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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Julien_Alexandre_Achard_de_Bonvouloir_and_the_Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Julien Alexandre Achard de Bonvouloir and the Committee of Secret Correspondence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Julien_Alexandre_Achard_de_Bonvouloir_and_the_Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silas_Deane_and_the_Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silas_Deane_and_the_Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Silas Deane and the Committee of Secret Correspondence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silas_Deane_and_the_Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_of_the_Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence_on_the_American_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_of_the_Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence_on_the_American_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Effect of the Committee of Secret Correspondence on the American Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_of_the_Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence_on_the_American_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_and_Resolves_of_the_First_Continental_Congress" title="Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress">Declaration and Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petition_to_the_King" title="Petition to the King">Petition to the King</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">Necessity of Taking Up Arms</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Franco-American Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_in_Cases_of_Capture" title="Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture">Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_North_America" title="Bank of North America">Bank of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1784" title="Land Ordinance of 1784">Land Ordinance of 1784</a> / <a href="/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1785" title="Land Ordinance of 1785">of 1785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance of 1787</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> Members</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">List of delegates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="President of the Continental Congress">Presidents of the Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs">Secretary of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superintendent_of_Finance_of_the_United_States" title="Superintendent of Finance of the United States">Superintendent of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War#Secretary_at_War_(1781–1789)" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary at War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_War" title="Board of War">Board of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy#Continental_Congress" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Marine Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson" title="Charles Thomson">Secretary of the Continental Congress</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> Related</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journals_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="Journals of the Continental Congress">Journals of the Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpenters%27_Hall" title="Carpenters' Hall">Carpenters' Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fite_House" title="Henry Fite House">Henry Fite House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassau_Hall" title="Nassau Hall">Nassau Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_State_House" title="Maryland State House">Maryland State House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Arms_Tavern" title="French Arms Tavern">French Arms Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Hall" title="Federal Hall">Federal Hall</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_Congress" title="Template:Continental Congress"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Continental_Congress" title="Template talk:Continental Congress"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Continental_Congress" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Continental Congress"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Committee of Secret Correspondence</b> was a committee formed by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> and active from 1775 to 1776. The Committee played a large role in attracting <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">aid and alliance</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. In 1777, the Committee of Secret Correspondence was renamed the <b>Committee of Foreign Affairs</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Look_Back_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Look_Back-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creation">Creation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> approaching, the Second Continental Congress, which took place in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> in 1775, recognized the need for international allies to help the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> in their fight for independence from <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Organization_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Organization-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To satisfy this need, the Congress created the Committee of Secret Correspondence.<sup id="cite_ref-Organization_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Organization-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>RESOLVED, That a committee...would be appointed for the sole purpose of corresponding with our friends in Great Britain, and other parts of the world, and that they lay their correspondence before Congress when directed.<sup id="cite_ref-Organization_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Organization-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>RESOLVED, That this Congress will make provision to defray all such expenses as they may arise by carrying on such correspondence, and for the payment of such agents as the said Committee may send on this service.<sup id="cite_ref-Organization_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Organization-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Duties">Duties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Duties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Committee of Secret Correspondence was created for "the sole purpose of corresponding with our friends in Great Britain and other parts of the world".<sup id="cite_ref-A_Look_Back_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Look_Back-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most of the efforts of the committee went not to making friends in Great Britain, but towards forging alliances with other foreign countries that would sympathize with the patriot cause during the American Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Look_Back_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Look_Back-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While forming foreign alliances, the committee also employed secret agents abroad to gain foreign intelligence, conducted undercover operations, started American propaganda campaigns to gain patriot support, analyzed foreign publications to gain additional foreign intelligence, and developed a maritime unit separate from the Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Look_Back_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Look_Back-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also served as the "clearinghouse" for foreign communications with foreign countries.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Look_Back_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Look_Back-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Original_members">Original members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Original members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original members of the Committee of Secret Correspondence were <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison_V" title="Benjamin Harrison V">Benjamin Harrison V</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Johnson_(jurist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Johnson (jurist)">Thomas Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dickinson (politician)">John Dickinson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Organization_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Organization-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-COSC/COFA_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COSC/COFA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most active member of the Committee of Secret Correspondence was Benjamin Franklin.<sup id="cite_ref-COSC/COFA_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COSC/COFA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franklin, a successful scientist, journalist, and politician was an expert when it came to foreign affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Quick_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quick-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sent letters to Don Gabriel de Bourbon, a Spanish Prince, and Americanophiles in France to try to rally support for the American cause.<sup id="cite_ref-Quick_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quick-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also travelled to France to convince the French to forge an alliance with the United States<sup id="cite_ref-creates_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creates-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was a prominent figure in the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> in 1783, which ended the revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance_of_the_"Secrecy""><span id="Significance_of_the_.22Secrecy.22"></span>Significance of the "Secrecy"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Significance of the "Secrecy""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the Committee of Secret Correspondence put much of its efforts into gaining patriot sympathy abroad to be used during the American Revolution, they requested of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> that the members and actions of the committee be kept confidential, so that Great Britain would not hear about the United States forging foreign alliances for the looming revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-techniques_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techniques-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another reason the Committee wanted its members and actions kept quiet was because the committee had many undercover agents on missions overseas gaining information about the political and economic situation in other countries, and if other countries heard about these undercover agents they would be exposed and their missions ruined.<sup id="cite_ref-techniques_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techniques-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in 1776, the Committee was instructing <a href="/wiki/Silas_Deane" title="Silas Deane">Silas Deane</a>, an undercover agent in France, on how to interact with the French government and encourage them to provide munitions and ships to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-creates_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creates-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to this request for secrecy, Congress did several things. First of all, Congress agreed to the "withholding the names of the persons they [the Committee of Secret Correspondence] has employed, or with whom they have corresponded."<sup id="cite_ref-creates_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creates-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Congress recorded all of the decisions regarding the Committee of Secret Correspondence in "Secret Journals", separate from the public journals used to record its decisions concerning other matters.<sup id="cite_ref-creates_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creates-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, it allowed the committee to establish its own oath of secrecy, which was put in place on November 29, 1775<sup id="cite_ref-November_29_1775_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-November_29_1775-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a secrecy agreement for government employees.<sup id="cite_ref-November_29_1775_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-November_29_1775-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oath and agreement are below. </p><p>"RESOLVED, That every member of this Congress considers himself under the ties of virtue, honour and love of his country, not to divulge, directly or indirectly, any matter or thing agitated or debated in Congress, before the same shaft have been determined, without the leave of the Congress: nor any matter or thing determined in Congress, which a majority of the Congress shall order to be kept secret, And that if any member shall violate this agreement, he shall be expelled this Congress, and deemed an enemy to the liberties of America, and liable to be treated as such, and that every member signify his consent to this agreement by signing the same."<sup id="cite_ref-November_29_1775_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-November_29_1775-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"I do solemnly swear, that I will not directly or indirectly divulge any manner or thing which shall come to my knowledge as (clerk, secretary) of the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_War_and_Ordnance" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of War and Ordnance">Board of War and Ordnance</a> for the <a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a>. . . So help me God."<sup id="cite_ref-November_29_1775_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-November_29_1775-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Julien_Alexandre_Achard_de_Bonvouloir_and_the_Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence">Julien Alexandre Achard de Bonvouloir and the Committee of Secret Correspondence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Julien Alexandre Achard de Bonvouloir and the Committee of Secret Correspondence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1775, the French cabinet was faced with a conflict in trying to decide whether or not to support the Patriots in the American Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-unlikely_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unlikely-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporting the Patriots would be an ideal opportunity for France to try to regain lost land in North America as well as dampen Great Britain's economic and political strength by winning the revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-unlikely_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unlikely-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the French were hesitant to support the Patriots, in case their success inspired other French colonies to attempt the same type of rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-unlikely_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unlikely-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before making a decision, the French cabinet decided it was necessary to acquire more information about the social, economic, and political situation in the United States. To do this, the cabinet chose <a href="/wiki/Julien_Alexandre_Achard_de_Bonvouloir" title="Julien Alexandre Achard de Bonvouloir">Julien Alexandre Achard de Bonvouloir</a>, a 26-year-old former French officer, to travel to the United States as an undercover agent,<sup id="cite_ref-unlikely_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unlikely-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and make contact with the Continental Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-COSC/COFA_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COSC/COFA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While in the United States, Bonvouloir had three meetings with the Committee of Secret Correspondence from December 18 and 27.<sup id="cite_ref-COSC/COFA_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COSC/COFA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the meeting, Benjamin Franklin and John Jay were continuously debating how much information about the state of their country they should tell the Frenchman, as they knew there was a chance that he was a spy.<sup id="cite_ref-COSC/COFA_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COSC/COFA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Committee told Bonvouloir that the United States was serious in its plan to separate from Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-COSC/COFA_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COSC/COFA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They then asked Bonvouloir about France's opinion of the North American colonies and about obtaining arms, munitions, and engineer officers from France.<sup id="cite_ref-unlikely_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unlikely-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of these discussions, when Bonvouloir returned to France and shared his discoveries with the French government, they agreed to "give you [United States] secretly a million livres" as well as "convince the Court of Spain to unite in giving you another."<sup id="cite_ref-unlikely_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unlikely-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the aid the French gave the Americans during the revolutionary war was confidential, the alliance became formal with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce_(United_States%E2%80%93France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–France)">Treaty of Amity and Commerce</a> on February 6, 1778.<sup id="cite_ref-alliance_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alliance-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main reason that France wanted this secrecy was to avoid fighting with Britain, which would be angry and threatened if it discovered France was providing aid to their rebelling colonies. </p><p>France's desire to keep their aid to the United States secret was evident during the 1777 incident involving <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lee_(diplomat)" title="Arthur Lee (diplomat)">Arthur Lee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silas_Deane" title="Silas Deane">Silas Deane</a>. Lee, who frequently aided the Committee of Secret Correspondence, suspected Silas Deane,<sup id="cite_ref-COSC/COFA_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COSC/COFA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a colonial agent in France, of financial wrongdoing.<sup id="cite_ref-COSC/COFA_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COSC/COFA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to prove Deane's wrongdoings, information about the French aid to the United States would need to be released.<sup id="cite_ref-COSC/COFA_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COSC/COFA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, French minister <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Alexandre_G%C3%A9rard_de_Rayneval" title="Conrad Alexandre Gérard de Rayneval">Gerard</a> insisted that the information be kept confidential, and on January 12, 1779, Congress passed a resolution that denied any French aid to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-COSC/COFA_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COSC/COFA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Silas_Deane_and_the_Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence">Silas Deane and the Committee of Secret Correspondence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Silas Deane and the Committee of Secret Correspondence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the same time as the Committee was undergoing negotiations with Bonvouloir in the United States, they were also instructing Silas Deane, a Connecticut delegate for the Continental Congress. Deane was on an undercover assignment in France, trying to convince the French that the United States really were ready to fight for independence, and convince them to aid the United States in their fight.<sup id="cite_ref-creates_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creates-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This information was very similar to the information the Committee of Secret Correspondence was telling Bonvouloir back in the United States. Deane was able to achieve unofficial financial and military support from the French in the forms of arms and ships.<sup id="cite_ref-creates_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creates-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, Benjamin Franklin, who arrived in France in December 1776, was able to make the alliance official with the signing of the Treaty of Amity and Commerce in 1778.<sup id="cite_ref-Quick_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quick-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effect_of_the_Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence_on_the_American_Revolution">Effect of the Committee of Secret Correspondence on the American Revolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Effect of the Committee of Secret Correspondence on the American Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Committee of Secret Correspondence was replaced by the Committee of Foreign Affairs on April 17, 1777.<sup id="cite_ref-Organization_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Organization-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But, the Committee of Secret Correspondence is remembered for its influence on the success of the American Revolution. The Committee initiated contact with France and helped convince its officials to forge an alliance and aid the United States; this aid was critical to the Patriots' gaining independence from Britain. Once convinced to aid the Patriots, France made major contributions to the war effort. For example, French fleets under General Degrasse and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">Rochambeau</a> blockaded the Chesapeake Bay at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Siege of Yorktown</a>, preventing British escape, and assisting Washington's patriot army's attack.<sup id="cite_ref-Yorktown_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yorktown-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This successful military effort led to the surrender of British General Cornwallis and a few days later the resignation of the British Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Frederick_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Frederick North">Lord Frederick North</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yorktown_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yorktown-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the surrender, the British signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a>, on September 3, 1783. It was negotiated by John Jay and Benjamin Franklin, former members of the Committee of Secret Correspondence.<sup id="cite_ref-unlikely_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unlikely-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George Woodbridge recognized the French contributions, especially of Rochambeau in relation to Yorktown: </p> <blockquote><p>The strategy of the campaign was Rochambeau’s; the French fleet was there as a result of his arrangements; the tactics of the battle were his; the American army was present because he had lent money to Washington; in total naval and military participants the French outnumbered the Americans between three and four to one. Yorktown was Rochambeau’s victory.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_correspondence" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee of correspondence">Committee of correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wentworth_(spy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Wentworth (spy)">Paul Wentworth (spy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bancroft" title="Edward Bancroft">Edward Bancroft</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="secret1" class="citation book cs1">Wait, Thomas B., ed. (1820–1821). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretjournalsprof01unit/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Secret journals of the acts and proceedings of Congress, from the first meeting thereof to the dissolution of the Confederation</i></a>. Vol. I. Boston: Printed and published by Thomas B. Wait.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+journals+of+the+acts+and+proceedings+of+Congress%2C+from+the+first+meeting+thereof+to+the+dissolution+of+the+Confederation&rft.pub=Boston%3A+Printed+and+published+by+Thomas+B.+Wait&rft.date=1820%2F1821&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretjournalsprof01unit%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommittee+of+Secret+Correspondence" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="secret2" class="citation book cs1">——, ed. (1820–1821). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretjournalsof02unit/page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Secret journals of the acts and proceedings of Congress, from the first meeting thereof to the dissolution of the Confederation</i></a>. Vol. II. Boston: Printed and published by Thomas B. Wait.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+journals+of+the+acts+and+proceedings+of+Congress%2C+from+the+first+meeting+thereof+to+the+dissolution+of+the+Confederation&rft.pub=Boston%3A+Printed+and+published+by+Thomas+B.+Wait&rft.date=1820%2F1821&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretjournalsof02unit%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommittee+of+Secret+Correspondence" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="secret3" class="citation book cs1">——, ed. (1820–1821). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretjournalsof03unit/page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Secret journals of the acts and proceedings of Congress, from the first meeting thereof to the dissolution of the Confederation</i></a>. Vol. III. Boston: Printed and published by Thomas B. Wait.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+journals+of+the+acts+and+proceedings+of+Congress%2C+from+the+first+meeting+thereof+to+the+dissolution+of+the+Confederation&rft.pub=Boston%3A+Printed+and+published+by+Thomas+B.+Wait&rft.date=1820%2F1821&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretjournalsof03unit%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommittee+of+Secret+Correspondence" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="secret4" class="citation book cs1">——, ed. (1820–1821). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretjournalsof04unit/page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Secret journals of the acts and proceedings of Congress, from the first meeting thereof to the dissolution of the Confederation</i></a>. Vol. IV. Boston: Printed and published by Thomas B. Wait.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+journals+of+the+acts+and+proceedings+of+Congress%2C+from+the+first+meeting+thereof+to+the+dissolution+of+the+Confederation&rft.pub=Boston%3A+Printed+and+published+by+Thomas+B.+Wait&rft.date=1820%2F1821&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretjournalsof04unit%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommittee+of+Secret+Correspondence" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-A_Look_Back-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_Look_Back_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Look_Back_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Look_Back_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Look_Back_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Look_Back_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120917034618/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2011-featured-story-archive/intelligence-and-the-committee-of-secret-correspondence.html">A Look Back ... Intelligence and the Committee of Secret Correspondence. CIA May 19, 12. </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Organization-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Organization_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Organization_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Organization_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Organization_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Organization_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Organization_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120927010140/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/intelligence/orgintell.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Organization of Intelligence". CIA. May 22, 12"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/intelligence/orgintell.html">the original</a> on 2012-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Organization+of+Intelligence%22.+CIA.+May+22%2C+12.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fcenter-for-the-study-of-intelligence%2Fcsi-publications%2Fbooks-and-monographs%2Fintelligence%2Forgintell.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommittee+of+Secret+Correspondence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-COSC/COFA-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-COSC/COFA_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-COSC/COFA_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-COSC/COFA_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-COSC/COFA_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-COSC/COFA_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-COSC/COFA_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-COSC/COFA_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-COSC/COFA_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-COSC/COFA_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-COSC/COFA_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Committee of Secret Correspondence/Committee of Foreign Affairs." May 20, 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quick-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quick_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quick_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quick_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushistory.org/franklin/info/index.htm">"A Quick Biography of Benjamin Franklin." U.S. History.org. May 20, 12. </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-creates-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-creates_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-creates_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-creates_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-creates_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-creates_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-creates_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Congress creates Committee of Secret Correspondence." May 20, 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1776-1783/Treaty">"Treaty of Paris, 1783." U.S. Department of State. May 20, 12.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-techniques-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-techniques_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-techniques_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081112114812/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/intelligence/intelltech.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Intelligence Techniques". CIA. May 22, 12"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/intelligence/intelltech.html">the original</a> on 2008-11-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Intelligence+Techniques%22.+CIA.+May+22%2C+12.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fcenter-for-the-study-of-intelligence%2Fcsi-publications%2Fbooks-and-monographs%2Fintelligence%2Fintelltech.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommittee+of+Secret+Correspondence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-November_29_1775-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-November_29_1775_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-November_29_1775_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-November_29_1775_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-November_29_1775_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=lljc&fileName=003/lljc003.db&recNum=136&itemLink=r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(jc00359))%230030137&linkText=1">Library of Congress, Journals of the Continental Congress, November 29, 1775.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unlikely-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unlikely_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unlikely_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unlikely_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unlikely_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unlikely_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unlikely_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unlikely_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushistory.org/carpentershall/history/french.htm">"The Unlikely Spy". Carpenters’ Hall. May 19, 12.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alliance-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alliance_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/alliance.html">"Treaty of Alliance with France". Library of Congress. May 20, 12.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yorktown-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yorktown_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yorktown_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111217095046/http://library.thinkquest.org/10966/data/yorktn.shtml">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Battle of Yorktown." Thinkquest. May 19, 12"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.thinkquest.org/10966/data/yorktn.shtml">the original</a> on 2011-12-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Battle+of+Yorktown.%22+Thinkquest.+May+19%2C+12.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.thinkquest.org%2F10966%2Fdata%2Fyorktn.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommittee+of+Secret+Correspondence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111003202739/http://people.csail.mit.edu/sfelshin/saintonge/homepage.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The French Contribution to the American War of Independence." 85ème Régiment de Saintonge, May 22, 12"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.csail.mit.edu/sfelshin/saintonge/homepage.html">the original</a> on 2011-10-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22The+French+Contribution+to+the+American+War+of+Independence.%22+85%C3%A8me+R%C3%A9giment+de+Saintonge%2C+May+22%2C+12.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.csail.mit.edu%2Fsfelshin%2Fsaintonge%2Fhomepage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommittee+of+Secret+Correspondence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template talk:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Revolutionary_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins_of_the_American_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">Rights of Englishmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">No taxation without representation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense" title="Common Sense">Common Sense</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_%2776_(sentiment)" title="Spirit of '76 (sentiment)">Spirit of '76</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Royalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitt%E2%80%93Newcastle_ministry" title="Pitt–Newcastle ministry">Pitt–Newcastle ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bute_ministry" title="Bute ministry">Bute ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenville_ministry" title="Grenville ministry">Grenville ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rockingham_ministry" title="First Rockingham ministry">First Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_ministry" title="Chatham ministry">Chatham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton_ministry" title="Grafton ministry">Grafton ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_ministry" title="North ministry">North ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rockingham_ministry" title="Second Rockingham ministry">Second Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelburne_ministry" title="Shelburne ministry">Shelburne ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox%E2%80%93North_coalition" title="Fox–North coalition">Fox–North coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related British<br />Acts of Parliament</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Act" title="Iron Act">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Act" title="Currency Act">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_Acts" title="Quartering Acts">Quartering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp</a> up i.p.o</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaratory_Act" title="Declaratory Act">Declaratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliatory_Resolution" title="Conciliatory Resolution">Conciliatory Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraining_Acts_1775" title="Restraining Acts 1775">Restraining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">Proclamation of Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitory_Act" title="Prohibitory Act">Prohibitory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Nine" title="Loyal Nine">Loyal Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Rights_and_Grievances" title="Declaration of Rights and Grievances">Declaration of Rights and Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Association" title="Virginia Association">Virginia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Liberty" title="Daughters of Liberty">Daughters of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Patriot" title="Black Patriot">Black Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_correspondence" title="Committees of correspondence">Committees of correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_safety_(American_Revolution)" title="Committee of safety (American Revolution)">Committees of safety</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_from_a_Farmer_in_Pennsylvania" title="Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania">Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Circular_Letter" title="Massachusetts Circular Letter">Massachusetts Circular Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Resolves" title="Suffolk Resolves">Suffolk Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minutemen" title="Minutemen">Minutemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Congress" title="Provincial Congress">Provincial Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Confederation Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773" title="British credit crisis of 1772–1773">British credit crisis of 1772–1773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspee_affair" title="Gaspee affair">Gaspee affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_letters_affair" title="Hutchinson letters affair">Hutchinson letters affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Tea_Party" title="Philadelphia Tea Party">Philadelphia Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_Alarm" title="Powder Alarm">Powder Alarm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Combatants_*_Campaigns_*_Theaters_*_Battles_*_Events_*_Colonies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Combatants</li> <li>Campaigns</li> <li>Theaters</li> <li>Battles</li> <li>Events</li> <li>Colonies</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Marines" title="Continental Marines">Marines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army#Early_British_Empire" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy#1707–1815" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#European_allies_of_Britain" title="Germans in the American Revolution">European allies of King George III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Franco-American Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">Navy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderigue_Hortalez_and_Company" title="Roderigue Hortalez and Company">Hortalez et Cie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#American_and_European_supporters_of_Congress" title="Germans in the American Revolution">German supporters of Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Campaigns and<br />theaters</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Invasion of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Nova Scotia in the American Revolution">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga">Northern after Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Revolutionary_War_battles" title="List of American Revolutionary War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Lexington and Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Capture of Fort Ticonderoga">Capture of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Bunker Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Battle of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island" title="Battle of Valcour Island">Valcour Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">Harlem Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington" title="Battle of Fort Washington">Fort Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek" title="Battle of the Assunpink Creek">Assunpink Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Ticonderoga_(1777)" title="Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)">Siege of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bennington" title="Battle of Bennington">Bennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Lucia" title="Battle of St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grenada" title="Battle of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stony_Point" title="Battle of Stony Point">Stony Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)">Cape St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston" title="Siege of Charleston">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Connecticut_Farms" title="Battle of Connecticut Farms">Connecticut Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Springfield" title="Battle of Springfield">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camden" title="Battle of Camden">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kings_Mountain" title="Battle of Kings Mountain">Kings Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cowpens" title="Battle of Cowpens">Cowpens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Court_House" title="Battle of Guilford Court House">Guilford Court House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochry%27s_Defeat" title="Lochry's Defeat">Lochry's Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes" title="Battle of the Saintes">The Saintes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius#"First_Salute"" title="Sint Eustatius">"First Salute"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">Washington's crossing of the Delaware River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Cabal" title="Conway Cabal">Conway Cabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Entry of France into war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Peace_Commission" title="Carlisle Peace Commission">Carlisle Peace Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Riots" title="Gordon Riots">Gordon Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Line_Mutiny" title="Pennsylvania Line Mutiny">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Sint_Eustatius" title="Capture of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee%E2%80%93American_wars" title="Cherokee–American wars">Cherokee–American wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Involvement <span class="nobold">(by <br />colony or location)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Rebel colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut#The_American_Revolution_(1775–1789)" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Line" title="Delaware Line">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Georgia in the American Revolution">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Maryland in the American Revolution">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts#Revolutionary_Massachusetts:_1760s–1780s" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Revolution:_1775–1815" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Revolution" title="New Jersey in the American Revolution">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="New York in the American Revolution">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina in the American Revolution">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Pennsylvania in the American Revolution">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Revolution#Revolutionary_era_1775-1790" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhode Island in the American Revolution">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution" title="South Carolina in the American Revolution">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" title="Virginia in the American Revolution">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Loyal colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia#17th_and_18th_centuries" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">British</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariot_Arbuthnot" title="Mariot Arbuthnot">Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Brant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">Burgoyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_of_Strachur" title="John Campbell, of Strachur">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_of_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser of Lovat">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graves,_1st_Baron_Graves" title="Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">Richard Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Knyphausen" title="Wilhelm von Knyphausen">Knyphausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" title="George Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">Rodney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">King George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrington,_2nd_Viscount_Barrington" title="William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington">Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander,_Lord_Stirling" title="William Alexander, Lord Stirling">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen" title="Ethan Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(naval_officer)" title="John Barry (naval officer)">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Claghorn" title="George Claghorn">Claghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Leb%C3%A8gue_Duportail" title="Louis Lebègue Duportail">Duportail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esek_Hopkins" title="Esek Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_de_Kalb" title="Johann de Kalb">de Kalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(general)" title="Charles Lee (general)">Charles Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mercer" title="Hugh Mercer">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Montgomery" title="Richard Montgomery">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nicholson" title="Samuel Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Putnam" title="Israel Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Rodney" title="Caesar Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben">von Steuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward" title="Artemas Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hanson" title="John Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Laurens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Revere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">Witherspoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="French" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henri_Hector,_Count_of_Estaing" title="Charles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing">d'Estaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">de Grasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Urbain_du_Bou%C3%ABxic,_comte_de_Guichen" title="Luc Urbain du Bouëxic, comte de Guichen">de Guichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-C%C3%A9sar_de_La_Luzerne" title="Anne-César de La Luzerne">Luzerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">de Rochambeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_de_Suffren" title="Pierre André de Suffren">Suffren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Vergennes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">Evacuation Day (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_Day_(United_States)" title="Ratification Day (United States)">Ratification Day (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27s_Rebellion" title="Shays's Rebellion">Shays's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Related topics</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War">Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_(submersible)" title="Turtle (submersible)">The <i>Turtle</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Tree" title="Liberty Tree">Liberty Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Doodle" title="Yankee Doodle">Yankee Doodle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Timeline of the American Revolution">Timeline of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">African Americans in the Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Dogs in the American Revolutionary War">Dogs in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War">Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Women in the American Revolution">Women in the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_costs_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War">Financial costs of the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_currency_banknotes" title="Continental currency banknotes">Continental currency banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Currency_dollar_coin" title="Continental Currency dollar coin">Continental Currency dollar coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas_Americana" title="Libertas Americana">Libertas Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Commemoration of the American Revolution">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of films about the American Revolution">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_series_and_miniseries_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of television series and miniseries about the American Revolution">television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plays_and_musicals_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of plays and musicals about the American Revolution">theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriots%27_Day" title="Patriots' Day">Patriots' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Pulaski_Memorial_Day" title="General Pulaski Memorial Day">Pulaski Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Jefferson's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Steuben_Day" title="Von Steuben Day">Von Steuben Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_American_Revolution_holidays" title="Minor American Revolution holidays">Minor holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquicentennial_Exposition" title="Sesquicentennial Exposition">Sesquicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">Bicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Semiquincentennial" title="United States Semiquincentennial">Semiquincentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Children of the American Revolution">Children of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Daughters of the American Revolution">Daughters of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Sons of the American Revolution">Sons of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Revolution" title="Sons of the Revolution">Sons of the Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Charters of Freedom Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Museum of the American Revolution">Museum of the American Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Benjamin_Franklin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Benjamin_Franklin" title="Template:Benjamin Franklin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Benjamin_Franklin" title="Template talk:Benjamin Franklin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Benjamin_Franklin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Benjamin Franklin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Benjamin_Franklin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Pennsylvania" title="List of governors of Pennsylvania">President of Pennsylvania (1785–1788)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_France" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to France">Ambassador to France (1779–1785)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress (1775–1776)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founding of the<br />United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Join,_or_Die" title="Join, or Die"><i>Join, or Die.</i> (1754 political cartoon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Plan" title="Albany Plan">Albany Plan of Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Congress" title="Albany Congress">Albany Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_letters_affair" title="Hutchinson letters affair">Hutchinson letters affair</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">"...to be self-evident"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Franco-American alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce_(France%E2%80%93United_States)" title="Treaty of Amity and Commerce (France–United States)">Treaty of Amity and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Treaty of Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Constitution_of_1776" title="Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776">1776 Pennsylvania Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas_Americana" title="Libertas Americana">Libertas Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris, 1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Delegate, 1787 Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania#Government" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventions,<br />other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_electrostatic_machine" title="Franklin's electrostatic machine">Franklin's electrostatic machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifocals" title="Bifocals">Bifocals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_stove" title="Franklin stove">Franklin stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_harmonica#Franklin's_armonica" title="Glass harmonica">Glass armonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream#History" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream exploration, naming, and chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_rod" title="Lightning rod">Lightning rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_experiment" title="Kite experiment">Kite experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay_it_forward" title="Pay it forward">Pay it forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associators" title="Associators">Associators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/111th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="111th Infantry Regiment (United States)">111th Infantry Regiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junto_(club)" title="Junto (club)">Junto club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_Company_of_Philadelphia" title="Library Company of Philadelphia">Library Company of Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Hospital" title="Pennsylvania Hospital">Pennsylvania Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_and_College_of_Philadelphia" title="Academy and College of Philadelphia">Academy and College of Philadelphia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Contributionship" title="Philadelphia Contributionship">Philadelphia Contributionship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Fire_Company" title="Union Fire Company">Union Fire Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_American_currency" title="Early American currency">Early American currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Currency_dollar_coin" title="Continental Currency dollar coin">Continental Currency dollar coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugio_cent" title="Fugio cent">Fugio cent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States#Early_postal_history" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">United States Postal Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_street_lighting_in_the_United_States" title="History of street lighting in the United States">Street lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Abolition_Society" title="Pennsylvania Abolition Society">President, Pennsylvania Abolition Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Neuf_S%C5%93urs" title="Les Neuf Sœurs">Master, Les Neuf Sœurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Burial_Ground" title="Christ Church Burial Ground">Gravesite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Papers_of_Benjamin_Franklin" title="The Papers of Benjamin Franklin">The Papers of Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silence_Dogood" title="Silence Dogood">Silence Dogood letters (1722)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Dissertation_on_Liberty_and_Necessity,_Pleasure_and_Pain" title="A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain"><i>A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain</i> (1725)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Busy-Body_(pen_name)" title="The Busy-Body (pen name)">The Busy-Body columns (1729)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pennsylvania_Gazette" title="The Pennsylvania Gazette"><i>The Pennsylvania Gazette</i> (1729–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_American_publishers_and_printers" title="Early American publishers and printers">Early American publishers and printers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Richard%27s_Almanack" title="Poor Richard's Almanack"><i>Poor Richard's Almanack</i> (1732–1758)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Drinker%27s_Dictionary" title="The Drinker's Dictionary">The Drinker's Dictionary (1737)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advice_to_a_Friend_on_Choosing_a_Mistress" title="Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress">"Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress" (1745)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Speech_of_Polly_Baker" title="The Speech of Polly Baker">"The Speech of Polly Baker" (1747)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observations_Concerning_the_Increase_of_Mankind,_Peopling_of_Countries,_etc." title="Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc."><i>Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.</i> (1751)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiments_and_Observations_on_Electricity" title="Experiments and Observations on Electricity"><i>Experiments and Observations on Electricity</i> (1751)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Birch#Copies_of_Franklin_letters" title="Thomas Birch">Birch letters (1755)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Way_to_Wealth" title="The Way to Wealth"><i>The Way to Wealth</i> (1758)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Chronicle" title="Pennsylvania Chronicle"><i>Pennsylvania Chronicle</i> (1767)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Rules_By_Which_A_Great_Empire_May_Be_Reduced_To_A_Small_One" class="extiw" title="s:Rules By Which A Great Empire May Be Reduced To A Small One"><i>Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One</i> (1773)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal#Benjamin_Franklin" title="Indian removal">Proposed alliance with the Iroquois (1775)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Letter_to_a_Royal_Academy" title="A Letter to a Royal Academy"><i>A Letter to a Royal Academy</i> (1781)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage#Benjamin_Franklin's_Remarks_Concerning_the_Savages_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage"><i>Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America</i> (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Morals_of_Chess" title="The Morals of Chess">"The Morals of Chess" (1786)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Address_to_the_Public" class="extiw" title="s:An Address to the Public"><i>An Address to the Public</i> (1789)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Plan_for_Improving_the_Condition_of_the_Free_Blacks" class="extiw" title="s:A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks"><i>A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks</i> (1789)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_Benjamin_Franklin" title="The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin"><i>The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin</i> (1771–1790, pub. 1791)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagatelles_and_Satires" title="Bagatelles and Satires"><i>Bagatelles and Satires</i> (pub. 1845)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers#The_New_England_Courant" title="History of American newspapers">Franklin as a journalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin%27s_phonetic_alphabet" title="Benjamin Franklin's phonetic alphabet">Franklin's phonetic alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Benjamin_Franklin" title="Bibliography of Benjamin Franklin">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Court" title="Franklin Court">Franklin Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_House" title="Benjamin Franklin House">Benjamin Franklin House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology">Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Parkway" title="Benjamin Franklin Parkway">Benjamin Franklin Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_National_Memorial" title="Benjamin Franklin National Memorial">Benjamin Franklin National Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute_Awards" title="Franklin Institute Awards">awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">medal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Medal_(American_Philosophical_Society)" title="Benjamin Franklin Medal (American Philosophical Society)">Benjamin Franklin Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Medal_(Royal_Society_of_Arts)" title="Benjamin Franklin Medal (Royal Society of Arts)">Royal Society of Arts medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Washington" title="The Apotheosis of Washington">Depicted in <i>The Apotheosis of Washington</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(painting)" title="Treaty of Paris (painting)">Treaty of Paris</a></i> (1783 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Drawing_Electricity_from_the_Sky" title="Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky">Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky</a></i> (1816 painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_War_Door" title="Revolutionary War Door">Revolutionary War Door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Boston)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Boston)">Boston statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Chicago)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Chicago)">Chicago statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Columbus,_Ohio)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Columbus, Ohio)">Columbus, Ohio, statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(University_of_Pennsylvania)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (University of Pennsylvania)">University of Pennsylvania statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Portland, Oregon)">Portland, Oregon, statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(San_Francisco)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (San Francisco)">San Francisco statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Stanford_University)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Stanford University)">Stanford University statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Washington, D.C.)">Washington D.C. statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial#Exterior" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial pediment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refunding_Certificate" title="Refunding Certificate">Refunding Certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_half_dollar" title="Franklin half dollar">Franklin half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_one-hundred-dollar_bill" title="United States one-hundred-dollar bill">One-hundred-dollar bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_silver_dollar" title="Benjamin Franklin silver dollar">Franklin silver dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Franklin_Issues" title="Washington–Franklin Issues">Washington–Franklin stamps</a> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Benjamin_Franklin_on_stamps" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Benjamin Franklin on stamps">other stamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_for_Benjamin_Franklin" title="List of places named for Benjamin Franklin">Cities, counties, schools named for Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_College" title="Benjamin Franklin College">Benjamin Franklin College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Field" title="Franklin Field">Franklin Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Franklin_(New_Hampshire)" title="Mount Franklin (New Hampshire)">Mount Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Franklin" title="State of Franklin">State of Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Ben_(MLS_supporters_association)" title="Sons of Ben (MLS supporters association)">Sons of Ben (Philadelphia Union)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Franklin" title="USS Franklin">Ships named USS <i>Franklin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Franklin_effect" title="Ben Franklin effect">Ben Franklin effect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_in_popular_culture" title="Benjamin Franklin in popular culture">In popular culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_and_Me" title="Ben and Me"><i>Ben and Me</i> (1953 short)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Franklin_in_Paris" title="Ben Franklin in Paris"><i>Ben Franklin in Paris</i> (1964 musical play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_(musical)" title="1776 (musical)"><i>1776</i> (1969 musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_(film)" title="1776 (film)">1972 film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_(miniseries)" title="Benjamin Franklin (miniseries)"><i>Benjamin Franklin</i> (miniseries)</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(film)" title="A More Perfect Union (film)"><i>A More Perfect Union</i> (1989 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty!" title="Liberty!"><i>Liberty!</i> (1997 documentary series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty%27s_Kids" title="Liberty's Kids"><i>Liberty's Kids</i> (2002 animated series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_(2002_TV_series)" title="Benjamin Franklin (2002 TV series)"><i>Benjamin Franklin</i> (2002 documentary series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(miniseries)" title="John Adams (miniseries)"><i>John Adams</i> (2008 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty_(miniseries)" title="Sons of Liberty (miniseries)"><i>Sons of Liberty</i> (2015 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_(film)" title="Benjamin Franklin (film)"><i>Benjamin Franklin</i> (2022 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_(miniseries)" title="Franklin (miniseries)"><i>Franklin</i> (2024 miniseries)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New-England_Courant" title="The New-England Courant">The New-England Courant</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Museum_(magazine)" title="The American Museum (magazine)"><i>The American Museum</i> magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">patriots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Read" title="Deborah Read">Deborah Read (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Franklin" title="William Franklin">William Franklin (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Folger_Franklin" title="Francis Folger Franklin">Francis Franklin (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Franklin_Bache" title="Sarah Franklin Bache">Sarah Franklin Bache (daughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Temple_Franklin" title="William Temple Franklin">William Franklin (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Bache" title="Benjamin Franklin Bache">Benjamin F. Bache (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Franklin_Bache" title="Louis Franklin Bache">Louis F. Bache (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bache_Jr." title="Richard Bache Jr.">Richard Bache Jr. (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_A._Harwood" title="Andrew A. Harwood">Andrew Harwood (great-grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dallas_Bache" title="Alexander Dallas Bache">Alexander Bache (great-grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Franklin" title="Josiah Franklin">Josiah Franklin (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Franklin_(printer)" title="James Franklin (printer)">James Franklin (brother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Franklin_Mecom" title="Jane Franklin Mecom">Jane Mecom (sister)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Morrell_Folger" title="Mary Morrell Folger">Mary Morrell Folger (grandmother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Folger_(Nantucket_settler)" title="Peter Folger (Nantucket settler)">Peter Folger (grandfather)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bache" title="Richard Bache">Richard Bache (son-in-law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Smith_Franklin" title="Ann Smith Franklin">Ann Smith Franklin (sister-in-law)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Benjamin_Franklin" title="Category:Benjamin Franklin">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Robert_Morris" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Robert_Morris" title="Template:Robert Morris"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Robert_Morris" title="Template talk:Robert Morris"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Robert_Morris" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Robert Morris"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Robert_Morris" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">United States Senator, Pennsylvania, 1789–1795</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Superintendent_of_Finance_of_the_United_States" title="Superintendent of Finance of the United States">Superintendent of Finance of the United States, 1781–1784</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress, 1775–1778</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">United States<br />Founding events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)#Financed_the_war" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Financier of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Signed, Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Signed, Articles of Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Signed, United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">1776 Model Treaty</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Committee of Secret Correspondence, Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_safety_(American_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Committees of safety (American Revolution)">Chairman, Pennsylvania Committee of Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superintendent_of_Finance_of_the_United_States" title="Superintendent of Finance of the United States">U.S. Superintendent of Finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superintendent_of_Finance_of_the_United_States" title="Superintendent of Finance of the United States">Agent of the Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_North_America" title="Bank of North America">Bank of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Constellatio" title="Nova Constellatio">Nova Constellatio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Hall#Temporary_capitol" title="Congress Hall">Philadelphia as U.S. capital city, 1790–1800</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Residence_Act" title="Residence Act">Residence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_House_(Philadelphia)" title="President's House (Philadelphia)">President's House</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)#Shipping_and_slavery" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Willing, Morris & Co. (Slavery)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_sign#Later_history" title="Dollar sign">Use of the dollar sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_of_China_(1783)" title="Empress of China (1783)"><i>Empress of China</i> merchant ship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_China_Trade" title="Old China Trade">Old China Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phelps_and_Gorham_Purchase" title="Phelps and Gorham Purchase">Phelps and Gorham Purchase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)#Early_life" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summerseat_(Morrisville,_Pennsylvania)" title="Summerseat (Morrisville, Pennsylvania)">Summerseat home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections_in_Pennsylvania,_1788" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate elections in Pennsylvania, 1788">1788 U.S. Senate election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1796%E2%80%9397" class="mw-redirect" title="Panic of 1796–97">Panic of 1796–97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Philadelphia" title="Christ Church, Philadelphia">Christ Church, Philadelphia, burial site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_University" title="Robert Morris University">Robert Morris University, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_University_Illinois" title="Robert Morris University Illinois">Robert Morris University, Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(Bartlett)" title="Robert Morris (Bartlett)"><i>Robert Morris</i> statue, Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Washington" title="The Apotheosis of Washington">Depicted in <i>The Apotheosis of Washington</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heald_Square_Monument" title="Heald Square Monument"><i>Heald Square Monument</i>, Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Morris,_New_York" title="Mount Morris, New York">Mount Morris, New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Morris_(village),_New_York" title="Mount Morris (village), New York">village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Morris_Dam" title="Mount Morris Dam">dam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrisville,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Morrisville, Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Morrisville, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Morris" title="USS Morris">USS <i>Morris</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morris_(New_York_politician)" title="Thomas Morris (New York politician)">Thomas Morris (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Willing" title="Thomas Willing">Thomas Willing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haym_Salomon" title="Haym Salomon">Haym Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betsy_Ross_flag" title="Betsy Ross flag">Betsy Ross flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Alfred_(1774)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Alfred (1774)">USS <i>Alfred</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Dickinson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Dickinson" title="Template:John Dickinson"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:John_Dickinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:John Dickinson (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Dickinson" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Dickinson"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Dickinson" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">John Dickinson</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Pennsylvania" title="List of governors of Pennsylvania">5th President of Pennsylvania, 1782–1785</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Delaware" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Delaware">5th President of Delaware, 1781–1783</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress, 1775–1776, 1779–1781</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress, 1774</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress, 1765</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding of the</a><br /><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Rights_and_Grievances" title="Declaration of Rights and Grievances">Declaration of Rights and Grievances (1765)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_from_a_Farmer_in_Pennsylvania" title="Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania"><i>Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania</i> (1767, 1768)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Liberty_Song" title="The Liberty Song">"The Liberty Song" (1768</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_we_stand,_divided_we_fall#Use_in_U.S._history" title="United we stand, divided we fall">United we stand, divided we fall)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petition_to_the_King" title="Petition to the King">Petition to the King (1774)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Signee, Continental Association (1774)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_correspondence" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee of correspondence">Pennsylvania Committee of Correspondence (1774–1776)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_to_the_inhabitants_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters to the inhabitants of Canada">"Letter to the inhabitants of the Province of Quebec" (1774)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition (1775)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">co-wrote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">1775)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Committee of Secret Correspondence (1775–1776)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty committee (1776)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union (1776, drafting committee chairman)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">President, Annapolis Convention (1786)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Delegate, Constitutional Convention (1787)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associators" title="Associators">Brigadier General, Pennsylvania militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Constitution_of_1792" title="Delaware Constitution of 1792">Delaware Constitution of 1792</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Norris_Dickinson" title="Mary Norris Dickinson">Mary Norris Dickinson</a> <small>(wife)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philemon_Dickinson" title="Philemon Dickinson">Philemon Dickinson</a> <small>(brother)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson#Early_life_and_education" title="John Dickinson">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson_House" title="John Dickinson House">Poplar Hall home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Norris_Dickinson#Fair_Hill_estate" title="Mary Norris Dickinson">Fair Hill estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_Meetinghouse_(Wilmington,_Delaware)" title="Friends Meetinghouse (Wilmington, Delaware)">Friends Burial Ground</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dickinson_College" title="Dickinson College">Dickinson College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University_-_Dickinson_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania State University - Dickinson Law">Dickinson School of Law, Pennsylvania State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson_High_School" title="John Dickinson High School">John Dickinson High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_(musical)" title="1776 (musical)"><i>1776</i> (1969 musical,</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_(film)" title="1776 (film)">1972 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(miniseries)" title="John Adams (miniseries)"><i>John Adams</i> (2008 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty_(miniseries)" title="Sons of Liberty (miniseries)"><i>Sons of Liberty</i> (2015 miniseries)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claymont_Stone_School" title="Claymont Stone School">Claymont Stone School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Jay" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Jay" title="Template:John Jay"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Jay" title="Template talk:John Jay"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Jay" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Jay"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Jay" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">2nd Governor of New York</a>, 1795-1801</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">1st Chief Justice of the United States</a>, 1789-1795</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a>, 1789-90</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs">United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs</a>, 1784-1789</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minister_to_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Minister to Spain">United States Minister to Spain</a>, 1779-1782</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="President of the Continental Congress">President of the Continental Congress</a>, 1778-79</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding of the<br />United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a> (1774, signed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petition_to_the_King" title="Petition to the King">Petition to the King</a> (1774, signed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a> (1775)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a> (1775-76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_New_York" title="Constitution of New York">New York Constitution</a> (1777)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> (1783)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Federalist_Papers_by_John_Jay" title="Category:Federalist Papers by John Jay">papers, 1787-88</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Court" title="Jay Court">Jay Court, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court</a> (1789-1795, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_prior_to_the_Marshall_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases prior to the Marshall Court">cases</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Manumission_Society" title="New York Manumission Society">New York Manumission Society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Free_School" title="African Free School">African Free School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay%E2%80%93Gardoqui_Treaty" title="Jay–Gardoqui Treaty">Jay–Gardoqui Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a> (1794)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letters_to_the_inhabitants_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters to the inhabitants of Canada">Letters to the inhabitants of Canada</a> (1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Circular_Letter" title="New York Circular Letter">New York Circular Letter</a> (1788)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Selected_Papers_of_John_Jay" title="The Selected Papers of John Jay">The Selected Papers of John Jay</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Estate" title="Jay Estate">Jay Estate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Heritage_Center" title="Jay Heritage Center">Jay Heritage Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay_Homestead_State_Historic_Site" title="John Jay Homestead State Historic Site">John Jay Homestead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_House_(New_York_City)" title="Government House (New York City)">Government House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Namesakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Jay" title="Fort Jay">Fort Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay_College_of_Criminal_Justice" title="John Jay College of Criminal Justice">John Jay College of Criminal Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay_Hall" title="John Jay Hall">John Jay Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay_Park" title="John Jay Park">John Jay Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay,_New_York" title="Jay, New York">Jay, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay,_Vermont" title="Jay, Vermont">Jay, Vermont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Livingston_Jay" title="Sarah Livingston Jay">Sarah Livingston Jay (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Augustus_Jay_(lawyer)" title="Peter Augustus Jay (lawyer)">Peter Jay (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jay_(jurist)" title="William Jay (jurist)">William Jay (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clarkson_Jay" title="John Clarkson Jay">John Clarkson Jay (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay_(lawyer)" title="John Jay (lawyer)">John Jay (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Jay" title="James Jay">James Jay (brother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Van_Cortlandt" title="Jacobus Van Cortlandt">Jacobus Van Cortlandt (grandfather)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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