne</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Groningen" data-lang-code="nl" data-lang-name="荷兰语" data-foreign-title="Groningen (stad)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groningen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Groningen（页面不存在）">Groningen</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">荷兰语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(stad)" class="extiw" title="nl:Groningen (stad)"><span lang="nl" dir="auto">Groningen (stad)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Hoogkerk" data-lang-code="nl" data-lang-name="荷兰语" data-foreign-title="Hoogkerk"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoogkerk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoogkerk（页面不存在）">Hoogkerk</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">荷兰语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoogkerk" class="extiw" title="nl:Hoogkerk"><span lang="nl" dir="auto">Hoogkerk</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Leegkerk" data-lang-code="nl" data-lang-name="荷兰语" data-foreign-title="Leegkerk"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leegkerk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leegkerk（页面不存在）">Leegkerk</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">荷兰语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leegkerk" class="extiw" title="nl:Leegkerk"><span lang="nl" dir="auto">Leegkerk</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Middelbert" data-lang-code="nl" data-lang-name="荷兰语" data-foreign-title="Middelbert"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middelbert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middelbert（页面不存在）">Middelbert</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">荷兰语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelbert" class="extiw" title="nl:Middelbert"><span lang="nl" dir="auto">Middelbert</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Noorddijk" data-lang-code="nl" data-lang-name="荷兰语" data-foreign-title="Noorddijk (Groningen)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noorddijk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noorddijk（页面不存在）">Noorddijk</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">荷兰语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noorddijk_(Groningen)" class="extiw" title="nl:Noorddijk (Groningen)"><span lang="nl" dir="auto">Noorddijk (Groningen)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Noorderhoogebrug" data-lang-code="nl" data-lang-name="荷兰语" data-foreign-title="Noorderhoogebrug"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noorderhoogebrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noorderhoogebrug（页面不存在）">Noorderhoogebrug</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">荷兰语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noorderhoogebrug" class="extiw" title="nl:Noorderhoogebrug"><span lang="nl" dir="auto">Noorderhoogebrug</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Oosterhoogebrug" data-lang-code="nl" data-lang-name="荷兰语" data-foreign-title="Oosterhoogebrug"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oosterhoogebrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oosterhoogebrug（页面不存在）">Oosterhoogebrug</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">荷兰语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oosterhoogebrug" class="extiw" title="nl:Oosterhoogebrug"><span lang="nl" dir="auto">Oosterhoogebrug</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Roodehaan" data-lang-code="nl" data-lang-name="荷兰语" data-foreign-title="Roodehaan (Groningen)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roodehaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roodehaan（页面不存在）">Roodehaan</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">荷兰语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roodehaan_(Groningen)" class="extiw" title="nl:Roodehaan (Groningen)"><span lang="nl" dir="auto">Roodehaan (Groningen)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Ruischerbrug" data-lang-code="nl" data-lang-name="荷兰语" data-foreign-title="Ruischerbrug"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruischerbrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruischerbrug（页面不存在）">Ruischerbrug</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">荷兰语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruischerbrug" class="extiw" title="nl:Ruischerbrug"><span lang="nl" dir="auto">Ruischerbrug</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Slaperstil" data-lang-code="nl" data-lang-name="荷兰语" data-foreign-title="Slaperstil"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slaperstil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slaperstil（页面不存在）">Slaperstil</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">荷兰语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaperstil" class="extiw" title="nl:Slaperstil"><span lang="nl" dir="auto">Slaperstil</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Vierverlaten" data-lang-code="nl" data-lang-name="荷兰语" data-foreign-title="Vierverlaten"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vierverlaten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vierverlaten（页面不存在）">Vierverlaten</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">荷兰语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vierverlaten" class="extiw" title="nl:Vierverlaten"><span lang="nl" dir="auto">Vierverlaten</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div> <p><br /> </p> <center> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kerk_te_Engelbert.jpg/120px-Kerk_te_Engelbert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kerk_te_Engelbert.jpg/160px-Kerk_te_Engelbert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Groningen_-_De_Jonge_Held.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Groningen_-_De_Jonge_Held.jpg/91px-Groningen_-_De_Jonge_Held.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Groningen_-_De_Jonge_Held.jpg/137px-Groningen_-_De_Jonge_Held.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Groningen_-_De_Jonge_Held.jpg/182px-Groningen_-_De_Jonge_Held.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1380" data-file-height="1818" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerk_Middelbert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Kerk_Middelbert.jpg/90px-Kerk_Middelbert.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Kerk_Middelbert.jpg/135px-Kerk_Middelbert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Kerk_Middelbert.jpg/180px-Kerk_Middelbert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="1014" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noordermolen_Noorddijk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Noordermolen_Noorddijk.jpg/90px-Noordermolen_Noorddijk.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Noordermolen_Noorddijk.jpg/135px-Noordermolen_Noorddijk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Noordermolen_Noorddijk.jpg/180px-Noordermolen_Noorddijk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="1296" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilhelmina_Noorderhoogebrug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Wilhelmina_Noorderhoogebrug.jpg/90px-Wilhelmina_Noorderhoogebrug.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Wilhelmina_Noorderhoogebrug.jpg/135px-Wilhelmina_Noorderhoogebrug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Wilhelmina_Noorderhoogebrug.jpg/180px-Wilhelmina_Noorderhoogebrug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20090728_brug_Hoendiep_Hoogkerk-Vierverlaten_Gn_NL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/20090728_brug_Hoendiep_Hoogkerk-Vierverlaten_Gn_NL.jpg/120px-20090728_brug_Hoendiep_Hoogkerk-Vierverlaten_Gn_NL.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/20090728_brug_Hoendiep_Hoogkerk-Vierverlaten_Gn_NL.jpg/180px-20090728_brug_Hoendiep_Hoogkerk-Vierverlaten_Gn_NL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/20090728_brug_Hoendiep_Hoogkerk-Vierverlaten_Gn_NL.jpg/240px-20090728_brug_Hoendiep_Hoogkerk-Vierverlaten_Gn_NL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> </center> <p><br /><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="友好城市"><span id=".E5.8F.8B.E5.A5.BD.E5.9F.8E.E5.B8.82"></span>友好城市</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：友好城市"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>格羅寧根有以下友好城市：<sup id="cite_ref-Groningen_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groningen-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奥地利">奥地利</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E8%8C%A8" title="格拉茨">格拉茨</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/22px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/33px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/44px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%9C%8B" title="巴勒斯坦國">巴勒斯坦</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%BE%E5%B7%B4%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贾巴里亚（页面不存在）">贾巴里亚</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄羅斯</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="加里宁格勒">加里宁格勒</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰">波蘭</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%89%98%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%B9" title="卡托维兹">卡托维兹</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄羅斯</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="摩尔曼斯克">摩尔曼斯克</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E6%81%A9%E6%B2%B3%E7%95%94%E7%BA%BD%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%94" title="泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔">泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/22px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/33px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/44px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6" title="丹麦">丹麦</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E7%99%BB%E5%A1%9E" title="欧登塞">欧登塞</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%A1" title="奥尔登堡">奥尔登堡</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/44px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%93%9C" title="尼加拉瓜">尼加拉瓜</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%AF" class="mw-disambig" title="圣卡洛斯">圣卡洛斯</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="爱沙尼亚">爱沙尼亚</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E6%9E%97" title="塔林">塔林</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中国</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="天津">天津</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中国</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89" class="mw-redirect" title="西安">西安</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B" title="捷克">捷克</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B9%E6%9E%97" title="兹林">茲林</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注釋"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8B"></span>注釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：注釋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">民政部地名研究所 (编). Groningen 格罗宁根 [荷]. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%91%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8" title="世界地名译名词典">世界地名译名词典</a>. 北京: <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="中国社会出版社">中国社会出版社</a>: 1005. 2017-05. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-5087-5525-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-5087-5525-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-5087-5525-0</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1121629943"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 1121629943</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//openlibrary.org/books/OL28272719M"><span title="开放图书馆">OL 28272719M</span></a>. <span title="中国国家图书馆联机公共目录查询系统（OPAC）"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opac.nlc.cn/F?func=direct&local_base=NLC01&doc_number=009152391">NLC 009152391</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&rft.atitle=Groningen+%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9+%5B%E8%8D%B7%5D&rft.au=%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E9%83%A8%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%91%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8&rft.date=2017-05&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-7-5087-5525-0&rft.pages=1005&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1121629943&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（简体中文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kruit2014-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kruit2014_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Pieter C. van der Kruit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aqJ3BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA85">Jacobus Cornelius Kapteyn: Born Investigator of the Heavens</a>. Springer. 18 November 2014: 85 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-01-17</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-319-10876-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-319-10876-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-3-319-10876-6</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123062123/https://books.google.com/books?id=aqJ3BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA85">存档</a>于2021-01-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&rft.au=Pieter+C.+van+der+Kruit&rft.btitle=Jacobus+Cornelius+Kapteyn%3A+Born+Investigator+of+the+Heavens&rft.date=2014-11-18&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-319-10876-6&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Springer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaqJ3BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA85&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BarclayField2020-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BarclayField2020_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Alistair Barclay; David Field; Jim Leary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MFHPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT270">Houses of the Dead</a>. Oxbow Books. 30 April 2020: 270 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-01-17</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-78925-411-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-78925-411-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-78925-411-2</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123065201/https://books.google.com/books?id=MFHPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT270">存档</a>于2021-01-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&rft.au=Alistair+Barclay&rft.au=David+Field&rft.au=Jim+Leary&rft.btitle=Houses+of+the+Dead&rft.date=2020-04-30&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-78925-411-2&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMFHPDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT270&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">A.A. Balkema. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lDErAQAAIAAJ">Palaeohistoria</a> <b>32</b>. A.A. Balkema. 1982: 111 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-01-17</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122133427/https://books.google.com/books?id=lDErAQAAIAAJ">存档</a>于2021-01-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&rft.au=A.A.+Balkema&rft.btitle=Palaeohistoria&rft.date=1982&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=A.A.+Balkema&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlDErAQAAIAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DunfordLee2007-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DunfordLee2007_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Martin Dunford; Phil Lee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V8uPoIHShRwC&pg=PT556">The Rough Guide to the Netherlands</a>. Rough Guides Limited. 1 March 2007: 556-575 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-01-17</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-84836-843-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-84836-843-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-84836-843-9</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122163724/https://books.google.com/books?id=V8uPoIHShRwC&pg=PT556">存档</a>于2021-01-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&rft.au=Martin+Dunford&rft.au=Phil+Lee&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+the+Netherlands&rft.date=2007-03-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-84836-843-9&rft.pages=556-575&rft.pub=Rough+Guides+Limited&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV8uPoIHShRwC%26pg%3DPT556&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BreivikJahr2011-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BreivikJahr2011_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Leiv E. Breivik; Ernst H. Jahr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7FYd9CWvYtMC&pg=PA267">Language Change: Contributions to the Study of its Causes</a>. Walter de Gruyter. 1 June 2011: 267–270 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-01-17</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-11-085306-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-11-085306-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-3-11-085306-3</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123070721/https://books.google.com/books?id=7FYd9CWvYtMC&pg=PA267">存档</a>于2021-01-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&rft.au=Ernst+H.+Jahr&rft.au=Leiv+E.+Breivik&rft.btitle=Language+Change%3A+Contributions+to+the+Study+of+its+Causes&rft.date=2011-06-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-11-085306-3&rft.pages=267-270&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7FYd9CWvYtMC%26pg%3DPA267&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyewitness2020-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eyewitness2020_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">DK Eyewitness. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UyDQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT448">DK Eyewitness The Netherlands</a>. Dorling Kindersley Limited. 7 May 2020: 448–456 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-01-17</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-241-46459-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-241-46459-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-241-46459-5</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124150029/https://books.google.com/books?id=UyDQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT448">存档</a>于2021-01-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&rft.au=DK+Eyewitness&rft.btitle=DK+Eyewitness+The+Netherlands&rft.date=2020-05-07&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-241-46459-5&rft.pages=448-456&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley+Limited&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUyDQDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT448&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.O. van der Werff, <i>Martini. Kerk en toren</i>. Assen, 2003, p. 53; F. Westra, <i>Martinitoren</i>. Groningen, 2009, p. 29. According to an improbable myth, the tower would have been 127 m high</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cruttwell1808-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cruttwell1808_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Clement Cruttwell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8S8Ne7f0jhUC&pg=PP331">The New Universal Gazetteer, Or, Geographical Dictionary: Containing a Description of All the Empires, Kingdoms, States, Provinces, Cities, Towns, Forts, Seas, Harbours, Rivers, Lakes, Mountains, and Capes in the Known World ; with the Government, Customs, Manners, and Religion of the Inhabitants ... ; with Twenty-eight Whole Sheet Maps</a>. Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme. 1808: 331 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-01-17</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122203733/https://books.google.com/books?id=8S8Ne7f0jhUC&pg=PP331">存档</a>于2021-01-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&rft.au=Clement+Cruttwell&rft.btitle=The+New+Universal+Gazetteer%2C+Or%2C+Geographical+Dictionary%3A+Containing+a+Description+of+All+the+Empires%2C+Kingdoms%2C+States%2C+Provinces%2C+Cities%2C+Towns%2C+Forts%2C+Seas%2C+Harbours%2C+Rivers%2C+Lakes%2C+Mountains%2C+and+Capes+in+the+Known+World+%3B+with+the+Government%2C+Customs%2C+Manners%2C+and+Religion+of+the+Inhabitants+...+%3B+with+Twenty-eight+Whole+Sheet+Maps&rft.date=1808&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=331&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Hurst%2C+Rees+and+Orme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8S8Ne7f0jhUC%26pg%3DPP331&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RosseBlair1859-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RosseBlair1859_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">J. Willoughby Rosse; John Blair. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3HE-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA871">An Index of Dates: Comprehending the Principal Facts in the Chronology and History of the World, from the Earliest to the Present Time. Alphabetically Arranged. Being a Complete Index to the Enlarged Edition of Blair's Chronological Tables</a>. Bell & Daldy. 1859: 871 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-01-17</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124125641/https://books.google.com/books?id=3HE-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA871">存档</a>于2021-01-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&rft.au=J.+Willoughby+Rosse&rft.au=John+Blair&rft.btitle=An+Index+of+Dates%3A+Comprehending+the+Principal+Facts+in+the+Chronology+and+History+of+the+World%2C+from+the+Earliest+to+the+Present+Time.+Alphabetically+Arranged.+Being+a+Complete+Index+to+the+Enlarged+Edition+of+Blair%27s+Chronological+Tables&rft.date=1859&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=871&rft.pub=Bell+%26+Daldy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3HE-AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA871&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/student/study-abroad/universities/groningen-university-of-2248629.html">Groningen, University of</a>. The Independent. 22 March 2011 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2020]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200714132715/https://www.independent.co.uk/student/study-abroad/universities/groningen-university-of-2248629.html">存档</a>于2020-07-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&rft.atitle=Groningen%2C+University+of&rft.date=2011-03-22&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fstudent%2Fstudy-abroad%2Funiversities%2Fgroningen-university-of-2248629.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Army2014-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Army2014_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Major Jeffrey D. Noll U.S. Army. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GpxvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT32">Restraint In Urban Warfare: The Canadian Attack On Groningen, Netherlands, 13-16 April 1945</a>. Lucknow Books. 15 August 2014: 32-66 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-01-17</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-78289-810-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-78289-810-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-78289-810-8</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123063833/https://books.google.com/books?id=GpxvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT32">存档</a>于2021-01-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&rft.au=Major+Jeffrey+D.+Noll+U.S.+Army&rft.btitle=Restraint+In+Urban+Warfare%3A+The+Canadian+Attack+On+Groningen%2C+Netherlands%2C+13-16+April+1945&rft.date=2014-08-15&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-78289-810-8&rft.pages=32-66&rft.pub=Lucknow+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGpxvCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT32&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Troost2005-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Troost2005_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wouter Troost. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H0_sYPHETj0C&pg=PA92">William III the Stadholder-king: A Political Biography</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 2005: 92 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-01-17</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7546-5071-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7546-5071-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-7546-5071-3</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122154922/https://books.google.com/books?id=H0_sYPHETj0C&pg=PA92">存档</a>于2021-01-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&rft.au=Wouter+Troost&rft.btitle=William+III+the+Stadholder-king%3A+A+Political+Biography&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5071-3&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH0_sYPHETj0C%26pg%3DPA92&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archer-Antiquaries1969-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Archer-Antiquaries1969_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Society of Archer-Antiquaries. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P4IdAQAAMAAJ">Journal of the Society of Archer-Antiquaries</a>. Society of Archer-Antiquaries. 1969: 126 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-01-17</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122203706/https://books.google.com/books?id=P4IdAQAAMAAJ">存档</a>于2021-01-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&rft.au=Society+of+Archer-Antiquaries&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Archer-Antiquaries&rft.date=1969&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Society+of+Archer-Antiquaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP4IdAQAAMAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashworth2017-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ashworth2017_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">G.J. Ashworth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qe1HDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT90">The Construction of Built Heritage: A North European Perspective on Policies, Practices and Outcomes</a>. Taylor & Francis. 22 November 2017: 87–96 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-01-17</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-351-74212-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-351-74212-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-351-74212-2</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121055124/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qe1HDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT90">存档</a>于2021-01-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&rft.au=G.J.+Ashworth&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+Built+Heritage%3A+A+North+European+Perspective+on+Policies%2C+Practices+and+Outcomes&rft.date=2017-11-22&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-351-74212-2&rft.pages=87-96&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQe1HDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT90&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KaynakUysal2012-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KaynakUysal2012_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Erdener Kaynak; Muzaffer Uysal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FJUt5PJNs-gC&pg=PA16">Global Tourist Behavior</a>. Routledge. 12 November 2012: 16 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-01-20</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-136-58641-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-136-58641-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-136-58641-5</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411100318/https://books.google.com/books?id=FJUt5PJNs-gC&pg=PA16">存档</a>于2021-04-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&rft.au=Erdener+Kaynak&rft.au=Muzaffer+Uysal&rft.btitle=Global+Tourist+Behavior&rft.date=2012-11-12&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-136-58641-5&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFJUt5PJNs-gC%26pg%3DPA16&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vries2010-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vries2010_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Marietta de Vries. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c1-r9WXOUggC&pg=PA278">Present</a>. 010 Publishers. 2010: 278 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-01-20</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-90-6450-708-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-90-6450-708-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-90-6450-708-3</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411100356/https://books.google.com/books?id=c1-r9WXOUggC&pg=PA278">存档</a>于2021-04-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&rft.au=Marietta+de+Vries&rft.btitle=Present&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-90-6450-708-3&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=010+Publishers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc1-r9WXOUggC%26pg%3DPA278&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maidment2000-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maidment2000_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Fred Maidment. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UajkWiB4j1sC">International Business: 01/02</a>. McGraw-Hill/Dushkin. November 2000: 201 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-01-20</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-07-243344-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-07-243344-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-07-243344-9</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411100332/https://books.google.com/books?id=UajkWiB4j1sC">存档</a>于2021-04-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&rft.au=Fred+Maidment&rft.btitle=International+Business%3A+01%2F02&rft.date=2000-11&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-07-243344-9&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill%2FDushkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUajkWiB4j1sC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rtvnoord.nl/artikel/artikel.asp?p=101970">Groninger Forum gaat er komen</a>. RTV Noord. 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&rft.btitle=Groninger+Forum+gaat+er+komen&rft.date=2011-07-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=RTV+Noord&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frtvnoord.nl%2Fartikel%2Fartikel.asp%3Fp%3D101970&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="">失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rtvnoord.nl/artikel/artikel.asp?p=103138">Werkzaamheden Forum van start</a>. RTV Noord. 29 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&rft.btitle=Werkzaamheden+Forum+van+start&rft.date=2011-08-29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=RTV+Noord&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frtvnoord.nl%2Fartikel%2Fartikel.asp%3Fp%3D103138&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="">失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019072119/http://www.debestebinnenstad.nl/winnaars/winnaars-2005-2007/grote-binnenstad">Winnaars 2005 - 2007 -- Verkiezing Beste Binnenstad [Winners 2005 - 2007 -- Election Best City Centre]</a>. debestebinnenstad.nl. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2012]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debestebinnenstad.nl/winnaars/winnaars-2005-2007/grote-binnenstad/">原始内容</a>存档于19 October 2012） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到荷兰语网页">（荷兰语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9&rft.btitle=Winnaars+2005+-+2007+--+Verkiezing+Beste+Binnenstad&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=debestebinnenstad.nl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.debestebinnenstad.nl%2Fwinnaars%2Fwinnaars-2005-2007%2Fgrote-binnenstad%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Essen2013-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Essen2013_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Arthur Joseph van Essen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ly74CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37">E. 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">国际</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205850/">FAST</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000106589539">ISNI</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/127790264">VIAF</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyCCtykQbQgdbrd39cByd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118642384">法国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118642384">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4094052-4">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548084705171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79081849">美国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Groningen (Nizozemsko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134190&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">地理</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/32843dc6-d9a0-46d2-bcf1-981bb8af4b4c">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/005162">瑞士历史词典</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026384639">IdRef</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="22x20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=&#124;class=notpageimage_荷蘭行政区划首府" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83%E9%A6%96%E5%BA%9C" title="Template:荷蘭行政區劃首府"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83%E9%A6%96%E5%BA%9C" title="Template talk:荷蘭行政區劃首府"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83%E9%A6%96%E5%BA%9C" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:荷蘭行政區劃首府"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="22x20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=&#124;class=notpageimage_荷蘭行政区划首府" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0" title="荷兰">荷蘭</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" class="mw-redirect" title="荷兰行政区划">行政区划</a>首府</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>国家首都</b>：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%B9" title="阿姆斯特丹">阿姆斯特丹</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%89%80%E5%9C%A8%E5%9C%B0" title="中央政府所在地">政府所在地</a></b>：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%89%99" title="海牙">海牙</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="荷兰王国">构成国</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%8B%89%E6%B6%85%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%BE%B7_(%E9%98%BF%E9%B2%81%E5%B7%B4)" title="奥拉涅斯塔德 (阿鲁巴)">奥拉涅斯塔德</a>（<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Aruba.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Aruba.svg/20px-Flag_of_Aruba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Aruba.svg/30px-Flag_of_Aruba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Aruba.svg/40px-Flag_of_Aruba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%B2%81%E5%B7%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="阿鲁巴">阿鲁巴</a>）<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%BE%B7" title="威廉斯塔德">威廉斯塔德</a>（<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cura%C3%A7ao.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Cura%C3%A7ao.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cura%C3%A7ao.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Cura%C3%A7ao.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cura%C3%A7ao.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Cura%C3%A7ao.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cura%C3%A7ao.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E6%8B%89%E7%B4%A2" title="库拉索">库拉索</a>）<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%B9" title="阿姆斯特丹">阿姆斯特丹</a>（<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0" title="荷兰">荷兰</a>）<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1" title="菲利普斯堡">菲利普斯堡</a>（<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sint_Maarten.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Sint_Maarten.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sint_Maarten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Sint_Maarten.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sint_Maarten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Sint_Maarten.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sint_Maarten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%B1%AC%E8%81%96%E9%A6%AC%E4%B8%81" title="荷屬聖馬丁">荷屬聖馬丁</a>）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E7%9C%81%E4%BB%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="荷兰省份">省份</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A3%AE" title="阿森">阿森</a>（<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Drenthe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Drenthe.svg/20px-Flag_of_Drenthe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Drenthe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Drenthe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Drenthe.svg/40px-Flag_of_Drenthe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E4%BC%A6%E7%89%B9%E7%9C%81" title="德伦特省">德伦特省</a>）<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%BE%B7" title="莱利斯塔德">莱利斯塔德</a>（<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Flevoland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Flevoland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Flevoland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Flevoland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Flevoland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Flevoland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Flevoland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E8%8E%B1%E7%A6%8F%E5%85%B0%E7%9C%81" title="弗莱福兰省">弗莱福兰省</a>）<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%95%E4%BC%90%E7%99%BB" title="吕伐登">吕伐登</a>（<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frisian_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Frisian_flag.svg/20px-Frisian_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Frisian_flag.svg/30px-Frisian_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Frisian_flag.svg/40px-Frisian_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="630" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%9C%81" title="弗里斯兰省">弗里斯兰省</a>）<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BA%B3%E5%A7%86" title="阿纳姆">阿纳姆</a>（<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Gelderland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Gelderland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Gelderland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Gelderland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Gelderland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Gelderland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Gelderland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%B0%E7%9C%81" title="海尔德兰省">海尔德兰省</a>）<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">格罗宁根</a>（<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Groningen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Groningen.svg/20px-Flag_of_Groningen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Groningen.svg/30px-Flag_of_Groningen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Groningen.svg/40px-Flag_of_Groningen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9%E7%9C%81" title="格罗宁根省">格罗宁根省</a>）<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E8%B5%AB%E7%89%B9" title="马斯特里赫特">马斯特里赫特</a>（<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Limburg_(Netherlands).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Limburg_%28Netherlands%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Limburg_%28Netherlands%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Limburg_%28Netherlands%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Limburg_%28Netherlands%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Limburg_%28Netherlands%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Limburg_%28Netherlands%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%A0%A1%E7%9C%81_(%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0)" title="林堡省 (荷兰)">林堡省</a>）<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B5%B7%E5%B0%94%E6%89%98%E4%BA%A8%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%AF" title="斯海尔托亨博斯">斯海尔托亨博斯</a>（<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Brabant-Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/North_Brabant-Flag.svg/20px-North_Brabant-Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/North_Brabant-Flag.svg/30px-North_Brabant-Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/North_Brabant-Flag.svg/40px-North_Brabant-Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%B9%E7%9C%81" title="北布拉班特省">北布拉班特省</a>）<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86" title="哈勒姆">哈勒姆</a>（<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_North_Holland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Holland.svg/20px-Flag_of_North_Holland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Holland.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Holland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Holland.svg/40px-Flag_of_North_Holland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E7%9C%81" title="北荷兰省">北荷兰省</a>）<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B9%E6%B2%83%E5%8B%92" title="兹沃勒">兹沃勒</a>（<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Overijssel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Overijssel.svg/20px-Flag_of_Overijssel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Overijssel.svg/30px-Flag_of_Overijssel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Overijssel.svg/40px-Flag_of_Overijssel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E8%89%BE%E7%91%9F%E5%B0%94%E7%9C%81" title="上艾瑟尔省">上艾瑟尔省</a>）<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%BE%97%E5%8B%92%E6%94%AF" title="乌得勒支">乌得勒支</a>（<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Utrecht_(province)-Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Utrecht_%28province%29-Flag.svg/20px-Utrecht_%28province%29-Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Utrecht_%28province%29-Flag.svg/30px-Utrecht_%28province%29-Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Utrecht_%28province%29-Flag.svg/40px-Utrecht_%28province%29-Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%BE%97%E5%8B%92%E6%94%AF%E7%9C%81" title="乌得勒支省">乌得勒支省</a>）<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E5%A0%A1" title="米德尔堡">米德尔堡</a>（<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Zeeland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Zeeland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Zeeland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Zeeland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Zeeland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Zeeland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Zeeland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%BD%E5%85%B0%E7%9C%81" title="泽兰省">泽兰省</a>）<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%89%99" title="海牙">海牙</a>（<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="666" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="南荷兰省">南荷兰省</a>）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%8B%92%E6%AF%94%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="荷兰加勒比区">公共实体</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%A6%E4%BB%A3%E5%85%8B" title="克拉伦代克">克拉伦代克</a>（<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bonaire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Bonaire.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bonaire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Bonaire.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bonaire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Bonaire.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bonaire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A5%88%E5%B0%94" title="博奈尔">博奈尔</a>）<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%8B%89%E6%B6%85%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%BE%B7_(%E5%9C%A3%E5%B0%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%AD%87%E6%96%AF)" title="奥拉涅斯塔德 (圣尤斯特歇斯)">奧拉涅斯塔德</a>（<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sint_Eustatius.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Sint_Eustatius.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sint_Eustatius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Sint_Eustatius.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sint_Eustatius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Sint_Eustatius.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sint_Eustatius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B0%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%AD%87%E6%96%AF" title="圣尤斯特歇斯">圣尤斯特歇斯</a>）<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E6%89%98%E5%A7%86" title="博托姆">博托姆</a>（<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Saba.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Saba.svg/20px-Flag_of_Saba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Saba.svg/30px-Flag_of_Saba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Saba.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%B7%B4" title="薩巴">薩巴</a>）</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=格罗宁根&oldid=83535825">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=格罗宁根&oldid=83535825</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9" title="Category:格罗宁根">格罗宁根</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="Category:荷蘭城市">荷蘭城市</a></li><li><a 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