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mine</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: sub-surface mine"> <meta name="keywords" content="sub-surface mine"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="sub-surface mine" name="q" aria-label="Search"> <button class="btn btn-light my-2 my-sm-0" type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse mt-1" id="navbarMenu"> <ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto align-items-center" id="mainNavMenu"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/conferences" title="Conferences in 2024/2025/2026">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/disciplines" title="Disciplines">Disciplines</a> </li> <li 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="sub-surface mine"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 524</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: sub-surface mine</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">494</span> Assessment for the Backfill Using the Run of the Mine Tailings and Portland Cement </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Javad%20Someehneshin">Javad Someehneshin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Weizhou%20Quan"> Weizhou Quan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelsalam%20Abugharara"> Abdelsalam Abugharara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephen%20Butt"> Stephen Butt</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Narrow vein mining (NVM) is exploiting very thin but valuable ore bodies that are uneconomical to extract by conventional mining methods. NVM applies the technique of Sustainable Mining by Drilling (SMD). The SMD method is used to mine stranded, steeply dipping ore veins, which are too small or isolated to mine economically using conventional methods since the dilution is minimized. This novel mining technique uses drilling rigs to extract the ore through directional drilling surgically. This paper is focusing on utilizing the run of the mine tailings and Portland cement as backfill material to support the hanging wall for providing safe mine operation. Cemented paste backfill (CPB) is designed by mixing waste tailings, water, and cement of the precise percentage for optimal outcomes. It is a non-homogenous material that contains 70-85% solids. Usually, a hydraulic binder is added to the mixture to increase the strength of the CPB. The binder fraction mostly accounts for 2–10% of the total weight. In the mining industry, CPB has been improved and expanded gradually because it provides safety and support for the mines. Furthermore, CPB helps manage the waste tailings in an economical method and plays a significant role in environmental protection. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=backfilling" title="backfilling">backfilling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cement%20backfill" title=" cement backfill"> cement backfill</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tailings" title=" tailings"> tailings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Portland%20cement" title=" Portland cement"> Portland cement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125089/assessment-for-the-backfill-using-the-run-of-the-mine-tailings-and-portland-cement" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125089.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">138</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">493</span> Cooperative Robot Application in a Never Explored or an Abandoned Sub-Surface Mine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20K.%20O.%20Ayomoh">Michael K. O. Ayomoh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oyindamola%20A.%20Omotuyi"> Oyindamola A. Omotuyi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Autonomous mobile robots deployed to explore or operate in a never explored or an abandoned sub-surface mine requires extreme effectiveness in coordination and communication. In a bid to transmit information from the depth of the mine to the external surface in real-time and amidst diverse physical, chemical and virtual impediments, the concept of unified cooperative robots is seen to be a proficient approach. This paper presents an effective [human → robot → task] coordination framework for effective exploration of an abandoned underground mine. The problem addressed in this research is basically the development of a globalized optimization model premised on time series differentiation and geometrical configurations for effective positioning of the two classes of robots in the cooperation namely the outermost stationary master (OSM) robots and the innermost dynamic task (IDT) robots for effective bi-directional signal transmission. In addition, the synchronization of a vision system and wireless communication system for both categories of robots, fiber optics system for the OSM robots in cases of highly sloppy or vertical mine channels and an autonomous battery recharging capability for the IDT robots further enhanced the proposed concept. The OSM robots are the master robots which are positioned at strategic locations starting from the mine open surface down to its base using a fiber-optic cable or a wireless communication medium all subject to the identified mine geometrical configuration. The OSM robots are usually stationary and function by coordinating the transmission of signals from the IDT robots at the base of the mine to the surface and in a reverse order based on human decisions at the surface control station. The proposed scheme also presents an optimized number of robots required to form the cooperation in a bid to reduce overall operational cost and system complexity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sub-surface%20mine" title="sub-surface mine">sub-surface mine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wireless%20communication" title=" wireless communication"> wireless communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=outermost%20stationary%20master%20robots" title=" outermost stationary master robots"> outermost stationary master robots</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inner-most%20dynamic%20robots" title=" inner-most dynamic robots"> inner-most dynamic robots</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fiber%20optic" title=" fiber optic"> fiber optic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82955/cooperative-robot-application-in-a-never-explored-or-an-abandoned-sub-surface-mine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82955.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">213</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">492</span> Analysis of Changes Being Done of the Mine Legislation of Turkey: Mining Operation Activity Process </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ta%C5%9Fk%C4%B1n%20Deniz%20Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z">Taşkın Deniz Yıldız</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustafa%20Topalo%C4%9Flu"> Mustafa Topaloğlu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Orhan%20Kural"> Orhan Kural</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The right to operate a fairly long periods of prior periods and after the 3213 Mining Law has been observed to be shortened in Turkey. Permit the realization of business activities (or concession) requested the purchase of the mine operated "found mine" position, as well as the financial and technical capability to have the owner of the right to operate the mines as well as the principle of equality is important in terms of assessing the best way be. In particular, in this context, license fields "negligence" (downsizing) have noted that the current arrangement for all periods. However, in the period after 3213 Mining Act and a permit to operate more effectively within the framework of implementation of negligence is laid down. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mining%20legislation" title="mining legislation">mining legislation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=operation" title=" operation"> operation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=permit" title=" permit"> permit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Turkey" title=" Turkey"> Turkey</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59466/analysis-of-changes-being-done-of-the-mine-legislation-of-turkey-mining-operation-activity-process" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59466.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">402</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">491</span> Hazardous Gas Detection Robot in Coal Mines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kanchan%20J.%20Kakade">Kanchan J. Kakade</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20A.%20Annadate"> S. A. Annadate</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents design and development of underground coal mine monitoring using mbed arm cortex controller and ZigBee communication. Coal mine is a special type of mine which is dangerous in nature. Safety is the most important feature of a coal industry for proper functioning. It’s not only for employees and workers but also for environment and nation. Many coal producing countries in the world face phenomenal frequently occurred accidents in coal mines viz, gas explosion, flood, and fire breaking out during coal mines exploitation. Thus, such emissions of various gases from coal mines are necessary to detect with the help of robot. Coal is a combustible, sedimentary, organic rock, which is made up of mainly carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Coal Mine Detection Robot mainly detects mash gas and carbon monoxide. The mash gas is the kind of the mixed gas which mainly make up of methane in the underground of the coal mine shaft, and sometimes it abbreviate to methane. It is formed from vegetation, which has been fused between other rock layers and altered by the combined effects of heat and pressure over millions of years to form coal beds. Coal has many important uses worldwide. The most significant uses of coal are in electricity generation, steel production, cement manufacturing and as a liquid fuel. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zigbee%20communication" title="Zigbee communication">Zigbee communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=various%20sensors" title=" various sensors"> various sensors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hazardous%20gases" title=" hazardous gases"> hazardous gases</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mbed%20arm%20cortex%20M3%20core%20controller" title=" mbed arm cortex M3 core controller "> mbed arm cortex M3 core controller </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32662/hazardous-gas-detection-robot-in-coal-mines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32662.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">468</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">490</span> Time Series Analysis of Radon Concentration at Different Depths in an Underground Goldmine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Theophilus%20Adjirackor">Theophilus Adjirackor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Frederic%20Sam"> Frederic Sam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irene%20Opoku-Ntim"> Irene Opoku-Ntim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Okoh%20Kpeglo"> David Okoh Kpeglo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prince%20K.%20Gyekye"> Prince K. Gyekye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Frank%20K.%20Quashie"> Frank K. Quashie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kofi%20Ofori"> Kofi Ofori</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Indoor radon concentrations were collected monthly over a period of one year in 10 different levels in an underground goldmine, and the data was analyzed using a four-moving average time series to determine the relationship between the depths of the underground mine and the indoor radon concentration. The detectors were installed in batches within four quarters. The measurements were carried out using LR115 solid-state nuclear track detectors. Statistical models are applied in the prediction and analysis of the radon concentration at various depths. The time series model predicted a positive relationship between the depth of the underground mine and the indoor radon concentration. Thus, elevated radon concentrations are expected at deeper levels of the underground mine, but the relationship was insignificant at the 5% level of significance with a negative adjusted R2 (R2 = – 0.021) due to an appropriate engineering and adequate ventilation rate in the underground mine. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LR115" title="LR115">LR115</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radon%20concentration" title=" radon concentration"> radon concentration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rime%20series" title=" rime series"> rime series</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground%20goldmine" title=" underground goldmine"> underground goldmine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186013/time-series-analysis-of-radon-concentration-at-different-depths-in-an-underground-goldmine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186013.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">45</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">489</span> Mitigation Measures for the Acid Mine Drainage Emanating from the Sabie Goldfield: Case Study of the Nestor Mine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rudzani%20Lusunzi">Rudzani Lusunzi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Frans%20Waanders"> Frans Waanders</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elvis%20Fosso-Kankeu"> Elvis Fosso-Kankeu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Robert%20Khashane%20Netshitungulwana"> Robert Khashane Netshitungulwana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Sabie Goldfield has a history of gold mining dating back more than a century. Acid mine drainage (AMD) from the Nestor mine tailings storage facility (MTSF) poses a serious threat to the nearby ecosystem, specifically the Sabie River system. This study aims at developing mitigation measures for the AMD emanating from the Nestor MTSF using materials from the Glynns Lydenburg MTSF. The Nestor MTSF (NM) and the Glynns Lydenburg MTSF (GM) each provided about 20 kg of bulk composite samples. Using samples from the Nestor MTSF and the Glynns Lydenburg MTSF, two mixtures were created. MIX-A is a mixture that contains 25% weight percent (GM) and 75% weight percent (NM). MIX-B is the name given to the second mixture, which contains 50% AN and 50% AG. The same static test, i.e., acid–base accounting (ABA), net acid generation (NAG), and acid buffering characteristics curve (ABCC) was used to estimate the acid-generating probabilities of samples NM and GM for MIX-A and MIX-B. Furthermore, the mineralogy of the Nestor MTSF samples consists of the primary acid-producing mineral pyrite as well as the secondary minerals ferricopiapite and jarosite, which are common in acidic conditions. The Glynns Lydenburg MTSF samples, on the other hand, contain primary acid-neutralizing minerals calcite and dolomite. Based on the assessment conducted, materials from the Glynns Lydenburg are capable of neutralizing AMD from Nestor MTSF. Therefore, the alkaline tailings materials from the Glynns Lydenburg MTSF can be used to rehabilitate the acidic Nestor MTSF. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nestor%20Mine" title="Nestor Mine">Nestor Mine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acid%20mine%20drainage" title=" acid mine drainage"> acid mine drainage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mitigation" title=" mitigation"> mitigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sabie%20River%20system" title=" Sabie River system"> Sabie River system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165950/mitigation-measures-for-the-acid-mine-drainage-emanating-from-the-sabie-goldfield-case-study-of-the-nestor-mine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165950.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">85</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">488</span> Groundwater Treatment of Thailand's Mae Moh Lignite Mine </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Laksanayothin">A. Laksanayothin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20Ariyawong"> W. Ariyawong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mae Moh Lignite Mine is the largest open-pit mine in Thailand. The mine serves coal to the power plant about 16 million tons per year. This amount of coal can produce electricity accounting for about 10% of Nation’s electric power generation. The mining area of Mae Moh Mine is about 28 km2. At present, the deepest area of the pit is about 280 m from ground level (+40 m. MSL) and in the future the depth of the pit can reach 520 m from ground level (-200 m.MSL). As the size of the pit is quite large, the stability of the pit is seriously important. Furthermore, the preliminary drilling and extended drilling in year 1989-1996 had found high pressure aquifer under the pit. As a result, the pressure of the underground water has to be released in order to control mine pit stability. The study by the consulting experts later found that 3-5 million m3 per year of the underground water is needed to be de-watered for the safety of mining. However, the quality of this discharged water should meet the standard. Therefore, the ground water treatment facility has been implemented, aiming to reduce the amount of naturally contaminated Arsenic (As) in discharged water lower than the standard limit of 10 ppb. The treatment system consists of coagulation and filtration process. The main components include rapid mixing tanks, slow mixing tanks, sedimentation tank, thickener tank and sludge drying bed. The treatment process uses 40% FeCl3 as a coagulant. The FeCl3 will adsorb with As(V), forming floc particles and separating from the water as precipitate. After that, the sludge is dried in the sand bed and then be disposed in the secured land fill. Since 2011, the treatment plant of 12,000 m3/day has been efficiently operated. The average removal efficiency of the process is about 95%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arsenic" title="arsenic">arsenic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coagulant" title=" coagulant"> coagulant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ferric%20chloride" title=" ferric chloride"> ferric chloride</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=groundwater" title=" groundwater"> groundwater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lignite" title=" lignite"> lignite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coal%20mine" title=" coal mine "> coal mine </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21429/groundwater-treatment-of-thailands-mae-moh-lignite-mine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21429.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">310</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">487</span> Abandoned Mine Methane Mitigation in the United States</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jerome%20Blackman">Jerome Blackman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pamela%20Franklin"> Pamela Franklin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Volha%20Roshchanka"> Volha Roshchanka</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The US coal mining sector accounts for 6% of total US Methane emissions (2021). 60% of US coal mining methane emissions come from active underground mine ventilation systems. Abandoned mines contribute about 13% of methane emissions from coal mining. While there are thousands of abandoned underground coal mines in the US, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that fewer than 100 have sufficient methane resources for viable methane recovery and use projects. Many abandoned mines are in remote areas far from potential energy customers and may be flooded, further complicating methane recovery. Because these mines are no longer active, recovery projects can be simpler to implement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=abandoned%20mines" title="abandoned mines">abandoned mines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coal%20mine%20methane" title=" coal mine methane"> coal mine methane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coal%20mining" title=" coal mining"> coal mining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methane%20emissions" title=" methane emissions"> methane emissions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methane%20mitigation" title=" methane mitigation"> methane mitigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recovery%20and%20use" title=" recovery and use"> recovery and use</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176222/abandoned-mine-methane-mitigation-in-the-united-states" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176222.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">78</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">486</span> Best Season for Seismic Survey in Zaria Area, Nigeria: Data Quality and Implications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibe%20O.%20Stephen">Ibe O. Stephen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Egwuonwu%20N.%20Gabriel"> Egwuonwu N. Gabriel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Variations in seismic P-wave velocity and depth resolution resulting from variations in subsurface water saturation were investigated in this study in order to determine the season of the year that gives the most reliable P-wave velocity and depth resolution of the subsurface in Zaria Area, Nigeria. A 2D seismic refraction tomography technique involving an ABEM Terraloc MK6 Seismograph was used to collect data across a borehole of standard log with the centre of the spread situated at the borehole site. Using the same parameters this procedure was repeated along the same spread for at least once in a month for at least eight months in a year for four years. The choice for each survey time depended on when there was significant variation in rainfall data. The seismic data collected were tomographically inverted. The results suggested that the average P-wave velocity ranges of the subsurface in the area are generally higher when the ground was wet than when it was dry. The results also suggested that the overburden of about 9.0 m in thickness, the weathered basement of about 14.0 m in thickness and the fractured basement at a depth of about 23.0 m best fitted the borehole log. This best fit was consistently obtained in the months between March and May when the average total rainfall was about 44.8 mm in the area. The results had also shown that the velocity ranges in both dry and wet formations fall within the standard ranges as provided in literature. In terms of velocity, this study has not in any way clearly distinguished the quality of the results of the seismic data obtained when the subsurface was dry from the results of the data collected when the subsurface was wet. It was concluded that for more detailed and reliable seismic studies in Zaria Area and its environs with similar climatic condition, the surveys are best conducted between March and May. The most reliable seismic data for depth resolution are most likely obtainable in the area between March and May. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=best%20season" title="best season">best season</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=variations%20in%20depth%20resolution" title=" variations in depth resolution"> variations in depth resolution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=variations%20in%20P-wave%20velocity" title=" variations in P-wave velocity"> variations in P-wave velocity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=variations%20in%20subsurface%20water%20saturation" title=" variations in subsurface water saturation"> variations in subsurface water saturation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zaria%20area" title=" Zaria area"> Zaria area</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49696/best-season-for-seismic-survey-in-zaria-area-nigeria-data-quality-and-implications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49696.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">289</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">485</span> In-Situ Determination of Radioactivity Levels and Radiological Hazards in and around the Gold Mine Tailings of the West Rand Area, South Africa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paballo%20M.%20Moshupya">Paballo M. Moshupya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamiru%20A.%20Abiye"> Tamiru A. Abiye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ian%20Korir"> Ian Korir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mining and processing of naturally occurring radioactive materials could result in elevated levels of natural radionuclides in the environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the radioactivity levels on a large scale in the West Rand District in South Africa, which is dominated by abandoned gold mine tailings and the consequential radiological exposures to members of the public. The activity concentrations of ²³⁸U, ²³²Th and 40K in mine tailings, soil and rocks were assessed using the BGO Super-Spec (RS-230) gamma spectrometer. The measured activity concentrations for ²³⁸U, ²³²Th and 40K in the studied mine tailings were found to range from 209.95 to 2578.68 Bq/kg, 19.49 to 108.00 Bq/kg and 31.30 to 626.00 Bq/kg, respectively. In surface soils, the overall average activity concentrations were found to be 59.15 Bq/kg, 34.91 and 245.64 Bq/kg for 238U, ²³²Th and 40K, respectively. For the rock samples analyzed, the mean activity concentrations were 32.97 Bq/kg, 32.26 Bq/kg and 351.52 Bg/kg for ²³⁸U, ²³²Th and 40K, respectively. High radioactivity levels were found in mine tailings, with ²³⁸U contributing significantly to the overall activity concentration. The external gamma radiation received from surface soil in the area is generally low, with an average of 0.07 mSv/y. The highest annual effective doses were estimated from the tailings dams and the levels varied between 0.14 mSv/y and 1.09 mSv/y, with an average of 0.51 mSv/y. In certain locations, the recommended dose constraint of 0.25 mSv/y from a single source to the average member of the public within the exposed population was exceeded, indicating the need for further monitoring and regulatory control measures specific to these areas to ensure the protection of resident members of the public. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=activity%20concentration" title="activity concentration">activity concentration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gold%20mine%20tailings" title=" gold mine tailings"> gold mine tailings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in-situ%20gamma%20spectrometry" title=" in-situ gamma spectrometry"> in-situ gamma spectrometry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiological%20exposures" title=" radiological exposures"> radiological exposures</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146072/in-situ-determination-of-radioactivity-levels-and-radiological-hazards-in-and-around-the-gold-mine-tailings-of-the-west-rand-area-south-africa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146072.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">126</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">484</span> Subsurface Elastic Properties Determination for Site Characterization Using Seismic Refraction Tomography at the Pwalugu Dam Area</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Van-Dycke%20Sarpong%20Asare">Van-Dycke Sarpong Asare</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vincent%20Adongo"> Vincent Adongo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Field measurement of subsurface seismic p-wave velocities was undertaken through seismic refraction tomography. The aim of this work is to obtain a model of the shallow subsurface material elastic properties relevant for geotechnical site characterization. The survey area is at Pwalugu in Northern Ghana, where a multipurpose dam, for electricity generation, irrigation, and potable water delivery, is being planned. A 24-channel seismograph and 24, 10 Hz electromagnetic geophones, deployed 5 m apart constituted the acquisition hardware. Eleven (2-D) seismic refraction profiles, nine of which ran almost perpendicular and two parallel to the White Volta at Pwalugu, were acquired. The refraction tomograms of the thirteen profiles revealed a subsurface model consisting of one minor and one major acoustic impedance boundaries – the top dry/loose sand and the variably weathered sandstone contact, and the overburden-sandstones bedrock contact respectively. The p-wave velocities and by inference, with a priori values of poison ratios, the s-wave velocities, assisted in characterizing the geotechnical conditions of the proposed site and also in evaluating the dynamic properties such as the maximum shear modulus, the bulk modulus, and the Young modulus. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tomography" title="tomography">tomography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=characterization" title=" characterization"> characterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consolidated" title=" consolidated"> consolidated</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pwalugu%20and%20seismograph" title=" Pwalugu and seismograph"> Pwalugu and seismograph</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120294/subsurface-elastic-properties-determination-for-site-characterization-using-seismic-refraction-tomography-at-the-pwalugu-dam-area" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120294.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">128</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">483</span> Treatment of Acid Mine Lake by Ultrasonically Modified Fly Ash at Different Frequencies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Burcu%20Ileri">Burcu Ileri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deniz%20%20Sanliyuksel%20Yucel"> Deniz Sanliyuksel Yucel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Onder%20Ayyildiz"> Onder Ayyildiz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The oxidation of pyrite in water results in the formation of acid mine drainage, which typically forms extremely acid mine lake (AML) in the depression areas of abandoned Etili open-pit coal mine site, Northwest Turkey. Nine acid mine lakes of various sizes have been located in the Etili coal mine site. Hayirtepe AML is one of the oldest lake having a mean pH value of 2.9 and conductivity of 4550 μS/cm, and containing elevated concentrations of Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The water quality of the lake has been deteriorated due to its high chemical composition, in particular, increasing heavy metal pollution. In this study, fly ash (FA), a coal combustion by-product from fluidized bed thermal power plant in the northwestern part of Turkey, was used as an adsorbent for the treatment of Hayirtepe AML. The FA is a relatively abundant and cost effective material, but its use in adsorption processes usually require excessive adsorbent doses. To increase adsorption efficiency and lower the adsorbent dose, we modified the FA by means of ultrasonic treatment (20 kHz and 40 kHz). The images of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have demonstrated that ultrasonic treatment not only decreased the size of ash particles but also created pits and cracks on their surfaces which in turn led to a significant increase in the BET surface area. Both FA and modified fly ash were later tested for the removal of heavy metals from the AML. The effect of various operating parameters such as ultrasonic power, pH, ash dose, and adsorption contact time were examined to obtain the optimum conditions for the treatment process. The results have demonstrated that removal of heavy metals by ultrasound-modified fly ash requires much shorter treatment times and lower adsorbent doses than those attained by the unmodified fly ash. This research was financially supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), (Project no: 116Y510). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acid%20mine%20lake" title="acid mine lake">acid mine lake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metal" title=" heavy metal"> heavy metal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modified%20fly%20ash" title=" modified fly ash"> modified fly ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultrasonic%20treatment" title=" ultrasonic treatment"> ultrasonic treatment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85155/treatment-of-acid-mine-lake-by-ultrasonically-modified-fly-ash-at-different-frequencies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85155.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">198</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">482</span> The Benefits of End-To-End Integrated Planning from the Mine to Client Supply for Minimizing Penalties</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Martino">G. Martino</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Silva"> F. Silva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Marchal"> E. Marchal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The control over delivered iron ore blend characteristics is one of the most important aspects of the mining business. The iron ore price is a function of its composition, which is the outcome of the beneficiation process. So, end-to-end integrated planning of mine operations can reduce risks of penalties on the iron ore price. In a standard iron mining company, the production chain is composed of mining, ore beneficiation, and client supply. When mine planning and client supply decisions are made uncoordinated, the beneficiation plant struggles to deliver the best blend possible. Technological improvements in several fields allowed bridging the gap between departments and boosting integrated decision-making processes. Clusterization and classification algorithms over historical production data generate reasonable previsions for quality and volume of iron ore produced for each pile of run-of-mine (ROM) processed. Mathematical modeling can use those deterministic relations to propose iron ore blends that better-fit specifications within a delivery schedule. Additionally, a model capable of representing the whole production chain can clearly compare the overall impact of different decisions in the process. This study shows how flexibilization combined with a planning optimization model between the mine and the ore beneficiation processes can reduce risks of out of specification deliveries. The model capabilities are illustrated on a hypothetical iron ore mine with magnetic separation process. Finally, this study shows ways of cost reduction or profit increase by optimizing process indicators across the production chain and integrating the different plannings with the sales decisions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clusterization%20and%20classification%20algorithms" title="clusterization and classification algorithms">clusterization and classification algorithms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integrated%20planning" title=" integrated planning"> integrated planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mathematical%20modeling" title=" mathematical modeling"> mathematical modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=penalty%20minimization" title=" penalty minimization"> penalty minimization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129415/the-benefits-of-end-to-end-integrated-planning-from-the-mine-to-client-supply-for-minimizing-penalties" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129415.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">123</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">481</span> Feasibility Study of Mine Tailing’s Treatment by Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans DSM 26636 </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20G%C3%B3mez-Ram%C3%ADrez">M. Gómez-Ramírez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Rivas-Castillo"> A. Rivas-Castillo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Rodr%C3%ADguez-Pozos"> I. Rodríguez-Pozos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20A.%20Avalos-Zu%C3%B1iga"> R. A. Avalos-Zuñiga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20G.%20Rojas-Avelizapa"> N. G. Rojas-Avelizapa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Among the diverse types of pollutants produced by anthropogenic activities, metals represent a serious threat, due to their accumulation in ecosystems and their elevated toxicity. The mine tailings of abandoned mines contain high levels of metals such as arsenic (As), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb), which do not suffer any degradation process, they are accumulated in environment. Abandoned mine tailings potentially could contaminate rivers and aquifers representing a risk for human health due to their high metal content. In an attempt to remove the metals and thereby mitigate the environmental pollution, an environmentally friendly and economical method of bioremediation has been introduced. Bioleaching has been actively studied over the last several years, and it is one of the bioremediation solutions used to treat heavy metals contained in sewage sludge, sediment and contaminated soil. <em>Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans</em>, an extremely acidophilic, chemolithoautotrophic, gram-negative, rod shaped microorganism, which is typically related to Cu mining operations (bioleaching), has been well studied for industrial applications. The sulfuric acid produced plays a major role in bioleaching. Specifically, <em>Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans</em> strain DSM 26636 has been able to leach Al, Ni, V, Fe, Mg, Si, and Ni contained in slags from coal combustion wastes. The present study reports the ability of <em>A. thiooxidans</em> DSM 26636 for the bioleaching of metals contained in two different mine tailing samples (MT1 and MT2). It was observed that Al, Fe, and Mn were removed in 36.3±1.7, 191.2±1.6, and 4.5±0.2 mg/kg for MT1, and in 74.5±0.3, 208.3±0.5, and 20.9±0.1 for MT2. Besides, < 1.5 mg/kg of Au and Ru were also bioleached from MT1; in MT2, bioleaching of Zn was observed at 55.7±1.3 mg/kg, besides removal of < 1.5 mg/kg was observed for As, Ir, Li, and 0.6 for Os in this residue. These results show the potential of strain DSM 26636 for the bioleaching of metals that came from different mine tailings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20thiooxidans" title="A. thiooxidans">A. thiooxidans</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioleaching" title=" bioleaching"> bioleaching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metals" title=" metals"> metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mine%20tailings" title=" mine tailings"> mine tailings</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100231/feasibility-study-of-mine-tailings-treatment-by-acidithiobacillus-thiooxidans-dsm-26636" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100231.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">294</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">480</span> Application of Various Methods for Evaluation of Heavy Metal Pollution in Soils around Agarak Copper-Molybdenum Mine Complex, Armenia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20A.%20Ghazaryan">K. A. Ghazaryan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20S.%20Movsesyan"> H. S. Movsesyan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20P.%20Ghazaryan"> N. P. Ghazaryan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present study was aimed in assessing the heavy metal pollution of the soils around Agarak copper-molybdenum mine complex and related environmental risks. This mine complex is located in the south-east part of Armenia, and the present study was conducted in 2013. The soils of the five riskiest sites of this region were studied: surroundings of the open mine, the sites adjacent to processing plant of Agarak copper-molybdenum mine complex, surroundings of Darazam active tailing dump, the recultivated tailing dump of “ravine - 2”, and the recultivated tailing dump of “ravine - 3”. The mountain cambisol was the main soil type in the study sites. The level of soil contamination by heavy metals was assessed by Contamination factors (<em>Cf</em>), Degree of contamination (<em>Cd</em>), Geoaccumulation index (<em>I-geo</em>) and Enrichment factor (<em>EF</em>). The distribution pattern of trace metals in the soil profile according to <em>Cf, Cd, I-geo </em>and <em>EF</em> values shows that the soil is much polluted. Almost in all studied sites, Cu, Mo, Pb, and Cd were the main polluting heavy metals, and this was conditioned by Agarak copper-molybdenum mine complex activity. It is necessary to state that the pollution problem becomes pressing as some parts of these highly polluted region are inhabited by population, and agriculture is highly developed there; therefore, heavy metals can be transferred into human bodies through food chains and have direct influence on public health. Since the induced pollution can pose serious threats to public health, further investigations on soil and vegetation pollution are recommended. Finally, Cf calculating based on distance from the pollution source and the wind direction can provide more reasonable results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Agarak%20copper-molybdenum%20mine%20complex" title="Agarak copper-molybdenum mine complex">Agarak copper-molybdenum mine complex</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metals" title=" heavy metals"> heavy metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20contamination" title=" soil contamination"> soil contamination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enrichment%20factor%20%28EF%29" title=" enrichment factor (EF)"> enrichment factor (EF)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Armenia" title=" Armenia"> Armenia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48545/application-of-various-methods-for-evaluation-of-heavy-metal-pollution-in-soils-around-agarak-copper-molybdenum-mine-complex-armenia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48545.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">235</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">479</span> Determination of Safe Ore Extraction Methodology beneath Permanent Extraction in a Lead Zinc Mine with the Help of FLAC3D Numerical Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayan%20Giri">Ayan Giri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lukaranjan%20Phukan"> Lukaranjan Phukan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shantanu%20Karmakar"> Shantanu Karmakar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Structure and tectonics play a vital role in ore genesis and deposition. The existence of a swelling structure below the current level of a mine leads to the discovery of ores below some permeant developments of the mine. The discovery and the extraction of the ore body are very critical to sustain the business requirement of the mine. The challenge was to extract the ore without hampering the global stability of the mine. In order to do so, different mining options were considered and analysed by numerical modelling in FLAC3d software. The constitutive model prepared for this simulation is the improved unified constitutive model, which can better and more accurately predict the stress-strain relationships in a continuum model. The IUCM employs the Hoek-Brown criterion to determine the instantaneous Mohr-Coulomb parameters cohesion (c) and friction (ɸ) at each level of confining stress. The extra swelled part can be dimensioned as north-south strike width 50m, east-west strike width 50m. On the north side, already a stope (P1) is excavated of the dimension of 25m NS width. The different options considered were (a) Open stoping of extraction of southern part (P0) of 50m to the full extent, (b) Extraction of the southern part of 25m, then filling of both the primaries and extraction of secondary (S0) 25m in between. (c) Extraction of the southern part (P0) completely, preceded by backfill and modify the design of the secondary (S0) for the overall stability of the permanent excavation above the stoping. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extraction" title="extraction">extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IUCM" title=" IUCM"> IUCM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FLAC%203D" title=" FLAC 3D"> FLAC 3D</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stoping" title=" stoping"> stoping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tectonics" title=" tectonics"> tectonics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136494/determination-of-safe-ore-extraction-methodology-beneath-permanent-extraction-in-a-lead-zinc-mine-with-the-help-of-flac3d-numerical-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136494.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">212</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">478</span> Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage with Metallurgical Slag</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sukla%20Saha">Sukla Saha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alok%20Sinha"> Alok Sinha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Acid mine drainage (AMD) refers to the production of acidified water from abandoned mines and active mines as well. The reason behind the generation of this kind of acidified water is the oxidation of pyrites present in the rocks in and around mining areas. Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, which is a sulfur oxidizing bacteria, helps in the oxidation process. AMD is extremely acidic in nature, (pH 2-3) with high concentration of several trace and heavy metals such as Fe, Al, Zn, Mn, Cu and Co and anions such as chloride and sulfate. AMD has several detrimental effect on aquatic organism and environment. It can directly or indirectly contaminate the ground water and surface water as well. The present study considered the treatment of AMD with metallurgical slag, which is a waste material. Slag helped to enhance the pH of AMD to 8.62 from 1.5 with 99% removal of trace metals such as Fe, Al, Mn, Cu and Co. Metallurgical slag was proven as efficient neutralizing material for the treatment of AMD. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acid%20mine%20drainage" title="acid mine drainage">acid mine drainage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heavy%20metals" title=" Heavy metals"> Heavy metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metallurgical%20slag" title=" metallurgical slag"> metallurgical slag</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neutralization" title=" Neutralization"> Neutralization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104096/treatment-of-acid-mine-drainage-with-metallurgical-slag" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104096.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">187</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">477</span> Use of Electrokinetic Technology to Enhance Chemical and Biological Remediation of Contaminated Sands and Soils</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brian%20Wartell">Brian Wartell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michel%20Boufadel"> Michel Boufadel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are compounds present in crude and petroleum oils and are known to be toxic and often carcinogenic. Therefore, a major effort is placed on tracking their subsurface soil concentrations following an oil spill. The PAHs can persist for years in the subsurface especially if there is a lack of oxygen. Both aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation of PAHs encounter the difficulties of both nutrient transport and bioavailability (proximal access) to the organisms of the contaminants. A technology, known as electrokinetics (EK or EK-BIO for ‘electrokinetic bioremediation’) has been found to transport efficiently nutrients or other chemicals in the subsurface. Experiments were conducted to demonstrate migration patterns in both sands and clay for both ionic and nonionic compounds and aerobic biodegradation studies were conducted with soil spiked with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons yielding interesting results. In one set of experiment, Self-designed electrokinetic setups were constructed to examine the differences in electromigration and electroosmotic rates. Anionic and non-ionic dyes were used to visualize these phenomena, respectively. In another experiment, a silt-clay soil was spiked with three low-molecular-weight compounds (fluorene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene) and placed within self-designed electrokinetic setups and monitored for aerobic degradation. Plans for additional studies are in progress including the transport of peroxide through anaerobic sands. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioavailability" title="bioavailability">bioavailability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioremediation" title=" bioremediation"> bioremediation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrokinetics" title=" electrokinetics"> electrokinetics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subsurface%20transport" title=" subsurface transport"> subsurface transport</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90344/use-of-electrokinetic-technology-to-enhance-chemical-and-biological-remediation-of-contaminated-sands-and-soils" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90344.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">155</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">476</span> PitMod: The Lorax Pit Lake Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Silvano%20Salvador">Silvano Salvador</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maryam%20Zarrinderakht"> Maryam Zarrinderakht</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alan%20Martin"> Alan Martin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Open pits, which are the result of mining, are filled by water over time until the water reaches the elevation of the local water table and generates mine pit lakes. There are several specific regulations about the water quality of pit lakes, and mining operations should keep the quality of groundwater above pre-defined standards. Therefore, an accurate, acceptable numerical model predicting pit lakes’ water balance and water quality is needed in advance of mine excavation. We carry on analyzing and developing the model introduced by Crusius, Dunbar, et al. (2002) for pit lakes. This model, called “PitMod”, simulates the physical and geochemical evolution of pit lakes over time scales ranging from a few months up to a century or more. Here, a lake is approximated as one-dimensional, horizontally averaged vertical layers. PitMod calculates the time-dependent vertical distribution of physical and geochemical pit lake properties, like temperature, salinity, conductivity, pH, trace metals, and dissolved oxygen, within each model layer. This model considers the effect of pit morphology, climate data, multiple surface and subsurface (groundwater) inflows/outflows, precipitation/evaporation, surface ice formation/melting, vertical mixing due to surface wind stress, convection, background turbulence and equilibrium geochemistry using PHREEQC and linking that to the geochemical reactions. PitMod, which is used and validated in over 50 mines projects since 2002, incorporates physical processes like those found in other lake models such as DYRESM (Imerito 2007). However, unlike DYRESM PitMod also includes geochemical processes, pit wall runoff, and other effects. In addition, PitMod is actively under development and can be customized as required for a particular site. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pit%20lakes" title="pit lakes">pit lakes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mining" title=" mining"> mining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modeling" title=" modeling"> modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrology" title=" hydrology"> hydrology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160528/pitmod-the-lorax-pit-lake-hydrodynamic-and-water-quality-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160528.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">158</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">475</span> Enhancement of Mulberry Leaf Yield and Water Productivity in Eastern Dry Zone of Karnataka, India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Narayanappa%20Devakumar">Narayanappa Devakumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chengalappa%20Seenappa"> Chengalappa Seenappa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The field experiments were conducted during Rabi 2013 and summer 2014 at College of Sericulture, Chintamani, Chickaballapur district, Karnataka, India to find out the response of mulberry to different methods, levels of irrigation and mulching. The results showed that leaf yield and water productivity of mulberry were significantly influenced by different methods, levels of irrigation and mulching. Subsurface drip with lower level of irrigation at 0.8 CPE (Cumulative Pan Evaporation) recorded higher leaf yield and water productivity (42857 kg ha-1 yr-1and 364.41 kg hacm-1) than surface drip with higher level of irrigation at 1.0 CPE (38809 kg ha-1 yr-1 and 264.10 kg hacm-1) and micro spray jet (39931 kg ha-1 yr-1 and 271.83 kg hacm-1). Further, subsurface drip recorded minimum water used to produce one kg of leaf and to earn one rupee of profit (283 L and 113 L) compared to surface drip (390 L and 156 L) and micro spray jet (379 L and 152 L) irrigation methods. Mulberry leaf yield increased and water productivity decreased with increased levels of irrigation. However, these results indicated that irrigation of mulberry with subsurface drip increased leaf yield and water productivity by saving 20% of irrigation water than surface drip and micro spray jet irrigation methods in Eastern Dry Zone (EDZ) of Karnataka. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cumulative%20pan%20evaporation" title="cumulative pan evaporation">cumulative pan evaporation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mulaberry" title=" mulaberry"> mulaberry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subsurface%20drip%20irrigation" title=" subsurface drip irrigation"> subsurface drip irrigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20productivity" title=" water productivity"> water productivity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56530/enhancement-of-mulberry-leaf-yield-and-water-productivity-in-eastern-dry-zone-of-karnataka-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56530.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">280</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">474</span> Developing Sustainable Tourism Practices in Communities Adjacent to Mines: An Exploratory Study in South Africa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Felicite%20Ann%20Fairer-Wessels">Felicite Ann Fairer-Wessels</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There has always been a disparity between mining and tourism mainly due to the socio-economic and environmental impacts of mines on both the adjacent resident communities and the areas taken up by the mining operation. Although heritage mining tourism has been actively and successfully pursued and developed in the UK, largely Wales, and Scandinavian countries, the debate whether active mining and tourism can have a mutually beneficial relationship remains imminent. This pilot study explores the relationship between the ‘to be developed’ future Nokeng Mine and its adjacent community, the rural community of Moloto, will be investigated in terms of whether sustainable tourism and livelihood activities can potentially be developed with the support of the mine. Concepts such as social entrepreneur, corporate social responsibility, sustainable development and triple bottom line are discussed. Within the South African context as a mineral rich developing country, the government has a statutory obligation to empower disenfranchised communities through social and labour plans and policies. All South African mines must preside over a Social and Labour Plan according to the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act, No 28 of 2002. The ‘social’ component refers to the ‘social upliftment’ of communities within or adjacent to any mine; whereas the ‘labour’ component refers to the mine workers sourced from the specific community. A qualitative methodology is followed using the case study as research instrument for the Nokeng Mine and Moloto community with interviews and focus group discussions. The target population comprised of the Moloto Tribal Council members (8 in-depth interviews), the Moloto community members (17: focus groups); and the Nokeng Mine representatives (4 in-depth interviews). In this pilot study two disparate ‘worlds’ are potentially linked: on the one hand, the mine as social entrepreneur that is searching for feasible and sustainable ideas; and on the other hand, the community adjacent to the mine, with potentially sustainable tourism entrepreneurs that can tap into the resources of the mine should their ideas be feasible to build their businesses. Being an exploratory study the findings are limited but indicate that the possible success of tourism and sustainable livelihood activities lies in the fact that both the Mine and Community are keen to work together – the mine in terms of obtaining labour and profit; and the community in terms of improved and sustainable social and economic conditions; with both parties realizing the importance to mitigate negative environmental impacts. In conclusion, a relationship of trust is imperative between a mine and a community before a long term liaison is possible. However whether tourism is a viable solution for the community to engage in is debatable. The community could initially rather pursue the sustainable livelihoods approach and focus on life-supporting activities such as building, gardening, etc. that once established could feed into possible sustainable tourism activities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community%20development" title="community development">community development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mining%20tourism" title=" mining tourism"> mining tourism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title=" sustainability"> sustainability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=South%20Africa" title=" South Africa"> South Africa</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35851/developing-sustainable-tourism-practices-in-communities-adjacent-to-mines-an-exploratory-study-in-south-africa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35851.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">302</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">473</span> Comparisons of Surveying with Terrestrial Laser Scanner and Total Station for Volume Determination of Overburden and Coal Excavations in Large Open-Pit Mine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Keawaram">B. Keawaram</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Dumrongchai"> P. Dumrongchai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The volume of overburden and coal excavations in open-pit mine is generally determined by conventional survey such as total station. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) used to measure overburden and coal excavations, and to compare TLS survey data sets with the data of the total station. Results revealed that, the reference points measured with the total station showed 0.2 mm precision for both horizontal and vertical coordinates. When using TLS on the same points, the standard deviations of 4.93 cm and 0.53 cm for horizontal and vertical coordinates, respectively, were achieved. For volume measurements covering the mining areas of 79,844 m<sup>2</sup>, TLS yielded the mean difference of about 1% and the surface error margin of 6 cm at the 95% confidence level when compared to the volume obtained by total station. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mine" title="mine">mine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=survey" title=" survey"> survey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=terrestrial%20laser%20scanner" title=" terrestrial laser scanner"> terrestrial laser scanner</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=total%20station" title=" total station"> total station</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68291/comparisons-of-surveying-with-terrestrial-laser-scanner-and-total-station-for-volume-determination-of-overburden-and-coal-excavations-in-large-open-pit-mine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68291.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">385</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">472</span> Radon and Thoron Determination in Natural Ancient Mine Using Nuclear Track Detectors: Radiation Dose Assessment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Oufni">L. Oufni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Amrane"> M. Amrane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Rabi"> R. Rabi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Radon (and thoron) is a naturally occurring radioactive noble gas, having variable distribution in the geological environment. The exposure of human beings to ionizing radiation from natural sources is a continuing and inescapable feature of life on earth. Radon, thoron and their short-lived decay products in the atmosphere are the most important contributors to human exposure from natural sources. The aim of this study is to determine alpha-and beta-activities per unit volume of air due to radon (222Rn), thoron (220Rn) and their progenies in the air of ancient mine of Aouli in which there is no working activity is situated at approximately 25 km north of the city of Midelt (Morocco), by using LR-115 type II and CR-39 solid state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs). Equilibrium factors between radon and its daughters and between thoron and its progeny were evaluated in the studied atmospheres. The committed equivalent doses due to the 218Po and 214Po radon short-lived progeny were evaluated in different tissues of the respiratory tract of the visitors of the considered ancient mine. The visitors in these mines spent a good amount of time. It was essential to let the staff know about these values and take the needed steps to prevent any health complications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radon" title="radon">radon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thoron" title=" thoron"> thoron</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concentration" title=" concentration"> concentration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exposure%20dose" title=" exposure dose"> exposure dose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SSNTD" title=" SSNTD"> SSNTD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mine" title=" mine"> mine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34601/radon-and-thoron-determination-in-natural-ancient-mine-using-nuclear-track-detectors-radiation-dose-assessment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34601.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">536</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">471</span> Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage with Modified Fly Ash</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sukla%20Saha">Sukla Saha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alok%20Sinha"> Alok Sinha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Acid mine drainage (AMD) is the generation of acidic water from active as well as abandoned mines. AMD generates due to the oxidation of pyrites present in the rock in mining areas. Sulfur oxidizing bacteria such as Thiobacillus ferrooxidans acts as a catalyst in this oxidation process. The characteristics of AMD is extreme low pH (2-3) with elevated concentration of different heavy metals such as Fe, Al, Zn, Mn, Cu and Co and anions such sulfate and chloride. AMD contaminate the ground water as well as surface water which leads to the degradation of water quality. Moreover, it carries detrimental effect for aquatic organism and degrade the environment. In the present study, AMD is treated with fly ash, modified with alkaline agent (NaOH). This modified fly ash (MFA) was experimentally proven as a very effective neutralizing agent for the treatment of AMD. It was observed that pH of treated AMD raised to 9.22 from 1.51 with 100g/L of MFA dose. Approximately, 99% removal of Fe, Al, Mn, Cu and Co took place with the same MFA dose. The treated water comply with the effluent discharge standard of (IS: 2490-1981). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acid%20mine%20drainage" title="acid mine drainage">acid mine drainage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metals" title=" heavy metals"> heavy metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modified%20fly%20ash" title=" modified fly ash"> modified fly ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neutralization" title=" neutralization"> neutralization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104026/treatment-of-acid-mine-drainage-with-modified-fly-ash" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104026.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">151</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">470</span> Phytoremediation of artisanal gold mine tailings - Potential of Chrysopogon zizanioides and Andropogon gayanus in the Sahelian climate</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yamma%20Rose">Yamma Rose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kone%20Martine"> Kone Martine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yonli%20Ars%C3%A8ne"> Yonli Arsène</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wanko%20Ngnien%20Adrien"> Wanko Ngnien Adrien</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Soil pollution and, consequently, water resources by micropollutants from gold mine tailings constitute a major threat in developing countries due to the lack of waste treatment. Phytoremediation is an alternative for extracting or trapping micropollutants from contaminated soils by mining residues. The potentialities of Chrysopogon zizanioides (acclimated plant) and Andropogon gayanus (native plant) to accumulate arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) were studied in artisanal gold mine in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The phytoremediation effectiveness of two plant species was studied in 75 pots of 30 liters each, containing mining residues from the artisanal gold processing site in the rural commune of Nimbrogo. The experiments cover three modalities: Tn - planted unpolluted soils; To – unplanted mine tailings and Tp – planted mine tailings arranged in a randomized manner. The pots were amended quarterly with compost to provide nutrients to the plants. The phytoremediation assessment consists of comparing the growth, biomass and capacity of these two herbaceous plants to extract or to trap Hg, Fe, Zn and As in mining residues in a controlled environment. The analysis of plant species parameters cultivated in mine tailings shows indices of relative growth of A. gayanus very significantly high (34.38%) compared to 20.37% for C.zizanioides. While biomass analysis reveals that C. zizanioides has greater foliage and root system growth than A. gayanus. The results after a culture time of 6 months showed that C. zizanioides and A. gayanus have the potential to accumulate Hg, Fe, Zn and As. Root biomass has a more significant accumulation than aboveground biomass for both herbaceous species. Although the BCF bioaccumulation factor values for both plants together are low (<1), the removal efficiency of Hg, Fe, Zn and As is 45.13%, 42.26%, 21.5% and 2.87% respectively in 24 weeks of culture with C. zizanioides. However, pots grown with A. gayanus gives an effectiveness rate of 43.55%; 41.52%; 2.87% and 1.35% respectively for Fe, Zn, Hg and As. The results indicate that the plant species studied have a strong phytoremediation potential, although that of A. gayanus is relatively less than C. zizanioides. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artisanal%20gold%20mine%20tailings" title="artisanal gold mine tailings">artisanal gold mine tailings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=andropogon%20gayanus" title=" andropogon gayanus"> andropogon gayanus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chrysopogon%20zizanioides" title=" chrysopogon zizanioides"> chrysopogon zizanioides</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phytoremediation" title=" phytoremediation"> phytoremediation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179395/phytoremediation-of-artisanal-gold-mine-tailings-potential-of-chrysopogon-zizanioides-and-andropogon-gayanus-in-the-sahelian-climate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179395.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">65</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">469</span> Study of the Stability of the Slope Open-Pit Mines: Case of the Mine of Phosphates – Tebessa, Algeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Fredj">Mohamed Fredj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdallah%20Hafsaoui"> Abdallah Hafsaoui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Radouane%20Nakache"> Radouane Nakache</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study of the stability of the mining works in rock masses fractured is the major concern of the operating engineer. For geotechnical works in mines and quarries, it there is not today's general methodology for analysis and the quantification of the risks relating to the dangers inherent in these concrete types (falling boulders, landslides, etc.). The reasons for this are uncertainty, which weighs on available data or lack of knowledge of the values of the parameters required for this analysis type. Stability calculations must be based on reliable knowledge of the distribution of discontinuities that dissect the Rocky massif and the resistance to shear of the intact rock and discontinuities. This study is aimed to study the stability of slope of mine (Kef Sennoun - Tebessa, Algeria). The problem is analyzed using a numerical model based on the finite elements (software Plaxis 3D). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stability" title="stability">stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discontinuities" title=" discontinuities"> discontinuities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20elements" title=" finite elements"> finite elements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rock%20mass" title=" rock mass"> rock mass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=open-pit%20mine" title=" open-pit mine"> open-pit mine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46643/study-of-the-stability-of-the-slope-open-pit-mines-case-of-the-mine-of-phosphates-tebessa-algeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46643.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">321</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">468</span> Application of Ground-Penetrating Radar in Environmental Hazards</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kambiz%20Teimour%20Najad">Kambiz Teimour Najad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The basic methodology of GPR involves the use of a transmitting antenna to send electromagnetic waves into the subsurface, which then bounce back to the surface and are detected by a receiving antenna. The transmitter and receiver antennas are typically placed on the ground surface and moved across the area of interest to create a profile of the subsurface. The GPR system consists of a control unit that powers the antennas and records the data, as well as a display unit that shows the results of the survey. The control unit sends a pulse of electromagnetic energy into the ground, which propagates through the soil or rock until it encounters a change in material or structure. When the electromagnetic wave encounters a buried object or structure, some of the energy is reflected back to the surface and detected by the receiving antenna. The GPR data is then processed using specialized software that analyzes the amplitude and travel time of the reflected waves. By interpreting the data, GPR can provide information on the depth, location, and nature of subsurface features and structures. GPR has several advantages over other geophysical survey methods, including its ability to provide high-resolution images of the subsurface and its non-invasive nature, which minimizes disruption to the site. However, the effectiveness of GPR depends on several factors, including the type of soil or rock, the depth of the features being investigated, and the frequency of the electromagnetic waves used. In environmental hazard assessments, GPR can be used to detect buried structures, such as underground storage tanks, pipelines, or utilities, which may pose a risk of contamination to the surrounding soil or groundwater. GPR can also be used to assess soil stability by identifying areas of subsurface voids or sinkholes, which can lead to the collapse of the surface. Additionally, GPR can be used to map the extent and movement of groundwater contamination, which is critical in designing effective remediation strategies. the methodology of GPR in environmental hazard assessments involves the use of electromagnetic waves to create high of the subsurface, which are then analyzed to provide information on the depth, location, and nature of subsurface features and structures. This information is critical in identifying and mitigating environmental hazards, and the non-invasive nature of GPR makes it a valuable tool in this field. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GPR" title="GPR">GPR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hazard" title=" hazard"> hazard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=landslide" title=" landslide"> landslide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rock%20fall" title=" rock fall"> rock fall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contamination" title=" contamination"> contamination</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166152/application-of-ground-penetrating-radar-in-environmental-hazards" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166152.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">81</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">467</span> Geochemical Controls of Salinity in a Typical Acid Mine Drainage Neutralized Groundwater System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Modreck%20Gomo">Modreck Gomo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Although the dolomite and calcite carbonates can neutralize Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) and prevent leaching of metals, salinity still remains a huge problem. The study presents a conceptual discussion of geochemical controls of salinity in a typical calcite and dolomite AMD neutralised groundwater systems. Thereafter field evidence is presented to support the conceptual discussions. 1020 field data sets of from a groundwater system reported to be under circumneutral conditions from the neutralization effect of calcite and dolomite is analysed using correlation analysis and bivariate plots. Field evidence indicates that sulphate, calcium and magnesium are strongly and positively correlated to Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) which is used as measure of salinity. In this, a hydrogeochemical system, the dissolution of sulphate, calcium and magnesium form AMD neutralization process contributed 50%, 10% and 5% of the salinity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acid%20mine%20drainage" title="acid mine drainage">acid mine drainage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbonates" title=" carbonates"> carbonates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neutralization" title=" neutralization"> neutralization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salinity" title=" salinity"> salinity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95133/geochemical-controls-of-salinity-in-a-typical-acid-mine-drainage-neutralized-groundwater-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95133.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">144</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">466</span> Use of Acid Mine Drainage as a Source of Iron to Initiate the Solar Photo-Fenton Treatment of Municipal Wastewater: Circular Economy Effect</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tooba%20Aslam">Tooba Aslam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Efthalia%20Chatzisymeon"> Efthalia Chatzisymeon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Untreated Municipal Wastewater (MWW) is renowned as the utmost harmful pollution caused to environmental water due to the high presence of nutrients and organic contaminants. Removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) from synthetic as well as municipal wastewater is investigated by using acid mine drainage as a source of iron to initiate the solar photo-Fenton treatment of municipal wastewater. In this study, Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) and different minerals enriched in iron, such as goethite, hematite, magnetite, and magnesite, have been used as the source of iron to initiate the photo-Fenton process. Co-treatment of real municipal wastewater and acid mine drainage /minerals is widely examined. The effects of different parameters such as minerals recovery from AMD, AMD as a source of iron, H₂O₂ concentration, and COD concentrations on the COD percentage removal of the process are studied. The results show that, out of all the four minerals, only hematite (1g/L) could remove 30% of the pollutants at about 100 minutes and 1000 ppm of H₂O₂. The addition of AMD as a source of iron is performed and compared with both synthetic as well as real wastewater from South Africa under the same conditions, i.e., 1000 ppm of H₂O₂, ambient temperature, 2.8 pH, and solar simulator. In the case of synthetic wastewater, the maximum removal (56%) is achieved with 50 ppm of iron (AMD source) at 160 minutes. On the other hand, in real wastewater, the removal efficiency is 99% with 30 ppm of iron at 90 minutes and 96% with 50 ppm of iron at 120 minutes. In conclusion, overall, the co-treatment of AMD and MWW by solar photo-Fenton treatment appears to be an effective and promising method to remove organic materials from Municipal wastewater. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=municipal%20wastewater%20treatment" title="municipal wastewater treatment">municipal wastewater treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acid%20mine%20drainage" title=" acid mine drainage"> acid mine drainage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=co-treatment" title=" co-treatment"> co-treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COD%20removal" title=" COD removal"> COD removal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20photo-Fenton" title=" solar photo-Fenton"> solar photo-Fenton</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20economy" title=" circular economy"> circular economy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161244/use-of-acid-mine-drainage-as-a-source-of-iron-to-initiate-the-solar-photo-fenton-treatment-of-municipal-wastewater-circular-economy-effect" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161244.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">88</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">465</span> Integration of Resistivity and Seismic Refraction Using Combine Inversion for Ancient River Findings at Sungai Batu, Lembah Bujang, Malaysia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rais%20Yusoh">Rais Yusoh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rosli%20Saad"> Rosli Saad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mokhtar%20Saidin"> Mokhtar Saidin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fauzi%20Andika"> Fauzi Andika</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sabiu%20Bala%20Muhammad"> Sabiu Bala Muhammad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Resistivity and seismic refraction profiling have become a common method in pre-investigations for visualizing subsurface structure. The integration of the methods could reduce an interpretation ambiguity. Both methods have their individual software packages for data inversion, but potential to combine certain geophysical methods are restricted; however, the research algorithms that have this functionality was existed and are evaluated personally. The interpretation of subsurface were improve by combining inversion data from both methods by influence each other models using closure coupling; thus, by implementing both methods to support each other which could improve the subsurface interpretation. These methods were applied on a field dataset from a pre-investigation for archeology in finding the ancient river. There were no major changes in the inverted model by combining data inversion for this archetype which probably due to complex geology. The combine data analysis provides an additional technique for interpretation such as an alluvium, which can have strong influence on the ancient river findings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ancient%20river" title="ancient river">ancient river</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combine%20inversion" title=" combine inversion"> combine inversion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resistivity" title=" resistivity"> resistivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seismic%20refraction" title=" seismic refraction"> seismic refraction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70821/integration-of-resistivity-and-seismic-refraction-using-combine-inversion-for-ancient-river-findings-at-sungai-batu-lembah-bujang-malaysia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70821.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">333</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sub-surface%20mine&page=1" rel="prev">&lsaquo;</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sub-surface%20mine&page=1">1</a></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">2</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sub-surface%20mine&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sub-surface%20mine&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sub-surface%20mine&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sub-surface%20mine&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sub-surface%20mine&page=7">7</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sub-surface%20mine&page=8">8</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sub-surface%20mine&page=9">9</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sub-surface%20mine&page=10">10</a></li> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">...</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sub-surface%20mine&page=17">17</a></li> <li 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