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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Colonial period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Current status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanzania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanzania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Tanzania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanzania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kenya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kenya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Kenya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kenya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Congo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burundi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burundi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Burundi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burundi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Uganda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somalia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Somalia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somalia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_and_political_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_and_political_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religious and political identity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_and_political_identity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious and political identity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_and_political_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noun_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Noun classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Semantic_motivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semantic_motivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Semantic motivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semantic_motivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Borrowing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borrowing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Borrowing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Borrowing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Agreement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects_and_closely_related_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects_and_closely_related_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Dialects and closely related languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dialects_and_closely_related_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dialects and closely related languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dialects_and_closely_related_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Old_dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Old dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Other regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pidgins_and_creoles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pidgins_and_creoles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Pidgins and creoles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pidgins_and_creoles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swahili_poets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swahili_poets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Swahili poets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swahili_poets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oral_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oral_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Oral literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Oral_literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Oral literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Oral_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-19th-century_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th-century_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>19th-century collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th-century_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_proverbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_proverbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Additional proverbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_proverbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sample text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Swahili language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 175 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-175" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">175 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Суахили – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Суахили" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili" title="Swahili – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Swahili" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_(Sprache)" title="Swahili (Sprache) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Swahili (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%8B%E1%88%82%E1%88%8A" title="ስዋሂሊ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስዋሂሊ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahilikiel%C3%A2" title="Swahilikielâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Swahilikielâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="स्वाहिली भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="स्वाहिली भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة السواحلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة السواحلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_suahili" title="Idioma suahili – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma suahili" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="স্বাহিলী ভাষা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="স্বাহিলী ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sua%E1%B8%A5ili" title="Suaḥili – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Suaḥili" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suah%C3%ADli_%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Suahíli ñe'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Suahíli ñe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suahili_dili" title="Suahili dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Suahili dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سواحیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سواحیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Swahili" title="Basa Swahili – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Swahili" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="সোয়াহিলি ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সোয়াহিলি ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili-g%C3%AD" title="Swahili-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Swahili-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Суахили теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Суахили теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Суахілі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Суахілі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Суахілі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Суахілі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili" title="Swahili – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Swahili" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Суахили – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Суахили" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili" title="Swahili – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Swahili" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svahili_(jezik)" title="Svahili (jezik) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Svahili (jezik)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahileg" title="Swahileg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Swahileg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suahili" title="Suahili – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Suahili" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Суахили чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Суахили чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svahil%C5%A1tina" title="Svahilština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svahilština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiswahili" title="Chiswahili – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chiswahili" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili" title="Swahili – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Swahili" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_(sprog)" title="Swahili (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Swahili (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A" title="السواحيلي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="السواحيلي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_(Sprache)" title="Swahili (Sprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Swahili (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahil%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Swahilšćina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Swahilšćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suahiili_keel" title="Suahiili keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suahiili keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Σουαχίλι γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σουαχίλι γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_suajili" title="Idioma suajili – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma suajili" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svahila_lingvo" title="Svahila lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Svahila lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili" title="Swahili – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Swahili" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C" title="زبان سواحلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان سواحلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_bhasa" title="Swahili bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Swahili bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahiliskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Swahiliskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Swahiliskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili" title="Swahili – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Swahili" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahily_(taal)" title="Swahily (taal) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Swahily (taal)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Svaha%C3%ADlis" title="An Svahaílis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Svahaílis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahilish" title="Swahilish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Swahilish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_suahili" title="Lingua suahili – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua suahili" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili-ng%C3%AE" title="Swahili-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Swahili-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%99%80%ED%9E%90%EB%A6%AC%EC%96%B4" title="스와힐리어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스와힐리어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen_Swahili" title="Harshen Swahili – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harshen Swahili" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB_(%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82)" title="Սուահիլի (լեզու) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուահիլի (լեզու)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="स्वाहिली भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्वाहिली भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahil%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Swahilšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Swahilšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svahili_(makrojezik)" title="Svahili (makrojezik) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Svahili (makrojezik)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahilia_linguo" title="Swahilia linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Swahilia linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Swahili language" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Swahili" title="Pagsasao a Swahili – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Swahili" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Swahili" title="Bahasa Swahili – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Swahili" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_swahili" title="Lingua swahili – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua swahili" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%94%85%E1%95%99%E1%90%A6%E1%90%83%E1%93%95%E1%91%90%E1%91%A6" title="ᔅᕙᐦᐃᓕᑐᑦ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᔅᕙᐦᐃᓕᑐᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Суахили – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Суахили" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svah%C3%ADl%C3%AD" title="Svahílí – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Svahílí" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_swahili" title="Lingua swahili – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua swahili" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99" title="סוואהילי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוואהילי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Swahili" title="Basa Swahili – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Swahili" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwahilii_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Suwahilii kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Suwahilii kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಸ್ವಾಹಿಲಿ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸ್ವಾಹಿಲಿ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="სუაჰილი ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სუაჰილი ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Суахили – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Суахили" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili" title="Swahili – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Swahili" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igiswahili" title="Igiswahili – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Igiswahili" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiswahili" title="Kiswahili – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiswahili" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_(%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Суахили (кыв) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Суахили (кыв)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiswahili" title="Kiswahili – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kiswahili" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaxiliava" title="Swaxiliava – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Swaxiliava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_swahili" title="Lang swahili – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lang swahili" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_swah%C3%AEl%C3%AE" title="Zimanê swahîlî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê swahîlî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Суахили тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Суахили тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_swahili" title="Lingua swahili – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua swahili" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B5" title="ພາສາສະວາຮີລີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາສະວາຮີລີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svahili_vol%C5%ABda" title="Svahili volūda – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Svahili volūda" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Suahelica" title="Lingua Suahelica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Suahelica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svahili" title="Svahili – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Svahili" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili" title="Swahili – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Swahili" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Суахили чӀал – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Суахили чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suahili%C5%B3_kalba" title="Suahilių kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Suahilių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_swa%C3%AFli" title="Lengua swaïli – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua swaïli" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili" title="Swahili – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Swahili" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiswah%C3%ADli" title="Kiswahíli – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Kiswahíli" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suahili" title="Suahili – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Suahili" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_swahili" title="Lengua swahili – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua swahili" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szuah%C3%A9li_nyelv" title="Szuahéli nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szuahéli nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Свахилски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Свахилски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_soahily" title="Fiteny soahily – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny soahily" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="സ്വാഹിലി ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്വാഹിലി ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Huah%C4%ABri" title="Reo Huahīri – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Huahīri" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="स्वाहिली भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्वाहिली भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="სუაჰილი ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სუაჰილი ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%89" title="سواحيلى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سواحيلى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سواحیلی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سواحیلی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Swahili" title="Bahasa Swahili – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Swahili" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Swahili-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Swahili-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Свахили хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Свахили хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_(taal)" title="Swahili (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Swahili (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili" title="Swahili – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Swahili" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="स्वाहिली भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="स्वाहिली भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AF%E3%83%92%E3%83%AA%E8%AA%9E" title="スワヒリ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スワヒリ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Суахили – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Суахили" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili" title="Swahili – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Swahili" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili" title="Swahili – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Swahili" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili" title="Swahili – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Swahili" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili" title="Swahili – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Swahili" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afaan_Siwaahilii" title="Afaan Siwaahilii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Afaan Siwaahilii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suaxili_tili" title="Suaxili tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Suaxili tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸਵਾਹਿਲੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਵਾਹਿਲੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سواحلی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سواحلی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_(lenga)" title="Swahili (lenga) – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Swahili (lenga)" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="سواهيلي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سواهيلي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swayili_languij" title="Swayili languij – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Swayili languij" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_(Spraak)" title="Swahili (Spraak) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Swahili (Spraak)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_suahili" title="Język suahili – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język suahili" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_sua%C3%ADli" title="Língua suaíli – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua suaíli" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suaxili_tili" title="Suaxili tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Suaxili tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suahili_tili" title="Suahili tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Suahili tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_swahili" title="Limba swahili – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba swahili" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_simi" title="Swahili simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Swahili simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Свагілі – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Свагілі" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Суахили – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Суахили" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B0h%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Суаhили – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Суаhили" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱥᱳᱭᱟᱦᱤᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱳᱭᱟᱦᱤᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili" title="Swahili – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Swahili" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seswahili" title="Seswahili – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Seswahili" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_suahile" title="Gjuha suahile – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha suahile" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_swahili" title="Lingua swahili – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua swahili" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Swahili language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="سواحلي ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سواحلي ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahil%C4%8Dina" title="Swahilčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Swahilčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svahil%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Svahilščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Svahilščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Af-Sawaaxili" title="Af-Sawaaxili – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Af-Sawaaxili" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="زمانی سەواحیلی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی سەواحیلی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Свахили (језик) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Свахили (језик)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svahili" title="Svahili – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Svahili" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Swahili" title="Basa Swahili – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Swahili" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahilin_kieli" title="Swahilin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Swahilin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili" title="Swahili – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Swahili" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Swahili" title="Wikang Swahili – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Swahili" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="சுவாகிலி மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுவாகிலி மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8nga_swahili" title="Lènga swahili – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lènga swahili" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Суахили – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Суахили" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="స్వాహిలి భాష – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="స్వాహిలి భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="ภาษาสวาฮีลี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาสวาฮีลี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Забони савоҳилӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони савоҳилӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svahili" title="Svahili – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Svahili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_(a%CC%B1lyem)" title="Swahili (a̱lyem) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Swahili (a̱lyem)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Суахілі (мова) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Суахілі (мова)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سواحلی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سواحلی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8B%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89%DA%86%DB%95" title="سۋاھىلىچە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سۋاھىلىچە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vah_Swahili" title="Vah Swahili – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vah Swahili" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_swahili" title="Łéngua swahili – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua swahili" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suahili" title="Suahili – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Suahili" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Swahili" title="Tiếng Swahili – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Swahili" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suahiliy" title="Suahiliy – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Suahiliy" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili" title="Swahili – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Swahili" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swinahili" title="Swinahili – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Swinahili" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiswahili" title="Kiswahili – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Kiswahili" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%B8%8C%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="斯瓦希里语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="斯瓦希里语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99" title="סוואהילי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סוואהילי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Sw%C3%A0h%C3%ADl%C3%AC" title="Èdè Swàhílì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Swàhílì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E8%8F%AF%E5%B8%8C%E9%87%8C%E6%96%87" title="斯華希里文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="斯華希里文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahilki" title="Swahilki – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Swahilki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suah%C4%97liu_kalba" title="Suahėliu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Suahėliu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%B8%8C%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="斯瓦希里语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斯瓦希里语" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bantu language spoken mainly in East Africa</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Swahili</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;"><span title="Swahili (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="sw">Kiswahili</i></span><br /><span title="Swahili (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="sw" dir="rtl">كِسوَحِيلِ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Swahili:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sw-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swahili" title="Help:IPA/Swahili">[kiswɑˈhili]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fa\/Kiswahili.ogg\/Kiswahili.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Kiswahili.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Kiswahili.ogg/Kiswahili.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiswahili.ogg" title="File:Kiswahili.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, the eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bajuni_Islands" title="Bajuni Islands">Bajuni Islands</a> (part of <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>), southern <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Bravanese_dialect" title="Bravanese dialect">Bravanese dialect</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-e27_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahili</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 5.3 million (2019–2023)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 92 million (2019–2021)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Atlantic–Congo languages">Atlantic–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Volta%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Volta–Congo languages">Volta-Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Benue–Congo languages">Benue–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Bantoid_languages" title="Bantoid languages">Bantoid</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bantoid_languages" title="Southern Bantoid languages">Southern Bantoid</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Bantu_languages" title="Northeast Bantu languages">Northeast Bantu</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Bantu_languages" title="Northeast Coast Bantu languages">Northeast Coast Bantu</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Sabaki_languages" title="Sabaki languages">Sabaki</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Swahili</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early form</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><b>Proto-Swahili</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bravanese_dialect" title="Bravanese dialect">Bravanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajuni_dialect" title="Bajuni dialect">Bajuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Swahili" title="Congo Swahili">Congo Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makwe_language" title="Makwe language">Makwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwani_language" title="Mwani language">Mwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_language" title="Sidi language">Sidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socotra_Swahili_language" title="Socotra Swahili language">Socotra</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> (<a href="#Orthography">Roman Swahili alphabet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swahili_Ajami" title="Swahili Ajami">Arabic Swahili alphabet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Swahili Braille">Swahili Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div>4 countries</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div>Organisations</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_the_East_African_Community_%28no_logo%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_East_African_Community_%28no_logo%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_the_East_African_Community_%28no_logo%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_East_African_Community_%28no_logo%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_the_East_African_Community_%28no_logo%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_East_African_Community_%28no_logo%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="330" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_SADC.svg/23px-Flag_of_SADC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_SADC.svg/35px-Flag_of_SADC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_SADC.svg/45px-Flag_of_SADC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">SADC</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span title="Swahili (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="sw" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Baraza_la_Kiswahili_la_Taifa" title="Baraza la Kiswahili la Taifa">Baraza la Kiswahili la Taifa</a></span></span> (Tanzania)</li> <li><span title="Swahili (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="sw" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chama_cha_Kiswahili_cha_Taifa" title="Chama cha Kiswahili cha Taifa">Chama cha Kiswahili cha Taifa</a></span></span> (Kenya)</li> <li><span title="Swahili (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="sw" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baraza_la_Kiswahili_la_Afrika_Mashariki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baraza la Kiswahili la Afrika Mashariki (page does not exist)">Baraza la Kiswahili la Afrika Mashariki</a></span></span> (Uganda)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=sw">sw</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=432">swa</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/swa" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:swa">swa</a></code> – inclusive code<br />Individual codes:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/swc" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:swc">swc</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Congo_Swahili" title="Congo Swahili">Congo Swahili</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/swh" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:swh">swh</a></code> – Coastal Swahili<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ymk" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ymk">ymk</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Makwe_language" title="Makwe language">Makwe</a> (?)<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/wmw" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:wmw">wmw</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Mwani_language" title="Mwani language">Mwani</a> (?)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/swah1254">swah1254</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Guthrie code</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>G.42–43;</li> <li>G.40.A–H (pidgins & creoles)</li></ul> </div></code><sup id="cite_ref-Guthrie_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guthrie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=99-AUS-m">99-AUS-m</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Maeneo_penye_wasemaji_wa_Kiswahili.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Maeneo_penye_wasemaji_wa_Kiswahili.png/250px-Maeneo_penye_wasemaji_wa_Kiswahili.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Maeneo_penye_wasemaji_wa_Kiswahili.png/375px-Maeneo_penye_wasemaji_wa_Kiswahili.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Maeneo_penye_wasemaji_wa_Kiswahili.png 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="332" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Geographic-administrative extent of Swahili. Dark: native range (the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_coast" title="Swahili coast">Swahili coast</a>). Medium green: Spoken by a majority alongside indigenous languages. Light green: Spoken by a minority.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Person</th><td class="infobox-data">Mswahili</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Waswahili</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">Kiswahili</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Swahili</b>, also known by its <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">local name</a> <b><span title="Swahili (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="sw">Kiswahili</i></span></b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu language</a> originally spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahili people</a>, who are found primarily in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> (along the <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East African</a> coast and adjacent <a href="/wiki/Littoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Littoral">littoral</a> islands).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates of the number of Swahili speakers, including both native and second-language speakers, vary widely. They generally range from 150 million to 200 million;<sup id="cite_ref-speakers_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speakers-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with most of its native speakers residing in Tanzania and Kenya. </p><p>Swahili has a significant number of <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> from other languages, mainly <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, as well as from <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>. Around 15% of Swahili vocabulary consists of Arabic loanwords,<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.com_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the name of the language (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سَوَاحِلي</span></span> <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">sawāḥilī</i></span>, a plural adjectival form of an Arabic word meaning 'of the coasts'). The loanwords date from the era of contact between <a href="/wiki/Arab_slave_trade" title="Arab slave trade">Arab traders</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Bantu_languages" title="Northeast Bantu languages">Bantu</a> inhabitants of the east coast of Africa, which was also the time period when Swahili emerged as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to concerted efforts by the government of Kenya and <a href="/wiki/Baraza_la_Kiswahili_la_Taifa" title="Baraza la Kiswahili la Taifa">Tanzania</a>, Swahili is one of three official languages (the others being English and French) of the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> (EAC) countries, namely <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>. It is the lingua franca of other areas in the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a> region and <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swahili is also one of the working languages of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a>. The <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> created an institution called the <i>East African Kiswahili Commission</i> (EAKC) which began operations in 2015. The institution currently serves as the leading body for promoting the language in the <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East African region</a>, as well as for coordinating its development and usage for regional integration and sustainable development.<sup id="cite_ref-Press_Release_on_EAKC_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press_Release_on_EAKC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have begun offering Swahili as a subject in schools or have developed plans to do so. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Comorian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Comorian language">Shikomor</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Comorian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Comorian language">Comorian</a>), an official language in <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a> and also spoken in <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shimaore" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimaore">Shimaore</a>), is closely related to Swahili and is sometimes considered a dialect of Swahili, although other authorities consider it a distinct language.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, based on Swahili's growth as a prominent international language, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> declared <a href="/wiki/UN_Swahili_Language_Day" title="UN Swahili Language Day">Swahili Language Day</a> as 7 July to commemorate the date that <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a> adopted Swahili as a unifying language for African independence struggles.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Swahili is a <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sabaki_languages" title="Sabaki languages">Sabaki branch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Guthrie's geographic classification</a>, Swahili is in Bantu zone G, whereas the other Sabaki languages are in zone E70, commonly under the name <i>Nyika.</i> Historical linguists consider the Arabic influence on Swahili to be significant, since it takes around 15% of its vocabulary directly from <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, and was initially spread along the <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East African</a> coast.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.com_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Askari_makumbusho_matini_Kiswahili_-_Kiarabu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Askari_makumbusho_matini_Kiswahili_-_Kiarabu.png/170px-Askari_makumbusho_matini_Kiswahili_-_Kiarabu.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Askari_makumbusho_matini_Kiswahili_-_Kiarabu.png/255px-Askari_makumbusho_matini_Kiswahili_-_Kiarabu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Askari_makumbusho_matini_Kiswahili_-_Kiarabu.png/340px-Askari_makumbusho_matini_Kiswahili_-_Kiarabu.png 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="1723" /></a><figcaption>Swahili in Arabic script—memorial plate at the <a href="/wiki/Askari_Monument" title="Askari Monument">Askari Monument</a>, Dar es Salaam (1927)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word `Swahili' comes from an <a href="/wiki/Omani_Arabic" title="Omani Arabic">Arabic</a> name for the area, meaning "coasts": </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td>‏<span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84#Arabic" class="extiw" title="wikt:ساحل">سَاحِل</a></span>‎</td> <td>→  </td> <td>‏<span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84#Arabic" class="extiw" title="wikt:سواحل">سَوَاحِل</a></span>‎</td> <td>→  </td> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سَوَاحِلِيّ</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">sāḥil</i></span></td> <td></td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">sawāḥil</i></span></td> <td></td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">sawāḥilī</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coast</a>"</td> <td></td> <td>"coasts" (<a href="/wiki/Broken_plural" title="Broken plural">broken plural</a>)</td> <td></td> <td>"of coasts" </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The core of the Swahili language originates in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Bantu_languages" title="Northeast Coast Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a> of the coast of East Africa. Much of Swahili's Bantu vocabulary has cognates in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unguja_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unguja language (page does not exist)">Unguja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pemba_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemba language">Pemba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mijikenda_language" title="Mijikenda language">Mijikenda languages</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, to a lesser extent, other <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Bantu_languages" title="Northeast Bantu languages">East African Bantu languages</a>. While opinions vary on the specifics, it has been historically purported that around 16–20% of the Swahili vocabulary is derived from loan words, the vast majority <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, but also other contributing languages, including <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Source languages for loanwords in Swahili<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Source languages</th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Omani_Arabic" title="Omani Arabic">Omani Arabic</a>)</td> <td>40% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td> <td>4.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></td> <td>0.9–1.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a></td> <td>0.7–3.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Persian" title="Iranian Persian">Iranian Persian</a>)</td> <td>0.4–3.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a></td> <td>0.2–0.4% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Omani_Arabic" title="Omani Arabic">Omani Arabic</a> is the source of most Arabic loanwords in Swahili.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the text "Early Swahili History Reconsidered", however, Thomas Spear noted that Swahili retains a large amount of grammar, vocabulary, and sounds inherited from the <a href="/wiki/Sabaki_languages" title="Sabaki languages">Sabaki language</a>. In fact, while taking account of daily vocabulary, using lists of one hundred words, 72–91% were inherited from the <a href="/wiki/Sabaki_languages" title="Sabaki languages">Sabaki language</a> (which is reported as a parent language) whereas 4–17% were loan words from other African languages. Only 2–8% were from non-African languages, and Arabic loan words constituted a fraction of that.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to other sources, around 40% of the Swahili vocabulary comes from Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.com_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What also remained unconsidered was that a good number of the borrowed terms had Bantu equivalents. The preferred use of Arabic loan words is prevalent along the coast, where local people, in a cultural show of proximity to, or descent from Arab culture, would rather use loan words, whereas the people in the interior tend to use the Bantu equivalents. It was originally written in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest known documents written in Swahili are letters written in <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani" title="Kilwa Kisiwani">Kilwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, in 1711 in the Arabic script that were sent to the Portuguese of Mozambique and their local allies. The original letters are preserved in the Historical Archives of Goa, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_period">Colonial period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Colonial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swahili-pn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Swahili-pn.jpg/170px-Swahili-pn.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Swahili-pn.jpg/255px-Swahili-pn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Swahili-pn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>Although originally written with the Arabic script, Swahili is now written in a <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin alphabet</a> introduced by <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a> and colonial administrators. The text shown here is the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> version of the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Various colonial powers that ruled on the coast of East Africa played a role in the growth and spread of Swahili. With the arrival of the Arabs in East Africa, they used Swahili as a language of trade as well as for teaching Islam to the local <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu peoples</a>. This resulted in Swahili first being written in the Arabic script. The later contact with the Portuguese resulted in the increase of vocabulary of the Swahili language. The language was formalised in an institutional level when the Germans took over after the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin conference">Berlin conference</a>. After seeing there was already a widespread language, the Germans formalised it as the official language to be used in schools. Thus schools in Swahili are called Shule (from German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schule</i></span>) in government, trade and the court system. With the Germans controlling the major Swahili-speaking region in East Africa, they changed the alphabet system from Arabic to Latin. After the First World War, Britain took over German East Africa, where they found Swahili rooted in most areas, not just the coastal regions. The British decided to formalise it as the language to be used across the East African region (although in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">British East Africa</a> [Kenya and Uganda] most areas used English and various Nilotic and other Bantu languages while Swahili was mostly restricted to the coast). In June 1928, an inter-territorial conference attended by representatives of <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> took place in <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>. The Zanzibar dialect was chosen as <a href="/wiki/Standard_Swahili" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Swahili">standard Swahili</a> for those areas,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the standard orthography for Swahili was adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status">Current status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Current status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Estimates of the total number of first- and second-language Swahili speakers vary widely, from as low as 50 million to as high as 200 million, but generally range from 60 million to 150 million.<sup id="cite_ref-speakers_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speakers-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Swahili has become a second language spoken by tens of millions of people in the five <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a> countries (<a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DRC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>), where it is an official or national language. It is also the first language for many people in Tanzania, especially in the coastal regions of Tanga, Pwani, Dar es Salaam, Mtwara and Lindi. In the inner regions of Tanzania, Swahili is spoken with an accent influenced by other local languages and dialects. There, it is a first language for most of the people who are born in the cities, whilst being spoken as a second language in rural areas. Swahili and closely related languages are spoken by relatively small numbers of people in <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language was still understood in the southern ports of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Kharusi_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kharusi-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> created an institution called the East African Kiswahili Commission (EAKC) which began operations in 2015. The institution currently serves as the leading body for promoting the language in the <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East African region</a>, as well as for coordinating its development and usage for regional integration and sustainable development.<sup id="cite_ref-Press_Release_on_EAKC_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press_Release_on_EAKC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Swahili is among the first languages in Africa for which <a href="/wiki/Language_technology" title="Language technology">language technology</a> applications have been developed. <a href="/wiki/Arvi_Hurskainen" title="Arvi Hurskainen">Arvi Hurskainen</a> is one of the early developers. The applications include a <a href="/wiki/Spelling_checker" class="mw-redirect" title="Spelling checker">spelling checker</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Part-of-speech_tagging" title="Part-of-speech tagging">part-of-speech tagging</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Language_learning_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Language learning software">language learning software</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an analysed Swahili <a href="/wiki/Text_corpus" title="Text corpus">text corpus</a> of 25 million words,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dictionary" title="Electronic dictionary">electronic dictionary</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">machine translation</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between Swahili and English. The development of language technology also strengthens the position of Swahili as a modern medium of communication.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Swahili_Wikipedia" title="Swahili Wikipedia">Swahili Wikipedia</a> is one of the few Wikipedias in an African language that features a substantial number of contributors and articles. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swahili_2024.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Swahili_2024.png/389px-Swahili_2024.png" decoding="async" width="389" height="402" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Swahili_2024.png/584px-Swahili_2024.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Swahili_2024.png/778px-Swahili_2024.png 2x" data-file-width="5859" data-file-height="6054" /></a><figcaption>Swahili in East Africa</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tanzania">Tanzania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tanzania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The widespread use of Swahili as a national language in Tanzania came after Tanganyika gained independence in 1961 and the government decided that it would be used as a language to unify the new nation. This saw the use of Swahili in all levels of government, trade, art as well as schools in which primary school children are taught in Swahili, before switching to English (medium of instruction)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in secondary schools (although Swahili is still taught as an independent subject). After Tanganyika and Zanzibar unification in 1964, <i>Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili</i> (TUKI, Institute of Swahili Research) was created from the Interterritorial Language Committee. In 1970 TUKI was merged with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dar_es_Salaam" title="University of Dar es Salaam">University of Dar es Salaam</a>, while <i>Baraza la</i> <i>Kiswahili la Taifa</i> (BAKITA) was formed. BAKITA is an organisation dedicated to the development and advocacy of Swahili as a means of national integration in Tanzania. Key activities mandated for the organisation include creating a healthy atmosphere for the development of Swahili, encouraging use of the language in government and business functions, coordinating activities of other organisations involved with Swahili, standardising the language. BAKITA vision are: "1.To efficiently manage and coordinate the development and use of Kiswahili in Tanzania 2.To participate fully and effectively in promoting Swahili in East Africa, Africa and the entire world over".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although other bodies and agencies can propose new vocabularies, BAKITA is the only organisation that can approve its usage in the Swahili language. Tanzanians are highly credited for shaping the language to appear the way it is now. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kenya">Kenya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kenya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Kenya, Kiswahili has been the national language since 1964 and is official since 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-theeastafrican.co.ke_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theeastafrican.co.ke-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Chama cha Kiswahili cha Taifa</i> (CHAKITA) was established in 1998 to research and promote Kiswahili language in Kenya.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kiswahili is a compulsory subject in all Kenyan primary and secondary schools.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congo">Congo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Congo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Congo_Swahili" title="Congo Swahili">Congo Swahili</a></div> <p>Swahili is recognized as a national language in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_The_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of The Congo">Democratic Republic of The Congo</a> and is widely spoken in the eastern regions. The local dialects of Swahili in <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_The_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of The Congo">Congo</a> are known as <a href="/wiki/Congo_Swahili" title="Congo Swahili">Congo Swahili</a> and differ considerably from Standard Swahili.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burundi">Burundi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Burundi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to strengthen political ties with other <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> nations, both Kiswahili and English have been taught in Burundian elementary schools since the academic year 2005/2006. Kiswahili is now used widely in Burundi but is not recognised as an official language; only French, Kirundi, and English have this distinction.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2013, Swahili has been included in the all Burundian education system.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uganda">Uganda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Uganda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Uganda adopted Kiswahili as one of its official languages (alongside <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>) in 2022, and also made it compulsory across primary and secondary schools in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-theeastafrican.co.ke_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theeastafrican.co.ke-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Somalia">Somalia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Somalia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali language</a> is the national and primary first language of Somalia.<sup id="cite_ref-Somcon1_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Somcon1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Swahili language is not widespread in Somalia and has no <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official status</a> nationally or regionally.<sup id="cite_ref-Somcon1_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Somcon1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">Dialects</a> of Swahili are spoken by some <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">ethnic minorities</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Bajuni_Islands" title="Bajuni Islands">Bajuni islands</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Bajuni_dialect" title="Bajuni dialect">Kibajuni</a> on the southern tip of the country and in the town of <a href="/wiki/Barawa" title="Barawa">Brava</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Bravanese_dialect" title="Bravanese dialect">Chimwiini</a>; both contain a significant amount of <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> loanwords.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Standard Swahili is generally only spoken by Somali nationals who have resided in Kenya and subsequently returned to Somalia.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lastly, a closely related language <a href="/wiki/Zigula_language" title="Zigula language">Mushunguli</a> (also known as Zigula, Zigua, or Chizigua) is spoken by some of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Bantus" title="Somali Bantus">Somali Bantu</a> ethnic minority mostly living in the <a href="/wiki/Jubba_Valley" title="Jubba Valley">Jubba Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Bantu_languages" title="Northeast Coast Bantu languages">Northeast Coast Bantu language</a> as Swahili is<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has some intelligibility with Swahili. </p><p>In 2024, Somalia joined the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> and its inclusion may facilitate the spread of the Swahili language in Somalia.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, in Somalia, Swahili, as a foreign language, will have to compete with <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>; the primary global <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>; the official second language of Somalia and a <a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">liturgical language</a> for Muslims,<sup id="cite_ref-Somcon1_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Somcon1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as popular secondary or tertiary languages. Consequently, there is significant uncertainty regarding the adoption of the Swahili language in Somalia compared to the situation in most other EAC member states. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_and_political_identity">Religious and political identity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religious and political identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Swahili played a major role in spreading both <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">Islam</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>. From their arrival in East Africa, <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> brought Islam and set up <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a>, where they used Swahili to teach Islam to the natives. As the Arab presence grew, more and more natives converted to Islam and were taught using the Swahili language. </p><p>From the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape of Africa">Europeans</a> in East Africa, Christianity was introduced to the region. While the Arabs were mostly based in the coastal areas, European missionaries went further inland spreading Christianity. As the first missionary posts in East Africa were in the coastal areas, missionaries picked up Swahili and used it to spread Christianity, since it contained many similarities with other indigenous languages in the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the struggle for Tanganyika independence, the <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_African_National_Union" title="Tanganyika African National Union">Tanganyika African National Union</a> used Swahili as a language of mass organisation and political movement. This included publishing pamphlets and radio broadcasts to rally the people to fight for independence. After gaining independence, Swahili was adopted as the national language. To this day, Tanzanians carry a sense of pride when it comes to Swahili, especially when it is used to unite over 120 tribes across Tanzania. Swahili was used to strengthen solidarity within the nation, and remains to be a key identity of the Tanzanian people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">For assistance with IPA transcriptions of Swahili for Wikipedia articles, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swahili" title="Help:IPA/Swahili">Help:IPA/Swahili</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/WIKITONGUES-_Iddy_speaking_Swahili.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Iddy_speaking_Swahili.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="123" data-durationhint="220" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Iddy_speaking_Swahili.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Iddy_speaking_Swahili.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ed/WIKITONGUES-_Iddy_speaking_Swahili.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Iddy_speaking_Swahili.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/WIKITONGUES-_Iddy_speaking_Swahili.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1080" data-height="606" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ed/WIKITONGUES-_Iddy_speaking_Swahili.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Iddy_speaking_Swahili.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ed/WIKITONGUES-_Iddy_speaking_Swahili.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Iddy_speaking_Swahili.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ed/WIKITONGUES-_Iddy_speaking_Swahili.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Iddy_speaking_Swahili.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Example of spoken Swahili</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Standard Swahili has five vowel <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>. According to <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Contini-Morava" title="Ellen Contini-Morava">Ellen Contini-Morava</a>, vowels are never <a href="/wiki/Vowel_reduction" title="Vowel reduction">reduced</a>, regardless of <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Polom%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Polomé">Edgar Polomé</a>, these five phonemes can vary in pronunciation. Polomé claims that <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> are pronounced as such only in stressed syllables. In unstressed syllables, as well as before a <a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">prenasalized consonant</a>, they are pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʊ]</span>. <i>E</i> is also commonly pronounced as mid-position after <i>w</i>. Polomé claims that <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span> is pronounced as such only after <i>w</i> and is pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> in other situations, especially after <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> (<i>y</i>). <i>A</i> can be pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span> in word-final position.<sup id="cite_ref-files.eric.ed.gov_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-files.eric.ed.gov-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">Long vowels</a> in Swahili are written as doubled vowels (for example, <span title="Swahili (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="sw">kondoo</i></span>, "sheep") due to a historical process in which <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> became <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elided</a> between the second last and last vowels of a word (for example, <span title="Swahili (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="sw">kondoo</i></span>, "sheep" was originally <i>kondolo</i>, which survives in certain dialects<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup>). As a consequence, long vowels are not considered <a href="/wiki/Phonemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic">phonemic</a>. A similar process exists in <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language#Vowels" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 0 auto; text-align:center"> <caption>Swahili consonant phonemes<sup id="cite_ref-:1_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a><br />/ <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ny⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ng'⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">prenasalized</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵐb̥</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨mb⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿd̥</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nd⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿd̥ʒ̊</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nj⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵑɡ̊</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ng⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">implosive</a><br />/ <a href="/wiki/Voiced_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced plosive">voiced</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ɓ</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨b⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar implosive">ɗ</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_implosive" title="Voiced palatal implosive">ʄ</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_implosive" title="Voiced velar implosive">ɠ</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless plosive">voiceless</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span>) </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span>) </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʃʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span>) </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">prenasalized</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᶬv̥</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨mv⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿz̥</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nz⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voiced_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced fricative">voiced</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨dh⟩</span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨gh⟩</span>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless fricative">voiceless</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨th⟩</span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨sh⟩</span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨kh⟩</span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Where not shown, the orthography is the same as IPA. </p><p>Some dialects of Swahili may also have the aspirated phonemes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>tʃʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>kʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>bʱ<span class="wrap"> </span>dʱ<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒʱ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡʱ/</span> though they are unmarked in Swahili's orthography.<sup id="cite_ref-Lodhi_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lodhi-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiple studies favour classifying prenasalization as consonant clusters, not as separate phonemes. Historically, nasalization has been lost before voiceless consonants, and subsequently the voiced consonants have devoiced,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> though they are still written <i>mb, nd</i> etc. The <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> phoneme is realised as either a short trill <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>]</span> or more commonly as a single tap <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</span> by most speakers. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span> exists in free variation with h, and is only distinguished by some speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-files.eric.ed.gov_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-files.eric.ed.gov-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some Arabic loans (nouns, verbs, adjectives), emphasis or intensity is expressed by reproducing the original emphatic consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dˤ,<span class="wrap"> </span>sˤ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tˤ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ðˤ/</span> and the uvular <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/q/</span>, or lengthening a vowel, where aspiration would be used in inherited Bantu words.<sup id="cite_ref-Lodhi_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lodhi-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Swahili_Ajami" title="Swahili Ajami">Swahili Ajami</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA0075,_Deutsch-Ostafrika,_Einheimisches_M%C3%A4dchen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA0075%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Einheimisches_M%C3%A4dchen.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA0075%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Einheimisches_M%C3%A4dchen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA0075%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Einheimisches_M%C3%A4dchen.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA0075%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Einheimisches_M%C3%A4dchen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA0075%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Einheimisches_M%C3%A4dchen.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA0075%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Einheimisches_M%C3%A4dchen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption>Swahili in Arabic script on the clothes of a girl in <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> early 1900s)</figcaption></figure> <p>Swahili is now written in the Latin alphabet. There are a few <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> for native sounds, <i>ch</i>, <i>sh</i>, <i>ng<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i> and <i>ny</i>; <i>q</i> and <i>x</i> are not used,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>c</i> is not used apart from the digraph <i>ch</i>, unassimilated English loans and, occasionally, as a substitute for <i>k</i> in advertisements. There are also several digraphs for Arabic sounds, which many speakers outside of ethnic Swahili areas have trouble differentiating. </p><p>The language used to be primarily written in the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_Ajami" title="Swahili Ajami">Ajami script</a>, which is an Arabic script. Much literature was produced in this script. With the introduction of Latin, the use of Ajami script has been diminished significantly. However, the language continues to have a tradition of being written in Arabic script.<sup id="cite_ref-Mutiua_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mutiua-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting from the later half of the 19th century, continuing into the 20th century, and going on in the 21st century, a process of "Swahilization" of the Arabic Script has been underway by Swahili scribes and scholars. The first of such attempts was done by <a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwalimu_Sikujua" class="extiw" title="sw:Mwalimu Sikujua">Mwalimu Sikujua</a>, a scholar and poet from <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Omar_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omar-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the spread of a standardized indigenous variation of Arabic script for Swahili was hampered by the colonial takeover of East Africa by <a href="/wiki/The_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="The United Kingdom">the United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. The usage of Arabic script was suppressed in <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a> and to a lesser extent in <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">British East Africa</a>. Nevertheless, well into the 1930s and 1940s, rural literacy rate in Arabic script as well as a local preference to write Swahili in the Arabic script (an unmodified version as opposed to proposals such as that of Mwalimu Sikujua) was relatively high.<sup id="cite_ref-Omar_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omar-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also differences in orthographic conventions between cities and authors and over the centuries, some quite precise but others different enough to cause difficulties with intelligibility. Thus despite a lack of official governmental backing, attempts at standardization and Swahilization of the Arabic script continued into the 20th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Swahili_grammar" title="Swahili grammar">Swahili grammar</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noun_classes">Noun classes <span class="anchor" id="Noun_classes"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Noun classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Swahili nouns are separable into <a href="/wiki/Noun_class" title="Noun class">classes</a>, which are roughly analogous to <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a> in other languages. In Swahili, <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixes</a> mark groups of similar objects: <span class="nowrap">⟨m-⟩</span> marks single human beings (<span title="Swahili (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="sw">mtoto</i></span> 'child'), <span class="nowrap">⟨wa-⟩</span> marks multiple humans (<span title="Swahili (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="sw">watoto</i></span> 'children'), <span class="nowrap">⟨u-⟩</span> marks abstract nouns (<span title="Swahili (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="sw">utoto</i></span> 'childhood'), and so on. And just as adjectives and pronouns must agree with the gender of nouns in some languages with grammatical gender, so in Swahili adjectives, pronouns and even verbs must agree with nouns. This is a characteristic feature of all the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Semantic_motivation">Semantic motivation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Semantic motivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>ki-/vi-</i> class historically consisted of two separate genders, artefacts (Bantu class 7/8, utensils and hand tools mostly) and diminutives (Bantu class 12/13), which were conflated at a stage ancestral to Swahili. Examples of the former are <i>kisu</i> "knife", <i>kiti</i> "chair" (from <i>mti</i> "tree, wood"), <i>chombo</i> "vessel" (a contraction of <i>ki-ombo</i>). Examples of the latter are <i>kitoto</i> "infant", from <i>mtoto</i> "child"; <i>kitawi</i> "frond", from <i>tawi</i> "branch"; and <i>chumba</i> (<i>ki-umba</i>) "room", from <i>nyumba</i> "house". It is the diminutive sense that has been furthest extended. An extension common to diminutives in many languages is <i>approximation</i> and <i>resemblance</i> (having a 'little bit' of some characteristic, like <i>-y</i> or <i>-ish</i> in English). For example, there is <i>kijani</i> "green", from <i>jani</i> "leaf" (compare English 'leafy'), <i>kichaka</i> "bush" from <i>chaka</i> "clump", and <i>kivuli</i> "shadow" from <i>uvuli</i> "shade". A 'little bit' of a verb would be an instance of an action, and such <i>instantiations</i> (usually not very active ones) are found: <i>kifo</i> "death", from the verb <i>-fa</i> "to die"; <i>kiota</i> "nest" from <i>-ota</i> "to brood"; <i>chakula</i> "food" from <i>kula</i> "to eat"; <i>kivuko</i> "a ford, a pass" from <i>-vuka</i> "to cross"; and <i>kilimia</i> "the <a href="/wiki/Pleiades" title="Pleiades">Pleiades</a>", from <i>-limia</i> "to farm with", from its role in guiding planting. A resemblance, or being a bit like something, implies marginal status in a category, so things that are marginal examples of their class may take the <i>ki-/vi-</i> prefixes. One example is <i>chura</i> (<i>ki-ura</i>) "frog", which is only half terrestrial and therefore is marginal as an animal. This extension may account for disabilities as well: <i>kilema</i> "a cripple", <i>kipofu</i> "a blind person", <i>kiziwi</i> "a deaf person". Finally, diminutives often denote contempt, and contempt is sometimes expressed against things that are dangerous. This might be the historical explanation for <i>kifaru</i> "<a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceros</a>", <i>kingugwa</i> "<a href="/wiki/Spotted_hyena" title="Spotted hyena">spotted hyena</a>", and <i>kiboko</i> "<a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotamus</a>" (perhaps originally meaning "stubby legs").<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another class with broad semantic extension is the <i>m-/mi-</i> class (Bantu classes 3/4). This is often called the 'tree' class, because <i>mti, miti</i> "tree(s)" is the prototypical example. However, it seems to cover vital entities neither human nor typical animals: trees and other plants, such as <i>mwitu</i> 'forest' and <i>mtama</i> 'millet' (and from there, things made from plants, like <i>mkeka</i> 'mat'); supernatural and natural forces, such as <i>mwezi</i> 'moon', <i>mlima</i> 'mountain', <i>mto</i> 'river'; active things, such as <i>moto</i> 'fire', including active body parts (<i>moyo</i> 'heart', <i>mkono</i> 'hand, arm'); and human groups, which are vital but not themselves human, such as <i>mji</i> 'village', and, by analogy, <i>mzinga</i> 'beehive/cannon'. From the central idea of <i>tree</i>, which is thin, tall, and spreading, comes an extension to other long or extended things or parts of things, such as <i>mwavuli</i> 'umbrella', <i>moshi</i> 'smoke', <i>msumari</i> 'nail'; and from activity there even come active instantiations of verbs, such as <i>mfuo</i> "metal forging", from <i>-fua</i> "to forge", or <i>mlio</i> "a sound", from <i>-lia</i> "to make a sound". Words may be connected to their class by more than one metaphor. For example, <i>mkono</i> is an active body part, and <i>mto</i> is an active natural force, but they are also both long and thin. Things with a trajectory, such as <i>mpaka</i> 'border' and <i>mwendo</i> 'journey', are classified with long thin things, as in many other languages with noun classes. This may be further extended to anything dealing with time, such as <i>mwaka</i> 'year' and perhaps <i>mshahara</i> 'wages'. Animals exceptional in some way and so not easily fitting in the other classes may be placed in this class. </p><p>The other classes have foundations that may at first seem similarly counterintuitive.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In short, </p> <ul><li>Classes 1–2 include most words for people: kin terms, professions, ethnicities, etc., including translations of most English words ending in <i>-er.</i> They include a couple of generic words for animals: <i>mnyama</i> 'beast', <i>mdudu</i> 'bug'.</li> <li>Classes 5–6 have a broad semantic range of groups, expanses, and augmentatives. Although interrelated, it is easier to illustrate if broken down: <ul><li>Augmentatives, such as <i>joka</i> 'serpent' from <i>nyoka</i> 'snake', lead to titles and other terms of respect (the opposite of diminutives, which lead to terms of contempt): <i>Bwana</i> 'Sir', <i>shangazi</i> 'aunt', <i>fundi</i> 'craftsman', <i>kadhi</i> 'judge'</li> <li>Expanses: <i>ziwa</i> 'lake', <i>bonde</i> 'valley', <i>taifa</i> 'country', <i>anga</i> 'sky' <ul><li>from this, mass nouns: <i>maji</i> 'water', <i>vumbi</i> 'dust' (and other liquids and fine particulates that may cover broad expanses), <i>kaa</i> 'charcoal', <i>mali</i> 'wealth', <i>maridhawa</i> 'abundance'</li></ul></li> <li>Collectives: <i>kundi</i> 'group', <i>kabila</i> 'language/ethnic group', <i>jeshi</i> 'army', <i>daraja</i> ' stairs', <i>manyoya</i> 'fur, feathers', <i>mapesa</i> 'small change', <i>manyasi</i> 'weeds', <i>jongoo</i> 'millipede' (large set of legs), <i>marimba</i> 'xylophone' (large set of keys) <ul><li>from this, individual things found in groups: <i>jiwe</i> 'stone', <i>tawi</i> 'branch', <i>ua</i> 'flower', <i>tunda</i> 'fruit' (also the names of most fruits), <i>yai</i> 'egg', <i>mapacha</i> 'twins', <i>jino</i> 'tooth', <i>tumbo</i> 'stomach' (cf. English "guts"), and paired body parts such as <i>jicho</i> 'eye', <i>bawa</i> 'wing', etc.</li> <li>also collective or dialogic actions, which occur among groups of people: <i>neno</i> 'a word', from <i>kunena</i> 'to speak' (and by extension, mental verbal processes: <i>wazo</i> 'thought', <i>maana</i> 'meaning'); <i>pigo</i> 'a stroke, blow', from <i>kupiga</i> 'to hit'; <i>gomvi</i> 'a quarrel', <i>shauri</i> 'advice, plan', <i>kosa</i> 'mistake', <i>jambo</i> 'affair', <i>penzi</i> 'love', <i>jibu</i> 'answer', <i>agano</i> 'promise', <i>malipo</i> 'payment'</li> <li>From pairing, reproduction is suggested as another extension (fruit, egg, testicle, flower, twins, etc.), but these generally duplicate one or more of the subcategories above</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Classes 9–10 are used for most typical animals: <i>ndege</i> 'bird', <i>samaki</i> 'fish', and the specific names of typical beasts, birds, and bugs. However, this is the 'other' class, for words not fitting well elsewhere, and about half of the class 9–10 nouns are foreign loanwords. Loans may be classified as 9–10 because they lack the prefixes inherent in other classes, and most native class 9–10 nouns have no prefix. Thus they do not form a coherent semantic class, though there are still semantic extensions from individual words.</li> <li>Class 11 (which takes class 10 for the plural) are mostly nouns with an "extended outline shape", in either one dimension or two: <ul><li>mass nouns that are generally localized rather than covering vast expanses: <i>uji</i> 'porridge', <i>wali</i> 'cooked rice'</li> <li>broad: <i>ukuta</i> 'wall', <i>ukucha</i> 'fingernail', <i>upande</i> 'side' (≈ <i>ubavu</i> 'rib'), <i>wavu</i> 'net', <i>wayo</i> 'sole, footprint', <i>ua</i> 'fence, yard', <i>uteo</i> 'winnowing basket'</li> <li>long: <i>utambi</i> 'wick', <i>utepe</i> 'stripe', <i>uta</i> 'bow', <i>ubavu</i> 'rib', <i>ufa</i> 'crack', <i>unywele</i> 'a hair' <ul><li>from 'a hair', <a href="/wiki/Singulative" class="mw-redirect" title="Singulative">singulatives</a> of nouns, which are often class 6 ('collectives') in the plural: <i>unyoya</i> 'a feather', <i>uvumbi</i> 'a mote of dust', <i>ushanga</i> 'a bead'.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Class 14 are abstractions, such as <i>utoto</i> 'childhood' (from <i>mtoto</i> 'a child') and have no plural. They have the same prefixes and concord as class 11, except optionally for adjectival concord.</li> <li>Class 15 are verbal infinitives.</li> <li>Classes 16–18 are locatives. The Bantu nouns of these classes have been lost; the only permanent member is the Arabic loan <i>mahali</i> 'place(s)', but in Mombasa Swahili, the old prefixes survive: <i>pahali</i> 'place', <i>mwahali</i> 'places'. However, any noun with the locative suffix <i>-ni</i> takes class 16–18 agreement. The distinction between them is that class 16 agreement is used if the location is intended to be definite ("at"), class 17 if indefinite ("around") or involves motion ("to, toward"), and class 18 if it involves containment ("within"): <i>mahali pazuri</i> 'a good spot', <i>mahali kuzuri</i> 'a nice area', <i>mahali muzuri</i> (it's nice in there).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Borrowing">Borrowing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Borrowing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Borrowings may or may not be given a prefix corresponding to the semantic class they fall in. For example, Arabic <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">دود</span></span> <i>dūd</i> ("bug, insect") was borrowed as <i>mdudu</i>, plural <i>wadudu</i>, with the class 1/2 prefixes <i>m-</i> and <i>wa-</i>, but Arabic <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">فلوس</span></span> <i>fulūs</i> ("fish scales", plural of <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">فلس</span></span> <i>fals</i>) and English <i>sloth</i> were borrowed as simply <i>fulusi</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Mahi-mahi" title="Mahi-mahi">mahi-mahi</a>" fish) and <i>slothi</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Sloth" title="Sloth">sloth</a>"), with no prefix associated with animals (whether those of class 9/10 or 1/2). </p><p>In the process of naturalization<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of borrowings within Swahili, loanwords are often reinterpreted, or reanalysed,<sup id="cite_ref-LCLE_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LCLE-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as if they already contain a Swahili class prefix. In such cases the interpreted prefix is changed with the usual rules. Consider the following loanwords from Arabic: </p> <ol><li>The Swahili word for "book", <i>kitabu</i>, is borrowed from Arabic <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كتاب</span></span> <i>kitāb(un)</i> "book" (plural <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كتب</span></span> <i>kutub</i>; from the Arabic root <i>k.t.b.</i> "write"). However, the Swahili plural form of this word ("books") is <i><b>vi</b>tabu</i>, following Bantu grammar in which the <i>ki-</i> of <i><b>ki</b>tabu</i> is reanalysed (reinterpreted) as a nominal class prefix whose plural is <i>vi-</i> (class 7/8).<sup id="cite_ref-LCLE_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LCLE-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Arabic <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">معلم</span></span> <i>muʿallim(un)</i> ("teacher", plural <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">معلمين</span></span> <i>muʿallimīna</i>) was interpreted as having the mw- prefix of class 1, and so became <i>mwalimu</i>, plural <i>walimu</i>.</li> <li>Arabic <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مدرسة</span></span> <i>madrasa</i> school, even though it is singular in Arabic (with plural <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مدارس</span></span> <i>madāris</i>), was reinterpreted as a class 6 plural <i>madarasa</i>, receiving the singular form <i>darasa</i>.</li></ol> <p>Similarly, English <i>wire</i> and Arabic <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">وقت</span></span> <i>waqt</i> ("time") were interpreted as having the class 11 prevocalic prefix <i>w-</i>, and became <i>waya</i> and <i>wakati</i> with plural <i>nyaya</i> and <i>nyakati</i> respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agreement">Agreement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Swahili_language" title="Special:EditPage/Swahili language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Swahili phrases agree with nouns in a system of <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">concord</a> but, if the noun refers to a human, they accord with noun classes 1–2 regardless of their noun class. Verbs agree with the noun class of their subjects and objects; adjectives, prepositions and demonstratives agree with the noun class of their nouns. In Standard Swahili <i>(Kiswahili sanifu)</i>, based on the dialect spoken in Zanzibar, the system is rather complex; however, it is drastically simplified in many local variants where Swahili is not a native language, such as in Nairobi. In non-native Swahili, concord reflects only animacy: human subjects and objects trigger <i>a-, wa-</i> and <i>m-, wa-</i> in verbal concord, while non-human subjects and objects of whatever class trigger <i>i-, zi-</i>. Infinitives vary between standard <i>ku-</i> and reduced <i>i-.</i><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ("Of" is animate <i>wa</i> and inanimate <i>ya, za.</i>) </p><p>In Standard Swahili, human subjects and objects of whatever class trigger animacy concord in <i>a-, wa-</i> and <i>m-, wa-,</i> and non-human subjects and objects trigger a variety of gender-concord prefixes. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Swahili noun-class concord </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>NC</th> <th>Semantic<br />field</th> <th>Noun<br />-C, -V</th> <th>Subj.</th> <th>Obj.</th> <th><i>-a</i></th> <th>Adjective<br />-C, -i, -e<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>* 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>– </th> <td><i>I</i> </td> <td>(mimi)</td> <td colspan="2">ni-</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>– </th> <td><i>we</i> </td> <td>(sisi)</td> <td colspan="2">tu-</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>– </th> <td><i>thou</i> </td> <td>(wewe) </td> <td>u-</td> <td>ku-</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>– </th> <td><i>you</i> </td> <td>(ninyi)</td> <td>m-</td> <td>wa-</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td><i>person</i> </td> <td>m-, mw-</td> <td>a-</td> <td>m-</td> <td>wa</td> <td>m-, mwi-, mwe- </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><i>people</i> </td> <td>wa-, w-</td> <td colspan="2">wa-</td> <td>wa</td> <td>wa-, we-, we- </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><i>tree</i> </td> <td>m-, mw-</td> <td colspan="2">u-</td> <td>wa</td> <td>m-, mwi-, mwe- </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td><i>trees</i> </td> <td>mi-</td> <td colspan="2">i-</td> <td>ya</td> <td>mi-, mi-, mye- </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td><i>group,</i> <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="augmentative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Augmentative" title="Augmentative">AUG</a></abbr> </td> <td>ji-/Ø, j-</td> <td colspan="2">li-</td> <td>la</td> <td>ji-/Ø, ji-, je- </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td><i>groups,</i> <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="augmentative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AUG</abbr> </td> <td>ma-</td> <td colspan="2">ya-</td> <td>ya</td> <td>ma-, me-, me- </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td><i>tool,</i> <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="diminutive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">DIM</a></abbr> </td> <td>ki-, ch-</td> <td colspan="2">ki-</td> <td>cha</td> <td>ki-, ki-, che- </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <td><i>tools,</i> <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="diminutive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIM</abbr> </td> <td>vi-, vy-</td> <td colspan="2">vi-</td> <td>vya</td> <td>vi-, vi-, vye- </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <td rowspan="2"><i>animals, 'other',</i> <br /><i>loanwords</i> </td> <td rowspan="2">N-</td> <td colspan="2">i-</td> <td>ya</td> <td rowspan="2">N-, nyi-, nye- </td></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <td colspan="2">zi-</td> <td>za </td></tr> <tr> <th>11 </th> <td><i> 'extension' </i> </td> <td>u-, w-/uw-</td> <td colspan="2">u-</td> <td>wa</td> <td>m-, mwi-, mwe- </td></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <td>(plural of 11)</td> <td>N-</td> <td colspan="2">zi-</td> <td>za</td> <td>N-, nyi-, nye- </td></tr> <tr> <th>14 </th> <td><i>abstraction</i> </td> <td>u-, w-/uw-</td> <td colspan="2">u-</td> <td>wa</td> <td>m-, mwi-, mwe-<br /> <i>or</i> u-, wi-, we- </td></tr> <tr> <th>15 </th> <td><i>infinitives</i> </td> <td>ku-, kw-<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>* 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="2">ku-</td> <td>kwa-</td> <td>ku-, kwi-, kwe- </td></tr> <tr> <th>16 </th> <td><i>precise position</i> </td> <td>-ni, <i>mahali</i></td> <td colspan="2">pa-</td> <td>pa</td> <td>pa-, pe-, pe- </td></tr> <tr> <th>17 </th> <td><i>imprecise position</i> </td> <td>-ni</td> <td colspan="2">ku-</td> <td>kwa</td> <td>ku-, kwi-, kwe- </td></tr> <tr> <th>18 </th> <td><i>internal position</i> </td> <td>-ni</td> <td colspan="2">m(u)-</td> <td>mwa</td> <td>mu-, mwi-, mwe- </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Most Swahili adjectives begin with either a consonant or the vowels <i>i-</i> or <i>e-</i>, listed separately above. The few adjectives beginning with other vowels do not agree with all noun classes since some are restricted to humans. NC 1 <i>m(w)-</i> is <i>mw-</i> before <i>a</i> and <i>o,</i> and reduces to <i>m-</i> before <i>u</i>; <i>wa-</i> does not change; and <i>ki-, vi-, mi-</i> become <i>ch-, vy-, my-</i> before <i>o</i> but not before <i>u</i>: <i>mwanana, waanana</i> "gentle", <i>mwororo, waororo, myororo, chororo, vyororo</i> "mild, yielding", <i>mume, waume, kiume, viume</i> "male".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a few verbs: <i>kwenda, kwisha</i></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects_and_closely_related_languages">Dialects and closely related languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Dialects and closely related languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This list is based on <i>Swahili and Sabaki: a linguistic history</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialects">Dialects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern standard Swahili, written in Latin, is based on <i>Kiunguja,</i> the dialect spoken in <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_City" title="Zanzibar City">Zanzibar City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lambert10_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lambert10-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Swahili literature and poetry, traditionally written in <a href="/wiki/Swahili_Ajami" title="Swahili Ajami">Swahili Ajami</a>, is based on <i>Kiamu</i>, the dialect of <a href="/wiki/Lamu" title="Lamu">Lamu</a> on the Kenyan Coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Mulokozi_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mulokozi-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mutiua_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mutiua-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But there are numerous other dialects of Swahili, some of which are mutually unintelligible, such as the following:<sup id="cite_ref-Lambert10_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lambert10-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Old_dialects">Old dialects</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Old dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maho (2009) considers these to be distinct languages: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kimwani" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimwani">Kimwani</a></i> is spoken in the Kerimba Islands and northern coastal Mozambique.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bravanese_dialect" title="Bravanese dialect">Chimwiini</a></i> is spoken by the ethnic minorities in and around the town of <a href="/wiki/Barawa" title="Barawa">Barawa</a> on the southern coast of Somalia.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kibajuni_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibajuni dialect">Kibajuni</a></i> is spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Bajuni_people" title="Bajuni people">Bajuni</a> minority ethnic group on the coast and islands on both sides of the Somali–Kenyan border and in the <a href="/wiki/Bajuni_Islands" title="Bajuni Islands">Bajuni Islands</a> (the northern part of the Lamu archipelago) and is also called <i>Kitikuu</i> and <i>Kigunya</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socotra_Swahili" class="mw-redirect" title="Socotra Swahili">Socotra Swahili</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_language" title="Sidi language">Sidi</a>, in Gujarat, India (possibly extinct)</li></ul> <p>The rest of the dialects are divided by him<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> into two groups: </p> <ul><li>Mombasa–Lamu Swahili <ul><li>Lamu <ul><li>The dialects of the Lamu group (especially Kiamu, Kipate, Kingozi) are the linguistic base of the oldest (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600 CE</span>) Swahili manuscripts and poems that reached us.<sup id="cite_ref-Mulokozi_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mulokozi-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are sometimes described as "literary" dialects but they were also used for everyday life and are still spoken today except Kingozi.</li> <li><i>Kiamu</i><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is spoken in and around the island of <a href="/wiki/Lamu" title="Lamu">Lamu</a> (Amu) and have an important corpus<sup id="cite_ref-SOAS_Swahili_manuscripts_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOAS_Swahili_manuscripts-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of classical poems of the 18th and 19th centuries written in Arabic script (Kiajemi).</li> <li><i>Kipate</i> is a local dialect of <a href="/wiki/Pate_Island" title="Pate Island">Pate Island</a>, considered<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (November 2022)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to be closest to the original dialect of Kingozi<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. It has also an important classical corpus<sup id="cite_ref-SOAS_Swahili_manuscripts_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOAS_Swahili_manuscripts-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of poems from the 18th and 19th centuries.</li> <li><i>Kingozi</i> is an extinct dialect spoken on the Indian Ocean coast between Lamu and Somalia and is sometimes still<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> used in poetry. It is often considered<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (November 2022)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> the source of Swahili<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Academic theories about Kingozi as an old literary dialect are conflicting. It is sometimes linked to <a href="/wiki/Fumo_Liyongo" title="Fumo Liyongo">the epics of Liongo</a>. For Sacleux,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it's and old and "an exclusively literary, arcane dialect". It varies depending on the authors whose will to return to a pure form of the old language make them use Kigunya mainly (Kipate is a subdialect of Kigunya) and secondarily Kiamu and Kimvita. Knappert,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the contrary, states the existence of a literary <a href="/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_language" title="Koiné language">koine</a> in the 18th century based on the Kingozi as a prestigious and widespread dialect. The 2009 New Updated Guthrie List, a referential classification of the Bantu languages, considers kiOzi as a dialect in itself.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not the ancestor language of Kiswahili but a member of the Lamu group (code G42a) with Kiamu, Kipate and Kisiu. This brief overview indicates that the state of research is fragmented and uncertain on the history of the kingozi.</li></ul></li> <li>Mombasa <ul><li><i>Chijomvu</i> is a subdialect of the Mombasa area.</li> <li><i>Kimvita</i> is the major dialect of Mombasa (also known as "Mvita", which means "war", in reference<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to the many wars which were fought over it, the other major dialect alongside Kiunguja. It has an important classical corpus written in Arabic script from the 18st and 19st century.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Kingare</i> is the subdialect of the Mombasa area.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Kimrima</i> is spoken around <a href="/wiki/Pangani" title="Pangani">Pangani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanga" title="Vanga">Vanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam" title="Dar es Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rufiji_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Rufiji District">Rufiji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mafia_Island" title="Mafia Island">Mafia Island</a>.</li> <li><i>Kiunguja</i> is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Stone_Town" title="Stone Town">Zanzibar City</a> and environs on <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Unguja (Zanzibar) Island</a>. Kitumbatu (Pemba) dialects occupy the bulk of the island.</li> <li>Mambrui, Malindi</li> <li><i>Chichifundi</i>, a dialect of the southern Kenya coast.</li> <li>Chwaka</li> <li><i>Kivumba</i>, a dialect of the southern Kenya coast.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosy_Be" title="Nosy Be">Nosse Be</a> (Madagascar)</li></ul></li> <li>Pemba Swahili <ul><li><i>Kipemba</i> is a local dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Pemba_Island" title="Pemba Island">Pemba Island</a>.</li> <li><i>Kitumbatu</i> and <i>Kimakunduchi</i> are the countryside dialects of the island of Zanzibar. Kimakunduchi is a recent renaming of "Kihadimu"; the old name means "serf" and so is considered pejorative.</li> <li>Makunduchi</li> <li>Mafia, Mbwera</li> <li>Kilwa (extinct)</li> <li><i>Kimgao</i> used to be spoken around <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilwa District">Kilwa District</a> and to the south.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Maho includes the various <a href="/wiki/Comorian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Comorian language">Comorian</a> dialects as a third group. Most other authorities consider Comorian to be a <a href="/wiki/Sabaki_languages" title="Sabaki languages">Sabaki</a> language, distinct from Swahili.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_regions">Other regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Other regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali language</a> predominates, a variant of Swahili referred to as <a href="/wiki/Bravanese_dialect" title="Bravanese dialect">Chimwiini</a> (also known as Chimbalazi) is spoken along the <a href="/wiki/Benadir" class="mw-redirect" title="Benadir">Benadir</a> coast by the <a href="/wiki/Bravanese_people" title="Bravanese people">Bravanese people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Swahili dialect known as <a href="/wiki/Kibajuni_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibajuni dialect">Kibajuni</a> also serves as the mother tongue of the <a href="/wiki/Bajuni_people" title="Bajuni people">Bajuni</a> minority ethnic group, which lives in the tiny <a href="/wiki/Bajuni_Islands" title="Bajuni Islands">Bajuni Islands</a> as well as the southern <a href="/wiki/Kismayo" title="Kismayo">Kismayo</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Godfrey_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godfrey-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, there are an estimated 52,000 people who speak Swahili as of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most are descendants of those repatriated after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Sultanate of Zanzibar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-African_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-African-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Josephi_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Josephi-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pidgins_and_creoles">Pidgins and creoles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Pidgins and creoles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are Swahili-based slangs, pidgins and creoles: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitaa_%E2%80%93_Dar_es_Salaam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitaa – Dar es Salaam (page does not exist)">Kitaa – Dar es Salaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engsh" title="Engsh">Engsh</a> – Cant from the rich neighbourhoods of Nairobi, Kenya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KiKAR" title="KiKAR">KiKAR</a> – Swahili pidgin spoken in British colonial East Africa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi-Swahili" title="Kutchi-Swahili">Kutchi-Swahili</a> – Creole derived from Kutchi and Swahili languages</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_Swahili" title="Settler Swahili">Settler Swahili</a> – Swahili pidgin from Kenya and Zambia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng_slang" title="Sheng slang">Sheng slang</a> – Nairobi urban-based youth slang</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Swahili_poets">Swahili poets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Swahili poets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dada_Masiti" title="Dada Masiti">Dada Masiti</a> (c. 1810s–15 July 1919), Kenyan poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaaban_bin_Robert" title="Shaaban bin Robert">Shaaban bin Robert</a> (1909–1962), Tanzanian poet, author, and essayist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrase_Kezilahabi" title="Euphrase Kezilahabi">Euphrase Kezilahabi</a> (1944–2020), Tanzanian novelist, poet, and scholar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathias_E._Mnyampala" title="Mathias E. Mnyampala">Mathias E. Mnyampala</a> (1917–1969), Tanzanian writer, lawyer, and poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumi_Molekane" title="Tumi Molekane">Tumi Molekane</a> (b. 1981), South African rapper and poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadhy_Mtanga" title="Fadhy Mtanga">Fadhy Mtanga</a> (b. 1981), Tanzanian creative writer, photographer, graphic designer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Mwashinga" title="Christopher Mwashinga">Christopher Mwashinga</a> (b. 1965), Tanzanian author and poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdilatif_Abdalla" title="Abdilatif Abdalla">Abdilatif Abdalla</a> (b. 1946), Kenyan poet and political activist.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwana_Kupona" title="Mwana Kupona">Mwana Kupona</a> (d. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1865</span>), Kenyan poet.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Hussein" title="Ebrahim Hussein">Ebrahim Hussein</a> (b. 1943) , Tanzanian playwright and poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Gora_Haji" title="Haji Gora Haji">Haji Gora Haji</a> (1933–2021), Tanzanian poet</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alamin_Mazrui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alamin Mazrui (page does not exist)">Alamin Mazrui</a> (b. 1948), Kenyan poet<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kithaka_wa_Mberia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kithaka wa Mberia (page does not exist)">Kithaka wa Mberia</a> (b. 1955), Poet<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Sheikh_Nabhany" title="Ahmed Sheikh Nabhany">Ahmed Sheikh Nabhany</a> (1927–2017), Kenyan poet</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oral_literature">Oral literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Oral literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th-century_collections">19th-century collections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: 19th-century collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1870, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Steere" title="Edward Steere">Edward Steere</a> published <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/swahilitalesasto00stee/page/n5/mode/2up">Swahili Tales as Told by Natives of Zanzibar</a>, a collection of 23 Swahili tales with facing-text English translation, along with a selection of proverbs and riddles.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the tales included are: "<i>Kisa cha Punda wa Dobi,</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The Story of the Washerman's Donkey," also known as "<a href="/wiki/The_Heart_of_a_Monkey" title="The Heart of a Monkey">The Heart of a Monkey</a>;" "<i>Mwalimu Goso,</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Goso the Teacher," a <a href="/wiki/Cumulative_tale" title="Cumulative tale">cumulative tale</a>; and "<i>Sungura na Simba,</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The Hare and the Lion," a story about the <a href="/wiki/Hare#In_mythology_and_folklore" title="Hare">trickster hare</a>. </p><p>Here are some of the proverbs that Steere recorded in Swahili:<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"<i>Mbio za sakafuni hwishia ukingoni</i>." "Running on a roof ends at the edge of it."</li> <li>"<i>Angurumapo simba, mteza nani</i>?" "Who will dance to a lion's roaring?"</li> <li>"<i>Mlevi wa mvinyo hulevuka, mlevi wa mali halevuki</i>." "He that is drunk with wine gets sober, he that is drunk with wealth does not."</li> <li>"<i>Kikulacho kinguoni mwako</i>." "What bites is in your own clothes."</li></ul> <p>Here are some of the riddles that Steere recorded in Swahili:<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"<i>Nyumba yangu kubwa, haina mlango (yayi).</i>" "My house is large; it has no door (egg)."</li> <li>"<i>Kuku wangu akazalia miibani (nanasi).</i>" "My hen has laid among thorns (pineapple)."</li> <li>"<i>Popo mbili zavuka mto (macho).</i>" "Two nuts cross a river (eyes)."</li></ul> <p>Steere also includes the formulaic announcement of a riddle: </p> <ul><li>"<i>Kitendawili! — Tega.</i>" "An enigma! — Set your trap."</li></ul> <p>An anonymous publication from 1881, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/swahilistoriesf00storgoog/">Swahili Stories from Arab Sources with an English Translation</a>, includes 15 stories in Swahili with English translations, plus an additional 14 Swahili stories that are not translated. There is also a selection of proverbs and riddles with English translations.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Here are some of the proverbs:<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"<i>Tulingane sawasawa, kama sahani na kawa</i>." "We match together, like a dish and a cover."</li> <li>"<i>Samaki mmoja akioza, wameoza wote</i>." "If one fish is bad, they are all bad."</li> <li>"<i>Wa kuume haukati wa kushoto</i>." "The right hand does not cut the left."</li> <li>"<i>Paka akiondoka, panya hutawala</i>." "When the cat goes away, the rat is king."</li></ul> <p>Here are some of the riddles:<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"<i>Gumugumu huzaa teketeke, gumugumu teketeke huzaa (mahindi)</i>." "The hard is the parent of the soft, and the soft of the hard (maize)."</li> <li>"<i>Mtoto wangu killa mwaka hulala chini (boga)</i>." "My child each year lies on the ground (pumpkin)."</li> <li>"<i>Nyumba vangu kubwa haina taa (kaburi).</i>" "My great house has no lamp (grave)."</li> <li>"<i>Nimetupa mshale wangu, mchana kwenda mbali nikitupa usiku hauendi mbali (macho).</i>" "I cast my arrow in the day time, it went far off; it I cast it at night, it does not go far (eyes)."</li></ul> <p>For additional collections of Swahili prose from the 19th century, see the inventory in J. D. Rollins's <i>A History of Swahili Prose from Earliest Times to the End of the Nineteenth Century.</i><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_proverbs">Additional proverbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Additional proverbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:0em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Fuata</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nyuki</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ule</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asali.</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><sup id="cite_ref-Kamusi_la_Kiswahili_Fasaha_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamusi_la_Kiswahili_Fasaha-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 478">: 478 </span></sup></p></div><p style="display: none;">Fuata nyuki ule asali.</p><p style="clear: left;">Follow the bee so that you may eat honey.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:0em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Baada</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ya</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dhiki</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">faraja.</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://swahiliproverbs.afrst.illinois.edu/proverbssecond.htm">[1]</a></p></div><p style="display: none;">Baada ya dhiki faraja.</p><p style="clear: left;">After hardship comes relief.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:0em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Mgaagaa</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">na</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">upwa</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hali</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wali</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mkavu.</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><sup id="cite_ref-Kamusi_la_Kiswahili_Fasaha_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamusi_la_Kiswahili_Fasaha-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 482">: 482 </span></sup></p></div><p style="display: none;">Mgaagaa na upwa hali wali mkavu.</p><p style="clear: left;">The one who busies himself with work will not miss a meal.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:0em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Mwacha</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mila</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ni</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mtumwa.</p></div><p style="display: none;">Mwacha mila ni mtumwa.</p><p style="clear: left;">The person who abandons his culture is a slave.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephants_fight_Amboseli_(7234358288)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Elephants_fight_Amboseli_%287234358288%29_%282%29.jpg/220px-Elephants_fight_Amboseli_%287234358288%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Elephants_fight_Amboseli_%287234358288%29_%282%29.jpg/330px-Elephants_fight_Amboseli_%287234358288%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Elephants_fight_Amboseli_%287234358288%29_%282%29.jpg/440px-Elephants_fight_Amboseli_%287234358288%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3844" data-file-height="2563" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Loxodonta_africana" class="mw-redirect" title="Loxodonta africana">Loxodonta africana</a></i> elephants frolic in <a href="/wiki/Amboseli_National_Park" title="Amboseli National Park">Amboseli National Park</a>, Kenya, 2012.</figcaption></figure> <p>Two sayings with the same literal meaning of <i>Where elephants fight, the grass is trampled</i> or figuratively speaking, when those with power fight, it is those below them who suffer:<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Wapiganapo</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tembo</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nyasi</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">huumia.</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></div><p style="display: none;">Wapiganapo tembo nyasi huumia.</p><p style="clear: left;">Fighting elephants damage the grass.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ndovu</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wawili</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wakisongana,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ziumiazo</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ni</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nyika.</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></div><p style="display: none;">Ndovu wawili wakisongana, ziumiazo ni nyika.</p><p style="clear: left;">Where two elephants argue, the grassland is damaged.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sample text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Swahili<sup id="cite_ref-:2_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>English<sup id="cite_ref-:2_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Kifungu cha 26.</b> <p>1) Kila mtu ana haki ya kuelimishwa. Elimu yapasa itolewe bure hasa ile ya madarasa ya chini. Elimu ya madarasa ya chini ihudhuriwe kwa lazima. Elimu ya ufundi na ustadi iwe wazi kwa wote. Na elimu ya juu iwe wazi kwa wote kwa kutegemea sifa ya mtu. </p><p>2) Elimu itolewe kwa madhumuni ya kuendeleza barabara hali ya binadamu, na kwa shabaha ya kukuza haki za binadamu na uhuru wake wa asili. Elimu ni wajibu ikuze hali ya kueleana, kuvumiliana na ya urafiki kati ya mataifa na kati ya watu wa rangi na dini mbali-mbali. Kadhalika ni wajibu iendeleze shughuli za Umoja wa Mataifa za kudumisha amani. </p><p>3) Ni haki ya wazazi kuchagua aina ya elimu ya kufunzwa watoto wao. </p> </td> <td><b>Article 26</b> <p>1. Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. </p><p>2. Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. </p><p>3. Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He was imprisoned for his support of the Kenya People's Union, and wrote the poetry collection <i>Sauti ya Dhiki</i> while in solitary confinement, which was subsequently awarded the <a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta_Prize_for_Literature" title="Jomo Kenyatta Prize for Literature">Jomo Kenyatta Prize for Literature</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas J. Hinnebusch, 1992, "Swahili", <i>International Encyclopedia of Linguistics</i>, Oxford, pp. 99–106<br />David Dalby, 1999/2000, <i>The Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech Communities</i>, Linguasphere Press, Volume Two, pp. 733–735<br />Benji Wald, 1994, "Sub-Saharan Africa", <i>Atlas of the World's Languages</i>, Routledge, pp. 289–346, maps 80, 81, 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e27-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e27_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/swa">Swahili</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/swc">Congo Swahili</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/swh">Coastal Swahili</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ymk">Makwe (?)</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/wmw">Mwani (?)</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNurseSpear2017" class="citation book cs1">Nurse, Derek; Spear, Thomas (10 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lGwnDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Swahili: Reconstructing the History and Language of an African Society, 800–1500</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lGwnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA50">50</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781512821666" title="Special:BookSources/9781512821666"><bdi>9781512821666</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Swahili%3A+Reconstructing+the+History+and+Language+of+an+African+Society%2C+800%E2%80%931500&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2017-06-10&rft.isbn=9781512821666&rft.aulast=Nurse&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=Spear%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlGwnDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwahili+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/education/knowledge-centre-interpretation/news/sadc-adopts-kiswahili-4th-working-language_en">"Sadc Adopts Kiswahili as 4th Working Language"</a>. <i>European Commission</i>. 30 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201018082045/https://ec.europa.eu/education/knowledge-centre-interpretation/news/sadc-adopts-kiswahili-4th-working-language_en">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Mugane, <i>The Story of Swahili</i> (2015), page 1: "In terms of speakers, [Swahili] is peer to the dozen or so languages of the world that boast close to 100 million users" [footnoted to page 287:] "The World Bank estimates that 120 to 150 million people speak Swahili as a second language; William J. Frawley (2003, 181) puts the number at a minimum of 75 million, and Ethnologue has it as 40 million. This book takes the higher number as closer to the reality, given that Swahili is well known as a lingua franca in countries whose populations far exceed 150 million." (Page 227: "Africa's Swahili-speaking region, in which 100 million people who speak it as a second language have created a diverse array of [varieties]".)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clp.arizona.edu/courses/languages/swahili">University of Arizona Critical Languages Program</a>: "[estimates] vary widely, from 60 million to over 150 million".</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000379702">"World Kiswahili Language Day"</a>. UNESCO. 5 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220523105024/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000379702">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2023</span>. <q>Kiswahili is one of the most widely used languages of the African family, and the most widely spoken in sub-Saharan Africa. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Swahili+%E2%80%93+The+Swahili+alphabet&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Flanguages%2Fother%2Fswahili%2Fguide%2Falphabet.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwahili+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mutiua-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mutiua_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mutiua_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mutiua, Chapane. “Swahili Ajami: An Introduction.” Hypotheses, October 7, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ajami.hypotheses.org/1089">https://ajami.hypotheses.org/1089</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230429043729/https://ajami.hypotheses.org/1089">Archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Omar-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Omar_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Omar_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Omar, Y. A., & Frankl, P. J. L. (1997). An Historical Review of the Arabic Rendering of Swahili Together with Proposals for the Development of a Swahili Writing System in Arabic Script (Based on the Swahili of Mombasa). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 7(01), 55–71. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S1356186300008312">https://doi.org/10.1017/S1356186300008312</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellen Contini-Morava (1994) <i>Noun Classification in Swahili.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Contini-Morava for details.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See pp. 83–84 in <a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Ghil'ad Zuckermann</a> (2020), <i><a href="/wiki/Revivalistics:_From_the_Genesis_of_Israeli_to_Language_Reclamation_in_Australia_and_Beyond" class="mw-redirect" title="Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond">Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/revivalistics-9780199812790">Oxford University Press</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125062747/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/revivalistics-9780199812790?cc=us&lang=en&">Archived</a> 25 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199812790" title="Special:BookSources/9780199812790">9780199812790</a> / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199812776" title="Special:BookSources/9780199812776">9780199812776</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LCLE-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LCLE_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LCLE_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See pp. 11 and 52 in <a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Ghil'ad Zuckermann</a> (2003), <i><a href="/wiki/Language_Contact_and_Lexical_Enrichment_in_Israeli_Hebrew" title="Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew">Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9781403917232">Palgrave Macmillan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143416/https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9781403917232">Archived</a> 12 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781403917232" title="Special:BookSources/9781403917232">9781403917232</a> / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781403938695" title="Special:BookSources/9781403938695">9781403938695</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamil Ud Deen, 2005. <i>The acquisition of Swahili</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lambert10-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lambert10_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lambert10_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">H.E.Lambert 1956, 1957, 1958</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mulokozi-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mulokozi_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mulokozi_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMulokoziSengo1995" class="citation book cs1">Mulokozi, Mugyabuso M.; Sengo, Tigiti S. Y. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XWPE1-OpxF4C"><i>History of Kiswahili Poetry, A.D. 1000–2000: A Report</i></a>. Institute of Kiswahili Research, University of Dar es Salaam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789976911220" title="Special:BookSources/9789976911220"><bdi>9789976911220</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Paris: Procure des PP. du Saint-Esprit. p. IX.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammaire+des+dialectes+swahilis&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=IX&rft.pub=Procure+des+PP.+du+Saint-Esprit&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=SACLEUX&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwahili+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKNAPPERT1979" class="citation book cs1">KNAPPERT, Jan (1979). <i>Four centuries of Swahili verses</i>. London: DARF PUBLISHERS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+centuries+of+Swahili+verses&rft.place=London&rft.pub=DARF+PUBLISHERS&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=KNAPPERT&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwahili+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="2009" class="citation web cs1">Maho, Jouni Filip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/fileasset/downloads_products/35125_Bantu-New-updated-Guthrie-List.pdf">"The online version of the New Updated Guthrie List, a referential classification of the Bantu languages"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>brill.com</i>. Brill<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=brill.com&rft.atitle=The+online+version+of+the+New+Updated+Guthrie+List%2C+a+referential+classification+of+the+Bantu+languages&rft.aulast=Maho&rft.aufirst=Jouni+Filip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Ffileasset%2Fdownloads_products%2F35125_Bantu-New-updated-Guthrie-List.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwahili+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.soas.ac.uk/swahili">"SOAS Swahili manuscripts"</a>. <i>SOAS Swahili manuscripts</i>. varia<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812212075" title="Special:BookSources/9780812212075"><bdi>9780812212075</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210330035233/https://books.google.com/books?id=7uJmgsq37dMC&pg=PA65">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Swahili%3A+Reconstructing+the+History+and+Language+of+an+African+Society%2C+800%E2%80%931500&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780812212075&rft.au=Derek+Nurse&rft.au=Thomas+Spear&rft.au=Thomas+T.+Spear&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7uJmgsq37dMC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwahili+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/Chimwiini">Swahili language</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/Kibajuni">Swahili language</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Godfrey-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Godfrey_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMwakikagile2007" class="citation book cs1">Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lsqjN-t6mP4C"><i>Kenya: identity of a nation</i></a>. New Africa Press. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9802587-9-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9802587-9-0"><bdi>978-0-9802587-9-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210323164112/https://books.google.com/books?id=lsqjN-t6mP4C">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kenya%3A+identity+of+a+nation&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=New+Africa+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9802587-9-0&rft.aulast=Mwakikagile&rft.aufirst=Godfrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlsqjN-t6mP4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwahili+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/Swahili">Swahili language</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-African-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-African_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFuchs2011" class="citation news cs1">Fuchs, Martina (5 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-oman-music-idUSTRE7942XI20111005">"African Swahili music lives on in Oman"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033444/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/10/05/us-oman-music-idUSTRE7942XI20111005">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=African+Swahili+music+lives+on+in+Oman&rft.date=2011-10-05&rft.aulast=Fuchs&rft.aufirst=Martina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-oman-music-idUSTRE7942XI20111005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwahili+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Josephi-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Josephi_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beate Ursula Josephi, <i>Journalism education in countries with limited media freedom</i>, Volume 1 of Mass Communication and Journalism, (Peter Lang: 2010), p.96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poetrytranslation.org/poets/alamin-mazrui">"Alamin Mazrui"</a>. <i>Poetry Translation Centre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London: Bell and Daldy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/swahilitalesasto00stee/page/2/mode/2up?view=theater">Steere 1870</a>, pp. 2-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/swahilitalesasto00stee/page/286/mode/2up?view=theater">Steere 1870</a>, pp. 286-294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/swahilitalesasto00stee/page/370/mode/2up?view=theater">Steere 1870</a>, pp. 370-378.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/swahilitalesasto00stee/page/192/mode/2up?view=theater">Steere 1870</a>, pp. 192-195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/swahilitalesasto00stee/page/418/mode/2up?view=theater">Steere 1870</a>, pp. 418-421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">anonymous (1881). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/swahilistoriesf00storgoog/">Swahili Stories from Arab Sources </a></i>. Zanzibar.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/swahilistoriesf00storgoog/page/n40/mode/2up"><i>Swahili Stories</i> 1881</a>. pp. 34-35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/swahilistoriesf00storgoog/page/n40/mode/2up"><i>Swahili Stories</i> 1881</a>. pp. 35-36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rollins, Jack D. (1983) <i>A History of Swahili Prose from Earliest Times to the End of the Nineteenth Century</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 55-56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamusi_la_Kiswahili_Fasaha-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kamusi_la_Kiswahili_Fasaha_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamusi_la_Kiswahili_Fasaha_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaraza_la_Kiswahili_la_Zanzibar2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baraza la Kiswahili la Zanzibar (2010). <i>Kamusi la Kiswahili Fasaha</i> (in Swahili). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-573618-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-573618-2"><bdi>978-0-19-573618-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/800802371">800802371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kamusi+la+Kiswahili+Fasaha&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F800802371&rft.isbn=978-0-19-573618-2&rft.au=Baraza+la+Kiswahili+la+Zanzibar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwahili+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199539536.001.0001/acref-9780199539536-e-650">www.oxfordreference.com When elephants fight, it is the grass that suffers</a>. Consulted on 13 June 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> 26 March 1936</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://howafrica.com/27-fascinating-african-proverbs-about-elephants-one-of-the-big-5-animals/">howafrica.com Animals – 27 Fascinating African Proverbs About Elephants, One of the Big 5 Animals 17. When elephants fight it is the grass that suffers. ~ Kikuyu Proverb</a>. Consulted on 13 June 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://afriprov.org/nov2001">afriprov.org Nov. 2001 Proverb: ” When elephants fight the grass (reeds) gets hurt.” – Swahili ( Eastern and Central Africa ), Also Gikuyu ( Kenya), Kuria ( Kenya/Tanzania), Ngoreme (Tanzania)</a>. Consulted on 13 June 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/swahilitalesasto00stee/page/193/mode/2up?view=theater">Steere 1870</a>, p. 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mylanguages.org/swahili_reading.php">"Swahili Reading"</a>. <i>mylanguages.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mylanguages.org&rft.atitle=Swahili+Reading&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmylanguages.org%2Fswahili_reading.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwahili+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAshton1947" class="citation book cs1">Ashton, E. O. (1947). <i>Swahili Grammar: Including intonation</i>. Essex: Longman House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-62701-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-62701-X"><bdi>0-582-62701-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swahili+Grammar%3A+Including+intonation&rft.place=Essex&rft.pub=Longman+House&rft.date=1947&rft.isbn=0-582-62701-X&rft.aulast=Ashton&rft.aufirst=E.+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwahili+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlommaert2003" class="citation journal cs1">Blommaert, Jan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609191850/http://kcl.ac.uk/content/1/c6/01/42/29/paper23.pdf">"Situating Language Rights: English and Swahili in Tanzania Revisited"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Working Papers in Urban Language & Literacies</i> 23. Ghent University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kcl.ac.uk/content/1/c6/01/42/29/paper23.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Working+Papers+in+Urban+Language+%26+Literacies&rft.atitle=Situating+Language+Rights%3A+English+and+Swahili+in+Tanzania+Revisited&rft.artnum=23&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Blommaert&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcl.ac.uk%2Fcontent%2F1%2Fc6%2F01%2F42%2F29%2Fpaper23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwahili+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrock-Utne2001" class="citation journal cs1">Brock-Utne, Birgit (2001). "Education for All – in Whose Language?". <i>Oxford Review of Education</i>. <b>27</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">115–</span>134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03054980125577">10.1080/03054980125577</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144457326">144457326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Review+of+Education&rft.atitle=Education+for+All+%E2%80%93+in+Whose+Language%3F&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E134&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03054980125577&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144457326%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brock-Utne&rft.aufirst=Birgit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwahili+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChiraghdinMnyampala1977" class="citation book cs1">Chiraghdin, Shihabuddin; <a href="/wiki/Mathias_E._Mnyampala" title="Mathias E. Mnyampala">Mnyampala, Mathias E.</a> (1977). <i>Historia ya Kiswahili</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-572367-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-572367-8"><bdi>0-19-572367-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+ya+Kiswahili&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-19-572367-8&rft.aulast=Chiraghdin&rft.aufirst=Shihabuddin&rft.au=Mnyampala%2C+Mathias+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwahili+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFContini-Morava1994" class="citation web cs1">Contini-Morava, Ellen (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240201042652/http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/swahili/oldversion/oldswahili.html">"Noun Classification in Swahili"</a>. <i>Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities</i>. University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/swahili/oldversion/oldswahili.html">the original</a> on 1 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+Advanced+Technology+in+the+Humanities&rft.atitle=Noun+Classification+in+Swahili&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Contini-Morava&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.iath.virginia.edu%2Fswahili%2Foldversion%2Foldswahili.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwahili+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIreleJeyifo2010" class="citation book cs1">Irele, Abiola; Jeyifo, Biodun, eds. (2010). <i>The Oxford encyclopedia of African thought</i>. Vol. 1. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533473-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533473-9"><bdi>978-0-19-533473-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+encyclopedia+of+African+thought&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533473-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwahili+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLambert1957" class="citation book cs1">Lambert, H. E. (1957). <i>Ki-Vumba: A Dialect of the Southern Kenya Coast</i>. Studies in Swahili dialect. Vol. 2. Kampala: East African Swahili Committee, Makerere College. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/93243012">93243012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ki-Vumba%3A+A+Dialect+of+the+Southern+Kenya+Coast&rft.place=Kampala&rft.series=Studies+in+Swahili+dialect&rft.pub=East+African+Swahili+Committee%2C+Makerere+College&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F93243012&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=H.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwahili+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLambert1958" class="citation book cs1">Lambert, H. E. (1958). <i>Chi-Jomvu and ki-Ngare: Subdialects of the Mombasa Area</i>. Studies in Swahili dialect. Vol. 3. Kampala: East African Swahili Committee, Makerere College. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11680805">11680805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chi-Jomvu+and+ki-Ngare%3A+Subdialects+of+the+Mombasa+Area&rft.place=Kampala&rft.series=Studies+in+Swahili+dialect&rft.pub=East+African+Swahili+Committee%2C+Makerere+College&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11680805&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=H.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwahili+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLambert1958" class="citation book cs1">Lambert, H. E. (1958). <i>Chi-Chifundi: A Dialect of the Southern Kenya Coast</i>. Studies in Swahili dialect. Vol. 5. Kampala: East African Swahili Committee, Makerere College. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/60032150">60032150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chi-Chifundi%3A+A+Dialect+of+the+Southern+Kenya+Coast&rft.place=Kampala&rft.series=Studies+in+Swahili+dialect&rft.pub=East+African+Swahili+Committee%2C+Makerere+College&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F60032150&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=H.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwahili+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarshad1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marshad, Hassan A. (1993). <i>Kiswahili au Kiingereza? (Nchini Kenya)</i> (in Swahili). Nairobi: Jomo Kenyatta Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9966-22-098-4" title="Special:BookSources/9966-22-098-4"><bdi>9966-22-098-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kiswahili+au+Kiingereza%3F+%28Nchini+Kenya%29&rft.place=Nairobi&rft.pub=Jomo+Kenyatta+Foundation&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9966-22-098-4&rft.aulast=Marshad&rft.aufirst=Hassan+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwahili+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMugane2015" class="citation book cs1">Mugane, John A. (2015). <i>The Story of Swahili</i>. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89680-293-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89680-293-3"><bdi>978-0-89680-293-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Swahili&rft.place=Athens%2C+OH&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-89680-293-3&rft.aulast=Mugane&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwahili+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNurseHinnebusch1993" class="citation book cs1">Nurse, Derek; Hinnebusch, Thomas J. (1993). <i>Swahili and Sabaki: a linguistic history</i>. University of California Publications in Linguistics. Vol. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520097750" title="Special:BookSources/0520097750"><bdi>0520097750</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/93004560">93004560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swahili+and+Sabaki%3A+a+linguistic+history&rft.series=University+of+California+Publications+in+Linguistics&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F93004560&rft.isbn=0520097750&rft.aulast=Nurse&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=Hinnebusch%2C+Thomas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwahili+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOgechi2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ogechi, Nathan Oyori (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716165827/http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol12num3/ogechi.pdf">"On language rights in Kenya"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nordic Journal of African Studies</i>. <b>12</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">277–</span>295. 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In Forde, Daryll (ed.). <i>Ethnographic Survey of Africa</i>. London: International African Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Swahili-Speaking+Peoples+of+Zanzibar+and+the+East+African+Coast+%28Arabs%2C+Shirazi+and+Swahili%29&rft.btitle=Ethnographic+Survey+of+Africa&rft.place=London&rft.pub=International+African+Institute&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Prins&rft.aufirst=A.+H.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwahili+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrins1970" class="citation book cs1">Prins, A. H. J. (1970). <i>A Swahili Nautical Dictionary</i>. Preliminary studies in Swahili lexicon. Vol. 1. Dar es Salaam: Chuo cha Uchunguzi wa Lugha ya Kiswahili. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/79981848">79981848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Swahili+Nautical+Dictionary&rft.place=Dar+es+Salaam&rft.series=Preliminary+studies+in+Swahili+lexicon&rft.pub=Chuo+cha+Uchunguzi+wa+Lugha+ya+Kiswahili&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F79981848&rft.aulast=Prins&rft.aufirst=A.+H.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwahili+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSakai2020" class="citation book cs1">Sakai, Yuko (2020). <i>Swahili Syntax Tree Diagram: Based on Universal Sentence Structure</i>. Createspace. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1696306461" title="Special:BookSources/978-1696306461"><bdi>978-1696306461</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swahili+Syntax+Tree+Diagram%3A+Based+on+Universal+Sentence+Structure&rft.pub=Createspace&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1696306461&rft.aulast=Sakai&rft.aufirst=Yuko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwahili+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhiteley1969" class="citation book cs1">Whiteley, Wilfred (1969). <i>Swahili: the rise of a national language</i>. Studies in African History. London: Methuen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swahili%3A+the+rise+of+a+national+language&rft.place=London&rft.series=Studies+in+African+History&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Whiteley&rft.aufirst=Wilfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwahili+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swahili_language&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905062228/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=17&menu=004">UCLA report on Swahili</a></li> <li>John Ogwana (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inst.at/trans/11Nr/ogwana11.htm">Swahili Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow: Factors of Its Development and Expansion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swahili-dictionary.com/english-swahili/@list-swahili-english-dictionaries">List of Swahili Dictionaries</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Cornwallis_Madan1902" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Cornwallis Madan (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishswahilid00madagoog/page/n3"><i>English-Swahili dictionary</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. p. 555. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20181014223800/https://archive.org/stream/englishswahilid00madagoog/englishswahilid00madagoog_djvu.txt">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2018 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">archive.org</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English-Swahili+dictionary&rft.pages=555&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1902&rft.au=Arthur+Cornwallis+Madan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglishswahilid00madagoog%2Fpage%2Fn3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwahili+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEricksonGustafsson1989" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Helen; Gustafsson, Marianne (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kamusi.org/content/kiswahili-grammar-notes"><i>Kiswahili Grammar Notes</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kiswahili+Grammar+Notes&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft.au=Gustafsson%2C+Marianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkamusi.org%2Fcontent%2Fkiswahili-grammar-notes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwahili+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24055-arabic-swahili.pdf">"Proposal to add Arabic letter for Swahili"</a> at the Unicode Website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omniglot.com/conscripts/nasema.htm">Nasema</a>, a method of writing Swahili with the <a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko script</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Kongo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kituba_language" title="Kituba language">Kituba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingala language">Lingala</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Swahili</a> (<a href="/wiki/Congo_Swahili" title="Congo Swahili">Congo Swahili</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luba-Kasai_language" title="Luba-Kasai language">Tshiluba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages<br />(by <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">province</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bandundu_Province" title="Bandundu Province">Bandundu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boma_language" title="Boma language">Boma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokwe_language" title="Chokwe language">Chokwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ding_language" title="Ding language">Ding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungana_language" title="Hungana language">Hungana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwese_language" title="Kwese language">Kwese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lia-Ntomba_language" title="Lia-Ntomba language">Lia-Ntomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbala_language" title="Mbala language">Mbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpuono_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpuono language">Mpuono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzadi_language" title="Nzadi language">Nzadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pende_language" title="Pende language">Pende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakata_language" title="Sakata language">Sakata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengele_language" title="Sengele language">Sengele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinji_language" title="Shinji language">Shinji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonde_language" title="Sonde language">Sonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suku_language" title="Suku language">Suku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiene_language" title="Tiene language">Tiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaka_language_(Congo%E2%80%93Angola)" title="Yaka language (Congo–Angola)">Yaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yansi_language" title="Yansi language">Yansi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89quateur_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Équateur Province">Équateur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bala_language" title="Bala language">Bala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangi_language" title="Bangi language">Bangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bango_language" title="Bango language">Bango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budza_language" title="Budza language">Budza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Banda_language" title="Central Banda language">Central Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furu_language" title="Furu language">Furu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losengo_language" title="Losengo language">Losengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbaka_language" title="Mbaka language">Mbaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbandja_language" title="Mbandja language">Mbandja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongo_language" title="Mongo language">Mongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_language_(Congo)" title="Mono language (Congo)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndolo_dialect" title="Ndolo dialect">Ndolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndunga_language" title="Ndunga language">Ndunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbaka_Minagende_language" title="Ngbaka Minagende language">Ngbaka Minagende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbandi_language" title="Ngbandi language">Ngbandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbinda_language" title="Ngbinda language">Ngbinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbundu_language" title="Ngbundu language">Ngbundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngombe_language_(Bantu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngombe language (Bantu)">Ngombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagibete_language" title="Pagibete language">Pagibete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sango_language" title="Sango language">Sango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Banda_language" title="South Banda language">South Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangere_language" title="Yangere language">Yangere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kasai-Occidental" title="Kasai-Occidental">Kasai-Occidental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binji_language" title="Binji language">Binji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushong_language" title="Bushong language">Bushong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokwe_language" title="Chokwe language">Chokwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lele_language_(Bantu)" title="Lele language (Bantu)">Lele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lwalu_language" title="Lwalu language">Lwalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wongo_language" title="Wongo language">Wongo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kasai-Oriental" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasai-Oriental">Kasai-Oriental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budya_language" title="Budya language">Budya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengese_language" title="Dengese language">Dengese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_language" title="Luna language">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkutu_language" title="Nkutu language">Nkutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salampasu_language" title="Salampasu language">Salampasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songe_language" title="Songe language">Songe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetela_language" title="Tetela language">Tetela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangubangu_language" title="Bangubangu language">Bangubangu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bemba_language" title="Bemba language">Bemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwile_language" title="Bwile language">Bwile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokwe_language" title="Chokwe language">Chokwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemba_language" title="Hemba language">Hemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaonde_language" title="Kaonde language">Kaonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebwe_language" title="Kebwe language">Kebwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luba-Katanga_language" title="Luba-Katanga language">Luba-Katanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunda_language" title="Lunda language">Lunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruund_language" title="Ruund language">Ruund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanga_language_(Bantu)" title="Sanga language (Bantu)">Sanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabwa language">Tabwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zela_language" title="Zela language">Zela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazi language">Yazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mfinu_language" title="Mfinu language">Mfinu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maniema_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniema Province">Maniema</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hendo_language" title="Hendo language">Hendo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimba_language" title="Zimba language">Zimba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nord-Kivu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nord-Kivu">Nord-Kivu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amba_language_(Bantu)" title="Amba language (Bantu)">Amba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havu_language" title="Havu language">Havu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunde_language" title="Hunde language">Hunde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Kirundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nande_language" title="Nande language">Nande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanga_language" title="Nyanga language">Nyanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talinga_language" title="Talinga language">Talinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tembo_(Kitembo)_language" title="Tembo (Kitembo) language">Tembo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuma_language" title="Vanuma language">Vanuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaka_language_(Kivu)" title="Yaka language (Kivu)">Yaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orientale_Province" title="Orientale Province">Orientale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alur_language" title="Alur language">Alur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoa_language" title="Asoa language">Asoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avokaya_language" title="Avokaya language">Avokaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangala_language" title="Bangala language">Bangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangba_language" title="Bangba language">Bangba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barambu_language" title="Barambu language">Barambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeke_language" title="Beeke language">Beeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bila_language" title="Bila language">Bila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budu_language" title="Budu language">Budu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwa_language" title="Bwa language">Bwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwela_language" title="Bwela language">Bwela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongo_language" title="Dongo language">Dongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_language" title="Guru language">Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hema_language" title="Hema language">Hema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliko_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaliko language">Kaliko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kango_language_(Bas-U%C3%A9l%C3%A9_District)" title="Kango language (Bas-Uélé District)">Kango (Bas-Uélé District)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kango_language_(Tshopo_District)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kango language (Tshopo District)">Kango (Tshopo District)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kari_language" title="Kari language">Kari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kele_language_(Congo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kele language (Congo)">Kele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lendu_language" title="Lendu language">Lendu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lese_language" title="Lese language">Lese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lika_language" title="Lika language">Lika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likile_language" title="Likile language">Likile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_language" title="Linga language">Linga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loki_dialect" title="Loki dialect">Loki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logo_language" title="Logo language">Logo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombo_language" title="Lombo language">Lombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_language" title="Lugbara language">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_language" title="Ma language">Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangbetu_language" title="Mangbetu language">Mangbetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangbutu_language" title="Mangbutu language">Mangbutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayogo_language" title="Mayogo language">Mayogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mba_language" title="Mba language">Mba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbo_language_(Congo)" title="Mbo language (Congo)">Mbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndaka_language" title="Ndaka language">Ndaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbee_language" title="Ngbee language">Ngbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngelima_language" title="Ngelima language">Ngelima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyali_language" title="Nyali language">Nyali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanga-li_language" title="Nyanga-li language">Nyanga-li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzakara_language" title="Nzakara language">Nzakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omi_language" title="Omi language">Omi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pambia_language" title="Pambia language">Pambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poke_language" title="Poke language">Poke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soko_language" title="Soko language">Soko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbo_language" title="Tagbo language">Tagbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zande_language" title="Zande language">Zande</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sud-Kivu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sud-Kivu">Sud-Kivu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buyu_language" title="Buyu language">Buyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuliiru_language" title="Fuliiru language">Fuliiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havu_language" title="Havu language">Havu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabwari_language" title="Kabwari language">Kabwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Kirundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_language" title="Shi language">Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tembo_(Kitembo)_language" title="Tembo (Kitembo) language">Tembo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_American_Sign_Language#Francophone_African_Sign_Language" title="Varieties of American Sign Language">French African Sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Kenya111" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Kenya" title="Template:Languages of Kenya"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Kenya" title="Template talk:Languages of Kenya"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Kenya" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Kenya"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Kenya111" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kenya" title="Languages of Kenya">Languages of Kenya</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">English</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Swahili</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajuni_dialect" title="Bajuni dialect">Bajuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digo_language" title="Digo language">Digo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embu_language" title="Embu language">Embu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gusii_language" title="Gusii language">Gusii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki_language" title="Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki language">Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilwana_language" title="Ilwana language">Ilwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_language" title="Kamba language">Kamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khayo_language" title="Khayo language">Khayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikuyu_language" title="Kikuyu language">Kikuyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuria_language" title="Kuria language">Kuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logoli_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Logoli language">Logoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhya_language" title="Luhya language">Luhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marachi_language" title="Marachi language">Marachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijikenda_language" title="Mijikenda language">Mijikenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meru_language" title="Meru language">Meru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyole_language_(Kenya)" title="Nyole language (Kenya)">Nyole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokomo_language" title="Pokomo language">Pokomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samia_language" title="Samia language">Samia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suba_language" title="Suba language">Suba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taita_language" title="Taita language">Taita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nyala_language" title="West Nyala language">West Nyala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aweer_language" title="Aweer language">Aweer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burji_language" title="Burji language">Burji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daasanach_language" title="Daasanach language">Daasanach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahalo_language" title="Dahalo language">Dahalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Molo_language" title="El Molo language">El Molo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orma_language" title="Orma language">Orma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendille_language" title="Rendille language">Rendille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Oromo_language" title="Southern Oromo language">Southern Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waata_language" title="Waata language">Waata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaaku_language" title="Yaaku language">Yaaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kipsigis_language" title="Kipsigis language">Kipsigis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dholuo" title="Dholuo">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_language" title="Maasai language">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naandi_language" title="Naandi language">Naandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogiek_language" title="Ogiek language">Ogiek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omotik_language" title="Omotik language">Omotik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B6koot_language" title="Pökoot language">Pökoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samburu_language" title="Samburu language">Samburu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugen_language" title="Tugen language">Tugen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkana_language" title="Turkana language">Turkana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Sign_Language" title="Kenyan Sign Language">Kenyan Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheng_slang" title="Sheng slang">Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engsh" title="Engsh">Engsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Mozambique97" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Mozambique" title="Template:Languages of Mozambique"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Mozambique" title="Template talk:Languages of Mozambique"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Mozambique" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Mozambique"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Mozambique97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mozambique" title="Languages of Mozambique">Languages of Mozambique</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Portuguese" title="Mozambican Portuguese">Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barwe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Barwe language">Barwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chewa_language" title="Chewa language">Chewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopi_language" title="Chopi language">Chichopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga_language_(Zambia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonga language (Zambia)">Chitonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuwabu_language" title="Chuwabu language">Chuwabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dema_language" title="Dema language">Dema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga_language_(Mozambique)" title="Tonga language (Mozambique)">Gitonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwani_language" title="Mwani language">Kimwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koti_language" title="Koti language">Koti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunda_language" title="Kunda language">Kunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomwe_language" title="Lomwe language">Lomwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maindo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maindo language">Maindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhuwa_language" title="Makhuwa language">Makhuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makonde_language" title="Makonde language">Makonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makwe_language" title="Makwe language">Makwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manyika_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manyika language">Manyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathembo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathembo language">Nathembo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndau_dialect" title="Ndau dialect">Ndau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngoni_language" title="Ngoni language">Ngoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsenga_language" title="Nsenga language">Nsenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyungwe_language" title="Nyungwe language">Nyungwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phimbi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Phimbi language">Phimbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronga_language" title="Ronga language">Ronga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_language" title="Sena language">Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swazi_language" title="Swazi language">Swati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawara language">Tawara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manyika_dialect" title="Manyika dialect">Tewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswa_language" title="Tswa language">Tswa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_language" title="Yao language">Yao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Sign_Language" title="Mozambican Sign Language">Mozambican Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1266661725" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Oman110" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Oman" title="Template:Languages of Oman"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Oman" title="Template talk:Languages of Oman"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Oman" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Oman"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Oman110" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Oman">Languages of Oman</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/32px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/48px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/64px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oman" title="Portal:Oman">Oman portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main foreign language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%E1%B9%AD%E1%B8%A5ari_language" title="Baṭḥari language">Baṭḥari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4arsusi_language" title="Ḥarsusi language">Ḥarsusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoby%C3%B3t_language" title="Hobyót language">Hobyót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumzari_language" title="Kumzari language">Kumzari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwati_language" title="Luwati language">Luwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehri_language" title="Mehri language">Mehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehri_language" title="Shehri language">Shehri</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Swahili</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties of Arabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrani_Arabic" title="Bahrani Arabic">Bahrani Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Arabic" title="Omani Arabic">Omani Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhofari_Arabic" title="Dhofari Arabic">Dhofari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihhi_Arabic" title="Shihhi Arabic">Shihhi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Sign_Language" title="Omani Sign Language">Omani Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Tanzania66" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Tanzania" title="Template:Languages of Tanzania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Tanzania" title="Template talk:Languages of Tanzania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Tanzania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Tanzania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Tanzania66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tanzania" title="Languages of Tanzania">Languages of Tanzania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Bantu_languages" title="Northeast Bantu languages">Northeast<br />Bantu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bena–Kinga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bena_language" title="Bena language">Bena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hehe_language" title="Hehe language">Hehe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinga_language" title="Kinga language">Kinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisi_language_(Tanzania)" title="Kisi language (Tanzania)">Kisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_language_(Tanzania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manda language (Tanzania)">Manda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangwa_language" title="Pangwa language">Pangwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangu_language_(Tanzania)" title="Sangu language (Tanzania)">Sangu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vwanji_language" title="Vwanji language">Vwanji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chaga_languages" title="Chaga languages">Chaga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Kilimanjaro_language" title="Central Kilimanjaro language">Central Kilimanjaro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mochi_language" title="Mochi language">Mochi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gweno_language" title="Gweno language">Gweno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rombo_language" title="Rombo language">Rombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusa_language" title="Rusa language">Rusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Kilimanjaro_language" title="West Kilimanjaro language">West Kilimanjaro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Bantu" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lakes Bantu">Great Lakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ha_language" title="Ha language">Ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangaza_language" title="Hangaza language">Hangaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikizu_language" title="Ikizu language">Ikizu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikoma_language" title="Ikoma language">Ikoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jita_language" title="Jita language">Jita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabwa_language" title="Kabwa language">Kabwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_language_(Tanzania)" title="Kara language (Tanzania)">Kara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerewe_language" title="Kerewe language">Kerewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuria_language" title="Kuria language">Kuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaya_language" title="Kwaya language">Kwaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngoreme_language" title="Ngoreme language">Ngoreme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyambo_language" title="Nyambo language">Nyambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suba-Simbiti_language" title="Suba-Simbiti language">Suba-Simbiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbwa_language" title="Sumbwa language">Sumbwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinza_language" title="Vinza language">Vinza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanaki_language" title="Zanaki language">Zanaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinza_language" title="Zinza language">Zinza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kikuyu–Kamba</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonjo_language" title="Sonjo language">Sonjo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Bantu" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Bantu">Northeast Coast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digo_language" title="Digo language">Digo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doe_language" title="Doe language">Doe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gogo_language" title="Gogo language">Gogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagulu_language" title="Kagulu language">Kagulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kami_language_(Tanzania)" title="Kami language (Tanzania)">Kami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutu_language" title="Kutu language">Kutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwere_language" title="Kwere language">Kwere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luguru_language" title="Luguru language">Luguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngulu_language" title="Ngulu language">Ngulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagara_language" title="Sagara language">Sagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shambala_language" title="Shambala language">Shambala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidunda_language" title="Vidunda language">Vidunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaramo_language" title="Zaramo language">Zaramo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Takama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holoholo_language" title="Holoholo language">Holoholo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iramba_language" title="Iramba language">Iramba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isanzu_language" title="Isanzu language">Isanzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimbu_language" title="Kimbu language">Kimbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyamwezi_language" title="Nyamwezi language">Nyamwezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukuma_language" title="Sukuma language">Sukuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turu_language" title="Turu language">Turu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kilombero_languages" title="Kilombero languages">Kilombero</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mbunga_language" title="Mbunga language">Mbunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndamba_language" title="Ndamba language">Ndamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogolo_language" title="Pogolo language">Pogolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rufiji%E2%80%93Ruvuma_languages" title="Rufiji–Ruvuma languages">Rufiji–Ruvuma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matengo_language" title="Matengo language">Matengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matumbi_language" title="Matumbi language">Matumbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpoto_language" title="Mpoto language">Mpoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwera_language" title="Mwera language">Mwera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndendeule_language" title="Ndendeule language">Ndendeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndengereko_language" title="Ndengereko language">Ndengereko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makonde_language" title="Makonde language">Ndonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngindo_language" title="Ngindo language">Ngindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngoni_language" title="Ngoni language">Ngoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nindi_language" title="Nindi language">Nindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_language" title="Yao language">Yao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rukwa_languages" title="Rukwa languages">Rukwa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bungu_language" title="Bungu language">Bungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fipa_language" title="Fipa language">Fipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambya_language" title="Lambya language">Lambya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malila_language" title="Malila language">Malila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mambwe-Lungu_language" title="Mambwe-Lungu language">Mambwe-Lungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwanga_language" title="Mwanga language">Mwanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyakyusa_language" title="Nyakyusa language">Nyakyusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyiha_language" title="Nyiha language">Nyiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyika_language" title="Nyika language">Nyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwa_language" title="Safwa language">Safwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanda_language" title="Wanda language">Wanda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Bantu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bemba_language" title="Bemba language">Bemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhuwa_language" title="Makhuwa language">Makhuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbamba_Bay_language" title="Mbamba Bay language">Mbamba Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbugwe_language" title="Mbugwe language">Mbugwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangi_language" title="Rangi language">Rangi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alagwa_language" title="Alagwa language">Alagwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_language" title="Asa language">Asa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burunge_language" title="Burunge language">Burunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorowa_language" title="Gorowa language">Gorowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqw_language" title="Iraqw language">Iraqw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kw%CA%BCadza_language" title="Kwʼadza language">Kwʼadza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nilotic_languages" title="Nilotic languages">Nilotic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Datooga_language" title="Datooga language">Datooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisankasa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kisankasa language">Kisankasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwavi_dialect" title="Kwavi dialect">Kwavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_language" title="Maasai language">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediak language">Mediak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosiro_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosiro language">Mosiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngasa_language" title="Ngasa language">Ngasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dholuo" title="Dholuo">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogiek_language" title="Ogiek language">Ogiek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates/unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaio_language" title="Omaio language">Omaio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serengeti-Dorobo_language" title="Serengeti-Dorobo language">"Serengeti-Dorobo"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">7 school sign languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Uganda66" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Uganda" title="Template:Languages of Uganda"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Uganda" title="Template talk:Languages of Uganda"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Uganda" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Uganda"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Uganda66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Uganda" title="Languages of Uganda">Languages of Uganda</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_English" title="Ugandan English">English</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Sign_Language" title="Ugandan Sign Language">Ugandan Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amba_language_(Bantu)" title="Amba language (Bantu)">Amba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gungu_language" title="Gungu language">Gungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwere_language" title="Gwere language">Gwere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khayo_language" title="Khayo language">Khayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiga_language" title="Kiga language">Kiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luganda" title="Luganda">Luganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhya_language" title="Luhya language">Luhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marachi_language" title="Marachi language">Marachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masaba_language" title="Masaba language">Masaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkore_language" title="Nkore language">Nkore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkore-Kiga_language" title="Nkore-Kiga language">Nkore-Kiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyole_language_(Uganda)" title="Nyole language (Uganda)">Nyole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyoro_language" title="Nyoro language">Nyoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyoro-Tooro_language" title="Nyoro-Tooro language">Nyoro-Tooro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruuli_language" title="Ruuli language">Ruuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samia_language" title="Samia language">Samia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singa_language" title="Singa language">Singa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soga_language" title="Soga language">Soga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talinga_language" title="Talinga language">Talinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooro_language" title="Tooro language">Tooro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acholi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Acholi language">Acholi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhola_dialect" title="Adhola dialect">Adhola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alur_language" title="Alur language">Alur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aringa_language" title="Aringa language">Aringa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bari_language" title="Bari language">Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elgon_languages" title="Elgon languages">Elgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_language" title="Ik language">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamojong_language" title="Karamojong language">Karamojong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuku_dialect" title="Kuku dialect">Kuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lango_language_(Uganda)" title="Lango language (Uganda)">Lango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_language" title="Lugbara language">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyang%27i_language" title="Nyang'i language">Nyang'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B6koot_language" title="Pökoot language">Pökoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soo_language" title="Soo language">Soo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Luo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Luo language">Southern Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teso_language" title="Teso language">Teso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runyakitara_language" title="Runyakitara language">Runyakitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubi_language" title="Nubi language">Nubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oropom_language" title="Oropom language">Oropom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_E–H)_(by_Guthrie_classification)799" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_E%E2%80%93H)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_E%E2%80%93H)" title="Template talk:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_E%E2%80%93H)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_E–H)_(by_Guthrie_classification)799" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Narrow <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a> (Zones E–H) (by <a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Guthrie classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone E</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[J]E10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[J]E11 <a href="/wiki/Nyoro_language" title="Nyoro language">Nyoro</a></li> <li>[J]E12 <a href="/wiki/Tooro_language" title="Tooro language">Tooro</a></li> <li>[J]E13 <a href="/wiki/Nkore_language" title="Nkore language">Nyankore</a></li> <li>[J]E14 <a href="/wiki/Kiga_language" title="Kiga language">Ciga</a></li> <li>[J]E15 <a href="/wiki/Luganda" title="Luganda">Ganda</a></li> <li>[J]E16 <a href="/wiki/Soga_language" title="Soga language">Soga</a></li> <li>[J]E17 <a href="/wiki/Gwere_language" title="Gwere language">Gwere</a></li> <li>[J]E18 <a href="/wiki/Luhya_language" title="Luhya language">Nyala</a></li> <li>[JE101 <a href="/wiki/Gungu_language" title="Gungu language">Gungu</a></li> <li>JE102 <a href="/wiki/Talinga_language" title="Talinga language">Talinga-Bwisi</a></li> <li>JE103 <a href="/wiki/Ruuli_language" title="Ruuli language">Ruli</a></li> <li>JE121 <a href="/wiki/Hema_language" title="Hema language">Hema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[J]E20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[J]E21 <a href="/wiki/Nyambo_language" title="Nyambo language">Nyambo</a></li> <li>[J]E22 <a href="/wiki/Haya_language" title="Haya language">Ziba</a></li> <li>[J]E23 <a href="/wiki/Zinza_language" title="Zinza language">Dzindza</a></li> <li>[J]E24 <a href="/wiki/Kerewe_language" title="Kerewe language">Kerebe</a></li> <li>[J]E25 <a href="/wiki/Jita_language" title="Jita language">Jita</a></li> <li>[JE221 <a href="/wiki/Haya_language" title="Haya language">Rashi</a></li> <li>JE251 <a href="/wiki/Kwaya_language" title="Kwaya language">Kwaya</a></li> <li>JE252 <a href="/wiki/Kara_language_(Tanzania)" title="Kara language (Tanzania)">Kara</a></li> <li>JE253 <a href="/wiki/Kwaya_language" title="Kwaya language">Ruri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[J]E30</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[J]E31a <a href="/wiki/Masaba_language" title="Masaba language">Gisu</a></li> <li>[J]E31b <a href="/wiki/Masaba_language" title="Masaba language">Kisu</a></li> <li>[J]E31c <a href="/wiki/Bukusu_dialect" title="Bukusu dialect">Bukusu</a></li> <li>[J]E32a <a href="/wiki/Luhya_language" title="Luhya language">Hanga</a></li> <li>[J]E32b <a href="/wiki/Luhya_language" title="Luhya language">Tsotso</a></li> <li>[J]E33 <a href="/wiki/Nyole_language_(Kenya)" title="Nyole language (Kenya)">Nyore</a></li> <li>[J]E34 <a href="/wiki/Samia_language" title="Samia language">Saamia</a></li> <li>[J]E35 <a href="/wiki/Nyole_language_(Uganda)" title="Nyole language (Uganda)">Nyuli</a></li> <li>[JE341 <a href="/wiki/Khayo_language" title="Khayo language">Xaayo</a></li> <li>JE342 <a href="/wiki/Marachi_language" title="Marachi language">Marachi</a></li> <li>JE343 <a href="/wiki/Samia_language" title="Samia language">Songa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[J]E40</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[J]E41 <a href="/wiki/Logooli_language" title="Logooli language">Logooli</a></li> <li>[J]E42 <a href="/wiki/Gusii_language" title="Gusii language">Gusii</a></li> <li>[J]E43 <a href="/wiki/Kuria_language" title="Kuria language">Koria</a></li> <li>[J]E44 <a href="/wiki/Zanaki_language" title="Zanaki language">Zanaki</a></li> <li>[J]E45 <a href="/wiki/Ikoma_language" title="Ikoma language">Nata</a></li> <li>E46 <a href="/wiki/Sonjo_language" title="Sonjo language">Sonjo</a></li> <li>[JE401 <a href="/wiki/Ngoreme_language" title="Ngoreme language">Nguruimi</a></li> <li>JE402 <a href="/wiki/Ikizu_language" title="Ikizu language">Ikizu</a></li> <li>JE403 <a href="/wiki/Suba_language" title="Suba language">Suba</a>/<a href="/wiki/Suba-Simbiti_language" title="Suba-Simbiti language">Suba-Simbiti</a></li> <li>JE404 <a href="/wiki/Ikizu_language" title="Ikizu language">Shashi</a></li> <li>JE405 <a href="/wiki/Kabwa_language" title="Kabwa language">Kabwa</a></li> <li>JE406 <a href="/wiki/Singa_language" title="Singa language">Singa</a></li> <li>JE407 <a href="/wiki/Ware_language" title="Ware language">Ware</a></li> <li>JE411 <a href="/wiki/Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki_language" title="Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki language">Idaxo</a></li> <li>JE412 <a href="/wiki/Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki_language" title="Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki language">Isuxa</a></li> <li>JE413 <a href="/wiki/Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki_language" title="Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki language">Tiriki</a></li> <li>JE431 <a href="/wiki/Kuria_language" title="Kuria language">Simbiti</a></li> <li>JE432 <a href="/wiki/Kuria_language" title="Kuria language">Hacha</a></li> <li>JE433 <a href="/wiki/Kuria_language" title="Kuria language">Surwa</a></li> <li>JE434 <a href="/wiki/Kuria_language" title="Kuria language">Sweta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">E50</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>E51 <a href="/wiki/Kikuyu_language" title="Kikuyu language">Kikuyu</a></li> <li>E52 <a href="/wiki/Embu_language" title="Embu language">Embu</a></li> <li>E53 <a href="/wiki/Meru_language" title="Meru language">Meru</a></li> <li>E54 <a href="/wiki/Meru_language" title="Meru language">Saraka</a></li> <li>E55 <a href="/wiki/Kamba_language" title="Kamba language">Kamba</a></li> <li>E56 <a href="/wiki/Kamba_language" title="Kamba language">Daiso</a></li> <li>[E531 <a href="/wiki/Meru_language" title="Meru language">Mwimbi-Muthambi</a></li> <li>E541 <a href="/wiki/Meru_language" title="Meru language">Cuka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">E60</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>E61[621a] <a href="/wiki/West_Kilimanjaro_language" title="West Kilimanjaro language">Rwo</a></li> <li>E62a[621b,622a] <a href="/wiki/West_Kilimanjaro_language" title="West Kilimanjaro language">Hai</a></li> <li>E62b[622c] <a href="/wiki/Central_Kilimanjaro_language" title="Central Kilimanjaro language">Wunjo</a></li> <li>E62c[623] <a href="/wiki/Rombo_language" title="Rombo language">Rombo</a></li> <li>E63 <a href="/wiki/Rusa_language" title="Rusa language">Rusa</a></li> <li>E64 <a href="/wiki/Kahe_language" title="Kahe language">Kahe</a></li> <li>E65 <a href="/wiki/Gweno_language" title="Gweno language">Gweno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">E70</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>E71 <a href="/wiki/Pokomo_language" title="Pokomo language">Pokomo</a></li> <li>E72a <a href="/wiki/Mijikenda_language" title="Mijikenda language">Gyriama</a></li> <li>E72b <a href="/wiki/Mijikenda_language" title="Mijikenda language">Kauma</a></li> <li>E72c <a href="/wiki/Mijikenda_language" title="Mijikenda language">Conyi</a></li> <li>E72d <a href="/wiki/Mijikenda_language" title="Mijikenda language">Duruma</a></li> <li>E72e <a href="/wiki/Mijikenda_language" title="Mijikenda language">Rabai</a></li> <li>E73 <a href="/wiki/Digo_language" title="Digo language">Digo</a></li> <li>E74a <a href="/wiki/Taita_language" title="Taita language">Dabida</a></li> <li>E74b[741] <a href="/wiki/Taita_language" title="Taita language">Sagala</a></li> <li>[E701 <a href="/wiki/Ilwana_language" title="Ilwana language">Elwana</a></li> <li>E731 <a href="/wiki/Mijikenda_language" title="Mijikenda language">Segeju</a></li> <li>E732 <a href="/wiki/Mijikenda_language" title="Mijikenda language">Degere</a></li> <li>E74 <a href="/wiki/Taita_language" title="Taita language">Taita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone F</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">F10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>F11 <a href="/wiki/Tongwe_language" title="Tongwe language">Tongwe</a></li> <li>F12 <a href="/wiki/Tongwe_language" title="Tongwe language">Bende</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[J]F20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[J]F21 <a href="/wiki/Sukuma_language" title="Sukuma language">Sukuma</a></li> <li>[J]F22 <a href="/wiki/Nyamwezi_language" title="Nyamwezi language">Nyamwezi</a></li> <li>[J]F23 <a href="/wiki/Sumbwa_language" title="Sumbwa language">Sumbwa</a></li> <li>[J]F24 <a href="/wiki/Kimbu_language" title="Kimbu language">Kimbu</a></li> <li>[J]F25 <a href="/wiki/Bungu_language" title="Bungu language">Bungu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">F30</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>F31 <a href="/wiki/Iramba_language" title="Iramba language">Nilamba</a></li> <li>F32 <a href="/wiki/Turu_language" title="Turu language">Remi</a></li> <li>F33 <a href="/wiki/Rangi_language" title="Rangi language">Langi</a></li> <li>F34 <a href="/wiki/Mbugwe_language" title="Mbugwe language">Mbugwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone G</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>G11 <a href="/wiki/Gogo_language" title="Gogo language">Gogo</a></li> <li>G12 <a href="/wiki/Kagulu_language" title="Kagulu language">Kaguru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>G21 <a href="/wiki/Taveta_language" title="Taveta language">Tubeta</a></li> <li>G22 <a href="/wiki/Pare_language" title="Pare language">Asu</a></li> <li>G23 <a href="/wiki/Shambala_language" title="Shambala language">Shambala</a></li> <li>G24 <a href="/wiki/Bondei_language" title="Bondei language">Bondei</a></li> <li>[G221 <a href="/wiki/Mbugu_language" title="Mbugu language">Mbugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G30</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>G31 <a href="/wiki/Zigula_language" title="Zigula language">Zigula</a></li> <li>G32 <a href="/wiki/Kwere_language" title="Kwere language">Ngwele</a></li> <li>G33 <a href="/wiki/Zaramo_language" title="Zaramo language">Zaramo</a></li> <li>G34 <a href="/wiki/Ngulu_language" title="Ngulu language">Ngulu</a></li> <li>G35 <a href="/wiki/Luguru_language" title="Luguru language">Ruguru</a></li> <li>G36 <a href="/wiki/Kami_language_(Tanzania)" title="Kami language (Tanzania)">Kami</a></li> <li>G37 <a href="/wiki/Kutu_language" title="Kutu language">Kutu</a></li> <li>G38 <a href="/wiki/Vidunda_language" title="Vidunda language">Vidunda</a></li> <li>G39 <a href="/wiki/Sagara_language" title="Sagara language">Sagala</a></li> <li>[G301 <a href="/wiki/Doe_language" title="Doe language">Doe</a></li> <li>G311 <a href="/wiki/Zigula_language" title="Zigula language">Mushungulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G40</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>G41 <a href="/wiki/Bajuni_dialect" title="Bajuni dialect">Tikuu</a></li> <li>G42a <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amu</a></li> <li>G42b <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mvita</a></li> <li>G42c <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mrima</a></li> <li>G42d <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Unguja</a></li> <li>G43a <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phemba</a></li> <li>G43b <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tumbatu</a></li> <li>G43c <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hadimu</a></li> <li>G44a <a href="/wiki/Comorian_languages" title="Comorian languages">Ngazija</a></li> <li>G44b <a href="/wiki/Comorian_languages" title="Comorian languages">Njuani</a></li> <li>[G402 <a href="/wiki/Makwe_language" title="Makwe language">Makwe</a></li> <li>G403 <a href="/wiki/Mwani_language" title="Mwani language">Mwani</a></li> <li>G404 <a href="/wiki/Sidi_language" title="Sidi language">Sidi</a></li> <li>G411 <a href="/wiki/Socotra_Swahili_language" title="Socotra Swahili language">Socotra Swahili</a></li> <li>G412 <a href="/wiki/Bravanese_dialect" title="Bravanese dialect">Mwiini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G50</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>G51 <a href="/wiki/Pogolo_language" title="Pogolo language">Pogolo</a></li> <li>G52 <a href="/wiki/Ndamba_language" title="Ndamba language">Ndamba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G60</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>G61 <a href="/wiki/Sangu_language_(Tanzania)" title="Sangu language (Tanzania)">Sango</a></li> <li>G62 <a href="/wiki/Hehe_language" title="Hehe language">Hehe</a></li> <li>G63 <a href="/wiki/Bena_language" title="Bena language">Bena</a></li> <li>G64 <a href="/wiki/Pangwa_language" title="Pangwa language">Pangwa</a></li> <li>G65 <a href="/wiki/Kinga_language" title="Kinga language">Kinga</a></li> <li>G66 <a href="/wiki/Vwanji_language" title="Vwanji language">Wanji</a></li> <li>G67 <a href="/wiki/Kisi_language_(Tanzania)" title="Kisi language (Tanzania)">Kisi</a></li> <li>[G651 <a href="/wiki/Magoma_language" title="Magoma language">Magoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone H</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">H10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>H11 <a href="/wiki/Bembe_language_(Kibembe)" title="Bembe language (Kibembe)">Beembe</a></li> <li>H12 <a href="/wiki/Vili_language" title="Vili language">Vili</a></li> <li>H13 <a href="/wiki/Kunyi_language" title="Kunyi language">Kunyi</a></li> <li>H14 <a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Ndingi</a></li> <li>H15 <a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Mboka</a></li> <li>H16a <a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">South Kongo</a></li> <li>H16b <a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Central Kongo</a></li> <li>H16c <a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Yombe</a></li> <li>H16d <a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Fiote</a></li> <li>H16e <a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Bwende</a></li> <li>H16f <a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Laadi</a></li> <li>H16g <a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">East Kongo</a></li> <li>H16h <a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Southeast Kongo</a></li> <li>[H111 <a href="/wiki/Bembe_language_(Kibembe)" title="Bembe language (Kibembe)">Hangala</a></li> <li>H112 <a href="/wiki/Bembe_language_(Kibembe)" title="Bembe language (Kibembe)">Kamba</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bembe_language_(Kibembe)" title="Bembe language (Kibembe)">Doondo</a></li> <li>H131 <a href="/wiki/Suundi_language" title="Suundi language">Suundi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">H20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>H21a <a href="/wiki/Kimbundu" title="Kimbundu">Kimbundu</a></li> <li>H21b <a href="/wiki/Kimbundu" title="Kimbundu">Mbamba</a></li> <li>H22 <a href="/wiki/Sama_language_(Angola)" title="Sama language (Angola)">Sama</a></li> <li>H23 <a href="/wiki/Bolo_language" title="Bolo language">Bolo</a></li> <li>H24 <a href="/wiki/Nsongo_language" title="Nsongo language">Songo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">H30</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>H31 <a href="/wiki/Yaka_language_(Congo%E2%80%93Angola)" title="Yaka language (Congo–Angola)">Yaka</a></li> <li>H32 <a href="/wiki/Suku_language" title="Suku language">Suku</a></li> <li>H33 [L12b] <a href="/wiki/Holu_language" title="Holu language">Hungu</a></li> <li>H34 <a href="/wiki/Mbangala_language" title="Mbangala language">Mbangala</a></li> <li>H35 <a href="/wiki/Shinji_language" title="Shinji language">Sinji</a></li> <li>[H321 <a href="/wiki/Sonde_language" title="Sonde language">Soonde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">H40</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>H41 <a href="/wiki/Mbala_language" title="Mbala language">Mbala</a></li> <li>H42 <a href="/wiki/Hungana_language" title="Hungana language">Hunganna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a>.</li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Guthrie classification</a> is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Narrow Bantu languages by Guthrie classification zone templates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_A%E2%80%93B)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_C%E2%80%93D)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_E%E2%80%93H)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_J%E2%80%93M)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_N%E2%80%93S)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Swahili language</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:About_Swahili" class="extiw" title="wikt:Wiktionary:About Swahili">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Swahili_language" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Swahili language">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Swahili" class="extiw" title="b:Swahili">Textbooks</a></b> from Wikibooks</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Swahili_phrasebook" class="extiw" title="voy:Swahili phrasebook">Phrasebook</a></b> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/21px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/32px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/42px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="sw:">Swahili edition</a></b> of Wikipedia</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" 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