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This information is based on actual ship movements from south to north and the return voyage, showing the prominence of" /> <title>(PDF) The Risk Analysis of Chemical Tankers Passing Through the Turkish Straits between 2010 – 2022 | Ergun Gunes - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/104466810/The_Risk_Analysis_of_Chemical_Tankers_Passing_Through_the_Turkish_Straits_between_2010_2022" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '9387f500ddcbb8d05c67bef28a2fe0334f1aafb8'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1733032355000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1733032355000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"This analysis aims to highlight the risk created by the chemical tankers by comparing their movements in the Turkish straits. This information is based on actual ship movements from south to north and the return voyage, showing the prominence of chemical tankers passing through the straits between 2010 and 2022 and underlining the importance of the Turkish Straits. Istanbul Bosporus transit passages are being regulated by the Montreux Convention1, signed 84 years ago. As per the convention, international shipping provided safe and seaworthy ships, has the right of free passage through the Straits in peacetime. Since the convention has been in force, the volume and frequency of the ships have increased almost tenfold, an interesting correlation on average, there were13 passages in a day in 1938; which increased to 65 by1985 and 115 by 2019. The main reason for this increase is said to be the hydrocarbon reserves of the Caspian Region2. As the number of passages increased enormously, ...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Ergun Gunes"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2023-07-11","dateModified":null,"datePublished":"2023-01-01","headline":"The Risk Analysis of Chemical Tankers Passing Through the Turkish Straits between 2010 – 2022","inLanguage":"en","keywords":[],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"Strategies for Policy in Science and Education-Strategii na Obrazovatelnata i Nauchnata Politika","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"Az-buki National Publishing House"},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/104466810/The_Risk_Analysis_of_Chemical_Tankers_Passing_Through_the_Turkish_Straits_between_2010_2022","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":null}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F104466810%2FThe_Risk_Analysis_of_Chemical_Tankers_Passing_Through_the_Turkish_Straits_between_2010_2022%3Fauto%3Ddownload"; window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F104466810%2FThe_Risk_Analysis_of_Chemical_Tankers_Passing_Through_the_Turkish_Straits_between_2010_2022%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":104214453,"identifier":"Attachment_104214453","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":104466810,"created_at":"2023-07-11T07:05:21.448-07:00","from_world_paper_id":237249455,"updated_at":"2023-07-12T08:36:01.211-07:00","_data":{"volume":"31","abstract":"This analysis aims to highlight the risk created by the chemical tankers by comparing their movements in the Turkish straits. This information is based on actual ship movements from south to north and the return voyage, showing the prominence of chemical tankers passing through the straits between 2010 and 2022 and underlining the importance of the Turkish Straits. Istanbul Bosporus transit passages are being regulated by the Montreux Convention1, signed 84 years ago. As per the convention, international shipping provided safe and seaworthy ships, has the right of free passage through the Straits in peacetime. Since the convention has been in force, the volume and frequency of the ships have increased almost tenfold, an interesting correlation on average, there were13 passages in a day in 1938; which increased to 65 by1985 and 115 by 2019. The main reason for this increase is said to be the hydrocarbon reserves of the Caspian Region2. As the number of passages increased enormously, ...","publisher":"Az-buki National Publishing House","page_numbers":"45-55","publication_date":"2023,,","publication_name":"Strategies for Policy in Science and Education-Strategii na Obrazovatelnata i Nauchnata Politika"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"The Risk Analysis of Chemical Tankers Passing Through the Turkish Straits between 2010 – 2022","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [8953208]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":104214453,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “The Risk Analysis of Chemical Tankers Passing Through the Turkish Straits between 2010 – 2022”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/104214453/mini_magick20230712-1-sm1q7m.png?1689171106" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">The Risk Analysis of Chemical Tankers Passing Through the Turkish Straits between 2010 – 2022</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8953208" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ErgunGunes"><img alt="Profile image of Ergun Gunes" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/8953208/4081375/113503025/s65_ergun.gunes.jpg" />Ergun Gunes</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2023, Strategies for Policy in Science and Education-Strategii na Obrazovatelnata i Nauchnata Politika</p></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This analysis aims to highlight the risk created by the chemical tankers by comparing their movements in the Turkish straits. This information is based on actual ship movements from south to north and the return voyage, showing the prominence of chemical tankers passing through the straits between 2010 and 2022 and underlining the importance of the Turkish Straits. Istanbul Bosporus transit passages are being regulated by the Montreux Convention1, signed 84 years ago. As per the convention, international shipping provided safe and seaworthy ships, has the right of free passage through the Straits in peacetime. Since the convention has been in force, the volume and frequency of the ships have increased almost tenfold, an interesting correlation on average, there were13 passages in a day in 1938; which increased to 65 by1985 and 115 by 2019. The main reason for this increase is said to be the hydrocarbon reserves of the Caspian Region2. As the number of passages increased enormously, ...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":104214453,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/104466810/The_Risk_Analysis_of_Chemical_Tankers_Passing_Through_the_Turkish_Straits_between_2010_2022"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":104214453,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/104466810/The_Risk_Analysis_of_Chemical_Tankers_Passing_Through_the_Turkish_Straits_between_2010_2022"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="104214453" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/104466810/The_Risk_Analysis_of_Chemical_Tankers_Passing_Through_the_Turkish_Straits_between_2010_2022" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="4380858" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4380858/Risk_Analysis_of_the_Vessel_Traffic_in_the_Strait_of_Istanbul">Risk Analysis of the Vessel Traffic in the Strait of Istanbul</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5361205" href="https://independent.academia.edu/%C4%B0LHAN%C4%B0LHAN">İLHAN İLHAN</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Risk Analysis, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Strait of Istanbul, the narrow waterway separating Europe from Asia, holds a strategic importance in maritime transportation as it links the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. It is considered as one of the world's most congested and difficult-to-navigate waterways. Over 55,000 transit vessels pass through the Strait annually, roughly 20% of which carry dangerous cargo. In this study, we have analyzed safety risks pertaining to transit vessel maritime traffic in the Strait of Istanbul and proposed ways to mitigate them. Safety risk analysis was performed by incorporating a probabilistic accident risk model into the simulation model. A mathematical risk model was developed based on probabilistic arguments regarding instigators, situations, accidents, consequences, and historical data, as well as subject-matter expert opinions. Scenario analysis was carried out to study the behavior of the accident risks, with respect to changes in the surrounding geographical, meteorological, and traffic conditions. Our numerical investigations suggested some significant policy indications. Local traffic density and pilotage turned out to be two main factors affecting the risks at the Strait of Istanbul. Results further indicate that scheduling changes to allow more vessels into the Strait will increase risks to extreme levels. Conversely, scheduling policy changes that are opted to reduce risks may cause major increases in average vessel waiting times. This in turn signifies that the current operations at the Strait of Istanbul have reached a critical level beyond which both risks and vessel delays are unacceptable.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Risk Analysis of the Vessel Traffic in the Strait of Istanbul","attachmentId":49895769,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4380858/Risk_Analysis_of_the_Vessel_Traffic_in_the_Strait_of_Istanbul","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4380858/Risk_Analysis_of_the_Vessel_Traffic_in_the_Strait_of_Istanbul"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="116653487" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/116653487/The_Turkish_Straits_and_tanker_traffic_an_update">The Turkish Straits and tanker traffic: an update</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="148454437" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PlantGlen">Glen Plant</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Marine Policy, 2000</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Turkish Straits and tanker 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href="https://www.academia.edu/65451987/Navigation_regime_in_the_Turkish_straits_for_merchant_ships_in_peacetime">Navigation regime in the Turkish straits for merchant ships in peacetime</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="148454437" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PlantGlen">Glen Plant</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Marine Policy, 1996</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Navigation regime in the Turkish straits for merchant ships in peacetime","attachmentId":77042660,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/65451987/Navigation_regime_in_the_Turkish_straits_for_merchant_ships_in_peacetime","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/65451987/Navigation_regime_in_the_Turkish_straits_for_merchant_ships_in_peacetime"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="89740648" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/89740648/Oil_transportation_security_in_the_Black_Sea_and_the_Turkish_Straits">Oil transportation security in the Black Sea and the Turkish Straits</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7226293" href="https://bilgi.academia.edu/niluferoral">Nilufer Oral</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of International Logistics and Trade, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Oil transportation security in the Black Sea and the Turkish Straits","attachmentId":93496984,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/89740648/Oil_transportation_security_in_the_Black_Sea_and_the_Turkish_Straits","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/89740648/Oil_transportation_security_in_the_Black_Sea_and_the_Turkish_Straits"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="66373439" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/66373439/Congestion_of_the_Turkish_Straits_A_market_alternative">Congestion of the Turkish Straits: A market alternative</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35088059" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PeterHartley4">Peter Hartley</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The paper addresses congestion of the Bosporus that could result from the Montreux Convention which states: &quot;In times of peace merchant vessels shall enjoy complete freedom of transit and navigation in the Straits, by day or by night, under any flag and with any kind of cargo . . . .&quot; While the Straits are not congested at present for general cargo, we can expect congestion within seven to fourteen years. There may be conges-tion for tankers sooner because of safety considerations. The carrying capacity of the Straits can be improved if a two-part tariff is used to ration general cargo and an auc-tion is used to allocate tanker slots.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Congestion of the Turkish Straits: A market alternative","attachmentId":77590580,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/66373439/Congestion_of_the_Turkish_Straits_A_market_alternative","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/66373439/Congestion_of_the_Turkish_Straits_A_market_alternative"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="108787821" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/108787821/Regulative_Arrangements_in_The_Turkish_Straits_Concerning_Civil_Vessel_Passage_The_First_Comprehensive_Regulation_Put_Into_Use_in_1994">Regulative Arrangements in The Turkish Straits Concerning Civil Vessel Passage: The First Comprehensive Regulation Put Into Use in 1994</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11580967" href="https://ktu.academia.edu/%C4%B0smailK%C3%B6se">Prof. Dr. İsmail Köse</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Codrul Cosminului, ESCI, 2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The desire to control the passage regime of the Turkish Straits caused several wars throughout history. Starting with the 20th century, the long-lasting passage regime of the Straits has been regulated by the Montreux Convention (1936) for 86 years. After the Montreux, vessel building technology developed so fast that several arrangements were made to adapt to the newly emerging conditions during the Cold War. Nevertheless, almost all those arrangements were aimed to regulate the passage of naval warships, and until the 1990s, no comprehensive regulative arrangements were made addressing civil vessels. A comprehensive regulation was prepared and publicized at the beginning of January 1994 to fill that gap, to be in accord with the UN Convention on the Law of Sea (UNCLOS) opened for signatory in 1982. The new Regulation put several new rules and brought strict regulations in some points contrary to the freedom of passage guaranteed by international conventions and even by the Montreux. It was first Russian Federation (RF), the riparian/littoral country, that expressed bold protests addressing the new Regulation, and the other countries’ similar protests and objections came soon after RF. Despite criticisms and legitimate, rightful, reasonable objections, the Regulation six month after its publication came into force at the beginning of July 1994. However, continuing decisive protests forced Turkey and RF into a common understanding, and four years later, the first Regulation on the Turkish Straits was replaced by a new one. In this paper, the new rules put into use by the first comprehensive Straits Regulation in 1994, scope of protests, objections, and changes put in force for accordance with the UNCLOS are analyzed.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Regulative Arrangements in The Turkish Straits Concerning Civil Vessel Passage: The First Comprehensive Regulation Put Into Use in 1994","attachmentId":107084365,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108787821/Regulative_Arrangements_in_The_Turkish_Straits_Concerning_Civil_Vessel_Passage_The_First_Comprehensive_Regulation_Put_Into_Use_in_1994","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/108787821/Regulative_Arrangements_in_The_Turkish_Straits_Concerning_Civil_Vessel_Passage_The_First_Comprehensive_Regulation_Put_Into_Use_in_1994"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="249329" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/249329/Finding_Risky_Areas_for_Oil_Spillage_after_Tanker_Accidents_at_Istanbul_Strait">Finding Risky Areas for Oil Spillage after Tanker Accidents at Istanbul Strait</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="206730" href="https://ktu.academia.edu/ErsanBa%C5%9Far">Ersan Başar</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Istanbul strait, which is a part of Turkish Strait System (TSS), is a narrow and navigationally risky waterway for ships. This risk increases daily due to oil transportation from Central Asia and Russia. In this study, four high risk areas were identified after analysing accident statistics for the strait. Then, a simulation was run for 1,000 tonnes of oil spill at each station and the distribution of oil determined by using GNOMETM. Effective wind speed and direction were used at each scenario. As a result of these runs, risky areas were identified and necessary actions to minimise the effect of spill were discussed. Anadolu Kavagi, Buyukdere, Cengelkoy and Haydarpasa were identified as the high risk areas. In order to minimise the effect on these areas, having skimmers ready at Haydarpasa port and Buyukdere, and stocking barriers at other risky areas were found to be helpful for speedy action.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Finding Risky Areas for Oil Spillage after Tanker Accidents at Istanbul Strait","attachmentId":1017274,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/249329/Finding_Risky_Areas_for_Oil_Spillage_after_Tanker_Accidents_at_Istanbul_Strait","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/249329/Finding_Risky_Areas_for_Oil_Spillage_after_Tanker_Accidents_at_Istanbul_Strait"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="43586364" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43586364/Ship_Originated_Pollution_in_the_Istanbul_Strait_Bosphorus_and_Marmara_Sea">Ship-Originated Pollution in the Istanbul Strait (Bosphorus) and Marmara Sea</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="163368701" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Z%C4%B0NETSELM%C4%B0NBURAK">ZİNET SELMİN BURAK</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Coastal Research, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ship-Originated Pollution in the Istanbul Strait (Bosphorus) and Marmara Sea","attachmentId":63891564,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43586364/Ship_Originated_Pollution_in_the_Istanbul_Strait_Bosphorus_and_Marmara_Sea","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43586364/Ship_Originated_Pollution_in_the_Istanbul_Strait_Bosphorus_and_Marmara_Sea"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="101484523" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/101484523/Investigation_Into_Marine_Traffic_and_a_Risky_Area_in_the_Turkish_Straits_System_Canakkale_Strait">Investigation Into Marine Traffic and a Risky Area in the Turkish Straits System: Canakkale Strait</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="268930913" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ErsanBasar">Ersan Basar</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">TRANSPORT, 2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Turkish Straits comprising the Strait of Canakkale, the Strait of Istanbul and the Sea of Marmara are unique in many respects. All dangers and obstacles characteristic of narrow waterways are present and acute in this critical sea lane. This research reveals the simulation of Canakkale (Dardanelle) Strait under different traffic conditions and identifies risky areas. The results of this simulation show that an increase of 25% in the existing traffic grows 43 times in the number of waiting ships (from 1.663 to 73.73), whereas waiting time increases 29 times (from 24.267 to 737.07). As a result of simulations and risk analysis, it is found that Nara turning point is the bottleneck point of the strait due to its topographic structure and the current system.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Investigation Into Marine Traffic and a Risky Area in the Turkish Straits System: Canakkale Strait","attachmentId":102014621,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101484523/Investigation_Into_Marine_Traffic_and_a_Risky_Area_in_the_Turkish_Straits_System_Canakkale_Strait","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/101484523/Investigation_Into_Marine_Traffic_and_a_Risky_Area_in_the_Turkish_Straits_System_Canakkale_Strait"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="36174008" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36174008/INVESTIGATION_OF_THE_PETROLEUM_POLLUTION_CAUSED_BY_THE_SHIP_SOURCE_IN_ISTANBUL_STRAIT">INVESTIGATION OF THE PETROLEUM POLLUTION CAUSED BY THE SHIP SOURCE IN ISTANBUL STRAIT</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35763039" href="https://istanbultek.academia.edu/ErenSalihoglu">Eren Salihoglu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Istanbul Strait is one of the world's most dangerous natural waterways in terms of sea traffic. Istanbul straıt, which have great strategic importance, can cause environmental disasters because of the sea accidents that the may occur. Petroleum pollution that can arise from these vessels can negatively affect the structure of sea water and the marine life.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"INVESTIGATION OF THE PETROLEUM POLLUTION CAUSED BY THE SHIP SOURCE IN ISTANBUL STRAIT","attachmentId":56072411,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36174008/INVESTIGATION_OF_THE_PETROLEUM_POLLUTION_CAUSED_BY_THE_SHIP_SOURCE_IN_ISTANBUL_STRAIT","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36174008/INVESTIGATION_OF_THE_PETROLEUM_POLLUTION_CAUSED_BY_THE_SHIP_SOURCE_IN_ISTANBUL_STRAIT"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":104214453,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":104214453,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_104214453" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="91776188" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/91776188/Due_to_the_Heavy_Marine_Traffic_and_Associated_Risk_the_Oil_Spill_Scenarios_at_Kandilli_Which_is_the_Narrowest_Point_in_Istanbul_Strait">Due to the Heavy Marine Traffic and Associated Risk the Oil Spill Scenarios at Kandilli Which is the Narrowest Point in Istanbul Strait</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="70655417" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ErcanK%C3%B6se5">Ercan 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class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Maritime Safety and Security Law Journal, 2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Turkish Straits and Safety of Navigation: the Case of the Vitaspirit","attachmentId":60036846,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39847535/Turkish_Straits_and_Safety_of_Navigation_the_Case_of_the_Vitaspirit","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/39847535/Turkish_Straits_and_Safety_of_Navigation_the_Case_of_the_Vitaspirit"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span 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data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Turkish Maritime Transport Policy (1960-2008)","attachmentId":67906090,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/49585578/Turkish_Maritime_Transport_Policy_1960_2008_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/49585578/Turkish_Maritime_Transport_Policy_1960_2008_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="105184688" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title 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href="https://www.academia.edu/20614495/Restrictions_of_Passage_Accidents_and_Oil_Transportation_Norms_Impact_on_Supply_Security"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="109477087" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/109477087/From_oil_pipelines_to_oil_Straits_The_Caspian_pipeline_politics_and_environmental_protection_of_the_Istanbul_and_the_Canakkale_Straits">From oil pipelines to oil Straits: The Caspian pipeline politics and environmental protection of the Istanbul and the Canakkale Straits</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" 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