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<button aria-controls="toc-Founders_of_Adi_Dharma-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Founders of Adi Dharma subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Founders_of_Adi_Dharma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mobility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mobility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genesis_of_Adi_Dharma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genesis_of_Adi_Dharma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Genesis of Adi Dharma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genesis_of_Adi_Dharma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adi_Brahma_Dharm_timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adi_Brahma_Dharm_timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Adi Brahma Dharm timeline</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adi_Brahma_Dharm_timeline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adi Brahma Dharm timeline subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adi_Brahma_Dharm_timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adi_Brahma_Sabha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adi_Brahma_Sabha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Adi Brahma Sabha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adi_Brahma_Sabha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trust_Deed_Principles_(1830)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trust_Deed_Principles_(1830)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Trust Deed Principles (1830)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trust_Deed_Principles_(1830)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adi_Brahma_Dharma_doctrine_(1848/1850)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adi_Brahma_Dharma_doctrine_(1848/1850)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Adi Brahma Dharma doctrine (1848/1850)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adi_Brahma_Dharma_doctrine_(1848/1850)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caste_Disability_Removal_Act_(1850)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caste_Disability_Removal_Act_(1850)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Caste Disability Removal Act (1850)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caste_Disability_Removal_Act_(1850)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lala_Hazarilal's_Shudra_controversy_(1851)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lala_Hazarilal's_Shudra_controversy_(1851)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Lala Hazarilal's <i>Shudra</i> controversy (1851)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lala_Hazarilal's_Shudra_controversy_(1851)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_missionaries_banned_(1856)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_missionaries_banned_(1856)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Christian missionaries banned (1856)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_missionaries_banned_(1856)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adi_Dharma_mission_to_Punjab_(1861)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adi_Dharma_mission_to_Punjab_(1861)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Adi Dharma mission to Punjab (1861)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adi_Dharma_mission_to_Punjab_(1861)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adi_Dharma_mission_to_Andhra_&_Telangana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adi_Dharma_mission_to_Andhra_&_Telangana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Adi Dharma mission to Andhra & Telangana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adi_Dharma_mission_to_Andhra_&_Telangana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_schism_in_Brahmo_Samaj_(1866)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_schism_in_Brahmo_Samaj_(1866)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>First schism in Brahmo Samaj (1866)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_schism_in_Brahmo_Samaj_(1866)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Character_of_Adi_Dharma_changes_(1867–)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character_of_Adi_Dharma_changes_(1867–)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Character of Adi Dharma changes (1867–)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character_of_Adi_Dharma_changes_(1867–)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brahmo_Marriage_Bill_controversy_(1871)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brahmo_Marriage_Bill_controversy_(1871)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Brahmo Marriage Bill controversy (1871)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brahmo_Marriage_Bill_controversy_(1871)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adi_Dharma's_Maharshi_and_Gurudev_visit_Punjab_(1872)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adi_Dharma's_Maharshi_and_Gurudev_visit_Punjab_(1872)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Adi Dharma's Maharshi and Gurudev visit Punjab (1872)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adi_Dharma's_Maharshi_and_Gurudev_visit_Punjab_(1872)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergence_of_Arya_Samaj_in_Punjab_(1875)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_of_Arya_Samaj_in_Punjab_(1875)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Emergence of Arya Samaj in Punjab (1875)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_of_Arya_Samaj_in_Punjab_(1875)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lala_Hardayal_pracharok_in_Northern_India_(1876)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lala_Hardayal_pracharok_in_Northern_India_(1876)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14</span> <span>Lala Hardayal pracharok in Northern India (1876)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lala_Hardayal_pracharok_in_Northern_India_(1876)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developments_of_Adi_Dharma_in_Telangana_(1870–1880)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developments_of_Adi_Dharma_in_Telangana_(1870–1880)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.15</span> <span>Developments of Adi Dharma in Telangana (1870–1880)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developments_of_Adi_Dharma_in_Telangana_(1870–1880)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2nd_phase_of_formation_of_Provincial_Samajes_(1878–)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2nd_phase_of_formation_of_Provincial_Samajes_(1878–)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.16</span> <span>2nd phase of formation of Provincial Samajes (1878–)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2nd_phase_of_formation_of_Provincial_Samajes_(1878–)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Many_Christian_members_reabsorbed_in_Adi_Dharma_(1878–1880)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Many_Christian_members_reabsorbed_in_Adi_Dharma_(1878–1880)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.17</span> <span>Many Christian members reabsorbed in Adi Dharma (1878–1880)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Many_Christian_members_reabsorbed_in_Adi_Dharma_(1878–1880)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tragedies_in_Tagore_family_of_1884" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tragedies_in_Tagore_family_of_1884"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.18</span> <span>Tragedies in Tagore family of 1884</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tragedies_in_Tagore_family_of_1884-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_victories_for_Adi_Dharma_(1897–1903)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_victories_for_Adi_Dharma_(1897–1903)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.19</span> <span>Legal victories for Adi Dharma (1897–1903)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_victories_for_Adi_Dharma_(1897–1903)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adi_Dharma_in_N.India,_Pandit_Nabin_Chandra_Ray" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adi_Dharma_in_N.India,_Pandit_Nabin_Chandra_Ray"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.20</span> <span>Adi Dharma in N.India, Pandit Nabin Chandra Ray</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adi_Dharma_in_N.India,_Pandit_Nabin_Chandra_Ray-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Provocation_in_the_Punjab_(1900_-)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provocation_in_the_Punjab_(1900_-)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.20.1</span> <span>Provocation in the Punjab (1900 -)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provocation_in_the_Punjab_(1900_-)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adi_Dharma_expands_to_Bodo_people_(1906)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adi_Dharma_expands_to_Bodo_people_(1906)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.21</span> <span>Adi Dharma expands to Bodo people (1906)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adi_Dharma_expands_to_Bodo_people_(1906)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schisms_in_Punjab_branches_(1922–)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schisms_in_Punjab_branches_(1922–)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.22</span> <span>Schisms in Punjab branches (1922–)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schisms_in_Punjab_branches_(1922–)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adi_Dharma_leaders_from_the_Punjab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adi_Dharma_leaders_from_the_Punjab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.23</span> <span>Adi Dharma leaders from the Punjab</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adi_Dharma_leaders_from_the_Punjab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_validity_controversies_(1938–)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_validity_controversies_(1938–)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.24</span> <span>Marriage validity controversies (1938–)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_validity_controversies_(1938–)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_Independence_developments_(1947–)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_Independence_developments_(1947–)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.25</span> <span>Post Independence developments (1947–)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_Independence_developments_(1947–)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ambedkar_and_Adi_Dharma_(1949–)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambedkar_and_Adi_Dharma_(1949–)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.26</span> <span>Ambedkar and Adi Dharma (1949–)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ambedkar_and_Adi_Dharma_(1949–)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_Status_of_the_Brahmo_(Adi_Dharma)_Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_Status_of_the_Brahmo_(Adi_Dharma)_Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.27</span> <span>Legal Status of the Brahmo (Adi Dharma) Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_Status_of_the_Brahmo_(Adi_Dharma)_Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_of_Adi_Dharma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_of_Adi_Dharma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.28</span> <span>Future of Adi Dharma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_of_Adi_Dharma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C" title="आदि ब्राह्म समाज – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आदि ब्राह्म समाज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%93%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%94" title="אדי דהרמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדי דהרמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="ആദി ധർമ്മം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആദി ധർമ്മം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%D9%85" title="ادی دھرم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ادی دھرم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%D9%85" title="ادی دھرم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ادی دھرم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Religious movement from mid-19th century Bengal</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Scripture</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmo Dharma">Brahmo Dharma</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Theology</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Pradhanacharya (current since 2006)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarbajit_Roy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarbajit Roy (page does not exist)">Sarbajit Roy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Associations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">28 August 1828<span class="noprint"> (196 years ago)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1828-08-28</span>)</span> <br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Separated from</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/San%C4%81tan%C4%AB" title="Sanātanī">Sanātanī</a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://true.brahmosamaj.in/">true<wbr />.brahmosamaj<wbr />.in</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Adi Dharm</b> refers to the religion of <b>Adi Brahmo Samaj</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">আদি ব্রাহ্ম সমাজ</span>, <i>Adi Brahmô Shômaj</i>) the first development of <a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a> and includes those Sadharan Brahmo Samajists who were reintegrated into Brahmoism after the second schism of 1878 at the instance of <a href="/wiki/Devendranath_Tagore" class="mw-redirect" title="Devendranath Tagore">Devendranath Tagore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first organised casteless movement in <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> and reverberated from its heart of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> to <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombay_State" title="Bombay State">Bombay State</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>), <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Andhra_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh">Hyderabad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tenets">Tenets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Tenets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was never conceived as an "anti-caste" movement, but stood for repudiation of all "distinctions between people" and foundation of a modern educated Indian nation under the timeless and formless God, and its adherents as <b>Adi Dharmis</b> (or worshipers of the ancient formless indivisible One God called <i>Brahma</i> or the <i>Parambrahma</i> "The One without a Second" or <i>EkAdavaitam</i>). Although the doctrine of Adi Dharma is superficially similar to other reformatory "sects" of Hinduism which speak of "different paths to One God", the core beliefs of Adi Dharm irrevocably place Adi Dharm and Brahmoism as the youngest of India's nine religions beyond the pale of "Hinduism's catholicism and elasticity".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The core Adi Dharma doctrinal beliefs include: </p> <ol><li><b>There is only One "Supreme Spirit", Author and Preserver of Existence.</b> (<i>...Beyond description, immanent, transcendent, eternal, formless, infinite, powerful, radiant, loving, light in the darkness, ruling principle of existence..</i>. Polytheism is denounced. Idolatry i.e. worship of images is opposed.)</li> <li><b>There is no salvation and no way to achieve it.</b> ("Works will win". Worshipful work is the way of existence. Work is for both body and soul. All life exists to be consumed. The soul is immortal and does not return to this World. There is neither rebirth nor Heaven or Hell.)</li> <li><b>There is no scripture, revelation, creation, prophet, priest or teacher to be revered.</b> (Only the Supreme Spirit of Existence can be revered – not the Vedas, Granths, Bible or Quran etc. Worship consist of revering the "inner light within" i.e. enlightened conscience.)</li> <li><b>There is no distinction.</b> (All men are equal. Distinctions like caste, race, creed, colour, gender, nationality etc. are artificial. There is no need for priests, places of worship, long sermons<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> etc. "Man-worship" or "God-men" are abhorrent to the faith and denounced since there is no mediator between man and God.)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Founders_of_Adi_Dharma">Founders of Adi Dharma</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Founders of Adi Dharma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Adi Dharma religion was started by <a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debendranath_Tagore" title="Debendranath Tagore">Debendranath Tagore</a> and Prasanna Coomar Tagore. </p><p>This Adi Brahma religion <i>Adi Dharma</i> was originally propounded by these Brahmins of Bengal who were excommunicated from Hindu faith for opposing social and priestly evils of the time (18th and 19th centuries). Previously the original ancestors (5 legendary Brahmin scholars of Kannauj <i>Kanyakubja</i> school deputed to the King of Bengal) of all these <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Brahmin" title="Bengali Brahmin">Bengali Brahmins</a> had been excommunicated from <a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>) in the 10th/11th century AD after their return from Bengal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobility">Mobility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mobility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Mobility" i.e. leaving the home and being exposed to external influence meant loss of caste for Brahmins (a social device to conserve meagre land holdings and priestly incomes). </p><p>Mobile scholars of priestly Brahmin clans such as these in contact with (or in the service of) foreign rulers – like the Mughals or European companies or Indian princelings – were deliberately ostracised by their "fixed" priestly Hindu clan peers (relatives) ensconced within the numerous temples of Bengal and denied their shares of ancestral undivided properties and incomes. As a consequence ghastly social evils like Sati (or the burning alive of Hindu widows) were encouraged, primarily by the fixed priestly class. The mobile clan members banded into associations (<i>Sabhas</i>) to oppose these un-Brahmic practices colliding head on with orthodox Hindu society in Bengal. </p><p>The 'Raja' Ram Mohan was the first Indian to cross the seas to Britain in 1833, followed by 'Prince' Dwarkanath in 1842. Raja was so exhausted by work that he became seriously ill and died at Bristol. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genesis_of_Adi_Dharma">Genesis of Adi Dharma</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Genesis of Adi Dharma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabindranath-Tagore-Mrinalini-Devi-1883.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Rabindranath-Tagore-Mrinalini-Devi-1883.jpg/200px-Rabindranath-Tagore-Mrinalini-Devi-1883.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Rabindranath-Tagore-Mrinalini-Devi-1883.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Rabindranath Tagore with wife Mrinalini Devi from a Pirali Brahmin clan which some Tagores regularly married into.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Adi Dharma founders were regularly tainted and scandalised by orthodoxy as <a href="/wiki/Pirali_Brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirali Brahmin">Pirali Brahmin</a> and defamed as being officially banned from entering temples like Jaganath Temple (Puri) by Government regulations of 1807.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, their families also faced great difficulty in arranging marriages for some of their children such as India's poet-laureate <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> who could only manage a Pirali Brahmin bride unlike his brothers who married high caste Brahmin brides. This ultimate exclusionary weapon of Hindu orthodoxy resulted in endogamous tendencies in Adi Dharm marriage practice between these 2 branches of Adi Dharma in the Tagore family, placing <a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Tagore" title="Satyendranath Tagore">Satyendranath Tagore</a> and Rabindranath Tagore and their families against their exogamous brothers. The noted Adi Brahmo historian Kshitindranath Tagore (son of <a href="/wiki/Hemendranath_Tagore" title="Hemendranath Tagore">Hemendranath Tagore</a>) who succeeded Rabindranath Tagore as editor of the Adi Dharma organ, has written that it was Rabindranath who destroyed many family documents.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i> "In those days the practice of having Gharjamai was in vogue in our family, mainly because we were Piralis and then became Brahmos; therefore, there was no possibility of somebody from a good Hindu family marrying into <b>our</b> (i.e. the endogamous branch) family</i> ... <i><b>the system of marriages amongst relatives was started</b> ... it became almost impossible to get our children married. Our being ostracised by the Hindu society provided us with a certain freedom in absorbing western influences, and at the same time the Adi Brahmo Samaj was a branch of Hindu society in all respects except the practice of idolatry. Maharshi always expressed a hearty desire to establish this, and as such all the rituals and customs of Hindu society were followed in his family, and that environment prevailed at least till he was alive." wrote Indira Devi Choudhurani (Smritisamput Vol I (1997/2000), in Bengali, Rabindra Bhaban, Viswa Bharati, p. 18-19).</i> Indira Devi Choudhurani was daughter of Satyendranath Tagore and very close to Rabindranath. "The Autobiography of Debendranath Tagore" is also attributed to Satyendranath Tagore and this daughter.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adi_Brahma_Dharm_timeline">Adi Brahma Dharm timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Adi Brahma Dharm timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adi_Brahma_Sabha">Adi Brahma Sabha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Adi Brahma Sabha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consequently, the Adi Brahmos then set up their own faith called <i>Adi Brahma Sabha</i> in 1828/1830 by <a href="/wiki/Trust_Deed_of_Brahmo_Sabha" title="Trust Deed of Brahmo Sabha">Trust Deed of Brahmo Sabha</a> and codified their religion as <b>Adi Brahma Dharma</b> published from 1848. The founders of this <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmo religion">Brahmo religion</a> were foremost reformers for nationalism, equality, secularism and education which now stand enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> as <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental Rights in India">Fundamental Rights</a>. These founding fathers of Adi Dharma believed then that Hinduism was thoroughly corrupted and debased and that strong Law (i.e. <i>Dharma</i>) of first Moslems and then English Rulers could cleanse India from these evils. For their associations with the Rulers of the times, they were ostracised and barred from orthodox Hindu society but were amply compensated by "being so weighed down in honours by the British that they forgot all the radicalism of their youth." It was Dwarkanath Tagore alone who could publicly lambast an English Magistrate Abercrombie Dick on the emergence of servile <i>mai-baap</i> (great lord) ruling culture of 19th-century Bengal as follows: </p> <blockquote><p>... If Mr.Dick wishes me to specify what I deem the present characteristic failings of the natives I answer that they are – a want of truth, a want of integrity, a want of independence. ... arising from being subjected to misrule of an ignorant, intolerant and licentious soldiery ... falling into abject submission, deceit and fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Previously in 1829 Dwarkanath and Prasanna Coomar had founded the Landholders (<i>Zamindars</i>) Association which in its variants went on to play such role in modern India's development. The first major success of this Zamindari Sabha was arraigning the <a href="/wiki/Honourable_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Honourable East India Company">East India Company</a> forces against <a href="/wiki/Titumir" title="Titumir">Titumir</a> a Muslim extortionist of Zamindar's (landlords who perpetuated a system of feudalism with the support of the British), at <a href="/wiki/Nadia_district" title="Nadia district">Nadia</a> in November 1831. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trust_Deed_Principles_(1830)"><span id="Trust_Deed_Principles_.281830.29"></span>Trust Deed Principles (1830)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Trust Deed Principles (1830)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the 1830 <a href="/wiki/Trust_Deed_of_Brahmo_Sabha" title="Trust Deed of Brahmo Sabha">Trust Deed of Brahmo Sabha</a> principles it was held that all men are equal and without distinction and there is no need for priests or formal places for worship etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adi_Brahma_Dharma_doctrine_(1848/1850)"><span id="Adi_Brahma_Dharma_doctrine_.281848.2F1850.29"></span>Adi Brahma Dharma doctrine (1848/1850)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Adi Brahma Dharma doctrine (1848/1850)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the 1848 Adi Brahma Dharma published doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Debendranath_Tagore" title="Debendranath Tagore">Debendranath Tagore</a>, it was held that present Hinduism doctrine is corrupted, but that the original Vedas of pre-Aryan times (being relatively pure, though still fallible and not Scripture to be relied on) as reflected by 11 judiciously chosen Upanishads also speak of a single formless God who requires no temple or priest or idol for worship, only a rational and pure conscience of an intelligent mind. That there is no caste – high or low – all people are equal, in this World and before God. The doctrine of reincarnation is rejected. The doctrine of God being incarnate is also rejected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caste_Disability_Removal_Act_(1850)"><span id="Caste_Disability_Removal_Act_.281850.29"></span>Caste Disability Removal Act (1850)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Caste Disability Removal Act (1850)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This publication resulted in the famous "Removal of Caste Disabilities Act" of August 1850, and <a href="/wiki/Brahmo" title="Brahmo">Brahmos</a> were free to establish their own religion and marry amongst themselves without fear of disinheritance from ancestral property. At the 23 December 1850 annual meeting of Calcutta Brahmo Samaj, Debendranath formally announced the <i>Brahma Dharma</i> as doctrine of the new religion. This announcement resolving certain aspects of Hinduism in Rammohun's doctrine also served to effectively separate Brahmoism from Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lala_Hazarilal's_Shudra_controversy_(1851)"><span id="Lala_Hazarilal.27s_Shudra_controversy_.281851.29"></span>Lala Hazarilal's <i>Shudra</i> controversy (1851)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lala Hazarilal's Shudra controversy (1851)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Krishnanagar in Nadia district of West Bengal has always had special place in Brahmoism. Many old Brahmo families came from here including that of <a href="/wiki/Ramtanu_Lahiri" title="Ramtanu Lahiri">Ramtanu Lahiri</a> who was the first <i>Adi Dharmi</i> to renounce his Brahmanical caste thread in 1851 (even before Debendra Nath who removed his in 1862). The gesture by Debendranath of sending Lala Hazarilal of Indore (an untouchable from the lowest <i>Shudra</i> caste by birth) as Adi Dharma's first preacher to Krishnagar instead of a Brahmin preacher well versed in Sankskrit literature was, however, not too well appreciated and gave great offence to the Nadia royal family.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_missionaries_banned_(1856)"><span id="Christian_missionaries_banned_.281856.29"></span>Christian missionaries banned (1856)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Christian missionaries banned (1856)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1856, Christian preachers attempting to convert Adi Dharma adherents were banned entry into Brahmo premises by Debendranath Tagore. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adi_Dharma_mission_to_Punjab_(1861)"><span id="Adi_Dharma_mission_to_Punjab_.281861.29"></span>Adi Dharma mission to Punjab (1861)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Adi Dharma mission to Punjab (1861)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1861 the famous Adi Brahmo preacher Pundit Navin Chandra Rai ("Roy") went to Punjab and spread this new faith and opened many Adi Brahmo houses of worship all over Punjab (West and East) at Jullundur, Lyallpur, Lahore, Amritsar etc. People of all faiths and castes without distinction flocked to the new creed, and over 580 <a href="/wiki/Pandit" title="Pandit">Pandit</a> families were enrolled till 1870. Subsequently, the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_College,_Lahore" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental College, Lahore">Oriental College</a> was established at Lahore by Pundit N. C. Rai. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adi_Dharma_mission_to_Andhra_&_Telangana"><span id="Adi_Dharma_mission_to_Andhra_.26_Telangana"></span>Adi Dharma mission to Andhra & Telangana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Adi Dharma mission to Andhra & Telangana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1861 another Adi Brahmo preacher Atmuri Lakshminarasimham returned to <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> and devoted much time in the Telugu speaking areas. Many publications of Adi Samaj in Bengali were translated into Telugu language and published by him from the printing presses of Madras. In 1862, he came in contact with and converted Kandukuri Viresalingam who was to become father of Telugu language and notable Brahmo nationalist of the era. Later the two fell out over religious differences </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_schism_in_Brahmo_Samaj_(1866)"><span id="First_schism_in_Brahmo_Samaj_.281866.29"></span>First schism in Brahmo Samaj (1866)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: First schism in Brahmo Samaj (1866)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1865/1866 there was a dispute in the <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a> over caste distinctions, and many younger members of the Samaj who were influenced by Christian missionaries were expelled from the Adi Samaj by Hemendranath Tagore – which religion was henceforth known as the <i>Adi Brahmo Samaj</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Character_of_Adi_Dharma_changes_(1867–)"><span id="Character_of_Adi_Dharma_changes_.281867.E2.80.93.29"></span>Character of Adi Dharma changes (1867–)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Character of Adi Dharma changes (1867–)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1867 after the First Schism, the Adi Dharma movement became stridently nationalistic. A <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mela" title="Hindu Mela">Hindu Mela</a> was regularly organised which became the precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>. In the meanwhile the expelled Christian factions from Adi Samaj launched a sustained and bitter campaign to wean away the Adi Dharma missions outside Bengal. A great deal of propaganda was hurled from both sides. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brahmo_Marriage_Bill_controversy_(1871)"><span id="Brahmo_Marriage_Bill_controversy_.281871.29"></span>Brahmo Marriage Bill controversy (1871)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Brahmo Marriage Bill controversy (1871)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1871 the expelled group petitioned the Government to recognise them and their inter-faith marriages claiming that <i>Brahmos are not Hindu, Christian, Moslem, Jew or Parsi etc.</i>. The Adi Brahmo group opposed this stating <i>We are Brahmos first, and Hindus second</i> and finally a compromise Law was passed as Act III of 1872 to enable marriages between <a href="/wiki/Brahmo" title="Brahmo">Brahmos</a> and thereby recognising the <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmo religion">Brahmo religion</a> by State. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adi_Dharma's_Maharshi_and_Gurudev_visit_Punjab_(1872)"><span id="Adi_Dharma.27s_Maharshi_and_Gurudev_visit_Punjab_.281872.29"></span>Adi Dharma's Maharshi and Gurudev visit Punjab (1872)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Adi Dharma's Maharshi and Gurudev visit Punjab (1872)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1872/1873 Debendranath Tagore (the <i>Maharshi</i>) and his son Rabindranath Tagore (<i>Gurudev</i>) visited Punjab and spent much time in worship at the Golden Temple at Amritsar. A famous Sikh gentleman Sirdar Dayal Singh Majithia from the priestly family of this temple joined the Adi Dharma and subsequently contributed much money to the faith and also became a founder Trustee of the <a href="/wiki/Sadharan_Brahmo_Samaj" title="Sadharan Brahmo Samaj">Sadharan Brahmo Samaj</a> in 1880. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_of_Arya_Samaj_in_Punjab_(1875)"><span id="Emergence_of_Arya_Samaj_in_Punjab_.281875.29"></span>Emergence of Arya Samaj in Punjab (1875)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Emergence of Arya Samaj in Punjab (1875)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the meantime (1872–1875) in Punjab due to Schisms in Adi Brahmo Samaj at Calcutta, a new variant of Adi Brahmoism called <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a> began to take root. While travelling its founder <a href="/wiki/Swami_Dayanand" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Dayanand">Swami Dayanand</a> came into close and extended contact with Raj Narayan Bose, Debendranath Tagore etc. Swami Dayanand closely studied Tagore's book <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmo Dharma">Brahmo Dharma</a>, a comprehensive manual of religion and ethics for Adi Dharma, while in Calcutta. The bone of contention between these two Samaj's was over the authority of the Vedas – whose <i>authority</i> the Adi Dharma reject and hold to be <i>inferior works</i>, whereas Arya Samaj hold Vedas to be <i>divine revelation</i>. Despite this difference of opinion, however, it seems that the members of the Brahmo Samaj and Swami Dayanand parted on good terms, the former having publicly praised the latter's visit to Calcutta in several journals and the latter having taken inspiration from the former's activity in the social sphere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lala_Hardayal_pracharok_in_Northern_India_(1876)"><span id="Lala_Hardayal_pracharok_in_Northern_India_.281876.29"></span>Lala Hardayal pracharok in Northern India (1876)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Lala Hardayal pracharok in Northern India (1876)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another close associate of Debendranath Tagore, Lala Hardayal volunteered to promote the Adi Dharma cause in the Central Provinces and Punjab. He linked up with Sirdar Dayal Singh Majithia and the pure Adi Dharma message of One God without Caste or Priests took great root in this Province. Many low caste Sikhs, low caste Hindu converts to Christianity etc. joined the Adi Brahma Dharma to be eventually absorbed back after education into their respective faiths. It is pertinent that Debendranath was greatly influenced by works of <a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a> and Baba <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a> and always kept their books at his side. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developments_of_Adi_Dharma_in_Telangana_(1870–1880)"><span id="Developments_of_Adi_Dharma_in_Telangana_.281870.E2.80.931880.29"></span>Developments of Adi Dharma in Telangana (1870–1880)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Developments of Adi Dharma in Telangana (1870–1880)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1871 <a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a> (father of Telugu nation) was heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a>. A movement was covertly established by him to seek independence of the Telugu speaking provinces of Madras Presidency and the Nizamate of Hyderabad. A secret society for this was organised in 1878 in Rajahmundry under the cover of <a href="/wiki/Prarthana_Samaj" title="Prarthana Samaj">Prarthana Samaj</a> of Andhra Pradesh. He bitterly opposed immoral (i.e. polygamy and child marriage) practices of the upper classes of Telangana starting a new phase of reform for Adi Dharma in Telugu speaking regions. </p> <dl><dd>"He contributed to the political sphere by his activist journalism of writing about issues such as corruption in the local administration. The presidency government kept a close tab on the Indian language press and sometimes responded to investigate such allegations. Viresalingam also intervened more directly by conducting widow remarriages and popularising new forms of voluntary association."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Kandukuri vacillated between Adi Dharm nationalism and <a href="/wiki/Keshub_Chandra_Sen" title="Keshub Chandra Sen">Keshab Sen</a>'s dictum of "Loyalty to Sovereign" being rewarded with Rao Bahadur title in 1893 by British. But by clinging to Keshab Sen philosophy of "Loyalty to Sovereign" till 1907, Viresalingam found himself increasingly isolated from the militant ideology of Adi Dharma's new stridently nationalistic adherents in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2nd_phase_of_formation_of_Provincial_Samajes_(1878–)"><span id="2nd_phase_of_formation_of_Provincial_Samajes_.281878.E2.80.93.29"></span>2nd phase of formation of Provincial Samajes (1878–)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 2nd phase of formation of Provincial Samajes (1878–)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1862 and again in 1864 the Adi Dharma stalwarts from Calcutta visited Bombay, Madras Presidencies. They also visited Hyderabad (Deccan). As a result, many anti-caste, One Formless God Adi Dharma affiliates were started including the <a href="/wiki/Prarthana_Samaj" title="Prarthana Samaj">Prarthana Samaj</a> in Mumbai. The Veda Samaj in Madras, and the Brahma Samaj in what is now <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Many_Christian_members_reabsorbed_in_Adi_Dharma_(1878–1880)"><span id="Many_Christian_members_reabsorbed_in_Adi_Dharma_.281878.E2.80.931880.29"></span>Many Christian members reabsorbed in Adi Dharma (1878–1880)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Many Christian members reabsorbed in Adi Dharma (1878–1880)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1878 these expelled neo-Christian members split again, but almost all of them recanted (by having executed a Trust Deed of Sadharan Brahmo Samaj in 1880 virtually identical in Principles to the 1830 Adi Dharma Trust Deed) and were reabsorbed into Brahmoism by Maharshi Debendranath and <a href="/wiki/Rajnarayan_Basu" title="Rajnarayan Basu">Rajnarayan Basu</a> the founders of <i><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></i> (i.e. Brahmoism's nationalistic religion of Adi Dharma of pre-Aryan uncorrupt times means all Indians are one without distinction, regionalism and caste<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>) as Sadharan Brahmo Samaj. The small remainder of Adi heretics formed a Christian / Baha'i new world religion called <i>Navabidhan</i> or <i>New Dispensation</i> and are not considered part of Adi Dharma and in 1891 formed another Samaj in Bangladesh and are called <i>Sammilani's</i> (or Universal Brahmo Religionists) organising annual Conference of Theists.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tragedies_in_Tagore_family_of_1884">Tragedies in Tagore family of 1884</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Tragedies in Tagore family of 1884"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1884 there were two demises in Debendranath's family. The deaths of his third son Hemendranath at the young age of 40 and the unexplained suicide of his daughter-in-law Kadambari Devi (wife of his fifth son <a href="/wiki/Jyotirindranath_Tagore" title="Jyotirindranath Tagore">Jyotirindranath</a> the then Secretary of the Adi Brahmo Samaj) in April were to have significant implications for Adi Dharm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_victories_for_Adi_Dharma_(1897–1903)"><span id="Legal_victories_for_Adi_Dharma_.281897.E2.80.931903.29"></span>Legal victories for Adi Dharma (1897–1903)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Legal victories for Adi Dharma (1897–1903)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1897 a landmark decision of the High Court of the Punjab in Sirdar Dayal Singh's case after his demise, upholds that Brahmoism is a separate religion from Hinduism (except for the Adi Brahmos – Adi Dharmis who remain within Hinduism), whereas simultaneously affirming such gems as "... Sikhs are Hindus and nothing but Hindus..." and "A Sikh (Sardar Dyal Singh) who follows Brahmoism without actually converting to it continues to remain a Hindu." This decision is confirmed by the Privy Council in 1903 (<i>Rani Bhagwan Koer & Anr. vs. Acharya J.C.Bose and Ors</i>) and is the leading judgement even today on the vexed question of "Who is a Hindu?". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adi_Dharma_in_N.India,_Pandit_Nabin_Chandra_Ray"><span id="Adi_Dharma_in_N.India.2C_Pandit_Nabin_Chandra_Ray"></span>Adi Dharma in N.India, Pandit Nabin Chandra Ray</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Adi Dharma in N.India, Pandit Nabin Chandra Ray"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The heart of Adi Dharma in Punjab Province was Bengal's Adi Brahmo Samaj legend Pundit Nabin Chandra Ray. The Punjab Brahmo Samaj under his influence favoured Hindi language as against Punjabi actuated by nationalistic considerations. He looked upon Hindi as the national language of India and wanted it to be the foundation for the edifice of Indian nationality. He was the founder of Oriental College Lahore and also its principal. He was the first Assistant Registrar of Punjab University, and one of its Fellows. He was Secretary of the Stri Siksha Sabha fighting against heavy odds to establish girls schools. He was one of the most active members of the Anjumani Punjab, afterwards becoming its Secretary and renamed it as <i>Jnan Vistarini Sabha</i> engaging 8 Pundits to translate various works. To spread reform among the backward people of Punjab he published various newspapers in Punjabi, Urdu and Hindi and the highly controversial "Widow Remarriage Advertiser" in English. For the depressed classes he started a night school and the Chamar Sabha. His doors were open to all helpless and the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After N.C.Rai left the Punjab in course of his service, initiation into Adi Dharm was given to castes other than Brahmin or Pandit by his successors – a few of whom were Sikh. As a result, many Sikhs also joined Adi Dharm in large numbers relying on the <i>Mulmantra</i> of Sikhism i.e. Japuji Sahib which begins as <i>Ik Onkar Sat Naam Karta Purakh</i> translated as "There is only one God His name is Truth He is the Creator.." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Provocation_in_the_Punjab_(1900_-)"><span id="Provocation_in_the_Punjab_.281900_-.29"></span>Provocation in the Punjab (1900 -)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Provocation in the Punjab (1900 -)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1900 the Government passed the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Land_Alienation_Act,_1900" title="Punjab Land Alienation Act, 1900">Land Alienation Act</a>. In 1907 other taxing laws were promulgated and finally in 1919 the Government of India Act was amended. As a result, the lower castes of North India were effectively deprived from land ownership. At the same time the Government divided the electorate on communal lines, resulting in sharp polarisation between Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs. To counter this the leadership of Adi Dharma (at its 1916 conference at Kanpur) resolved to propagate Adi Brahmoism as a distinct religion for the Punjab. In 1917 this resolution was also seconded by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> which was then closely associated with Adi Dharm.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adi_Dharma_expands_to_Bodo_people_(1906)"><span id="Adi_Dharma_expands_to_Bodo_people_.281906.29"></span>Adi Dharma expands to Bodo people (1906)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Adi Dharma expands to Bodo people (1906)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1906 another preacher from Assam by name <a href="/wiki/Kalicharan_Brahma" title="Kalicharan Brahma">Kalicharan Brahma</a> was initiated into Brahmoism. His reform work among the <a href="/wiki/Bodo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo people">Bodo</a> people established the Bodo Brahma Dharma among the Bathow religionists of Assam and reformed that religion of <a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi</a> Tribal people considerably. The followers of Adi Dharam in that region are known as <i>Brahmas</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schisms_in_Punjab_branches_(1922–)"><span id="Schisms_in_Punjab_branches_.281922.E2.80.93.29"></span>Schisms in Punjab branches (1922–)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Schisms in Punjab branches (1922–)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1922 onwards, dissension in Arya Samaj factions of Punjab between the Vasant Rai and Mangoo Ram groups again split the regional Adi Dharma movement. Both groups approached the Lahore Headquarters of Adi Brahmo Samaj for recognition which was denied to both. This led to rivalry and inducements from all sides including Arya Samaj, Christian missionaries, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> etc. causing considerable confusion in the Northern Provinces as to who represents <i>Adi Dharma</i> here. The major controversy at this time concerned many depressed caste <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> of <i>Chamar</i> grade in a supposedly casteless <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> rediscovered Ravidass's teachings of the 14th century (claimed by them to be incorporated in Guru Granth Sahib) and got themselves registered as <i>Adi -Dharmi's</i> in the 1921 and 1931 Census of Punjab after the legal decision in <i>Bhagwan Koer's</i> case and the <i>Pirali</i> precedent. This action by a section in the Punjab once again revived the <i>Pirali</i> controversy which echoed in Calcutta. Concerted action and representation by Adi Dharma and all sections of Brahmo Samaj ensured that after 1931 no further caste based Census took place in India. Thereafter the Indian National Congress revived casteism again with M.K. Gandhi asserting on 7 September 1936 "...Sikhism is part of Hinduism and if becoming a Sikh is conversion then this kind of conversion on the part of Harijans is <b>dangerous.</b>" </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adi_Dharma_leaders_from_the_Punjab">Adi Dharma leaders from the Punjab</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Adi Dharma leaders from the Punjab"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lala Kashi Ramji – A widely respected person who travelled all over Northern India spreading message of the Samaj.</li> <li>Prof. Ruchi Ram Sahni – Secretary of Lahore Samaj and Secretary of Dayal Singh Educational Trust.</li> <li>Baboo Abinash Chandra Mazommdar – Set up many T.B. Sanitoria in Punjab and Simla.</li> <li>Bhai Prakash Devji – Joined Adi Dharma after leaving Dev Samaj. Instrumental in drawing many adherents to Adi Dharm. Also Editor of <i>Brahma Pracharak</i> from 1903 till 1908.</li> <li>Bhai Sitaramji – Pillar of Punjab Samajes from Sialkot. After Partition settled in Delhi at Delhi Brahmo Samaj.</li> <li>Lala Basant Lalji – From orthodox Punjabi Kayastha family converted to Adi Dharm (Brahmo Samaj) on returning from England. Become Commissioner of Income Tax Delhi and pillar of Delhi Brahmo Samaj. His elder son was Air Chief Marshal <a href="/wiki/Pratap_Chandra_Lal" title="Pratap Chandra Lal">Pratap Chandra Lal</a> (Chief of Air Staff – India).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_validity_controversies_(1938–)"><span id="Marriage_validity_controversies_.281938.E2.80.93.29"></span>Marriage validity controversies (1938–)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Marriage validity controversies (1938–)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_marriage_ceremony_of_Feroze_Gandhi_and_Indira_Gandhi,_March_26,_1942_at_Anand_Bhawan,_Allahabad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_marriage_ceremony_of_Feroze_Gandhi_and_Indira_Gandhi%2C_March_26%2C_1942_at_Anand_Bhawan%2C_Allahabad.jpg/300px-The_marriage_ceremony_of_Feroze_Gandhi_and_Indira_Gandhi%2C_March_26%2C_1942_at_Anand_Bhawan%2C_Allahabad.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_marriage_ceremony_of_Feroze_Gandhi_and_Indira_Gandhi%2C_March_26%2C_1942_at_Anand_Bhawan%2C_Allahabad.jpg/450px-The_marriage_ceremony_of_Feroze_Gandhi_and_Indira_Gandhi%2C_March_26%2C_1942_at_Anand_Bhawan%2C_Allahabad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/The_marriage_ceremony_of_Feroze_Gandhi_and_Indira_Gandhi%2C_March_26%2C_1942_at_Anand_Bhawan%2C_Allahabad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Indira Gandhi's controversial "... neither conventional nor legal..." Vedic wedding. Image from <i>The Guardian.</i></figcaption></figure> <p>A considerable controversy also erupted at this time over validity of Arya Samaj marriages. With low-caste converts to Christianity being reinducted into Hindu ranks after <i>shuddhikaran</i> or purification, orthodox Hindu society was not prepared to accept these reconverts or marry with them. With a few deaths of such converts often from very rich families or landed gentry, property disputes began reaching the Courts and the existing laws proved inadequate. With neither side willing to budge, a Marriage Law for Arya Samajis was deferred for almost 25 years. Luckily, <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Hutheesing" title="Krishna Hutheesing">Krishna Hutheesing</a> (a sister of <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>) wanted to marry a Prince – a Jain by religion. Such a marriage between parties of different castes although then allowed in law (by further amendment in the Brahmo law in 1923) was frowned upon and meant separation from the family and community. They arranged to be married under the Adi Brahmo Law of 1872 and gave false declarations (as was done in B. K. Nehru's case also). When these facts came out, the Adi Brahmo's fiercely objected to misuse of their Act and began to watch the banns. </p><p>In 1938 Jawaharal Nehru's daughter Indira insisted on marrying her sweetheart Feroze. Once again being of different faiths they could not be legally married under any law of the time except the Adi Dharma Law. The elders (including Rabindranath Tagore) of Brahmo Samaj at Shantiniketan, Delhi and Allahabad were consulted (by M. K. Gandhi) and who after considerable disagreement advised instead that the long pending Marriage Validity law for converted low caste Arya Samajis be enacted, which was speedily done in 1939 by an obliging British Government, enabling the loving couple to be wed in early 1942 by secret pre-Vedic Adi Dharm reformed Brahmic rites taught to Nehru's priest by Adi Dharma elders at Allahabad in the presence of Brahmos like <a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a> with the groom wearing a sacred Brahmic thread in secret.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ever since, these Adi Dharma rites have been used by the Gandhi-Nehru family for their marriages – such as for <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Gandhi" title="Sanjay Gandhi">Sanjay Gandhi</a> to <a href="/wiki/Maneka_Gandhi" title="Maneka Gandhi">Maneka Gandhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Priyanka_Gandhi" title="Priyanka Gandhi">Priyanka Gandhi</a> to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Vadra" title="Robert Vadra">Robert Vadra</a> etc. and the Vedic law of Adi Dharma has never been repealed despite passage of the Hindu Code in 1955 which repealed all such similar marriage validity laws for other faiths. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_Independence_developments_(1947–)"><span id="Post_Independence_developments_.281947.E2.80.93.29"></span>Post Independence developments (1947–)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Post Independence developments (1947–)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a> in 1947, the Adi Brahmo Dharma Headquarters for the region shifted from <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> to New Delhi to <i>Adi Brahmo</i> Brahmin descendants of Babu Raj Chandra Chaudhuri's (who married daughter of Babu N. C. Rai) family settled here. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ambedkar_and_Adi_Dharma_(1949–)"><span id="Ambedkar_and_Adi_Dharma_.281949.E2.80.93.29"></span>Ambedkar and Adi Dharma (1949–)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Ambedkar and Adi Dharma (1949–)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1949–1950 <a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a> approached the Adi Dharm leaders at Delhi to get absorbed his followers into Adi Dharma.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Due to bitter debates in the Constituent Assembly with Brahmo members and over the Hindu Validity Marriages Validity Act 1949, he could not be accommodated within the Adi Dharma principles. This was chiefly due to his insistence on denouncing <a href="/wiki/Manu_(Hinduism)" title="Manu (Hinduism)">Manu</a> – paradoxically respected by Adi Dharma's founding father's as a great Law Giver. Thereafter in about 1955 Ambedkar and his followers instead chose to join Buddhism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_Status_of_the_Brahmo_(Adi_Dharma)_Religion"><span id="Legal_Status_of_the_Brahmo_.28Adi_Dharma.29_Religion"></span>Legal Status of the Brahmo (Adi Dharma) Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Legal Status of the Brahmo (Adi Dharma) Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1901 (Bhagwan Koer & Ors v J.C.Bose & Ors, 31 Cal 11, 30 ELR IA 249) the Privy Council (Britain's highest judicial authority) upholds the finding of the High Court of the Punjab that the vast majority of Brahmo religionists are not Hindus and have their own religion unlike Sikhs. Debendranath Tagore was held to be the founder of the Brahmo religion. The Court distinguished Brahmo "religionists" from "followers" of the Brahmo Samaj who continue to retain their Hinduism. </p><p>In 1916 the Indian Civil Services Ethnography Administration Surveyor R. V. Russell examines in detail and publishes that Brahmo Samaj is indeed a religion (and differentiates it from "sects").<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1949 the Government of India passes the "Hindu Marriages Validity Act." Despite discussion in Parliament Brahmos are not brought within the scope of this Law. </p><p>In 1955 the Government of India passes the "Hindu Code" (a comprehensive set of laws for Hindus). Again despite discussion in Parliament, Brahmo religionists are not brought within the scope of these laws which, however, now become applicable to Hindus who are also followers of the Brahmo Samaj . </p><p>In 2002, Bangladesh enacted a law recognising Brahmo religionists and Brahmo marriages to Hindus, Jains, Sikhs and Buddhists. </p><p>On 5 May 2004 the Supreme Court of India by order of the Chief Justice dismissed the Government of West Bengal's 30-year litigation to get Brahmos classified as Hindus. The matter had previously been heard by an 11 Judge Constitution Bench of the Court (the second largest bench in the Court's history).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_of_Adi_Dharma">Future of Adi Dharma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Future of Adi Dharma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Adi Dharma movement of the Brahmo religion is today the largest of the Brahmo developments with over eight million adherents.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Adi Dharma has spawned not only the Indian National Congress party but also the <i>Hindutva</i> agenda of their opposition. Its radical contribution to India's polity was summed up by a President of India, </p> <dl><dd>"It is ironic that a small dedicated group of outcaste <i>twice born</i> Brahmins of the highest caste of Bengal setting out to rid India of caste and prejudice have instead engendered a national Constitution which perpetuates a divisively violent Casteism in Hindu religion which tears the social fabric of India apart especially in the field of education."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad-Dharmi" title="Ad-Dharmi">Ad-Dharmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattwabodhini_Patrika" title="Tattwabodhini Patrika">Tattwabodhini Patrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyathan_Gopalan" title="Ayyathan Gopalan">Ayyathan Gopalan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Particularly those Sadharan Brahmos who accept the core 1830 Adi Dharma Trust Principles</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"31 Cal 11" Indian legal citation <i>Rani Bhagwan Koer and Ors v. J.C.Bose and Ors.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dwarkanath Tagore was most astounded in his First Voyage to England by the long lectures delivered as sermons at the Episcopal <i>Kirk</i> in Scotland. Little did he know that back home his son Debendranath was plotting a similar tradition of long sermons for Brahmos. Source: Dwarkanath Tagore: A Life – Krisha Kriplani. p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note By Dr. B. R. Ambedkar to the Indian Franchise Committee, (Lothian Committee) on the Depressed Classes, Submitted on 1 May 1932. "IV. Depressed Classes in Bengal", "... (10) Rajbansi, (II) Pirali, (12) Chamar, (13) Dom, .. ."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dwarkanath Thakurer Jibani</i> publ. Rabindra Bharati University, Calcutta.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Englishman</i> – 6 December 1838.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/J._N._Farquhar" title="J. N. Farquhar">J. N. Farquhar</a>, <i>Modern Indian Religions</i>, 1915.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sivanath Sastri "History of Brahmo Samaj" 1911//1912 2nd edn. pg. 377 publ. Sadharan Brahmo Samaj, Calcutta 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Fashioning Modernity in Telugu: Viresalingam and His Interventionist Strategy" Vakulabharanam Rajagopal, University of Hyderabad, Sage Publications (2005) page 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rajagopal (2005) page 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Bombay Chronicle of Sunday 13 May 1929. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMeena_Agarwal2005" class="citation book cs1">Meena Agarwal (2005). <i>Indira Gandhi</i>. New Delhi: Diamond Pocket Books. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-288-0901-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-288-0901-9"><bdi>978-81-288-0901-9</bdi></a>. <q>The pheras took place at night. The marriage ceremony was performed according to the Vedic tradition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indira+Gandhi&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Diamond+Pocket+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-288-0901-9&rft.au=Meena+Agarwal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Dharm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatherine_Frank2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Frank" title="Katherine Frank">Katherine Frank</a> (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiralifeofindi00fran/page/177"><i>Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi</i></a></span>. Houghton Mifflin. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiralifeofindi00fran/page/177">177–178</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-73097-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-73097-3"><bdi>978-0-395-73097-3</bdi></a>. <q>The ceremony uniting Indira and Feroze was neither conventional nor legal ... They were both reluctant to sign a declaration that they did not belong to any religion. Hence the illegality of ... Indira's marriage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indira%3A+The+Life+of+Indira+Nehru+Gandhi&rft.pages=177-178&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-395-73097-3&rft.au=Katherine+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiralifeofindi00fran%2Fpage%2F177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Dharm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tribes and Castes of Central Provinces of India, R.V . Russel and Rai Bahadur Hira Lal, Volume 1 of 4 Volumes, Macmillan, London, 1916.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brahmosamaj.org/">"Brahmo Samaj"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brahmo+Samaj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrahmosamaj.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Dharm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the commemorative speech by N. Sanjeeva Reddy, 27 January 1981 at Kanpur for centenary celebrations of the <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Conference_Organisation" title="Brahmo Conference Organisation">Brahmo Conference Organisation</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dharm&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://brahmosamaj.org">http://brahmosamaj.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.thebrahmosamaj.net">http://www.thebrahmosamaj.net</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Tagore" title="Satyendranath Tagore">Satyendranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanadanandini_Devi" title="Jnanadanandini Devi">Jnanadanandini Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanindra_Nath_Gooptu" title="Fanindra Nath Gooptu">Fanindra Nath Gooptu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitanath_Tattwabhushan" title="Sitanath Tattwabhushan">Sitanath Tattwabhushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmabandhav_Upadhyay" title="Brahmabandhav Upadhyay">Brahmabandhav Upadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Chandra_Vidyabagish" title="Ram Chandra Vidyabagish">Ram Chandra Vidyabagish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarkanath_Vidyabhusan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dwarkanath Vidyabhusan (page does not exist)">Dwarkanath Vidyabhusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Rokeya" title="Begum Rokeya">Begum Rokeya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_poetry" title="Bengali poetry">Bengali poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bengal" title="Music of Bengal">Bengali music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangiya_Sahitya_Parishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangiya Sahitya Parishad">Bangiya Sahitya Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadralok" title="Bhadralok">Bhadralok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Math" title="Gaudiya Math">Gaudiya Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanam_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanam Sampraday">Mahanam Sampraday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="List of works by Kazi Nazrul Islam">Nazrul geeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambad_Prabhakar" title="Sambad Prabhakar">Sambad Prabhakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Realization_Fellowship" title="Self-Realization Fellowship">Self-Realization Fellowship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogoda_Satsanga_Society_of_India" title="Yogoda Satsanga Society of India">Yogoda Satsanga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattwabodhini_Patrika" title="Tattwabodhini Patrika">Tattwabodhini Patrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Bengal" title="Young Bengal">Young Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_College" title="Chittagong College">Chittagong College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Statistical_Institute" title="Indian Statistical Institute">Indian Statistical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_School,_Kolkata" title="Hindu School, Kolkata">Hindu School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadavpur_University" title="Jadavpur University">Jadavpur University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_University,_Kolkata" title="Presidency University, Kolkata">Presidency University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethune_College" title="Bethune College">Bethune College</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Dhaka" title="University of Dhaka">University of Dhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visva-Bharati_University" title="Visva-Bharati University">Visva-Bharati University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_School_of_Tropical_Medicine" title="Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine">Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindu_reform_movements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_reform_movements" title="Template:Hindu reform movements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_reform_movements" title="Template talk:Hindu reform movements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_reform_movements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu reform movements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindu_reform_movements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu reform movements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;">Reform movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adi Dharm</a>/<a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadharan_Brahmo_Samaj" title="Sadharan Brahmo Samaj">Sadharan Brahmo Samaj</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advait_Mat" title="Advait Mat">Advait Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Light_Mission" title="Divine Light Mission">Divine Light Mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Meditation_Institute" title="American Meditation Institute">American Meditation Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ananda movement">Ananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Paramananda#In_the_West._Ananda_Ashrama" title="Swami Paramananda">Ananda Ashrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Marga" title="Ananda Marga">Ananda Marga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shree_Shree_Anandamayee_Sangha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shree Shree Anandamayee Sangha">Anandamayee Sangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Living_Foundation" title="Art of Living Foundation">Art of Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Kumaris" title="Brahma Kumaris">Brahma Kumaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmaya_Mission" title="Chinmaya Mission">Chinmaya Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapathi_Sachchidananda#Organizations_founded" title="Ganapathi Sachchidananda">Datta Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Life_Society" title="Divine Life Society">Divine Life Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanuman Foundation">Hanuman Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Institute_of_Yoga_Science_and_Philosophy" title="Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy">Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Janajagruti_Samiti" title="Hindu Janajagruti Samiti">Hindu Janajagruti Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Munnani" title="Hindu Munnani">Hindu Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Sena" title="Hindu Sena">Hindu Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Yuva_Vahini" title="Hindu Yuva Vahini">Hindu Yuva Vahini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanatan_Sanstha" title="Sanatan Sanstha">Sanatan Sanstha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Vedanta_Society" title="International Vedanta Society">International Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISKCON_Revival_Movement" title="ISKCON Revival Movement">ISKCON Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Foundation" title="Isha Foundation">Isha Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariharananda_Giri" title="Hariharananda Giri">Kriya Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahima_Dharma" title="Mahima Dharma">Mahima Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mata_Amritanandamayi_Math" title="Mata Amritanandamayi Math">Mata Amritanandamayi Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matua_Mahasangha" title="Matua Mahasangha">Matua Mahasangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Narayana_Dharma_Paripalana_Yogam_(SNDP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP)">Narayana Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prarthana_Samaj" title="Prarthana Samaj">Prarthana Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission" title="Ramakrishna Mission">Ramakrishna Mission</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Society" title="Vedanta Society">Vedanta Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaja_Yoga" title="Sahaja Yoga">Sahaja Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba_movement" title="Sathya Sai Baba movement">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsang_(Deoghar)" title="Satsang (Deoghar)">Satsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Dharma" title="Satya Dharma">Satya Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyashodhak_Samaj" title="Satyashodhak Samaj">Satyashodhak Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_Identity_Foundation" title="Science of Identity Foundation">Science of Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Realization_Fellowship" title="Self-Realization Fellowship">Self-Realization Fellowship</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yogoda_Satsanga_Society_of_India" title="Yogoda Satsanga Society of India">Yogoda Satsanga</a></li> <li>Shirdi Sai Baba</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_yoga" title="Sivananda yoga">Sivananda yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo_Ashram" title="Sri Aurobindo Ashram">Sri Aurobindo Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Ramana_Ashram" title="Sri Ramana Ashram">Sri Ramana Ashram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Abidance_in_Truth" title="Society of Abidance in Truth">Abidance in Truth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadhyaya_Movement" title="Swadhyaya Movement">Swadhyay Parivar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narnarayan_Dev_Yuvak_Mandal" title="Narnarayan Dev Yuvak Mandal">NNDYM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation_movement" title="Transcendental Meditation movement">Transcendental Meditation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghar_Wapsi" title="Ghar Wapsi">Ghar Wapsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_(Hinduism)" title="Shuddhi (Hinduism)">Shuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Women in Hinduism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Gurus</a> and <br /> revivalist writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meher_Baba" title="Meher Baba">Meher Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mata_Amritanandamayi" title="Mata Amritanandamayi">Amritanandamayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gururaj_Ananda_Yogi" title="Gururaj Ananda Yogi">Ananda Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamayi_Ma" title="Anandamayi Ma">Anandamayi Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anukulchandra_Chakravarty" title="Anukulchandra Chakravarty">Anukulchandra Chakravarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arumuka_Navalar" title="Arumuka Navalar">Arumuka Navalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Shastri_Athavale" title="Pandurang Shastri Athavale">Athavale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boro_Maa" title="Boro Maa">Boro Maa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda_Saraswati" title="Chinmayananda Saraswati">Chinmayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy" title="Sri Chinmoy">Chinmoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daya_Mata" title="Daya Mata">Daya Mata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapathi_Sachchidananda" title="Ganapathi Sachchidananda">Ganapathi Sachchidananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haidakhan_Babaji" title="Haidakhan Babaji">Haidakhan Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariharananda_Giri" title="Hariharananda Giri">Hariharananda Giri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhguru" title="Sadhguru">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki_Bhagawan" title="Kalki Bhagawan">Kalki Bhagawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Chintaman_Kelkar" title="Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar">Kelkar, N. C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriyananda" title="Kriyananda">Kriyananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada_Lekhraj" title="Dada Lekhraj">Lekhraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirra_Alfassa" title="Mirra Alfassa">Mirra Alfassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neem_Karoli_Baba" title="Neem Karoli Baba">Neem Karoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Srivastava" title="Nirmala Srivastava">Nirmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Paramananda" title="Swami Paramananda">Paramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Rawat" title="Prem Rawat">Prem Rawat</a></li> <li>Ram Chandra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Dass" title="Ram Dass">Ram Dass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar" title="Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar">Sarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshub_Chandra_Sen" title="Keshub Chandra Sen">Sen, K. C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama" title="Swami Rama">Swami Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debendranath_Tagore" title="Debendranath Tagore">Tagore, D.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu_Vaswani" title="Sadhu Vaswani">Vaswani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vipulananda" title="Swami Vipulananda">Vipulananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnudevananda_Saraswati" title="Vishnudevananda Saraswati">Vishnudevananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_revivalists" title="Category:Hindu revivalists">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianisation" title="Indianisation">Indianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">Influence of Indian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian-origin religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bengali_Hindus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFD699;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bengali_Hindu_people" title="Template:Bengali Hindu people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bengali_Hindu_people" title="Template talk:Bengali Hindu people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bengali_Hindu_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bengali Hindu people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bengali_Hindus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Bengali Hindus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babu_(title)" title="Babu (title)">Babu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangal" title="Bangal">Bangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadralok" title="Bhadralok">Bhadralok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoti_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghoti people">Ghoti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Castes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguri_(caste)" title="Aguri (caste)">Aguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagdi_caste" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagdi caste">Bagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baidya" title="Baidya">Baidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baishya_Kapali" title="Baishya Kapali">Baishya Kapali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baishya_Saha" title="Baishya Saha">Baishya Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barujibi" title="Barujibi">Barujibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauris" class="mw-redirect" title="Bauris">Bauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Brahmins">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunaru" title="Chunaru">Chunaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doms" class="mw-redirect" title="Doms">Dom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhabanik" title="Gandhabanik">Gandhabanik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suvarna_Banik" title="Suvarna Banik">Suvarna Banik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_caste" title="Hari caste">Hari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalia_Kaibarta" title="Jalia Kaibarta"> Kaibartya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansabanik" title="Kansabanik">Kansabanik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmakar" title="Karmakar">Karmakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Kayastha" title="Bengali Kayastha">Kayastha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kulin_Kayastha" title="Kulin Kayastha">Kulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulika_Kayastha" title="Maulika Kayastha">Maulika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahishya" title="Mahishya">Mahishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_(caste)" title="Mal (caste)">Malla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namasudra" title="Namasudra">Namasudra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namasudra" title="Namasudra">Namassej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namasudra" title="Namasudra">Avarna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadgop" title="Sadgop">Sadgop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunri" title="Shunri">Shunri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi_Nath" title="Yogi Nath">Yogi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengali_Swastika_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bengali_Swastika_Symbol.svg/100px-Bengali_Swastika_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bengali_Swastika_Symbol.svg/150px-Bengali_Swastika_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bengali_Swastika_Symbol.svg/200px-Bengali_Swastika_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="942" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Chandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchali_(narrative_form)" title="Panchali (narrative form)">Panchali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namassejsantokotha" title="Namassejsantokotha">Matuasmritokotha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmo" title="Brahmo">Brahmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartabhaja" title="Kartabhaja">Kartabhaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakta" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakta">Shakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Orders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Brahmo_Samaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Brahmo Samaj">Adi Brahmo Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Marga" title="Ananda Marga">Ananda Marga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Sevashram_Sangha" title="Bharat Sevashram Sangha">Bharat Sevashram Sangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Conference_Organisation" title="Brahmo Conference Organisation">Brahmo Conference Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Math" title="Gaudiya Math">Gaudiya Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Mission" title="Gaudiya Mission">Gaudiya Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">International Society for Krishna Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matua_Mahasangha" title="Matua Mahasangha">Matua Mahasangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Order" title="Ramakrishna Order">Ramakrishna Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Realization_Fellowship" title="Self-Realization Fellowship">Self-Realization Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo_Ashram" title="Sri Aurobindo Ashram">Sri Aurobindo Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Society" title="Vedanta Society">Vedanta Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogoda_Satsanga_Society_of_India" title="Yogoda Satsanga Society of India">Yogoda Satsanga Society of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poila_Baisakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Poila Baisakh">Poila Baisakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Jayanti" title="Rabindra Jayanti">Rabindra Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshaya_Tritiya" title="Akshaya Tritiya">Akshaya Tritiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Buddho Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi#Worship" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_Brata" class="mw-redirect" title="Savitri Brata">Savitri Brata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambubachi_Mela" title="Ambubachi Mela">Ambubachi Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamrai_Jagannath_Roth" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamrai Jagannath Roth">Dhamrai Jagannath Roth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Jhulan Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janmashtami" class="mw-redirect" title="Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadu_(festival)" title="Bhadu (festival)">Bhadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwakarma_Puja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwakarma Puja">Vishwakarma Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kojagari_Lakshmi_Puja" class="mw-redirect" title="Kojagari Lakshmi Puja">Lakshmi Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Puja" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Phonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhai Phonta">Bhai Phonta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakta_Rash" title="Shakta Rash">Shakta Rash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabanna" title="Nabanna">Nabanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagaddhatri" title="Jagaddhatri">Jagaddhatri Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpataru_Day" title="Kalpataru Day">Kalpataru Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Day_(India)" title="National Youth Day (India)">Swami Vivekananda's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghotsab_of_Brahma_Samaj" title="Maghotsab of Brahma Samaj">Maghotsab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Saraswati Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dol_Purnima" title="Dol Purnima">Dol Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dola_Yatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dola Yatra">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gajan_(festival)" title="Gajan (festival)">Gajan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyama_Sangeet" title="Shyama Sangeet">Shyama Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur_gharana" title="Bishnupur gharana">Bishnupur gharana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Nritya" title="Gaudiya Nritya">Gaudiya Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava_Padavali" title="Vaishnava Padavali">Vaishnava Padavali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal-Kavya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangal-Kavya">Mangal-Kavya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchali_(narrative_form)" title="Panchali (narrative form)"> Panchali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallol" title="Kallol">Kallol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_generation" title="Hungry generation">Hungry generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:1%">Folk culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Folk art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhokra" title="Dhokra">Dhokra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholapith" title="Sholapith">Sholapith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Folk dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raibenshe" title="Raibenshe">Raibenshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paika" title="Paika">Paika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamail" title="Dhamail">Dhamail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkap" title="Alkap">Alkap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavigan" title="Kavigan">Kavigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_mythology_and_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Hindu mythology and culture">Bengali Hindu mythology and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_diaspora" title="Bengali Hindu diaspora">Bengali Hindu diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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