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Bosco Ntaganda</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Prosecutor_v._Bosco_Ntaganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Prosecutor_v._Callixte_Mbarushimana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Prosecutor_v._Callixte_Mbarushimana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span><i>The Prosecutor v. Callixte Mbarushimana</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Prosecutor_v._Callixte_Mbarushimana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Criminal_Court_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The seal of the International Criminal Court"><img alt="The seal of the International Criminal Court" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/International_Criminal_Court_logo.svg/200px-International_Criminal_Court_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/International_Criminal_Court_logo.svg/300px-International_Criminal_Court_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/International_Criminal_Court_logo.svg/400px-International_Criminal_Court_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="581" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The seal of the International Criminal Court</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">File no.</th><td class="infobox-data">01/04</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Referred by</th><td class="infobox-data">Democratic Republic of the Congo</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date referred</th><td class="infobox-data">19 April 2004</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date opened</th><td class="infobox-data">23 June 2004<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2004-06-23</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incident(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Bogoro_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogoro attack">Bogoro attack</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Crimes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Crime_against_humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a>:<br /><b>·</b> Inhumane acts<br /><b>·</b> Murder<br /><b>·</b> Persecution<br /><b>·</b> Rape<br /><b>·</b> Sexual slavery<br /><b>·</b> Torture<br /><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a>:<br /><b>·</b> Attacks against civilians<br /><b>·</b> Conscripting of children<br /><b>·</b> Destruction of property<br /><b>·</b> Enlisting of children<br /><b>·</b> Inhuman treatment<br /><b>·</b> Murder<br /><b>·</b> Pillaging<br /><b>·</b> Rape<br /><b>·</b> Sexual slavery<br /><b>·</b> Torture<br /><b>·</b> Using children in conflict</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">Status of suspects</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Germain_Katanga" title="Germain Katanga">Germain Katanga</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Served a 12 year sentence</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lubanga_Dyilo" title="Thomas Lubanga Dyilo">Thomas Lubanga Dyilo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Served a 14 year sentence</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Callixte_Mbarushimana" title="Callixte Mbarushimana">Callixte Mbarushimana</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Charges not confirmed</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sylvestre_Mudacumura" title="Sylvestre Mudacumura">Sylvestre Mudacumura</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Fugitive (Dead)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mathieu_Ngudjolo_Chui" title="Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui">Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Acquitted</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bosco_Ntaganda" title="Bosco Ntaganda">Bosco Ntaganda</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Serving a 30 year sentence</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conflicts_in_DR_Congo23190" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Conflicts_in_Congo" title="Template:Campaignbox Conflicts in Congo"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Conflicts_in_Congo" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Conflicts in Congo"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Conflicts_in_Congo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Conflicts in Congo"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conflicts_in_DR_Congo23190" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Conflicts in <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Background</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Congo_Basin" title="Colonization of the Congo Basin">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Atrocities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II" title="Belgian Congo in World War II">during WWII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Kivu_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="1944 Kivu uprising">1944 Kivu uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opoldville_riots" title="Léopoldville riots">Léopoldville riots</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Congo_Crisis" title="Template:Campaignbox Congo Crisis"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Congo_Crisis" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Congo Crisis"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Congo_Crisis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Congo Crisis"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Congo_Crisis2570" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Force_Publique_mutinies" title="1960 Force Publique mutinies">Force Publique mutinies</a></li> <li>Secession crisis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">Katanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Kasai" title="South Kasai">South Kasai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_South_Kasai" title="Invasion of South Kasai">Invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Free Republic of the Congo">Congo-Stanleyville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">UN intervention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rum_Punch" title="Operation Rum Punch"><i>Rum Punch</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niemba_ambush" title="Niemba ambush">Niemba ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kabalo" title="Battle of Kabalo">Battle of Kabalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jadotville" title="Siege of Jadotville">Jadotville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unokat" title="Operation Unokat"><i>UNOKAT</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Camp_Massart" title="Attack on Camp Massart">Camp Massart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Grandslam" title="Operation Grandslam"><i>Grandslam</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindu_atrocity" title="Kindu atrocity">Kindu atrocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Francqui_incident" title="Port Francqui incident">Port Francqui incident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyarwanda_War" title="Kanyarwanda War">Kanyarwanda War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwilu_rebellion" title="Kwilu rebellion">Kwilu rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragon_Rouge" title="Operation Dragon Rouge"><i>Dragon Rouge</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Dragon_Noir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Dragon Noir (page does not exist)"><i>Dragon Noir</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_White_Giant" title="Operation White Giant"><i>White Giant</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Violettes_Imperiales" title="Operation Violettes Imperiales"><i>Violettes Imperiales</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_South" title="Operation South"><i>South</i></a></li></ul></li> <p><b>Other major events</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Lumumba_Government" title="Dissolution of the Lumumba Government">Dissolution of the Lumumba Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Final_days_and_assassination" title="Patrice Lumumba">Torture and killing of Lumumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Dag Hammarskjöld">Death of Dag Hammarskjöld</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Shaba_Invasions544" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War#Shaba_Invasions" title="Angolan Civil War"><span class="wrap">Shaba Invasions</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaba_I" title="Shaba I">Shaba I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaba_II" title="Shaba II">Shaba II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolwezi" title="Battle of Kolwezi">Battle of Kolwezi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_pact_of_1979" title="Non-aggression pact of 1979">Non-aggression pact of 1979</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="First_Congo_War1612" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War"><span class="wrap">First Congo War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Background</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaba_Invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaba Invasions">Shaba Invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Uganda_(1986%E2%80%931994)" title="War in Uganda (1986–1994)">War in Uganda (1986–1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Zaire_unrest" title="1991 Zaire unrest">1991 Zaire unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_Civil_War" title="Burundian Civil War">Burundian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Habyarimana" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Habyarimana">Assassination of Habyarimana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_refugee_crisis" title="Great Lakes refugee crisis">Great Lakes refugee crisis</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>War</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFDL" title="AFDL">Formation of the AFDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War" title="Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War">Massacres of Hutus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Thunderbolt_(1997)" title="Operation Thunderbolt (1997)"><i>Thunderbolt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Lubumbashi" title="Capture of Lubumbashi">Lubumbashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kinsangani_(1997)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kinsangani (1997)">Kinsangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko#Overthrow" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Overthrow of Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila" title="Laurent-Désiré Kabila">Ascension of Laurent Kabila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Second_Congo_War4554" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War"><span class="wrap">Second Congo War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kitona" title="Operation Kitona">Operation Kitona</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusaka_Ceasefire_Agreement" title="Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement">Lusaka Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbadolite_Agreement" title="Gbadolite Agreement">Gbadolite Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_City_Agreement" title="Sun City Agreement">Sun City Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War_(2000)" title="Six-Day War (2000)">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Laurent-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila" title="Assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila">Assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisangani_massacre" title="Kisangani massacre">Kisangani massacre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Effacer_le_tableau" title="Effacer le tableau">Effacer le tableau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogoro_massacre" title="Bogoro massacre">Bogoro massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Accord" title="Pretoria Accord">Pretoria Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">MONUSCO</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ICC investigation</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Ituri_Conflict" title="Template:Campaignbox Ituri Conflict"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Ituri_Conflict" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Ituri Conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Ituri_Conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Ituri Conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ituri_conflict1215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogoro_massacre" title="Bogoro massacre">Bogoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Artemis" title="Operation Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_North_Night_Final" title="Operation North Night Final">North Night Final</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabho_attack" title="Marabho attack">Marabho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndjala_massacre" title="Ndjala massacre">Ndjala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2020_Ituri_offensive" title="October 2020 Ituri offensive">October 2020 offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boga_and_Tchabi_massacres" title="Boga and Tchabi massacres">Boga and Tchabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaine_Savo_massacre" title="Plaine Savo massacre">Plaine Savo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyamamba_and_Mbogi_mass_graves" title="Nyamamba and Mbogi mass graves">Nyamamba and Mbogi</a></li> <dl><dt>Response</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1484" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1484">UN 1484</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Kivu_Conflict" title="Template:Campaignbox Kivu Conflict"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Kivu_Conflict" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Kivu Conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Kivu_Conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Kivu Conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kivu_conflict3408" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="font-size:98%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lemera_massacre" title="Lemera massacre">Lemera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasika_massacre" title="Kasika massacre">Kasika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makobola_massacre" title="Makobola massacre">Makobola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makombo_massacre" title="Makombo massacre">Makombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Nord-Kivu_campaign" title="2008 Nord-Kivu campaign">2008 Nord-Kivu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Eastern_Congo_offensive" title="2009 Eastern Congo offensive">2009 Eastern Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="M23 rebellion (2012–2013)">M23 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_North_Kivu_offensive" title="2014 North Kivu offensive">2014 North Kivu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_CNPSC_offensive" title="2017 CNPSC offensive">2017 CNPSC offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Uvira_clashes" title="2017 Uvira clashes">Uvira</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2020_Oicha_massacres" title="January 2020 Oicha massacres">Oicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2020_Virunga_National_Park_massacre" title="April 2020 Virunga National Park massacre">Virunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipupu_massacre" title="Kipupu massacre">Kipupu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kangbayi_prison_break" title="2020 Kangbayi prison break">Kangbayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisasa_massacre" title="Lisasa massacre">Lisasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingwe_massacre" title="Tingwe massacre">Tingwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932024_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_attacks" title="2021–2024 Democratic Republic of the Congo attacks">2021–2024 attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mwenda_massacre" title="Mwenda massacre">Mwenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Bulongo_massacre" title="2021 Bulongo massacre">Bulongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimoya_highway_massacre" title="Maimoya highway massacre">Maimoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasanzi_attack" title="Kasanzi attack">Kasanzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makutano_massacre" title="Makutano massacre">Makutano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagogo_ambush" title="Kagogo ambush">Kagogo ambush</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="M23 offensive (2022–present)">M23 offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-MONUSCO_protests" title="Anti-MONUSCO protests">Anti-MONUSCO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishishe_massacre" title="Kishishe massacre">Kishishe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Kitshanga" title="First Battle of Kitshanga">1st Kitshanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kitshanga" title="Second Battle of Kitshanga">2nd Kitshanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Goma_offensive" title="2025 Goma offensive">Goma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Bukavu_offensive" title="2025 Bukavu offensive">Bukavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Uvira_offensive" title="2025 Uvira offensive">2nd Uvira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Butembo_offensive" title="2025 Butembo offensive">Butembo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masambo_attack" title="Masambo attack">Masambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomabere_attack" title="Otomabere attack">Otomabere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2022_North_Kivu_attacks" title="August 2022 North Kivu attacks">2022 North Kivu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasindi_church_bombing" title="Kasindi church bombing">Kasindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makugwe_massacre" title="Makugwe massacre">Makugwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukondi_massacre" title="Mukondi massacre">Mukondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirindera_massacre" title="Kirindera massacre">Kirindera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasanga_massacre" title="Kasanga massacre">Kasanga</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Other1236" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Other</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katanga_insurgency" title="Katanga insurgency">Katanga insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shujaa" title="Operation Shujaa">Operation Shujaa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongo_conflict" title="Dongo conflict">Dongo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup d'état attempt">2011 coup d'etat attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batwa%E2%80%93Luba_clashes" title="Batwa–Luba clashes">Batwa–Luba clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2013_Kinshasa_attacks" title="December 2013 Kinshasa attacks">2013 Kinshasa attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamwina_Nsapu_rebellion" title="Kamwina Nsapu rebellion">Kamwina Nsapu rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_DR_Congo_clashes" title="Western DR Congo clashes">Western DR Congo clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Child soldiers in the Congo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</b> or the <b>situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</b> is an ongoing investigation by the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> (ICC) into crimes committed in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (DRC) during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a> and its aftermath, including the <a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflicts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Investigation_opened_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Investigation_opened-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war started in 1998 and despite a peace agreement between combatants in 2003, conflict continued in the eastern parts of the country for several years.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2004 the government of the DRC formally referred the situation in the Congo to the International Criminal Court, and in June 2004, prosecutor <a href="/wiki/Luis_Moreno_Ocampo" title="Luis Moreno Ocampo">Luis Moreno Ocampo</a>, formally opened an investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-Situation_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Situation-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To date, arrest warrants have been issued for: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lubanga_Dyilo" title="Thomas Lubanga Dyilo">Thomas Lubanga Dyilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germain_Katanga" title="Germain Katanga">Germain Katanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathieu_Ngudjolo_Chui" title="Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui">Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosco_Ntaganda" title="Bosco Ntaganda">Bosco Ntaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callixte_Mbarushimana" title="Callixte Mbarushimana">Callixte Mbarushimana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvestre_Mudacumura" title="Sylvestre Mudacumura">Sylvestre Mudacumura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Situation_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Situation-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Lubanga was imprisoned. Katanga was convicted, Chui was acquitted, and the pre-trial chamber declined to confirm the charges against Mbarushimana, currently a fugitive. Ntaganda turned himself in to the US Embassy in <a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a> on 18 March 2013, requesting to be extradited to the ICC.<sup id="cite_ref-Situation_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Situation-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sylvestre Mudacumura was considered a suspect at large<sup id="cite_ref-Mudacumura_Case_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mudacumura_Case-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until his death in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-HRW_Mudacumura_death_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW_Mudacumura_death-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a> (DRC) was a colony of <a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgium</a> between 1885 and 1960. <b>Initially, it was the personal property of King Leopold II, known as the Congo Free State, before becoming a Belgian colony in 1908. The country gained independence on June 30, 1960. Shortly after independence, political instability ensued, leading to a military coup d'état in 1965.</b> <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Shortly after <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">independence</a> from Belgium, <a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu Sese Seko</a> seized power in a military <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> and installed himself as <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of heads of state of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">president</a>. Under Mobutu's authoritarian rule, the country was known as <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a>. <b>While the people of Zaire suffered from poverty and human rights abuses over the course of his 32 year regime, Mobutu embezzled an estimated $4–15 billion during his time in office.</b><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>And b</b>y 1996, conflict from the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> spilled over into Zaire and <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a> militias, including the <a href="/wiki/Interahamwe" title="Interahamwe">Interahamwe</a>, were using refugee camps in the <a href="/wiki/Kivu" title="Kivu">Kivu</a> region to attack <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>. Rwandan and <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Ugandan</a> armed forces invaded Zaire to fight Hutu militias, and ultimately overthrew Mobutu, in what was to become the <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rwandan and Ugandan forces were joined by Congolese politicians and militia leaders opposed to Mobutu's rule and these groups joined forces to become the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo">Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo</a> (AFDL), led by <a href="/wiki/Laurent-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila" title="Laurent-Désiré Kabila">Laurent-Désiré Kabila</a>. In 1997, Mobutu fled Zaire and Kabila named himself president and changed the name of the country back to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. </p><p>Following his victory, tensions soon rose between Kabila and the various factions of the AFDL who came to oppose his rule. Rwandan forces retreated to <a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a> on the Rwandan border and formed the <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_Congolese_Democracy" title="Rally for Congolese Democracy">Rally for Congolese Democracy</a> (RDC) and in response Ugandan forces instigated the formation of <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_the_Congo" title="Movement for the Liberation of the Congo">Movement for the Liberation of the Congo</a> (MLC) under the command of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Bemba" title="Jean-Pierre Bemba">Jean-Pierre Bemba</a>. These two groups started the <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a> by attacking the army of Kabila's government. Kabila was assassinated by his bodyguard in 2001 and succeeded as president by his son, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kabila" title="Joseph Kabila">Joseph</a>, who eventually negotiated peace talks to end the war. Although one of the tenets of the peace accords was that rebel forces would join the Congolese army, violence has continued to the present day, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri</a> regions. <b>Former rebels have continuously broken away, forming new rebel groups such as M23, who are fighting for control of Eastern Congo. The region is known for possessing mineral resources used for technology. Peace talks with M23 have been ruled out, as President Felix Tshisekedi claims that they are illegally exploiting the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s natural resources.</b> <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referral">Referral</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Referral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 2003, ICC Prosecutor <a href="/wiki/Luis_Moreno_Ocampo" title="Luis Moreno Ocampo">Luis Moreno Ocampo</a> announced that he had received communications from individuals and non-governmental organisations regarding the situation in the Congo and that his office would closely follow developments there. In September of that year, Moreno Ocampo informed the Assembly of States Parties (the governing body of the ICC) that he was prepared to apply for authorisation to begin a formal investigation but that he believed a referral from the Congolese government would expedite the investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2004 Joseph Kabila formally referred the situation in the DRC to the ICC prosecutor and Moreno Ocampo formally opened the investigation that June. The DRC investigation was the first formal investigation conducted by the International Criminal Court.<sup id="cite_ref-Investigation_opened_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Investigation_opened-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Charges">Charges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Charges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/300px-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/400px-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>The Democratic Republic of the Congo</figcaption></figure> <p>The ICC has jurisdiction to prosecute individuals who are accused of committing crimes defined under the <a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute" title="Rome Statute">Rome Statute</a> (the treaty that established the Court) as either <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crime_against_humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>. The prosecutor charged six people with crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Bosco Ntaganda, Callixte Mbarushimana, and Sylvestre Mudacumura. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thomas_Lubanga_Dyilo">Thomas Lubanga Dyilo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Thomas Lubanga Dyilo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lubanga_Dyilo" title="Thomas Lubanga Dyilo">Thomas Lubanga Dyilo</a> was the alleged founder and leader of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Congolese_Patriots" title="Union of Congolese Patriots">Union of Congolese Patriots</a> (UPC) and its military wing, the Patriotic Forces for the Liberation of the Congo (FPLC). He was charged on 10 February 2006 with three counts related to the <a href="/wiki/Military_use_of_children" class="mw-redirect" title="Military use of children">military use of children</a> from July 2002 to December 2003 in the <a href="/wiki/Ituri_Province" title="Ituri Province">Ituri</a> region of the DRC.<sup id="cite_ref-Lubanga_Dyilo_arrest_warrant_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lubanga_Dyilo_arrest_warrant-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Counts one and two are alleged to have taken place at training camps in Bule, Centrale, Mandro, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rwampara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rwampara (page does not exist)">Rwampara</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwampara_County" class="extiw" title="ceb:Rwampara County">ceb</a>]</span>, Bogoro, Sota, and <a href="/wiki/Irumu" class="mw-redirect" title="Irumu">Irumu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irumu" class="extiw" title="fr:Irumu">fr</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lubanga_Dyilo_arrest_warrant_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lubanga_Dyilo_arrest_warrant-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the arrest warrant for Lubanga Dyilo, count three took place during "hostilities in Libi and Mbau in October 2002, in Largu at the beginning of 2003, in Lipri and Bogoro in February and March 2003, in <a href="/wiki/Bunia" title="Bunia">Bunia</a> in May 2003 and in <a href="/wiki/Djugu" title="Djugu">Djugu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongbwalu" title="Mongbwalu">Mongbwalu</a> in June 2003."<sup id="cite_ref-Lubanga_Dyilo_arrest_warrant_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lubanga_Dyilo_arrest_warrant-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The counts are as follows: </p> <ol><li><b>Enlisting children</b>, a war crime in violation of article 8(2)(b)(xxvi) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Conscription of children</b>, a war crime in violation of article 8(2)(b)(xxvi) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Using children to participate in hostilities</b>, a war crime in violation of article 8(2)(b)(xxvi) of the Rome Statute.</li></ol> <p>In 2012, he was convicted and sentenced to 14 years in prison and was released on 15 March 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germain_Katanga_and_Mathieu_Ngudjolo_Chui">Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bogoro_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogoro attack">Bogoro attack</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Germain_Katanga" title="Germain Katanga">Germain Katanga</a>, also known simply as "Simba" (the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> word for "lion"), was allegedly the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Front_for_Patriotic_Resistance_in_Ituri" class="mw-redirect" title="Front for Patriotic Resistance in Ituri">Front for Patriotic Resistance in Ituri</a> (FRPI). <a href="/wiki/Mathieu_Ngudjolo_Chui" title="Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui">Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui</a> was allegedly the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_and_Integrationist_Front" title="Nationalist and Integrationist Front">Nationalist and Integrationist Front</a> (FNI). Katanga and Chui were charged with nine counts of crimes against humanity and war crimes allegedly committed between January and March 2003 in the Ituri region of the DRC against members of the <a href="/wiki/Hema_people" title="Hema people">Hema people</a>. Katanga and Chui were indicted in July 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-Katanga_arrest_warrant_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katanga_arrest_warrant-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ngudjolo_Chui_arrest_warrant_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ngudjolo_Chui_arrest_warrant-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, Katanga and Chui are also accused of launching a coordinated attack against the civilian population of the village of <a href="/wiki/Bogoro_massacre" title="Bogoro massacre">Bogoro</a> on 24 February 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-Katanga_arrest_warrant_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katanga_arrest_warrant-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ngudjolo_Chui_arrest_warrant_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ngudjolo_Chui_arrest_warrant-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the warrants issued for Katanga and Chui, the attack included "the murder of about 200 civilians", the "imprisoning [of] civilians in a room filled with corpses", and "the sexual enslavement of several women and girls".<sup id="cite_ref-Katanga_arrest_warrant_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katanga_arrest_warrant-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ngudjolo_Chui_arrest_warrant_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ngudjolo_Chui_arrest_warrant-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The counts are as follows: </p> <ol><li><b>Murder</b>, a crime against humanity in violation of article 7(1)(a) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Wilful killings</b>, a war crime in violation of article 8(2)(a)(i) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Inhumane acts</b>, a crime against humanity in violation of article 7(1)(k) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Inhumane or cruel treatment</b>, a war crime in violation of article 8(2)(a)(ii) or (c)(i) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Using children to participate in hostilities</b>, a war crime in violation of article 8(2)(b)(xxvi) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Sexual slavery</b>, a crime against humanity in violation of article 7(1)(g) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Sexual slavery</b>, a war crime in violation of article 8(2)(b)(xxii) or (e)(vi) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Attack against a civilian population</b>, a war crime in violation of article 8(2)(b)(i) or (e)(i) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Pillaging</b>, a war crime in violation of article 8(2)(b)(xvi) or (e)(v) of the Rome Statute.</li></ol> <p>On 7 March 2014, Katanga was convicted for accessory to one count of crime against humanity and four counts of war crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-Katanga_Case_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katanga_Case-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was sentenced to 12 years' imprisonment on 23 May 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-Katanga_Case_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katanga_Case-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui was acquitted, on 18 December 2012, of the charges of crimes against humanity and war crimes, and was ordered for immediate release.<sup id="cite_ref-Ngudjolo_Chui_Case_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ngudjolo_Chui_Case-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This verdict was upheld by the Appeals Chamber on 27 February 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-Ngudjolo_Chui_Case_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ngudjolo_Chui_Case-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bosco_Ntaganda">Bosco Ntaganda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bosco Ntaganda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bosco_Ntaganda" title="Bosco Ntaganda">Bosco Ntaganda</a> is allegedly the former Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Patriotic Forces for the Liberation of the Congo (FPLC), the military wing of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Congolese_Patriots" title="Union of Congolese Patriots">Union of Congolese Patriots</a> (UPC). On 22 August 2006 he was charged with three counts of war crimes:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b>Enlisting children</b>, a war crime in violation of article 8(2)(b)(xxvi) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Conscription of children</b>, a war crime in violation of article 8(2)(b)(xxvi) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Using children to participate in hostilities</b>, a war crime in violation of article 8(2)(b)(xxvi) of the Rome Statute.</li></ol> <p>On 14 July 2012, he was also charged with three crimes against humanity and four counts of war crimes:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b>Murder</b>, a crime against humanity in violation of article 7(1)(a) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Rape and sexual slavery</b>, crimes against humanity in violation of article 7(1)(g) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Persecution</b>, a crime against humanity in violation of article 7(1)(h) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Murder</b>, a war crime in violation of article 8(2)(c)(i) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Attack against the civilian population</b>, a war crime in violation of article 8(2)(e)(i) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Rape and sexual slavery</b>, war crimes in violation of article 8(2)(e)(vi) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Pillaging</b>, a war crime in violation of article 8(2)(e)(v) of the Rome Statute.</li></ol> <p>On 8 July 2019, ICC Trial Chamber VI found Bosco Ntaganda guilty of 18 counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity, committed in Ituri, Congo, in 2002–2003.<sup id="cite_ref-Ntaganda_Case_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ntaganda_Case-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was sentenced to 30 years of imprisonment on 7 November 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-Ntaganda_Case_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ntaganda_Case-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 March 2021 the ICC ruled that Ntaganda's victims should be compensated with US$30 million, the highest amount ever rewarded. Since Ntaganda does not have the money to pay, the Court will use its own funds to compensate victims.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Callixte_Mbarushimana">Callixte Mbarushimana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Callixte Mbarushimana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Callixte_Mbarushimana" title="Callixte Mbarushimana">Callixte Mbarushimana</a> was allegedly executive secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</a> (FDLR). He was charged with 11 criminal counts:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b>Attack against a civilian population</b>, a war crime in violation of article 8(2)(b)(i) or (e)(i) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Destruction of property</b>, a war crime in violation of article 8(2)(a)(iv) or (e)(xii) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Murder</b>, a war crime in violation of article 8(2)(a)(i) or (c)(i) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Murder</b>, a crime against humanity in violation of article 7(1)(a) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Torture</b>, a war crime in violation of article 8(2)(a)(ii) or (c)(i) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Torture</b>, a crime against humanity in violation of article 7(1)(f) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Rape</b>, a war crime in violation of article 8(2)(b)(xxii) or (e)(vi) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Rape</b>, a crime against humanity in violation of article 7(1)(g) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Inhumane acts</b>, a crime against humanity in violation of article 7(1)(k) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Inhuman treatment</b>, a war crime in violation of article 8(2)(a)(ii) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Persecution</b>, a crime against humanity in violation of article 7(1)(h) of the Rome Statute.</li></ol> <p>On 16 December 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber I declined to confirm the charges against him. On 23 December 2011, he was released from custody. On 30 May 2012, the decision was confirmed in appeals.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sylvestre_Mudacumura">Sylvestre Mudacumura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sylvestre Mudacumura"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sylvestre_Mudacumura" title="Sylvestre Mudacumura">Sylvestre Mudacumura</a> was charged with nine counts of war crimes on 12 July 2012:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b>Murder</b>, a war crime in violation of article 8(2)(c)(i) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Mutilation</b>, a war crime in violation of article 8(2)(c)(i) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Cruel treatment</b>, a war crime in violation of article 8(2)(c)(i) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Torture</b>, a war crime in violation of article 8(2)(c)(i) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Outrage upon personal dignity</b>, a war crime in violation of article 8(2)(c)(ii) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Attack against the civilian population</b>, a war crime in violation of article 8(2)(e)(i) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Pillaging</b>, a war crime in violation of article 8(2)(e)(v) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Rape</b>, a war crime in violation of article 8(2)(e)(vi) of the Rome Statute;</li> <li><b>Destruction of property</b>, a war crime in violation of article 8(2)(e)(xii) of the Rome Statute.</li></ol> <p>Mudacumura is not within ICC custody, and the case against him remains at pre-trial.<sup id="cite_ref-Mudacumura_Case_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mudacumura_Case-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Court_proceedings">Court proceedings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Court proceedings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Building_of_the_International_Criminal_Court_in_The_Hague.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Building_of_the_International_Criminal_Court_in_The_Hague.jpg/200px-Building_of_the_International_Criminal_Court_in_The_Hague.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Building_of_the_International_Criminal_Court_in_The_Hague.jpg/300px-Building_of_the_International_Criminal_Court_in_The_Hague.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Building_of_the_International_Criminal_Court_in_The_Hague.jpg/400px-Building_of_the_International_Criminal_Court_in_The_Hague.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2616" data-file-height="3488" /></a><figcaption>The ICC's temporary headquarters in The Hague</figcaption></figure> <p>The prosecution of the five suspects was separated into four cases. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui were tried together and the other three suspects we're tried individually.<sup id="cite_ref-Lubanga_Dyilo_deliberation_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lubanga_Dyilo_deliberation-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trial of Bosco Ntaganda started in September 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-Congolese_Terminator_pleit_onschuldig_voor_Internationaal_Strafhof_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congolese_Terminator_pleit_onschuldig_voor_Internationaal_Strafhof-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this moment, Sylvestre Mudacumura was still not arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-Three_years_after_ICC_warrant_issued_FDLR_leader_still_at_large_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Three_years_after_ICC_warrant_issued_FDLR_leader_still_at_large-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Prosecutor_v._Thomas_Lubanga_Dyilo"><i>The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Prosecutor applied for a warrant for Lubanga Dyilo's arrest on 12 January 2006 and the warrant was issued under seal on 10 February 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Lubanga_Dyilo_case_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lubanga_Dyilo_case-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lubanga Dyilo was already in a <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a> prison when the warrant was issued in connection with the killing of nine <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladeshi</a> peacekeepers from the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Organization_Stabilization_Mission_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congolese authorities surrendered Lubanga Dyilo to the ICC on 17 March 2006, he was transferred to the ICC detention centre in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, and he made his initial appearance before the Court on 20 March 2006. His confirmation of charges hearing took place from 9 to 28 November 2006 and Pre-Trial Chamber I confirmed the charges on 29 January 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-Lubanga_Dyilo_case_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lubanga_Dyilo_case-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the trial against Lubanga Dyilo started, the Pre-Trial Chamber halted proceedings and ordered Dyilo released on grounds that the prosecutor had failed to disclose evidence to the defence. In a subsequent ruling the chamber reversed its previous decision and allowed the trial to begin.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the senior trial lawyer, prosecutor Ekkehard Withopf, was removed from the case only a month before the trial started.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lubanga Dyilo's trial began on 26 January 2009 but on 8 July 2010 the Trial Chamber once again stayed the proceedings because of the conduct of the prosecutor and ordered him released.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a successful appeal by the prosecutor the order to release Lubanga Dyilo was reversed and the trial resumed.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Closing arguments concluded on 26 August 2011. In 2012, Lubanga was found guilty and sentenced to 14 years imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-Lubanga_Dyilo_deliberation_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lubanga_Dyilo_deliberation-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Prosecutor_v._Germain_Katanga_and_Mathieu_Ngudjolo_Chui"><i>The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The prosecutor applied for warrants for the arrest of Katanga and Chui on 25 June 2007 and they were issued by Pre-Trial Chamber I on 2 July and 6 July, both under seal.<sup id="cite_ref-Katanga/Ngudjolo_Chui_case_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katanga/Ngudjolo_Chui_case-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Katanga was arrested in the DRC and was surrendered to the Court on 17 October 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-Katanga/Ngudjolo_Chui_case_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katanga/Ngudjolo_Chui_case-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chui was arrested on 6 February 2008 and surrendered to the court the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-Katanga/Ngudjolo_Chui_case_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katanga/Ngudjolo_Chui_case-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Katanga had his initial hearing at the court on 22 October 2007 while Chui first appeared on 11 February 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-Katanga/Ngudjolo_Chui_case_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katanga/Ngudjolo_Chui_case-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The confirmation of charges hearing took place between 27 June and 18 July 2008 and the charges were confirmed by Pre-Trial Chamber I on 26 September 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-Katanga/Ngudjolo_Chui_case_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katanga/Ngudjolo_Chui_case-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trial of Katanga and Chui began on 24 November 2009 and concluded on 23 May 2012. Chui was acquitted, and Katanga was convicted of murder and pillage over a deadly <a href="/wiki/Bogoro_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogoro attack">attack on Bogoro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Prosecutor_v._Bosco_Ntaganda"><i>The Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Prosecutor applied for a warrant for Ntaganda's arrest on 12 January 2006. The warrant was issued on 22 August 2006 under seal and subsequently unsealed on 28 April 2008. Ntaganga is currently at large as a fugitive.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since being indicted, Ntaganda had become a general in the Congolese armed forces and (despite the fact that there was an international warrant for his arrest) still lived openly in the Kivu region of the eastern DRC<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until he turned himself into the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Embassy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Embassy">U.S. Embassy</a> in Rwanda on 18 March 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Prosecutor_v._Callixte_Mbarushimana"><i>The Prosecutor v. Callixte Mbarushimana</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Prosecutor v. Callixte Mbarushimana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Prosecutor applied for a warrant for Callixte Mbarushimana's arrest on 20 August 2010 and it was issued under seal on 28 September 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Callixte_case_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callixte_case-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mbarushiman was arrested by <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> authorities in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> on 11 October 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Callixte_case_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callixte_case-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was then transferred to the Court's detention centre in The Hague. His confirmation of charges hearing took place between 16 and 21 September 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on 16 December 2011 the judges of Pre-Trial Chamber I by a 2–1 majority declined to confirm the charges and ordered Mbarushimana's release from custody.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judge Sanji Mmasenono Monageng, the presiding judge, dissented. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Uganda" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Uganda">International Criminal Court investigation in Uganda</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gaskins, Richard (2022). <i>The Congo Trials in the International Criminal Court</i> (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Investigation_opened-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Investigation_opened_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Investigation_opened_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722015841/http://www.icc-cpi.int/menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/2004/the%20office%20of%20the%20prosecutor%20of%20the%20international%20criminal%20court%20opens%20its%20first%20investigation?lan=en-GB">"The Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court opens its first investigation"</a>. International Criminal Court. 2004-06-23. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icc-cpi.int/menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/2004/the%20office%20of%20the%20prosecutor%20of%20the%20international%20criminal%20court%20opens%20its%20first%20investigation?lan=en-GB">the original</a> on 2011-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Office+of+the+Prosecutor+of+the+International+Criminal+Court+opens+its+first+investigation&rft.pub=International+Criminal+Court&rft.date=2004-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icc-cpi.int%2Fmenus%2Ficc%2Fpress%2520and%2520media%2Fpress%2520releases%2F2004%2Fthe%2520office%2520of%2520the%2520prosecutor%2520of%2520the%2520international%2520criminal%2520court%2520opens%2520its%2520first%2520investigation%3Flan%3Den-GB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Criminal+Court+investigation+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1072684.stm">"Timeline: Democratic Republic of Congo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 2011-05-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Timeline%3A+Democratic+Republic+of+Congo&rft.date=2011-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F1072684.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Criminal+Court+investigation+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Situation-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Situation_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Situation_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Situation_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110825235827/http://www.icc-cpi.int/Menus/ICC/Situations+and+Cases/Situations/Situation+ICC+0104">"ICC: Democratic Republic of the Congo"</a>. International Criminal Court. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icc-cpi.int/Menus/ICC/Situations+and+Cases/Situations/Situation+ICC+0104/">the original</a> on 2011-08-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICC%3A+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo&rft.pub=International+Criminal+Court&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icc-cpi.int%2FMenus%2FICC%2FSituations%2Band%2BCases%2FSituations%2FSituation%2BICC%2B0104%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Criminal+Court+investigation+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130319175630/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/rwandan-government-claims-icc-wanted-warlord-bosco-ntaganda-is-at-us-embassy/2013/03/18/56836110-8feb-11e2-9173-7f87cda73b49_story.html">"US State Department: Congo warlord Bosco Ntaganda turned himself in to US Embassy in Rwanda - the Washington Post"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/rwandan-government-claims-icc-wanted-warlord-bosco-ntaganda-is-at-us-embassy/2013/03/18/56836110-8feb-11e2-9173-7f87cda73b49_story.html">the original</a> on 2013-03-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=US+State+Department%3A+Congo+warlord+Bosco+Ntaganda+turned+himself+in+to+US+Embassy+in+Rwanda+-+the+Washington+Post&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Frwandan-government-claims-icc-wanted-warlord-bosco-ntaganda-is-at-us-embassy%2F2013%2F03%2F18%2F56836110-8feb-11e2-9173-7f87cda73b49_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Criminal+Court+investigation+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mudacumura_Case-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mudacumura_Case_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mudacumura_Case_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/drc/mudacumura">"Mudacumura Case"</a>. <i>ICC Official Website</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICC-01%2F04-02%2F06%3A+Case+The+Prosecutor+v.+Bosco+Ntaganda&rft.pub=International+Criminal+Court&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icc-cpi.int%2Fmenus%2Ficc%2Fsituations%2520and%2520cases%2Fsituations%2Fsituation%2520icc%25200104%2Frelated%2520cases%2Ficc%25200104%25200206%2Ficc%25200104%25200206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Criminal+Court+investigation+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/18119207">"Still smuggling: A warlord goes about his business"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 2011-02-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Still+smuggling%3A+A+warlord+goes+about+his+business&rft.date=2011-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F18119207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Criminal+Court+investigation+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/03/18/rwanda-warlord-in-custody/1997059/">"Rwanda says warlord turned himself in"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. 2013-03-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Rwanda+says+warlord+turned+himself+in&rft.date=2013-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2013%2F03%2F18%2Frwanda-warlord-in-custody%2F1997059%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Criminal+Court+investigation+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Callixte_case-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Callixte_case_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Callixte_case_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111108002921/http://www.icc-cpi.int/menus/icc/situations%20and%20cases/situations/situation%20icc%200104/related%20cases/icc01040110/icc01040110">"ICC-01/04-01/10: Case <i>The Prosecutor v. Callixte Mbarushimana</i>"</a>. International Criminal Court. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icc-cpi.int/menus/icc/situations%20and%20cases/situations/situation%20icc%200104/related%20cases/icc01040110/icc01040110">the original</a> on 2011-11-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICC-01%2F04-01%2F10%3A+Case+The+Prosecutor+v.+Callixte+Mbarushimana&rft.pub=International+Criminal+Court&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icc-cpi.int%2Fmenus%2Ficc%2Fsituations%2520and%2520cases%2Fsituations%2Fsituation%2520icc%25200104%2Frelated%2520cases%2Ficc01040110%2Ficc01040110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Criminal+Court+investigation+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBouwknegt2011" class="citation news cs1">Bouwknegt, Thijs (2011-09-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121017231346/http://www.rnw.nl/international-justice/article/icc-deliberates-trial-against-rwandan-rebel-leader">"ICC deliberates on trial against Rwandan rebel leader"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Netherlands_Worldwide" title="Radio Netherlands Worldwide">Radio Netherlands Worldwide</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnw.nl/international-justice/article/icc-deliberates-trial-against-rwandan-rebel-leader">the original</a> on 2012-10-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ICC+deliberates+on+trial+against+Rwandan+rebel+leader&rft.date=2011-09-22&rft.aulast=Bouwknegt&rft.aufirst=Thijs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnw.nl%2Finternational-justice%2Farticle%2Ficc-deliberates-trial-against-rwandan-rebel-leader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Criminal+Court+investigation+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120213071606/http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1286409.pdf"><i>Decision on the confirmation of charges for Callixte Mbarushimana</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, International Criminal Court, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1286409.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-02-13<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-18</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decision+on+the+confirmation+of+charges+for+Callixte+Mbarushimana&rft.pub=International+Criminal+Court&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icc-cpi.int%2Ficcdocs%2Fdoc%2Fdoc1286409.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Criminal+Court+investigation+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icc-cpi.int/menus/icc/situations%20and%20cases/situations/situation%20icc%200104/">Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722015615/http://www.icc-cpi.int/menus/icc/situations%20and%20cases/situations/situation%20icc%200104/">Archived</a> 2011-07-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – International Criminal Court</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Criminal_Court_(ICC)115" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_Criminal_Court" title="Template:International Criminal Court"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_Criminal_Court" title="Template talk:International Criminal Court"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_Criminal_Court" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International Criminal Court"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Criminal_Court_(ICC)115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court (ICC)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute" title="Rome Statute">Rome Statute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Rome_Statute" title="Amendments to the Rome Statute">amendments</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Privileges_and_Immunities_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" title="Agreement on the Privileges and Immunities of the International Criminal Court">Agreement on Privileges and Immunities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreements_on_the_Enforcement_of_Sentences_with_the_International_Criminal_Court" title="Agreements on the Enforcement of Sentences with the International Criminal Court">Agreements on the Enforcement of Sentences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">Charter of the United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UN resolutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General Assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_3314" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3314">3314</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Security Council</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1422" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1422">1422</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1487" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1487">1487</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1593" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1593">1593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1970" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970">1970</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Service-Members%27_Protection_Act" title="American Service-Members' Protection Act">American Service-Members' Protection Act</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_Against_Humanity_and_War_Crimes_Act" title="Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Act">Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Act</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_Act_2001" title="International Criminal Court Act 2001">International Criminal Court Act 2001</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Twenty-third Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">Twenty-third Amendment of the Constitution</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkerstrafgesetzbuch" title="Völkerstrafgesetzbuch">Völkerstrafgesetzbuch</a></i> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Criminal_Court_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The seal of the International Criminal Court"><img alt="The seal of the International Criminal Court" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/International_Criminal_Court_logo.svg/100px-International_Criminal_Court_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/International_Criminal_Court_logo.svg/150px-International_Criminal_Court_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/International_Criminal_Court_logo.svg/200px-International_Criminal_Court_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="581" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crimes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Crimes of genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_aggression" title="War of aggression">Crimes of aggression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_parties_to_the_Rome_Statute" title="States parties to the Rome Statute">List of states parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_and_vice-presidents_of_the_Assembly_of_States_Parties_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" title="List of presidents and vice-presidents of the Assembly of States Parties of the International Criminal Court">Presidents and vice-presidents of the Assembly of States Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_Conference_of_the_Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Review Conference of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court">Review Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Court</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" title="Presidency of the International Criminal Court">Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judges_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" title="Judges of the International Criminal Court">Judges</a> (elections: <a href="/wiki/2003_International_Criminal_Court_judges_election" title="2003 International Criminal Court judges election">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_International_Criminal_Court_judges_election" title="2006 International Criminal Court judges election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_International_Criminal_Court_judges_election" title="2007 International Criminal Court judges election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2009_International_Criminal_Court_judges_election" title="January 2009 International Criminal Court judges election">Jan. 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2009_International_Criminal_Court_judges_election" title="November 2009 International Criminal Court judges election">Nov. 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_International_Criminal_Court_judges_election" title="2011 International Criminal Court judges election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_International_Criminal_Court_judges_election" title="2013 International Criminal Court judges election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_International_Criminal_Court_judges_election" title="2014 International Criminal Court judges election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_International_Criminal_Court_judges_election" title="2015 International Criminal Court judges election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_International_Criminal_Court_judges_election" title="2017 International Criminal Court judges election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_International_Criminal_Court_judges_election" title="2020 International Criminal Court judges election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_International_Criminal_Court_judges_election" title="2023 International Criminal Court judges election">2023</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutor_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" title="Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court">Prosecutor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Investigations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigations" title="International Criminal Court investigations">Official</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Afghanistan" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Bangladesh/Myanmar" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Bangladesh/Myanmar">Bangladesh/Myanmar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Darfur" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur">Darfur, Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Georgia" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Kenya" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Libya" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Mali" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Palestine" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Philippines" title="International Criminal Court investigation in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Uganda" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Ukraine" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Venezuela" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th 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