CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Black Patriot - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"5dfb59b6-f5bb-4329-923c-914ebe3d05dc","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Black_Patriot","wgTitle":"Black Patriot","wgCurRevisionId":1244885622,"wgRevisionId":1244885622,"wgArticleId":16200391,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022","Pre-emancipation African-American history","African Americans in the American Revolution","Black Patriots"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Black_Patriot","wgRelevantArticleId":16200391,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q4921438","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics": true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init", "ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Crispus_Attucks.jpg/1200px-Crispus_Attucks.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1536"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Crispus_Attucks.jpg/800px-Crispus_Attucks.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1024"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Crispus_Attucks.jpg/640px-Crispus_Attucks.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="819"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Black Patriot - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Patriot"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Patriot&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Patriot"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Black_Patriot rootpage-Black_Patriot skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Black+Patriot" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Black+Patriot" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Black+Patriot" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Black+Patriot" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-First_Patriot_martyr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Patriot_martyr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>First Patriot martyr</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Patriot_martyr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_Patriots_who_served_in_the_state_militias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_Patriots_who_served_in_the_state_militias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Black Patriots who served in the state militias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_Patriots_who_served_in_the_state_militias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_Patriots_who_served_in_the_Continental_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_Patriots_who_served_in_the_Continental_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Black Patriots who served in the Continental Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_Patriots_who_served_in_the_Continental_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Descendants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_national_memorial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_national_memorial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Proposed national memorial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_national_memorial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Black_Patriots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Black_Patriots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable Black Patriots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Black_Patriots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Black Patriot</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 1 language" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-1" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">1 language</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriota_negro" title="Patriota negro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Patriota negro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4921438#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Black_Patriot" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Black_Patriot" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Black_Patriot"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Patriot&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Patriot&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Black_Patriot"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Patriot&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Patriot&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Black_Patriot" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Black_Patriot" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Patriot&oldid=1244885622" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Patriot&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Black_Patriot&id=1244885622&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBlack_Patriot"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBlack_Patriot"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Black_Patriot&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Patriot&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4921438" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">African Americans who sided with the Patriots in the American Revolution</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crispus_Attucks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Crispus_Attucks.jpg/220px-Crispus_Attucks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Crispus_Attucks.jpg/330px-Crispus_Attucks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Crispus_Attucks.jpg/440px-Crispus_Attucks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Speculative 19th-century portrait of <a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a>, the black American <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriot</a> <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a> of the 1770 <a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">African Americans in the Revolutionary War</a></div> <p><b>Black Patriots</b> were <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> who sided with the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">colonists who opposed British rule</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. The term <i>Black Patriots</i> includes, but is not limited to, the 5,000 or more African Americans who served in the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> and Patriot <a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_States)" title="Militia (United States)">militias</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their counterparts on the <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">pro-British side</a> were known as <a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalists</a>, African Americans who sided with the British during the American revolution. Thousands of American slaves escaped to British lines to take up their offers of freedom in exchange for military service as per Virginia Governor <a href="/wiki/Dunmore%27s_Proclamation" title="Dunmore's Proclamation">Dunmore's Proclamation</a> of 1775, promising freedom to Blacks who deserted their Patriot masters and fought for the British and the 1779 <a href="/wiki/Philipsburg_Proclamation" title="Philipsburg Proclamation">Philipsburg Proclamation</a>, which declared the freedom all Blacks enslaved by Patriots who came over to the British side, whether or not they fought. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Patriot_martyr">First Patriot martyr</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Patriot&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: First Patriot martyr"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_Massacre,_03-05-1770_-_NARA_-_518262.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Boston_Massacre%2C_03-05-1770_-_NARA_-_518262.jpg/220px-Boston_Massacre%2C_03-05-1770_-_NARA_-_518262.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Boston_Massacre%2C_03-05-1770_-_NARA_-_518262.jpg/330px-Boston_Massacre%2C_03-05-1770_-_NARA_-_518262.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Boston_Massacre%2C_03-05-1770_-_NARA_-_518262.jpg/440px-Boston_Massacre%2C_03-05-1770_-_NARA_-_518262.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>A 19th-century lithograph variation of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Paul Revere</a>'s famous engraving of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a>. Produced before the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, this image emphasized <a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a> in the center. He became an important symbol to abolitionists of sacrifice and black freedom. (By <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Bufford" title="John Henry Bufford">John Bufford</a> after William L. Champey, circa 1856)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldiers_at_the_siege_of_Yorktown_(1781),_by_Jean-Baptiste-Antoine_DeVerger.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Soldiers_at_the_siege_of_Yorktown_%281781%29%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste-Antoine_DeVerger.png/220px-Soldiers_at_the_siege_of_Yorktown_%281781%29%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste-Antoine_DeVerger.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Soldiers_at_the_siege_of_Yorktown_%281781%29%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste-Antoine_DeVerger.png/330px-Soldiers_at_the_siege_of_Yorktown_%281781%29%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste-Antoine_DeVerger.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Soldiers_at_the_siege_of_Yorktown_%281781%29%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste-Antoine_DeVerger.png/440px-Soldiers_at_the_siege_of_Yorktown_%281781%29%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste-Antoine_DeVerger.png 2x" data-file-width="1678" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>1781 drawing, of American soldiers from the <a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown campaign</a>, showing a black infantryman, on the far left, from the <a href="/wiki/1st_Rhode_Island_Regiment" title="1st Rhode Island Regiment">1st Rhode Island Regiment</a>. This regiment had the largest number of black Patriot soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a> is considered to be the first Black Patriot because he was killed in the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a>. Attucks was commemorated by his fellow Bostonians as a <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a> for freedom. Attucks was a whaler who was believed to be of mixed <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_people" class="mw-redirect" title="African people">African</a> ancestry, born in or around <a href="/wiki/Framingham,_Massachusetts" title="Framingham, Massachusetts">Framingham, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His death in the Boston Massacre is considered to be the first Patriot fatality of the Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Black_Patriots_who_served_in_the_state_militias">Black Patriots who served in the state militias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Patriot&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Black Patriots who served in the state militias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bucks_of_America" title="Bucks of America">Bucks of America</a> were an all-Black, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Militia">Massachusetts Militia</a> company organized in 1775 in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>. This was the name given to one of two all-black units fighting for independence. There is little known of the campaign history of the Bucks company, or if they ever saw combat. It appears that they operated mainly around Boston. The Bucks of America may have acted primarily as an <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_police" title="Auxiliary police">auxiliary police</a> or <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">security service</a>, in the city, during the war. They most likely did not see action against British forces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Black_Patriots_who_served_in_the_Continental_Army">Black Patriots who served in the Continental Army</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Patriot&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Black Patriots who served in the Continental Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the British started enticing enslaved <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> to serve or assist their cause in exchange for emancipation, Patriot leaders began to recruit <a href="/wiki/Free_Negro" title="Free Negro">free people of color</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> and other <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a> regions to serve in the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>. They were promised a life of relative luxury and social mobility if they joined the war. Slaves in the American North were trying to escape harsh treatment of their servitude. By joining the war, they believed they would be bettering their lives. Most of the time, Black Patriot soldiers served as individuals in a variety of predominantly white units of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1st_Rhode_Island_Regiment" title="1st Rhode Island Regiment">1st Rhode Island Regiment</a>, also known as "Varnum's Continentals", was a Continental Army <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">regiment</a> from <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>. It became well known as the "Black Regiment" because, for a time, it had several companies of African-American soldiers. It is regarded as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American firsts">first African American</a> military regiment, although its ranks were not exclusively African American.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Captain <a href="/wiki/David_Humphreys_(soldier)" title="David Humphreys (soldier)">David Humphreys</a>' <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Humphreys%27_All_Black,_2nd_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Humphreys' All Black, 2nd Company (page does not exist)">All Black, 2nd Company</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Line" title="Connecticut Line">Connecticut Continental Line</a>, served from October 1780-November 1782. On November 27, 1780, Humphrey's Black Company was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Connecticut_Regiment" title="3rd Connecticut Regiment">3rd Connecticut Regiment</a>. On January 1, 1781, the Regiment was merged with the <a href="/wiki/4th_Connecticut_Regiment" title="4th Connecticut Regiment">4th Connecticut Regiment</a>, re-organized into nine companies, and re-designated as the <a href="/wiki/1st_Connecticut_Regiment" title="1st Connecticut Regiment">1st Connecticut Regiment</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Lee_(valet)" title="William Lee (valet)">William "Billy" Lee</a> was an enslaved valet of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> who served in the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> and fought with the general's forces. Lee was considered to be Washington's favorite slave, and was often featured in the background of the general's portraits.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cowpens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cowpens.jpg/220px-Cowpens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cowpens.jpg/330px-Cowpens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cowpens.jpg/440px-Cowpens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1230" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>This depiction of the 1781 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cowpens" title="Battle of Cowpens">Battle of Cowpens</a> showed an unnamed Patriot black soldier, possibly a slave, on the far left firing his pistol, saving the life of Colonel <a href="/wiki/William_Washington" title="William Washington">William Washington</a>, mounted on a white horse in the center; from an 1845 painting by <a href="/wiki/William_Ranney" title="William Ranney">William Ranney</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descendants">Descendants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Patriot&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Descendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Famed African American, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> scholar and professor <a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Louis Gates">Henry Louis Gates</a> is descended from John Redman, a free African American who served in the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>. Gates is currently working on a project to find all descendants of Black Patriots, who served in the American Revolutionary Continental Army. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_national_memorial">Proposed national memorial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Patriot&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Proposed national memorial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Liberty_Memorial" title="National Liberty Memorial">National Liberty Memorial</a></div> <p>The National Liberty Monument is a proposed <a href="/wiki/National_memorial_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National memorial (United States)">national memorial</a> to be located in the capital to honor the more than 5000 enslaved and free persons of African descent who served as soldiers or sailors, or provided civilian assistance during the American Revolutionary War. The memorial is an outgrowth of a failed effort to erect a Black Revolutionary War Patriots Memorial. This was authorized in 1986, but fundraising faltered and the memorial foundation dissolved in 2005. </p><p>Congress authorized the National Liberty Monument in January 2013. On September 8, 2014, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> passed the joint resolution <a href="/wiki/Approving_the_location_of_the_National_Liberty_Monument_(H.J.Res._120;_113th_Congress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Approving the location of the National Liberty Monument (H.J.Res. 120; 113th Congress)">approving the location in the capital of a memorial to commemorate the more than 5,000 slaves and free Black people who fought for independence in the American Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hjres120allactions_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hjres120allactions-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The joint resolution would approve the location of a commemorative work to honor the more than 5000 slaves and free black persons who fought in the American Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-HillHouseAuthorizes_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HillHouseAuthorizes-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Black_Patriots">Notable Black Patriots</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Patriot&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable Black Patriots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Colored_Patriots_of_the_American_Revolution" title="The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution">The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hall" title="Prince Hall">Prince Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toby_Gilmore" title="Toby Gilmore">Toby Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Ames&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Ames (page does not exist)">Alexander Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Bowles_(Patriot)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Bowles (Patriot) (page does not exist)">Charles Bowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Brace" title="Jeffrey Brace">Jeffrey Brace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Frogger#History" title="Joe Frogger">Joseph Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Burr" title="Seymour Burr">Seymour Burr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wentworth_Cheswell" title="Wentworth Cheswell">Wentworth Cheswell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titus_Coburn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titus Coburn (page does not exist)">Titus Coburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Cook" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Louis Cook">Joseph Louis Cook</a></li> <li>Grant Cooper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell_(American_soldier)" title="Oliver Cromwell (American soldier)">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cuffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Cuffee">Paul Cuffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Dabney" title="Austin Dabney">Austin Dabney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Armistead_Lafayette" title="James Armistead Lafayette">James Armistead Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesar_Dickenson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caesar Dickenson (page does not exist)">Caesar Dickenson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charlestown_Eaads&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charlestown Eaads (page does not exist)">Charlestown Eaads</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Easton_(Patriot)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Easton (Patriot) (page does not exist)">James Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Estabrook" title="Prince Estabrook">Prince Estabrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Flora" title="William Flora">William Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asaba_Grosvenor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asaba Grosvenor (page does not exist)">Asaba Grosvenor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blaney_Grusha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blaney Grusha (page does not exist)">Blaney Grusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_Hall" title="Jude Hall">Jude Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primus_Hall" title="Primus Hall">Primus Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuff_Haynes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuff Haynes (page does not exist)">Cuff Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemuel_Haynes" title="Lemuel Haynes">Lemuel Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Hill_(Patriot)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Hill (Patriot) (page does not exist)">Henry Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cato_(spy)" title="Cato (spy)">Cato Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrippa_Hull" title="Agrippa Hull">Agrippa Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeremy_Jonah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeremy Jonah (page does not exist)">Jeremy Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_Latham" title="Lambert Latham">Lambert Latham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cato_Mead" title="Cato Mead">Cato Mead</a></li> <li>Jack Little</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barzillai_Lew" title="Barzillai Lew">Barzillai Lew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Peterson_(American_Patriot)" title="Jack Peterson (American Patriot)">Jack Peterson (American Patriot)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_Poor" title="Salem Poor">Salem Poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robinson_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Robinson (military)">James Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_Royal" title="Silas Royal">Silas Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Salem" title="Peter Salem">Peter Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Simbo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prince Simbo (page does not exist)">Prince Simbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley" title="Phillis Wheatley">Phillis Wheatley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Whipple" title="Prince Whipple">Prince Whipple</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosson_Wright&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bosson Wright (page does not exist)">Bosson Wright</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Patriot&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">African Americans in the Revolutionary War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Patriot&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWhiteBayMartin_Jr.2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Gray_White" title="Deborah Gray White">White, Deborah</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mia_Bay" title="Mia Bay">Bay, Mia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Waldo_Martin" title="Waldo Martin">Martin Jr., Waldo E.</a> (2013). <i>Freedom on My Mind: A History of African Americans</i>. Boston: Bedford St. Martin's. pp. 124–127.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+on+My+Mind%3A+A+History+of+African+Americans&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=124-127&rft.pub=Bedford+St.+Martin%27s&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft.au=Bay%2C+Mia&rft.au=Martin+Jr.%2C+Waldo+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Patriot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas O'Connor, <i>The Hub</i>, Northeastern University Press, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2013" class="citation book cs1">White (2013). <i>Freedom on My Mind</i>. p. 124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+on+My+Mind&rft.pages=124&rft.date=2013&rft.au=White&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Patriot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2013" class="citation book cs1">White (2013). <i>Freedom on My Mind</i>. pp. 149–150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+on+My+Mind&rft.pages=149-150&rft.date=2013&rft.au=White&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Patriot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703111823/http://ancientgreece-earlyamerica.com/html/the_first_rhode_island.htm">"THE FIRST RHODE ISLAND"</a>. AncientGreece-Early America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancientgreece-earlyamerica.com/html/the_first_rhode_island.htm">the original</a> on 3 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+FIRST+RHODE+ISLAND&rft.pub=AncientGreece-Early+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fancientgreece-earlyamerica.com%2Fhtml%2Fthe_first_rhode_island.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Patriot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2013" class="citation book cs1">White, Deborah Gray (2013). <i>Freedom on My Mind: A History of African Americans</i>. New York: Bedford/St.Martins. pp. 152–153.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+on+My+Mind%3A+A+History+of+African+Americans&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=152-153&rft.pub=Bedford%2FSt.Martins&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Deborah+Gray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Patriot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hjres120allactions-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hjres120allactions_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-joint-resolution/120/all-actions">"H.J.Res. 120 - All Actions"</a>. United States Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H.J.Res.+120+-+All+Actions&rft.pub=United+States+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeta.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F113th-congress%2Fhouse-joint-resolution%2F120%2Fall-actions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Patriot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HillHouseAuthorizes-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HillHouseAuthorizes_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcos2014" class="citation news cs1">Marcos, Cristina (8 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/house/217018-house-authorizes-location-for-american-revolution-memorial-in-dc/">"House authorizes location for American Revolution memorial in D.C."</a> <i>The Hill</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=House+authorizes+location+for+American+Revolution+memorial+in+D.C.&rft.date=2014-09-08&rft.aulast=Marcos&rft.aufirst=Cristina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fblogs%2Ffloor-action%2Fhouse%2F217018-house-authorizes-location-for-american-revolution-memorial-in-dc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Patriot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Patriot&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gilbert, Alan. <i>Black Patriots and Loyalists: Fight for Emancipation in the War for Independence</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2012.</li> <li>Guthrie, James M. <i>Camp-fires of the Afro-American; Or, The Colored Man as a Patriot, Soldier, Sailor, and Hero, in the Cause of Free America</i>, 1899</li> <li>Moore, George Henry. <i>Historical notes on the employment of Negroes in the American Army of the Revolution</i>, 1862 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/02003395/">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cooper_Nell" title="William Cooper Nell">Nell, William Cooper</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Colored_Patriots_of_the_American_Revolution" title="The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution">The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution, With Sketches of Several Distinguished Colored Persons: To Which Is Added a Brief Survey of the Condition And Prospects of Colored Americans</a></i>. Boston: Robert F. Wallcut, 1855.</li> <li>Wilson, Joseph Thomas. <i>The Black Phalanx: A History of the Negro Soldiers of the United States in the Wars of 1775-1812, 1861-'65</i>, 1890</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Patriot&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/blackpatriots">Black Patriots: Heroes of the Revolution</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Patriot&oldid=1244885622">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Patriot&oldid=1244885622</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pre-emancipation_African-American_history" title="Category:Pre-emancipation African-American history">Pre-emancipation African-American history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African_Americans_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Category:African Americans in the American Revolution">African Americans in the American Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Black_Patriots" title="Category:Black Patriots">Black Patriots</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 September 2024, at 19:29<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Patriot&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-z58hw","wgBackendResponseTime":125,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.218","walltime":"0.296","ppvisitednodes":{"value":916,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":13799,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1471,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":25416,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 252.166 1 -total"," 44.27% 111.644 1 Template:Reflist"," 33.78% 85.189 4 Template:Cite_book"," 26.20% 66.079 1 Template:Short_description"," 15.67% 39.511 2 Template:Pagetype"," 13.27% 33.456 1 Template:Citation_needed"," 11.28% 28.442 1 Template:Fix"," 9.31% 23.484 3 Template:Main"," 7.97% 20.097 2 Template:Category_handler"," 6.58% 16.595 5 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.120","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5148050,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-2fxxf","timestamp":"20241122143528","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Black Patriot","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Black_Patriot","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4921438","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4921438","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-03-09T20:43:30Z","dateModified":"2024-09-09T19:29:40Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c8\/Crispus_Attucks.jpg","headline":"African American who sided with the Patriots in the American Revolution"}</script> </body> </html>