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href="#Origins_and_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Origins and history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origins_and_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Origins and history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indus_Valley_Civilisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indus_Valley_Civilisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Indus Valley Civilisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indus_Valley_Civilisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vedic_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vedic_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Vedic elements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vedic_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergence_of_Shaivism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_of_Shaivism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Emergence of Shaivism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_of_Shaivism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puranic_Shaivism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puranic_Shaivism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Puranic Shaivism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puranic_Shaivism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Gupta_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Gupta_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Post-Gupta development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Gupta_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 South India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Southeast Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.1 Indonesia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beliefs_and_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs_and_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Beliefs and practices </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beliefs_and_practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Beliefs and practices subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Beliefs_and_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vedic,_Puranik,_and_esoteric_Shaivism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vedic,_Puranik,_and_esoteric_Shaivism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Vedic, Puranik, and esoteric Shaivism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vedic,_Puranik,_and_esoteric_Shaivism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shaivism_versus_other_Hindu_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shaivism_versus_other_Hindu_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Shaivism versus other Hindu traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shaivism_versus_other_Hindu_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Texts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Texts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Texts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vedas_and_Principal_Upanishads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vedas_and_Principal_Upanishads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Vedas and Principal Upanishads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vedas_and_Principal_Upanishads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shaiva_minor_Upanishads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shaiva_minor_Upanishads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Shaiva minor Upanishads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shaiva_minor_Upanishads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shaiva_Agamas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shaiva_Agamas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Shaiva Agamas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shaiva_Agamas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Traditions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Traditions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sannyasi_Shaiva:_Atimarga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sannyasi_Shaiva:_Atimarga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Sannyasi Shaiva: Atimarga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sannyasi_Shaiva:_Atimarga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pashupata_Atimargi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pashupata_Atimargi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Pashupata Atimargi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pashupata_Atimargi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lakula_Atimargi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lakula_Atimargi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Lakula Atimargi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lakula_Atimargi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grihastha_and_Sannyasi_Shaiva:_Mantramarga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grihastha_and_Sannyasi_Shaiva:_Mantramarga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Grihastha and Sannyasi Shaiva: Mantramarga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grihastha_and_Sannyasi_Shaiva:_Mantramarga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shaiva_Siddhanta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shaiva_Siddhanta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Shaiva Siddhanta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shaiva_Siddhanta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nayanars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nayanars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Nayanars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nayanars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tantra_Diksha_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tantra_Diksha_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.3 Tantra Diksha traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tantra_Diksha_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kashmir_Shaivism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kashmir_Shaivism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.4 Kashmir Shaivism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kashmir_Shaivism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Nath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lingayatism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lingayatism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Lingayatism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lingayatism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography_and_Presence_of_believers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography_and_Presence_of_believers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demography and Presence of believers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography_and_Presence_of_believers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Influence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Influence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shaktism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shaktism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Shaktism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shaktism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smarta_Tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smarta_Tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Smarta Tradition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smarta_Tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaishnavism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaishnavism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Vaishnavism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaishnavism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sauraism_(Sun_deity)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sauraism_(Sun_deity)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Sauraism (Sun deity) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sauraism_(Sun_deity)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yoga_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yoga_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Yoga movements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yoga_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindu_performance_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindu_performance_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Hindu performance arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindu_performance_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Jainism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temples_and_pilgrimage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temples_and_pilgrimage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Temples and pilgrimage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temples_and_pilgrimage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Shaivism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" > 69 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivisme" title="Shaivisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Shaivisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شيفاوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شيفاوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva%C3%ADsmu" title="Shivaísmu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Shivaísmu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="শৈবধর্ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শৈবধর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шываізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шываізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4" title="शैव मत – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="शैव मत" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivismo" title="Shaivismo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Shaivismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Шиваизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шиваизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xivaisme" title="Xivaisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xivaisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шиваизм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шиваизм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ivaismus" title="Šivaismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šivaismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaismus" title="Shivaismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Shivaismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ivaism" title="Šivaism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Šivaism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Σαϊβισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαϊβισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva%C3%ADsmo" title="Shivaísmo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Shivaísmo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Civismo" title="Ŝivismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝivismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaismo" title="Shivaismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Shivaismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="شیواپرستی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیواپرستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Shaivism" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva%C3%AFsme" title="Shivaïsme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shivaïsme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%88%E0%AA%B5_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF" title="શૈવ સંપ્રદાય – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="શૈવ સંપ્રદાય" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%B0%94%ED%8C%8C" title="시바파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시바파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5" title="शैव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शैव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saiwa" title="Saiwa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Saiwa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scivaismo" title="Scivaismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scivaismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="שיוויזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שיוויזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B5_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A5" title="ಶೈವ ಪಂಥ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶೈವ ಪಂಥ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivaismus" title="Sivaismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sivaismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0aivizmas" title="Šaivizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šaivizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saivizmus" title="Saivizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Saivizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivaisma" title="Sivaisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sivaisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="ശൈവമതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശൈവമതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A5" title="शैव पंथ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शैव पंथ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="შივაიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="შივაიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%87" title="شيفيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شيفيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saivisme" title="Saivisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Saivisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%9A_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1" title="ꯁꯥꯢꯚ ꯂꯥꯢꯅꯤꯡ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯥꯢꯚ ꯂꯥꯢꯅꯤꯡ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivisme" title="Shaivisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Shaivisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="शैव सम्प्रदाय – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शैव सम्प्रदाय" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5" title="शैव – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="शैव" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E6%B4%BE" title="シヴァ派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シヴァ派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaisme" title="Shivaisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Shivaisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B5_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4" title="ਸ਼ੈਵ ਮੱਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ੈਵ ਮੱਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5" title="शैव – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="शैव" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%DB%8B_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="شیۋ مت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شیۋ مت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Aiwaizm" title="Śiwaizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Śiwaizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiva%C3%ADsmo" title="Xivaísmo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Xivaísmo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98ivaism" title="Șivaism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Șivaism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шиваизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шиваизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83" title="शैवसम्प्रदायः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="शैवसम्प्रदायः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivizmi" title="Shaivizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shaivizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9B%E0%B7%80_%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B8" title="ශෛව ආගම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ශෛව ආගම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shaivism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ivaizmus" title="Šivaizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šivaizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ivaizem" title="Šivaizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Šivaizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ivizam" title="Šivizam – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Šivizam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivismi" title="Shaivismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Shaivismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Shaivism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சைவ சமயம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சைவ சமயம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шиваизм – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шиваизм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="శైవం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శైవం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0" title="ลัทธิไศวะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลัทธิไศวะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eaivizm" title="Şaivizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şaivizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шайвізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шайвізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="شیو مت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شیو مت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1o_ph%C3%A1i_Shaiva" title="Giáo phái Shaiva – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giáo phái Shaiva" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B9%BF%E5%A9%86%E6%95%99" title="湿婆教 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="湿婆教" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BF%95%E5%A9%86%E6%B4%BE" title="濕婆派 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="濕婆派" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BF%95%E5%A9%86%E6%95%99" title="濕婆教 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="濕婆教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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style="display:none">Hindu tradition that worships Shiva</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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Shaivism.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Shaivism" title="Category:Shaivism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #FFC569; padding:0.25em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shaivism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:SaivismFlag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/SaivismFlag.svg/150px-SaivismFlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/SaivismFlag.svg/225px-SaivismFlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/SaivismFlag.svg/300px-SaivismFlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="495" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Deities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"><a href="/wiki/Parameshvara_(epithet)" title="Parameshvara (epithet)">Parameshvara</a> (Supreme being) <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadasiva" title="Sadasiva">Sadasiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Bhairava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virabhadra" title="Virabhadra">Virabhadra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchavimshatimurti" title="Panchavimshatimurti">Forms of Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_deities" title="List of Hindu deities">Others</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Scriptures and texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agama</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shivasutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vachana_sahitya" title="Vachana sahitya">Vachanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Svetasvatara</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dd>Three Components</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashupati" title="Pashupati">Pati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Pashu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%C5%9Ba" title="Pāśa">Pasam</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Three bondages</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anava" title="Anava">Anava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a> </li></ul> <dl><dd>other aspects</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva_(Shaivism)" title="Tattva (Shaivism)">36 Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satkaryavada" title="Satkaryavada">Satkaryavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhasavada" title="Abhasavada">Abhasavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrya" title="Svatantrya">Svatantrya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aham_(Kashmir_Shaivism)" title="Aham (Kashmir Shaivism)">Aham</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vibhuti" title="Vibhuti">Vibhuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudraksha" title="Rudraksha">Rudraksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namah_Shivaya" title="Om Namah Shivaya">Panchakshara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegle_marmelos#Religious_significance" title="Aegle marmelos">Bilva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a>-<a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a>-<a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">Linga</a>-<a href="/wiki/Jangam" title="Jangam">Jangam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"><hr /> <dl><dd>Ati marga</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamukha" title="Kalamukha">Kalamukha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mantra_marga" title="Mantra marga">Mantra marga</a></dd></dl> Saiddhantika <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Siddhantism</a></li></ul> Non - Saiddhantika <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmir Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamachara" title="Vamachara">Vama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dak%E1%B9%A3i%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Dakṣiṇā">Dakshina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaula_(Hinduism)" title="Kaula (Hinduism)">Kaula</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Trika</a>-<a href="/wiki/Rudrayamala" title="Rudrayamala">Yamala</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kubjika" title="Kubjika">Kubjika</a>-<a href="/wiki/Netra_Tantra" title="Netra Tantra">Netra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd>Others</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inchegeri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Inchegeri Sampradaya">Inchegeri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veerashaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Veerashaiva">Veerashaiva</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhar" title="Siddhar">Siddharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Sroutaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghori" title="Aghori">Aghori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Hinduism in Indonesia">Indonesian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Scholars</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakulisha" title="Lakulisha">Lakulisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasugupta" title="Vasugupta">Vasugupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utpaladeva" title="Utpaladeva">Utpaladeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manikkavacakar" title="Manikkavacakar">Manikkavacakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meykandar" title="Meykandar">Meykandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dang_Hyang_Nirartha" title="Dang Hyang Nirartha">Nirartha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharana_(Hinduism)" title="Sharana (Hinduism)">Sharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Advaita" title="Shiva Advaita">Srikantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appayya_Dikshita" title="Appayya Dikshita">Appayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navnath" class="mw-redirect" title="Navnath">Navnath</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nandi_(Hinduism)" title="Nandi (Hinduism)">Nandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirlinga" title="Jyotirlinga">Jyotirlinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Shiva_temples" title="Template:Shiva temples">Shiva Temples</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background-color:#FFC569"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/31px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9">Historical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> Traditional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Vedic Deities:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Post-Vedic:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Mokṣa-related topics:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Divisions</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Rigveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Yajurveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Samaveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Atharvaveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; 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background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform movements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; 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background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other Related Links (Templates)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"> Hindu Scriptures & Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"> Hindu Philosphy</a></li> <li>Sampradayas (Traditions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saivism" title="Template:Saivism"> Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"> Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saktism" title="Template:Saktism"> Shaktism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/31px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hinduism" title="Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduism" title="Template talk:Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Shaivism (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈʃaɪvɪzəm/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: शैवसंप्रदायः, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: Śaivasampradāyaḥ) is one of the major <a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Hindu traditions</a>, which worships <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBisschop202015–16-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBisschop2011-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti19861-3">[3]</a> as the <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a>. One of the largest Hindu denominations,<a href="#cite_note-johnson400-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006474-5">[5]</a> it incorporates many sub-traditions ranging from devotional <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology#Theistic_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">dualistic theism</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a> to <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a>-orientated <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monistic</a> non-theism such as <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Shaivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri Shaivism">Kashmiri Shaivism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996162–167-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-ganeshtagare-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003202–204-8">[8]</a> It considers both the <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Vedas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Āgama (Hinduism)">Agama</a> texts as important sources of theology.<a href="#cite_note-davidsmith116-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-dhavamony-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mark_Dyczkowski_1989_pages_43-11">[11]</a> According to a 2010 estimate by Johnson and Grim, Shaivism is the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism#Demographics" title="Hinduism">second-largest Hindu sect</a>, constituting about 252 million or 26.6% of Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-johnson400-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Shaivism developed as an amalgam of pre-Vedic religions and traditions derived from the southern <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamil</a> <a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a> traditions and philosophies, which were assimilated in the non-Vedic Shiva-tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti198666-70-13">[13]</a> In the process of <a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation" title="Sanskritisation">Sanskritisation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Hinduism">synthesis of Hinduism</a>, starting in the last centuries <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>, these pre-Vedic traditions became aligned with the Vedic deity <a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a> and other Vedic deities, incorporating the non-Vedic Shiva-traditions into the <a href="/wiki/Brahmanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmanism">Vedic-Brahmanical fold</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBisschop2011-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti19861,_66-70-14">[14]</a> Both devotional and monistic Shaivism became popular in the 1st millennium CE, rapidly becoming the dominant religious tradition of many <a href="/wiki/Hindu_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu king">Hindu kingdoms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBisschop2011-2">[2]</a> It arrived in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast</a> Asia shortly thereafter, leading to the construction of thousands of Shaiva temples on the islands of Indonesia as well as Cambodia and Vietnam, co-evolving with <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> in these regions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003208–214-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Shaivite theology ranges from Shiva being the creator, preserver, and destroyer to being the same as the <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> (Self) within oneself and every living being. It is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a>, and some Shaivas worship in both Shiva and Shakti temples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003202–204-8">[8]</a> It is the Hindu tradition that most accepts ascetic life and emphasizes yoga, and like other Hindu traditions encourages an individual to discover and be one with Shiva within.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996162–167-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-ganeshtagare-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Himalaya_Academy-17">[17]</a> The followers of Shaivism are called Shaivas or Shaivites. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_nomenclature">Etymology and nomenclature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and nomenclature">edit</a>]</div> Shiva (śiva, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: शिव) literally means kind, friendly, gracious, or auspicious.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApte1965919-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Macdonell,_p._314-19">[19]</a> As a proper name, it means "The Auspicious One".<a href="#cite_note-Macdonell,_p._314-19">[19]</a> The word Shiva is used as an adjective in the <a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rig Veda</a>, as an epithet for several <a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Rigvedic deities</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti199428-20">[20]</a> The term Shiva also connotes "liberation, final emancipation" and "the auspicious one", this adjective sense of usage is addressed to many deities in Vedic layers of literature.<a href="#cite_note-mmwshiva-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti199421-22-22">[22]</a> The term evolved from the Vedic Rudra-Shiva to the noun Shiva in the Epics and the Puranas, as an auspicious deity who is the "creator, reproducer and dissolver".<a href="#cite_note-mmwshiva-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti199421-23-23">[23]</a> The Sanskrit word śaiva or shaiva means "relating to the god Shiva",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApte1965927-24">[24]</a> while the related beliefs, practices, history, literature and sub-traditions constitute Shaivism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996149-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> The reverence for Shiva is one of the pan-Hindu traditions found widely across South Asia predominantly in Southern India, Sri Lanka, and Nepal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199617-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keayxxvii-27">[27]</a> While Shiva is revered broadly, Hinduism itself is a complex religion and a way of life, with a diversity of ideas on <a href="/wiki/Spirituality#Hinduism" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a> and traditions. It has no ecclesiastical order, no unquestionable religious authorities, no governing body, no prophet(s) nor any binding holy book; Hindus can choose to be polytheistic, pantheistic, monotheistic, monistic, agnostic, atheistic, or humanist.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Shaivism is a major tradition within Hinduism with a theology that is predominantly related to the Hindu god Shiva. Shaivism has many different sub-traditions with regional variations and differences in philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Shaivism has a vast literature with different philosophical schools ranging from <a href="/wiki/Advaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita">nondualism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dualism_(Indian_philosophy)" title="Dualism (Indian philosophy)">dualism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">mixed schools</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_history">Origins and history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins and history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Development_of_Shaivism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Development_of_Shaivism.svg/220px-Development_of_Shaivism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Development_of_Shaivism.svg/330px-Development_of_Shaivism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Development_of_Shaivism.svg/440px-Development_of_Shaivism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>The development of various schools of Shaivism from early worship of Rudra.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></figcaption></figure> The origins of Shaivism are unclear and a matter of debate among scholars, as it is an amalgam of pre-Vedic cults and traditions and Vedic culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti198666-106-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indus_Valley_Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Indus Valley Civilisation">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiva_Pashupati.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Shiva_Pashupati.jpg/220px-Shiva_Pashupati.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Shiva_Pashupati.jpg/330px-Shiva_Pashupati.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Shiva_Pashupati.jpg/440px-Shiva_Pashupati.jpg 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption>The "Pashupati" seal from the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a>.</figcaption></figure> Some trace the origins to the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a>, which reached its peak around 2500–2000 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003204–205-36">[36]</a> Archeological discoveries show seals that suggest a deity that somewhat appears like Shiva. Of these is the <a href="/wiki/Pashupati_seal" title="Pashupati seal">Pashupati seal</a>, which early scholars interpreted as someone seated in a meditating yoga pose surrounded by animals, and with horns.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> This "Pashupati" (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Animals" title="Master of Animals">Lord of Animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> paśupati)<a href="#cite_note-Michaels_p._312-38">[38]</a> seal has been interpreted by these scholars as a prototype of Shiva. <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Gavin Flood</a> characterizes these views as "speculative", saying that it is not clear from the seal if the figure has three faces, or is seated in a yoga posture, or even that the shape is intended to represent a human figure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003204–205-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199628–29-39">[39]</a> Other scholars state that the Indus Valley script remains undeciphered, and the interpretation of the Pashupati seal is uncertain. According to Srinivasan, the proposal that it is proto-Shiva may be a case of projecting "later practices into archeological findings".<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel20082–10-41">[41]</a> Similarly, Asko Parpola states that other archaeological finds such as the early Elamite seals dated to 3000–2750 BCE show similar figures and these have been interpreted as "seated bull" and not a yogi, and the bull interpretation is likely more accurate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003204–205-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vedic_elements">Vedic elements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vedic elements">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> (~1500–1200 BCE) has the earliest clear mention of <a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a> ("Roarer") in its hymns 2.33, 1.43 and 1.114. The text also includes a Satarudriya, an influential hymn with embedded hundred epithets for Rudra, that is cited in many medieval era Shaiva texts as well as recited in major Shiva temples of <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> in contemporary times. Yet, the Vedic literature only present scriptural theology, but does not attest to the existence of Shaivism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003204–205-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_of_Shaivism">Emergence of Shaivism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Emergence of Shaivism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vima_Kadphises_Shiva_coin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vima_Kadphises_Shiva_coin.jpg/220px-Vima_Kadphises_Shiva_coin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vima_Kadphises_Shiva_coin.jpg/330px-Vima_Kadphises_Shiva_coin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vima_Kadphises_Shiva_coin.jpg/440px-Vima_Kadphises_Shiva_coin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> coin of <a href="/wiki/Vima_Kadphises" title="Vima Kadphises">Vima Kadphises</a> (2nd century CE), with a possible Shiva, holding a <a href="/wiki/Trishula" title="Trishula">trident</a>, in <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ithyphallic" class="extiw" title="wikt:ithyphallic">ithyphallic</a> state<a href="#cite_note-illpha_rep-43">[note 1]</a> and next to a <a href="/wiki/Nandi_(bull)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandi (bull)">bull</a>, his mount, as in Shaivism.<a href="#cite_note-sino-platonic.org-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bopearachchi,_O._2007-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> The deity was described by the later Kushans in their coinage as "<a href="/wiki/Oesho" title="Oesho">Oesho</a>", a possibly kushan deity.<a href="#cite_note-Bopearachchi,_O._2007-45">[44]</a></figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Gavin Flood</a>, "the formation of Śaiva traditions as we understand them begins to occur during the period from 200 BC to 100 AD."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003205-47">[46]</a> Shiva was originally probably not a Brahmanical god,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti198666-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996150-49">[48]</a> but eventually came to be incorporated into the Brahmanical fold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996150-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti198669-50">[49]</a> The pre-Vedic Shiva acquired a growing prominence as its cult assimilated numerous "ruder faiths" and their mythologies,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti198666-69-51">[50]</a> and the Epics and Puranas preserve pre-Vedic myths and legends of these traditions assimilated by the Shiva-cult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti198669-50">[49]</a> Shiva's growing prominence was facilitated by identification with a number of Vedic deities, such as <a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prajapati" title="Prajapati">Prajāpati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vāyu</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti199470–71-52">[51]</a> The followers of Shiva were gradually accepted into the Brahmanical fold, becoming allowed to recite some of the Vedic hymns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti198670-53">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahābhāṣya">Mahābhāṣya</a>, dated to the 2nd century BCE, mentions the term Shiva-bhagavata in section 5.2.76. Patanjali, while explaining Panini's rules of grammar, states that this term refers to a devotee clad in animal skins and carrying an ayah sulikah (iron spear, trident lance)<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> as an icon representing his god.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003205-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996154-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a> mentions terms such as Rudra, Shiva, and Maheshwaram,<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003204–205-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996153–154-59">[58]</a> but its interpretation as a theistic or monistic text of Shaivism is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-srinivasanch9-61">[60]</a> The dating of the <a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a> is also in dispute, but it is likely a late <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> mentions Shaiva ascetics, such as in chapters 4.13 and 13.140.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> Other evidence that is possibly linked to the importance of Shaivism in ancient times are in epigraphy and numismatics, such as in the form of prominent Shiva-like reliefs on <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> era gold coins. However, this is controversial, as an alternate hypothesis for these reliefs is based on <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Oesho" title="Oesho">Oesho</a>. According to Flood, coins dated to the ancient Greek, Saka and Parthian kings who ruled parts of the Indian subcontinent after the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> also show Shiva iconography; however, this evidence is weak and subject to competing inferences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003205-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen19876–20-64">[63]</a> In the early centuries of the common era is the first clear evidence of <a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pāśupata Shaivism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBisschop2011-2">[2]</a> The inscriptions found in the Himalayan region, such as those in the Kathmandu valley of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> suggest that Shaivism (particularly Pāśupata) was established in this region by the 5th century, during the late <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Guptas</a> era. These inscriptions have been dated by modern techniques to between 466 and 645 CE.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puranic_Shaivism">Puranic Shaivism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Puranic Shaivism">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiva_Parvati_Ganesha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Shiva_Parvati_Ganesha.jpg/250px-Shiva_Parvati_Ganesha.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Shiva_Parvati_Ganesha.jpg/375px-Shiva_Parvati_Ganesha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Shiva_Parvati_Ganesha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>Shiva (middle) is the supreme being of Shaivism, accompanied by his son Ganesha (left) and consort Parvati (right). Painting by Raja Ravi Varma.</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> (c. 320–500 CE) the genre of <a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Purāṇa</a> literature developed in India, and many of these Puranas contain extensive chapters on Shaivism – along with <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>, Shaktism, <a href="/wiki/Smarta_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Smarta Tradition">Smarta Traditions</a> of Brahmins and other topics – suggesting the importance of Shaivism by then.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003204–205-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996154-55">[54]</a> The most important Shaiva Purāṇas of this period include the <a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purāṇa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purāṇa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purāṇa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003204–205-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen19876–20-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Gupta_development">Post-Gupta development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post-Gupta development">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiva_with_Trisula_Panjikent_7th%E2%80%938th_century_CE_Hermitage_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Shiva_with_Trisula_Panjikent_7th%E2%80%938th_century_CE_Hermitage_Museum.jpg/220px-Shiva_with_Trisula_Panjikent_7th%E2%80%938th_century_CE_Hermitage_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Shiva_with_Trisula_Panjikent_7th%E2%80%938th_century_CE_Hermitage_Museum.jpg/330px-Shiva_with_Trisula_Panjikent_7th%E2%80%938th_century_CE_Hermitage_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Shiva_with_Trisula_Panjikent_7th%E2%80%938th_century_CE_Hermitage_Museum.jpg/440px-Shiva_with_Trisula_Panjikent_7th%E2%80%938th_century_CE_Hermitage_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1567" /></a><figcaption>Shiva with <a href="/wiki/Trisula" class="mw-redirect" title="Trisula">Trisula</a>, worshipped in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penjikent" class="mw-redirect" title="Penjikent">Penjikent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, 7th–8th century CE. <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> Most of the Gupta kings, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_II" title="Chandragupta II">Chandragupta II</a> (Vikramaditya) (375–413 CE) were known as Parama Bhagavatas or <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavata">Bhagavata</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnavas">Vaishnavas</a> and had been ardent promoters of <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> But following the <a href="/wiki/Huna_people" title="Huna people">Huna</a> invasions, especially those of the <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a> circa 500 CE, the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> declined and fragmented, ultimately collapsing completely, with the effect of discrediting Vaishnavism, the religion it had been so ardently promoting.<a href="#cite_note-HTB98-69">[68]</a> The newly arising regional powers in central and northern India, such as the <a href="/wiki/Aulikaras" title="Aulikaras">Aulikaras</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maukharis" class="mw-redirect" title="Maukharis">Maukharis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maitrakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Maitrakas">Maitrakas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Mahishmati" title="Kalachuris of Mahishmati">Kalacuris</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Vardhanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vardhanas">Vardhanas</a> preferred adopting Shaivism instead, giving a strong impetus to the development of the worship of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HTB98-69">[68]</a> Vaishnavism remained strong mainly in the territories which had not been affected by these events: <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HTB98-69">[68]</a> In the early 7th century, the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> (Huen Tsang) visited India and wrote a memoir in Chinese that mentions the prevalence of Shiva temples all over North <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, including in the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> region such as <a href="/wiki/Nuristan_Province" title="Nuristan Province">Nuristan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1987128-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETattwananda198446-71">[70]</a> Between the 5th and 11th century CE, major Shaiva temples had been built in central, southern and eastern regions of the subcontinent, including those at <a href="/wiki/Badami_cave_temples" title="Badami cave temples">Badami cave temples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aihole" title="Aihole">Aihole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elephanta_Caves" title="Elephanta Caves">Elephanta Caves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora Caves">Ellora Caves</a> (Kailasha, cave 16), <a href="/wiki/Khajuraho_Group_of_Monuments" title="Khajuraho Group of Monuments">Khajuraho</a>, Bhuvaneshwara, Chidambaram, Madurai, and Conjeevaram.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1987128-70">[69]</a> Major scholars of competing Hindu traditions from the second half of the 1st millennium CE, such as <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a> of Advaita Vedanta and <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a> of Vaishnavism, mention several Shaiva sects, particularly the four groups: Pashupata, Lakulisha, tantric Shaiva and Kapalika. The description is conflicting, with some texts stating the tantric, puranik and Vedic traditions of Shaivism to be hostile to each other while others suggest them to be amicable sub-traditions. Some texts state that Kapalikas reject the Vedas and are involved in extreme experimentation,<a href="#cite_note-74">[note 2]</a> while others state the Shaiva sub-traditions revere the Vedas but are non-Puranik.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003206–214-75">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_India">South India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: South India">edit</a>]</div> Shaivism was the predominant tradition in South India, co-existing with Buddhism and Jainism, before the Vaishnava <a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> in the 7th century, and influential Vedanta scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a> developed a philosophical and organizational framework that helped Vaishnavism expand. Though both traditions of Hinduism have ancient roots, given their mention in the epics such as the Mahabharata, Shaivism flourished in South India much earlier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson200961–62_with_footnote_64-76">[74]</a> The Mantramarga of Shaivism, according to Alexis Sanderson, provided a template for the later though independent and highly influential Pancaratrika treatises of Vaishnavism. This is evidenced in Hindu texts such as the Isvarasamhita, Padmasamhita, and Paramesvarasamhita.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson200961–62_with_footnote_64-76">[74]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mamallapuram,_Shore_Temple,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Mamallapuram%2C_Shore_Temple%2C_India.jpg/240px-Mamallapuram%2C_Shore_Temple%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Mamallapuram%2C_Shore_Temple%2C_India.jpg/360px-Mamallapuram%2C_Shore_Temple%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Mamallapuram%2C_Shore_Temple%2C_India.jpg/480px-Mamallapuram%2C_Shore_Temple%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption>The 7th to 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Shore_Temple" title="Shore Temple">Shore Temple</a> at Mahabalipuram is a UNESCO World Heritage site. It features thousands of Shaivism-related sculptures.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a></figcaption></figure> Along with the Himalayan region stretching from Kashmir through Nepal, the Shaiva tradition in South India has been one of the largest sources of preserved Shaivism-related manuscripts from ancient and medieval India.<a href="#cite_note-sanderson2014p1-78">[76]</a> The region was also the source of Hindu arts, temple architecture, and merchants who helped spread Shaivism into southeast Asia in early 1st millennium CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnn_R._KinneyMarijke_J._KlokkeLydia_Kieven200317-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs1951230–249-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexis_Sanderson2004349–352-81">[79]</a> There are tens of thousands of Hindu temples where Shiva is either the primary deity or reverentially included in anthropomorphic or aniconic form (lingam, or <a href="/wiki/Swayambhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Swayambhu">svayambhu</a>).<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elgood2000p47-83">[81]</a> Numerous historic Shaiva temples have survived in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, parts of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gudimallam_Lingam" title="Gudimallam Lingam">Gudimallam</a> is the oldest known lingam and has been dated to between 3rd to 1st-century BCE. It is a carved five feet high stone lingam with an anthropomorphic image of Shiva on one side. This ancient lingam is in <a href="/wiki/Chittoor" title="Chittoor">Chittoor</a> district of Andhra Pradesh.<a href="#cite_note-Elgood2000p47-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_collage_of_Shaivism_Shiva_Siwa_Hindu_icons_and_temples_in_Southeast_Asia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/A_collage_of_Shaivism_Shiva_Siwa_Hindu_icons_and_temples_in_Southeast_Asia.jpg/220px-A_collage_of_Shaivism_Shiva_Siwa_Hindu_icons_and_temples_in_Southeast_Asia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/A_collage_of_Shaivism_Shiva_Siwa_Hindu_icons_and_temples_in_Southeast_Asia.jpg/330px-A_collage_of_Shaivism_Shiva_Siwa_Hindu_icons_and_temples_in_Southeast_Asia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/A_collage_of_Shaivism_Shiva_Siwa_Hindu_icons_and_temples_in_Southeast_Asia.jpg/440px-A_collage_of_Shaivism_Shiva_Siwa_Hindu_icons_and_temples_in_Southeast_Asia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3338" data-file-height="2409" /></a><figcaption>An image collage of 1st millennium CE Shaivism icons and temples from Southeast Asia (top left): Shiva in yoga pose, Nandi, <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> temple, Yoni-Linga and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple</a> layout.</figcaption></figure> Shaivism arrived in a major way in southeast Asia from south India, and to much lesser extent into China and Tibet from the Himalayan region. It co-developed with Buddhism in this region, in many cases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeKesavapanySakhuja2010-87">[85]</a> For example, in the <a href="/wiki/Caves_of_the_Thousand_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Caves of the Thousand Buddhas">Caves of the Thousand Buddhas</a>, a few caves include Shaivism ideas.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[note 3]</a> The epigraphical and cave arts evidence suggest that Shaiva Mahesvara and Mahayana Buddhism had arrived in Indo-China region in the <a href="/wiki/Funan" title="Funan">Funan</a> period, that is in the first half of the 1st millennium CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs1951230–249-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexis_Sanderson2004349–352-81">[79]</a> In Indonesia, temples at archaeological sites and numerous inscription evidence dated to the early period (400 to 700 CE), suggest that Shiva was the highest god. This co-existence of Shaivism and Buddhism in Java continued through about 1500 CE when both Hinduism and Buddhism were replaced with Islam,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnn_R._KinneyMarijke_J._KlokkeLydia_Kieven200321-25-91">[88]</a> and persists today in the province of Bali.<a href="#cite_note-britbalinesepeople-92">[89]</a> The Shaivist and Buddhist traditions overlapped significantly in southeast Asia, particularly in Indonesia, Cambodia, and Vietnam between the 5th and the 15th century. Shaivism and Shiva held the paramount position in ancient Java, Sumatra, Bali, and neighboring islands, though the sub-tradition that developed creatively integrated more ancient beliefs that pre-existed.<a href="#cite_note-rghose4-93">[90]</a> In the centuries that followed, the merchants and monks who arrived in Southeast Asia, brought Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Buddhism, and these developed into a syncretic, mutually supporting form of traditions.<a href="#cite_note-rghose4-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Indonesia">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hinduism</a>, Dutch ethnographers further subdivided <a href="/wiki/Sampradaya#Shaivite_sampradayas" title="Sampradaya">Siwa (shaivaites)</a> <a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya</a>" into five – Kemenuh, Keniten, Mas, Manuba and Petapan. This classification was to accommodate the observed marriage between higher caste Brahmana men with lower caste women.<a href="#cite_note-boon-95">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs_and_practices">Beliefs and practices</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Beliefs and practices">edit</a>]</div> Shaivism centers around Shiva, but it has many sub-traditions whose theological beliefs and practices vary significantly. They range from dualistic devotional theism to monistic meditative discovery of Shiva within oneself. Within each of these theologies, there are two sub-groups. One sub-group is called Vedic-Puranic, who use the terms such as "Shiva, Mahadeva, Maheshvara and others" synonymously, and they use iconography such as the <a href="/wiki/Linga" class="mw-redirect" title="Linga">Linga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nandi_(bull)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandi (bull)">Nandi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trishula" title="Trishula">Trishula</a> (trident), as well as anthropomorphic statues of Shiva in temples to help focus their practices.<a href="#cite_note-Michaels2004p215-96">[93]</a> Another sub-group is called esoteric, which fuses it with abstract Sivata (feminine energy) or Sivatva (neuter abstraction), wherein the theology integrates the goddess (Shakti) and the god (Shiva) with Tantra practices and Agama teachings. There is a considerable overlap between these Shaivas and the Shakta Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-Michaels2004p215-96">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vedic,_Puranik,_and_esoteric_Shaivism">Vedic, Puranik, and esoteric Shaivism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vedic, Puranik, and esoteric Shaivism">edit</a>]</div> Scholars such as Alexis Sanderson discuss Shaivism in three categories: Vedic, Puranik and non-Puranik (esoteric, tantric).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988660–704-97">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003206–207-98">[95]</a> They place Vedic and Puranik together given the significant overlap, while placing Non-Puranik esoteric sub-traditions as a separate category.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003206–207-98">[95]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_Ascetics_(Yoginis)_LACMA_M.2011.156.4_(1_of_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Female_Ascetics_%28Yoginis%29_LACMA_M.2011.156.4_%281_of_2%29.jpg/220px-Female_Ascetics_%28Yoginis%29_LACMA_M.2011.156.4_%281_of_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Female_Ascetics_%28Yoginis%29_LACMA_M.2011.156.4_%281_of_2%29.jpg/330px-Female_Ascetics_%28Yoginis%29_LACMA_M.2011.156.4_%281_of_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Female_Ascetics_%28Yoginis%29_LACMA_M.2011.156.4_%281_of_2%29.jpg/440px-Female_Ascetics_%28Yoginis%29_LACMA_M.2011.156.4_%281_of_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1564" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Two female Shaiva ascetics (18th century painting)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Vedic-Puranik. The majority within Shaivism follow the Vedic-Puranik traditions. They revere the Vedas and the Puranas and hold beliefs that span from dualistic theism, such as Shiva <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> (devotionalism), to monistic non-theism dedicated to yoga and a meditative lifestyle. This sometimes involves renouncing household life for monastic pursuits of spirituality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003205–207,_215–221-99">[96]</a> The Yoga practice is particularly pronounced in nondualistic Shaivism, with the practice refined into a methodology such as four-fold upaya: being pathless (anupaya, iccha-less, desire-less), being divine (sambhavopaya, jnana, knowledge-full), being energy (saktopaya, kriya, action-full) and being individual (anavopaya).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003221–223-100">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[note 4]</a></li> <li>Non-Puranik. These are esoteric, minority sub-traditions wherein devotees are initiated (dīkṣa) into a specific cult they prefer. Their goals vary, ranging from liberation in current life (mukti) to seeking pleasures in higher worlds (bhukti). Their means also vary, ranging from meditative atimarga or "outer higher path" versus those whose means are recitation-driven mantras. The atimarga sub-traditions include Pashupatas and Lakula. According to Sanderson, the Pashupatas<a href="#cite_note-102">[note 5]</a> have the oldest heritage, likely from the 2nd century CE, as evidenced by ancient Hindu texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Shanti_Parva" title="Shanti Parva">Shanti Parva</a> book of the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> epic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988660–704-97">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003206–207-98">[95]</a> The tantric sub-tradition in this category is traceable to post-8th to post-11th century depending on the region of Indian subcontinent, paralleling the development of Buddhist and Jain tantra traditions in this period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003208–209-103">[98]</a> Among these are the dualistic Shaiva Siddhanta and Bhairava Shaivas (non-Saiddhantika), based on whether they recognize any value in Vedic orthopraxy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003210–213-104">[99]</a> These sub-traditions cherish secrecy, special symbolic formulae, initiation by a teacher and the pursuit of siddhi (special powers). Some of these traditions also incorporate theistic ideas, elaborate geometric yantra with embedded spiritual meaning, mantras and rituals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003208–209-103">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988660–663,_681–690-105">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson198817–18-106">[101]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shaivism_versus_other_Hindu_traditions">Shaivism versus other Hindu traditions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Shaivism versus other Hindu traditions">edit</a>]</div> Shaivism sub-traditions subscribe to various philosophies, are similar in some aspects and differ in others. These traditions compare with Vaishnavism, Shaktism and Smartism as follows: <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Comparison of Shaivism with other traditions </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th style="background: #ffcc99;">Shaiva Traditions</th> <th>Vaishnava Traditions</th> <th>Shakta Traditions</th> <th>Smarta Traditions</th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td>Scriptural authority</td> <td>Vedas, Upanishads and Agamas</td> <td>Vedas, Upanishads and Agamas</td> <td>Vedas and Upanishads</td> <td>Vedas and Upanishads</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006474-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dhavamony1999p33-107">[102]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Supreme deity</td> <td>Shiva</td> <td>Vishnu</td> <td>Devi</td> <td>None (Considers <a href="/wiki/Parabrahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Parabrahman">Parabrahman</a> to be so)</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-JanGondaVandS-108">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[104]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Creator</td> <td>Shiva</td> <td>Vishnu</td> <td>Devi</td> <td>Brahman principle</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-JanGondaVandS-108">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[105]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></td> <td>Minor</td> <td>Key concept</td> <td>Significant</td> <td>Minor</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006474-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-laiengavatar-111">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dhavamony2002p63-112">[107]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Monastic</a> life</td> <td>Recommends</td> <td>Accepts</td> <td>Accepts</td> <td>Recommends</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006474-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rituals, <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></td> <td>Affirms<a href="#cite_note-anin-115">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a></td> <td>Affirms</td> <td>Affirms</td> <td>Optional<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></td> <td>Recommends,<a href="#cite_note-anin-115">[110]</a> Optional</td> <td>Affirms</td> <td>Optional</td> <td>Recommends, Optional</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maya_(illusion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (illusion)">Maya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></td> <td>Affirms</td> <td>Affirms</td> <td>Affirms</td> <td>Affirms</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-JanGondaVandS-108">[103]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> (Shiva), <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> (Self)</td> <td>Brahman (Vishnu), Atman</td> <td>Brahman (Devi), Atman</td> <td>Brahman, Atman</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-JanGondaVandS-108">[103]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana</a>)</td> <td>1. Perception 2. Inference 3. Reliable testimony 4. Self-evident<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a></td> <td>1. Perception 2. Inference 3. Reliable testimony</td> <td>1. Perception 2. Inference 3. Reliable testimony</td> <td>1. Perception 2. Inference 3. Comparison and analogy 4. Postulation, derivation 5. Negative/cognitive proof 6. Reliable testimony</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996225-124">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></td> <td>Dvaita, qualified advaita, advaita</td> <td>Vishishtadvaita, Dvaita, qualified advaita, advaita</td> <td>Shakti-advaita</td> <td>Advaita, qualified advaita</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Liberation (<a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a>)</td> <td>Jivanmukta, <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Charya</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kriy%C4%81" title="Kriyā">Kriyā</a>-<a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>-<a href="/wiki/Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana">Jnana</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a></td> <td>Videhamukti, Yoga, champions householder life</td> <td>Bhakti, Tantra, Yoga</td> <td>Jivanmukta, Advaita, Yoga, champions monastic life</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Kim_Skoog_1996_63–84,_236–239-129">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Texts">Texts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Texts">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Shaiva manuscripts that have survived (post-8th century) <div class="poem"> Nepal and Himalayan region = 140,000 South India = 8,600 Others (Devanagiri) = 2,000 Bali and SE Asia = Many </div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Alexis Sanderson, The Saiva Literature<a href="#cite_note-sanderson2014p1-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a></cite></div> </div> Over its history, Shaivism has been nurtured by numerous texts ranging from scriptures to theological treatises. These include the Vedas and Upanishads, the Agamas, and the <a href="/wiki/Bhasya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhasya">Bhasya</a>. According to Gavin Flood – a professor at Oxford University specializing in Shaivism and phenomenology, Shaiva scholars developed a sophisticated theology, in its diverse traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003223–224-132">[127]</a> Among the notable and influential commentaries by dvaita (dualistic) theistic Shaivism scholars were the 8th century Sadyajoti, the 10th century Ramakantha, 11th century Bhojadeva.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003223–224-132">[127]</a> The dualistic theology was challenged by the numerous scholars of advaita (nondualistic, monistic) Shaivism persuasion such as the 8th/9th century Vasugupta,<a href="#cite_note-134">[note 6]</a> the 10th century Abhinavagupta and 11th century Kshemaraja, particularly the scholars of the Pratyabhijna, Spanda and Kashmiri Shaivism schools of theologians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003223–224-132">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPathak196011,_51–52-136">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vedas_and_Principal_Upanishads">Vedas and Principal Upanishads</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Vedas and Principal Upanishads">edit</a>]</div> The Vedas and Upanishads are shared scriptures of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, while the Agamas are sacred texts of specific sub-traditions.<a href="#cite_note-dhavamony-10">[10]</a> The surviving Vedic literature can be traced to the 1st millennium BCE and earlier, while the surviving Agamas can be traced to 1st millennium of the common era.<a href="#cite_note-dhavamony-10">[10]</a> The Vedic literature, in Shaivism, is primary and general, while Agamas are special treatise. In terms of philosophy and spiritual precepts, no Agama that goes against the Vedic literature, states Mariasusai Dhavamony, will be acceptable to the Shaivas.<a href="#cite_note-dhavamony-10">[10]</a> According to David Smith, "a key feature of the Tamil Saiva Siddhanta, one might almost say its defining feature, is the claim that its source lies in the Vedas as well as the Agamas, in what it calls the Vedagamas".<a href="#cite_note-davidsmith116-9">[9]</a> This school's view can be summed as, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> The Veda is the cow, the true Agama its milk. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Umapati, Translated by David Smith<a href="#cite_note-davidsmith116-9">[9]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Śvetāśvatara Upanishad</a> (400–200 BCE)<a href="#cite_note-Flood_1996_p._86-137">[131]</a> is the earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of Shaivism.<a href="#cite_note-138">[note 7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shaiva_minor_Upanishads">Shaiva minor Upanishads</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Shaiva minor Upanishads">edit</a>]</div> Shaivism-inspired scholars authored 14 Shiva-focussed Upanishads that are called the Shaiva Upanishads.<a href="#cite_note-ayyangarminor2-139">[132]</a> These are considered part of 95 minor Upanishads in the <a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">Muktikā</a> Upanishadic corpus of Hindu literature.<a href="#cite_note-ayyangarminor2-139">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[133]</a> The earliest among these were likely composed in 1st millennium BCE, while the last ones in the late medieval era.<a href="#cite_note-141">[134]</a> The Shaiva Upanishads present diverse ideas, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a>-style theistic dualism themes to a synthesis of Shaiva ideas with Advaitic (nondualism), Yoga, Vaishnava and Shakti themes.<a href="#cite_note-pdeussen247268-142">[135]</a> <table class="wikitable" align="center" style="background: transparent;"> <caption>Shaivism Upanishads </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="200px" style="background: #ffad66;">Shaiva Upanishad </td> <td width="60px">Composition date </td> <td width="240px">Topics </td> <td width="40px">Reference </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaivalya_Upanishad" title="Kaivalya Upanishad">Kaivalya Upanishad</a> </td> <td>1st millennium BCE </td> <td>Shiva, Atman, Brahman, <a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a>, Self-knowledge </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-143">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-peterheehs85-145">[138]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Atharvashiras_Upanishad" title="Atharvashiras Upanishad">Atharvashiras Upanishad</a> </td> <td>1st millennium BCE </td> <td>Rudra, Atman, Brahman, Om, monism </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-146">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[141]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Atharvashikha_Upanishad" title="Atharvashikha Upanishad">Atharvashikha Upanishad</a> </td> <td>1st millennium BCE </td> <td>Shiva, Om, Brahman, chanting, meditation </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-149">[142]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Brihajjabala_Upanishad" title="Brihajjabala Upanishad">Brihajjabala Upanishad</a> </td> <td>Late medieval, post-12th century </td> <td>Shiva, sacred ash, prayer beads, <a href="/wiki/Tripundra" title="Tripundra">Tripundra</a> tilaka </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-150">[143]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalagni_Rudra_Upanishad" title="Kalagni Rudra Upanishad">Kalagni Rudra Upanishad</a> </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Meaning of Tripundra (three lines tilaka), Ritual Shaivism </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-151">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a274-286-152">[145]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Dakshinamurti_Upanishad" title="Dakshinamurti Upanishad">Dakshinamurti Upanishad</a> </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Dakshinamurti as an aspect of Shiva, Atman, monism </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-153">[146]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Sharabha_Upanishad" title="Sharabha Upanishad">Sharabha Upanishad</a> </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Shiva as Sharabha </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-154">[147]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Akshamalika_Upanishad" title="Akshamalika Upanishad">Akshamalika Upanishad</a> </td> <td>Late medieval, post-12th century CE </td> <td>Rosary, japa, mantras, Om, Shiva, symbolism in Shaivism iconography </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-155">[148]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Rudrahridaya_Upanishad" title="Rudrahridaya Upanishad">Rudrahridaya Upanishad</a> </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Rudra-Uma, Male-Female are inseparable, nondualism </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-156">[149]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhasmajabala_Upanishad" title="Bhasmajabala Upanishad">Bhasmajabala Upanishad</a> </td> <td>Late medieval, post-12th century </td> <td>Shiva, sacred ash, body art, iconography, why rituals and <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a> are important </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-157">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[151]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Rudrakshajabala_Upanishad" title="Rudrakshajabala Upanishad">Rudrakshajabala Upanishad</a> </td> <td>After the 10th century </td> <td>Shiva, Bhairava, Rudraksha beads and mantra recitation </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ayyangarminor2-139">[132]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Ganapati_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganapati Upanishad">Ganapati Upanishad</a> </td> <td>16th or 17th century </td> <td>Ganesha, Shiva, Brahman, Atman, Om, Satcitananda </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-159">[152]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Pancabrahma_Upanishad" title="Pancabrahma Upanishad">Pancabrahma Upanishad</a> </td> <td>About 7th century CE </td> <td>Shiva, Sadashiva, nondualism, <a href="/wiki/Soham_(Sanskrit)" title="Soham (Sanskrit)">So'ham</a>, Atman, Brahman, self-knowledge </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-160">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a187-188-161">[154]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Jabali_Upanishad" title="Jabali Upanishad">Jabali Upanishad</a> </td> <td>unknown </td> <td>Shiva, Pashupata theology, significance of ash and body art </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-162">[155]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shaiva_Agamas">Shaiva Agamas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Shaiva Agamas">edit</a>]</div> The Agama texts of Shaivism are another important foundation of Shaivism theology.<a href="#cite_note-juliuslipner27-163">[156]</a> These texts include Shaiva <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>, epistemology, philosophical doctrines, precepts on meditation and practices, four kinds of yoga, mantras, meanings and manuals for Shaiva temples, and other elements of practice.<a href="#cite_note-Grimes-164">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[158]</a> These canonical texts exist in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a><a href="#cite_note-Grimes-164">[157]</a> and in south Indian languages such as <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[159]</a> The Agamas present a diverse range of philosophies, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Theistic_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theistic dualism">theistic dualism</a> to absolute <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-richdavis167-168">[161]</a> In Shaivism, there are ten dualistic (<a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">dvaita</a>) Agama texts, eighteen qualified monism-cum-dualism (<a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">bhedabheda</a>) Agama texts and sixty four monism (<a href="/wiki/Advaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita">advaita</a>) Agama texts.<a href="#cite_note-Mark_Dyczkowski_1989_pages_43-11">[11]</a> The Bhairava Shastras are monistic, while Shiva Shastras are dualistic.<a href="#cite_note-anin-115">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[162]</a> The Agama texts of Shaiva and Vaishnava schools are premised on existence of <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> (Self) and the existence of an Ultimate Reality (<a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>) which is considered identical to Shiva in Shaivism.<a href="#cite_note-ganeshtagare-7">[7]</a> The texts differ in the relation between the two. Some assert the dualistic philosophy of the individual Self and Ultimate Reality being different, while others state a Oneness between the two.<a href="#cite_note-ganeshtagare-7">[7]</a> Kashmir Shaiva Agamas posit absolute oneness, that is God (Shiva) is within man, God is within every being, God is present everywhere in the world including all non-living beings, and there is no spiritual difference between life, matter, man and God.<a href="#cite_note-ganeshtagare-7">[7]</a> While Agamas present diverse theology, in terms of philosophy and spiritual precepts, no Agama that goes against the Vedic literature, states Dhavamony, has been acceptable to the Shaivas.<a href="#cite_note-dhavamony-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditions">Traditions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Traditions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraivan_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Iraivan_Temple.jpg/220px-Iraivan_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Iraivan_Temple.jpg/330px-Iraivan_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Iraivan_Temple.jpg/440px-Iraivan_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saiva_Siddhanta_Church" title="Saiva Siddhanta Church">Kauai Hindu monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kauai_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauai Island">Kauai Island</a> in Hawaii is the only Hindu Monastery(shaivaite) in the United States.</figcaption></figure> Shaivism is ancient, and over time it developed many sub-traditions. These broadly existed and are studied in three groups: theistic dualism, nontheistic monism, and those that combine features or practices of the two.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonda1977154–162-170">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson199516–21-171">[164]</a> Sanderson presents the historic classification found in Indian texts,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988663-172">[165]</a> namely Atimarga of the Shaiva monks and Mantramarga that was followed by both the renunciates (<a href="/wiki/Sannyasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sannyasi">sannyasi</a>) and householders (<a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">grihastha</a>) in Shaivism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988663–670,_690–693-173">[166]</a> Sub-traditions of Shaivas did not exclusively focus on Shiva, but others such as the <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a> (goddess) <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988660–663-174">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sannyasi_Shaiva:_Atimarga">Sannyasi Shaiva: Atimarga</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sannyasi Shaiva: Atimarga">edit</a>]</div> The Atimarga branch of Shaivism emphasizes liberation (salvation) – or the end of all <a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">Dukkha</a> – as the primary goal of spiritual pursuits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988664–665-175">[168]</a> It was the path for Shaiva <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">ascetics</a>, in contrast to Shaiva householders whose path was described as Mantramarga and who sought both salvation as well as the yogi-siddhi powers and pleasures in life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988664-176">[169]</a> The Atimarga revered the <a href="/wiki/Vedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic">Vedic</a> sources of Shaivism, and sometimes referred to in ancient Indian texts as Raudra (from Vedic <a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a>).<a href="#cite_note-177">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pashupata_Atimargi">Pashupata Atimargi</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pashupata Atimargi">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahakuta_Lakulisha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Mahakuta_Lakulisha.jpg/180px-Mahakuta_Lakulisha.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Mahakuta_Lakulisha.jpg/270px-Mahakuta_Lakulisha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Mahakuta_Lakulisha.jpg/360px-Mahakuta_Lakulisha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1162" data-file-height="2458" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lakulisha" title="Lakulisha">Lakulisha</a> at Sangameshvara Temple at Mahakuta, Karnataka (<a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a>, 7th century CE). His 5th–10th century ithyphallic statues<a href="#cite_note-illpha_rep-43">[note 1]</a> are also found in seated yogi position in <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-178">[171]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a>: (IAST: Pāśupatas) are the Shaivite sub-tradition with the oldest heritage, as evidenced by Indian texts dated to around the start of the common era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988660–704-97">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003206–207-98">[95]</a> It is a monist tradition, that considers Shiva to be within oneself, in every being and everything observed. The Pashupata path to liberation is one of <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a> that is traditionally restricted to Brahmin males.<a href="#cite_note-179">[172]</a> Pashupata theology, according to Shiva Sutras, aims for a spiritual state of consciousness where the Pashupata yogi "abides in one's own unfettered nature", where the external rituals feel unnecessary, where every moment and every action becomes an internal vow, a spiritual ritual unto itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasugupta1992140–141-180">[173]</a> The Pashupatas derive their Sanskrit name from two words: Pashu (beast) and Pati (lord), where the chaotic and ignorant state, one imprisoned by bondage and assumptions, is conceptualized as the beast,<a href="#cite_note-lochtefeld505-181">[174]</a> and the Atman (Self, Shiva) that is present eternally everywhere as the Pati.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1987120–123-182">[175]</a> The tradition aims at realizing the state of being one with Shiva within and everywhere. It has extensive literature,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1987120–123-182">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta19555–6-183">[176]</a> and a fivefold path of spiritual practice that starts with external practices, evolving into internal practices and ultimately meditative yoga, with the aim of overcoming all suffering (Dukkha) and reaching the state of bliss (Ananda).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1987124–129-184">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuller-Ortega201031–38-185">[178]</a> The tradition is attributed to a sage from Gujarat named <a href="/wiki/Lakulisha" title="Lakulisha">Lakulisha</a> (~2nd century CE).<a href="#cite_note-186">[179]</a> He is the purported author of the <a href="/wiki/Pashupata-sutra" title="Pashupata-sutra">Pashupata-sutra</a>, a foundational text of this tradition. Other texts include the <a href="/wiki/Bhasya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhasya">bhasya</a> (commentary) on Pashupata-sutra by Kaudinya, the Gaṇakārikā, Pañchārtha bhāshyadipikā and Rāśikara-bhāshya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988664–665-175">[168]</a> The Pashupatha monastic path was available to anyone of any age, but it required renunciation from four <a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama (stage)</a> into the fifth stage of Siddha-Ashrama. The path started as a life near a Shiva temple and silent meditation, then a stage when the ascetic left the temple and did karma exchange (be cursed by others, but never curse back). He then moved to the third stage of life where he lived like a loner in a cave or abandoned places or Himalayan mountains, and towards the end of his life he moved to a cremation ground, surviving on little, peacefully awaiting his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988664–665-175">[168]</a> The Pashupatas have been particularly prominent in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. The community is found in many parts of the Indian subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-187">[180]</a> In the late medieval era, Pashupatas Shaiva ascetics became extinct.<a href="#cite_note-lochtefeld505-181">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lakula_Atimargi">Lakula Atimargi</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Lakula Atimargi">edit</a>]</div> This second division of the Atimarga developed from the Pashupatas. Their fundamental text too was the Pashupata Sutras. They differed from Pashupata Atimargi in that they departed radically from the Vedic teachings, respected no Vedic or social customs. He would walk around, for example, almost naked, drank liquor in public, and used a human skull as his begging bowl for food.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988665–666-189">[182]</a> The Lakula Shaiva ascetic recognized no act nor words as forbidden, he freely did whatever he felt like, much like the classical depiction of his deity Rudra in ancient Hindu texts. However, according to Alexis Sanderson, the Lakula ascetic was strictly celibate and did not engage in sex.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988665–666-189">[182]</a> Secondary literature, such as those written by Kashmiri Ksemaraja, suggest that the Lakula had their canons on theology, rituals and literature on <a href="/wiki/Pramanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pramanas">pramanas</a> (epistemology). However, their primary texts are believed to be lost, and have not survived into the modern era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988665–666-189">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grihastha_and_Sannyasi_Shaiva:_Mantramarga">Grihastha and Sannyasi Shaiva: Mantramarga</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Grihastha and Sannyasi Shaiva: Mantramarga">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:328px;max-width:328px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Face_of_Parvati_dancer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Face_of_Parvati_dancer.jpg/150px-Face_of_Parvati_dancer.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Face_of_Parvati_dancer.jpg/225px-Face_of_Parvati_dancer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Face_of_Parvati_dancer.jpg/300px-Face_of_Parvati_dancer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Sadhu_V%C3%A2r%C3%A2nas%C3%AE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sadhu_V%C3%A2r%C3%A2nas%C3%AE.jpg/170px-Sadhu_V%C3%A2r%C3%A2nas%C3%AE.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sadhu_V%C3%A2r%C3%A2nas%C3%AE.jpg/255px-Sadhu_V%C3%A2r%C3%A2nas%C3%AE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sadhu_V%C3%A2r%C3%A2nas%C3%AE.jpg/340px-Sadhu_V%C3%A2r%C3%A2nas%C3%AE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The horizontal three ash lines (<a href="/wiki/Tripundra" title="Tripundra">Tripundra</a>) with a red mark on forehead is a revered mark across Shaiva traditions symbolizing <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[184]</a></div></div></div></div> "Mantramārga" (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: मंत्रमार्ग, "the path of mantras") has been the Shaiva tradition for both householders and monks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988663–670,_690–693-173">[166]</a> It grew from the Atimarga tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988667–668-192">[185]</a> This tradition sought not just liberation from Dukkha (suffering, unsatisfactoriness), but special powers (siddhi) and pleasures (bhoga), both in this life and next.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988664,_667–668-193">[186]</a> The siddhi were particularly the pursuit of Mantramarga monks, and it is this sub-tradition that experimented with a great diversity of rites, deities, rituals, yogic techniques and mantras.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988667–668-192">[185]</a> Both the Mantramarga and Atimarga are ancient traditions, more ancient than the date of their texts that have survived, according to Sanderson.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988667–668-192">[185]</a> Mantramārga grew to become a dominant form of Shaivism in this period. It also spread outside of India into <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Cham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996171-195">[188]</a> The Mantramarga tradition created the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Hinduism)#Shaiva_Agamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Āgama (Hinduism)">Shaiva Agamas</a> and Shaiva tantra (technique) texts. This literature presented new forms of ritual, yoga and mantra.<a href="#cite_note-Flood,_Gavin_2006._P.120-196">[189]</a> This literature was highly influential not just to Shaivism, but to all traditions of Hinduism, as well as to Buddhism and Jainism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988662–663-197">[190]</a> Mantramarga had both theistic and monistic themes, which co-evolved and influenced each other. The tantra texts reflect this, where the collection contains both dualistic and non-dualistic theologies. The theism in the tantra texts parallel those found in Vaishnavism and Shaktism.<a href="#cite_note-198">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-flood58-199">[192]</a> Shaiva Siddhanta is a major subtradition that emphasized dualism during much of its history.<a href="#cite_note-flood58-199">[192]</a> Shaivism has had strong nondualistic (advaita) sub-traditions.<a href="#cite_note-reynolds243-200">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[194]</a> Its central premise has been that the <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> (Self) of every being is identical to Shiva, its various practices and pursuits directed at understanding and being one with the Shiva within. This monism is close but differs somewhat from the monism found in <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> of Adi Shankara. Unlike Shankara's Advaita, Shaivism monist schools consider <a href="/wiki/Maya_(illusion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (illusion)">Maya</a> as Shakti, or energy and creative primordial power that explains and propels the existential diversity.<a href="#cite_note-reynolds243-200">[193]</a> Srikantha, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a>, formulated Shaiva <a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[195]</a> In this theology, Atman (Self) is not identical with <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, but shares with the Supreme all its qualities. <a href="/wiki/Appayya_Dikshita" title="Appayya Dikshita">Appayya Dikshita</a> (1520–1592), an Advaita scholar, proposed pure monism, and his ideas influenced Shaiva in the <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> region. His Shaiva Advaita doctrine is inscribed on the walls of Kalakanthesvara temple in Adaiyappalam (<a href="/wiki/Tiruvannamalai_district" title="Tiruvannamalai district">Tiruvannamalai district</a>).<a href="#cite_note-203">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shaiva_Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Shaiva Siddhanta">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thirumoolar_Nayanar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Thirumoolar_Nayanar.jpg/170px-Thirumoolar_Nayanar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Thirumoolar_Nayanar.jpg/255px-Thirumoolar_Nayanar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Thirumoolar_Nayanar.jpg/340px-Thirumoolar_Nayanar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="1630" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tirumular" title="Tirumular">Tirumular</a>, the great Tamil Śaivasiddhānta poet and mystic saint (siddha).</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Śaivasiddhānta</a> ("the established doctrine of Shiva") is the earliest <a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">sampradaya</a> (tradition, lineage) of Tantric Shaivism, dating from the 5th century.<a href="#cite_note-flood58-199">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[198]</a> The tradition emphasizes loving devotion to Shiva,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMariasusai_Dhavamony197114–22,_257–258-206">[199]</a> uses 5th to 9th-century Tamil hymns called <a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a>. A key philosophical text of this sub-tradition was composed by 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Meykandar" title="Meykandar">Meykandar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britshaivasiddhanta-207">[200]</a> This theology presents three universal realities: the pashu (individual Self), the pati (lord, Shiva), and the pasha (Self's bondage) through ignorance, <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maya_(illusion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (illusion)">maya</a>. The tradition teaches ethical living, service to the community and through one's work, loving worship, yoga practice and discipline, continuous learning and self-knowledge as means for liberating the individual Self from bondage.<a href="#cite_note-britshaivasiddhanta-207">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmeshwaranand2004[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbub_gb_HQvbJDacNDMCpagen216_210]–217-208">[201]</a> The tradition may have originated in Kashmir where it developed a sophisticated theology propagated by theologians Sadyojoti, Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇakaṇṭha and his son Bhaṭṭa Rāmakaṇṭha (c. 950–1000).<a href="#cite_note-Flood,_Gavin_2003._pg._210-209">[202]</a> However, after the arrival of Islamic rulers in north India, it thrived in the south.<a href="#cite_note-Flood,_Gavin_2006._P.34-210">[203]</a> The philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a>, is particularly popular in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">south India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-arulsamy-211">[204]</a> The historic Shaiva Siddhanta literature is an enormous body of texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988668–669-212">[205]</a> The tradition includes both Shiva and Shakti (goddess), but with a growing emphasis on metaphysical abstraction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988668–669-212">[205]</a> Unlike the experimenters of Atimarga tradition and other sub-traditions of Mantramarga, states Sanderson, the Shaiva Siddhanta tradition had no ritual offering or consumption of "alcoholic drinks, blood or meat". Their practices focussed on abstract ideas of spirituality,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988668–669-212">[205]</a> worship and loving devotion to Shiva as SadaShiva, and taught the authority of the Vedas and Shaiva Agamas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilko_Wiardo_Schomerus20001–7,_29–37,_44–49-213">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006375–376-214">[207]</a> This tradition diversified in its ideas over time, with some of its scholars integrating a non-dualistic theology.<a href="#cite_note-215">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nayanars">Nayanars</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Nayanars">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nayanars6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Nayanars6.jpg/220px-Nayanars6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Nayanars6.jpg/330px-Nayanars6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Nayanars6.jpg/440px-Nayanars6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Nayanars Shaiva poet-saints are credited with <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> in Shaivism. It included three women saints, such as the 6th-century <a href="/wiki/Karaikkal_Ammaiyar" title="Karaikkal Ammaiyar">Karaikkal Ammaiyar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[209]</a></figcaption></figure> By the 7th century, the <a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a>, a tradition of poet-saints in the bhakti tradition developed in ancient <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> with a focus on Shiva, comparable to that of the Vaisnava Alvars.<a href="#cite_note-217">[210]</a> The devotional <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> poems of the Nayanars are divided into eleven collections together known as <a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a>, along with a <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> <a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Purana</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Periya_Puranam" title="Periya Puranam">Periya Puranam</a>. The first seven collections are known as the <a href="/wiki/Tevaram" title="Tevaram">Tevaram</a> and are regarded by Tamils as equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[211]</a> They were composed in the 7th century by <a href="/wiki/Sambandar" title="Sambandar">Sambandar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appar" title="Appar">Appar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sundarar" title="Sundarar">Sundarar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thirumoolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirumoolar">Tirumular</a> (also spelled Tirumūlār or Tirumūlar), the author of the <a href="/wiki/Tirumantiram" title="Tirumantiram">Tirumantiram</a> (also spelled Tirumandiram) is considered by Tattwananda to be the earliest exponent of Shaivism in Tamil areas.<a href="#cite_note-220">[213]</a> Tirumular is dated as 7th or 8th century by Maurice Winternitz.<a href="#cite_note-221">[214]</a> The Tirumantiram is a primary source for the system of Shaiva Siddhanta, being the tenth book of its canon.<a href="#cite_note-222">[215]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Thiruvasakam" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruvasakam">Tiruvacakam</a> by <a href="/wiki/Manikkavasagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Manikkavasagar">Manikkavacagar</a> is an important collection of hymns.<a href="#cite_note-223">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tantra_Diksha_traditions">Tantra Diksha traditions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Tantra Diksha traditions">edit</a>]</div> The main element of all Shaiva Tantra is the practice of <a href="/wiki/Diksha" title="Diksha">diksha</a>, a ceremonial initiation in which divinely revealed <a href="/wiki/Mantras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantras">mantras</a> are given to the initiate by a <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gavin_Flood_2007-224">[217]</a> A notable feature of some "left tantra" ascetics was their pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Siddhis" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhis">siddhis</a> (supernatural abilities) and bala (powers), such as averting danger (santih) and the ability to harm enemies (abhicarah).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson2009124–125-225">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson199524-226">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexis_Sanderson2010260–262,_329–333-227">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ganachakra" title="Ganachakra">Ganachakras</a>, ritual feasts, would sometimes be held in cemeteries and cremation grounds and featured possession by powerful female deities called <a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yoginis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gavin_Flood_2007-224">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988671–673-228">[221]</a> The cult of Yoginis aimed to gain special powers through esoteric worship of the Shakti or the feminine aspects of the divine. The groups included sisterhoods that participated in the rites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988671–673-228">[221]</a> Some traditions defined special powers differently. For example, the Kashmiri tantrics explain the powers as anima (awareness than one is present in everything), laghima (lightness, be free from presumed diversity or differences), mahima (heaviness, realize one's limit is beyond one's own consciousness), prapti (attain, be restful and at peace with one's own nature), prakamya (forbearance, grasp and accept cosmic diversity), vasita (control, realize that one always has power to do whatever one wants), isitva (self lordship, a yogi is always free).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasugupta1992197–198_with_note_117-229">[222]</a> More broadly, the tantric sub-traditions sought nondual knowledge and enlightening liberation by abandoning all rituals, and with the help of reasoning (yuktih), scriptures (sastras) and the initiating Guru.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson199545–47-230">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexis_Sanderson2010260–262,_329–333-227">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kashmir_Shaivism">Kashmir Shaivism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Kashmir Shaivism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmir Shaivism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nandi,_the_Bull_Mount_of_Shiva_LACMA_M.87.272.10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nandi%2C_the_Bull_Mount_of_Shiva_LACMA_M.87.272.10.jpg/220px-Nandi%2C_the_Bull_Mount_of_Shiva_LACMA_M.87.272.10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nandi%2C_the_Bull_Mount_of_Shiva_LACMA_M.87.272.10.jpg/330px-Nandi%2C_the_Bull_Mount_of_Shiva_LACMA_M.87.272.10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nandi%2C_the_Bull_Mount_of_Shiva_LACMA_M.87.272.10.jpg/440px-Nandi%2C_the_Bull_Mount_of_Shiva_LACMA_M.87.272.10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1723" /></a><figcaption>A 3rd century Nandi statue from Kashmir.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmir Shaivism</a> is an influential tradition within Shaivism that emerged in Kashmir in the 1st millennium CE and thrived in early centuries of the 2nd millennium before the region was overwhelmed by the Islamic invasions from the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-231">[224]</a> The Kashmir Shaivism traditions contracted due to Islam except for their preservation by <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandits" title="Kashmiri Pandits">Kashmiri Pandits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lawrenceiep-232">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[226]</a> The tradition experienced a <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism#20th-century_revival" title="Kashmir Shaivism">revival</a> in the 20th century due especially to influence of <a href="/wiki/Lakshman_Joo" title="Lakshman Joo">Swami Lakshmanjoo</a> and his students.<a href="#cite_note-234">[227]</a> Kashmir Shaivism has been a nondualistic school,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson2009221_with_footnote_500-235">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson199516–17-236">[229]</a> and is distinct from the dualistic Shaiva Siddhānta tradition that also existed in medieval Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-237">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flood,_Gavin_1996._P.164-167-238">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-iepkasmirsaiva-239">[232]</a> A notable philosophy of monistic Kashmiri Shaivism has been the <a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a> ideas, particularly those by the 10th century scholar <a href="/wiki/Utpaladeva" title="Utpaladeva">Utpaladeva</a> and 11th century <a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kshemaraja" title="Kshemaraja">Kshemaraja</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[234]</a> Their extensive texts established the Shaiva theology and philosophy in an <a href="/wiki/Advaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita">advaita</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a>) framework.<a href="#cite_note-lawrenceiep-232">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flood,_Gavin_1996._P.164-167-238">[231]</a> The Siva Sutras of 9th century <a href="/wiki/Vasugupta" title="Vasugupta">Vasugupta</a> and his ideas about Spanda have also been influential to this and other Shaiva sub-traditions, but it is probable that much older Shaiva texts once existed.<a href="#cite_note-Flood,_Gavin_1996._P.164-167-238">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuller-Ortega201015–16,_43–45,_118-242">[235]</a> A notable feature of Kashmir Shaivism was its openness and integration of ideas from <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana Buddhism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lawrenceiep-232">[225]</a> For example, one sub-tradition of Kashmir Shaivism adopts Goddess worship (Shaktism) by stating that the approach to god Shiva is through goddess Shakti. This tradition combined monistic ideas with tantric practices. Another idea of this school was Trika, or modal triads of Shakti and cosmology as developed by <a href="/wiki/Somananda" title="Somananda">Somananda</a> in the early 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-lawrenceiep-232">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-iepkasmirsaiva-239">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuller-Ortega20107–8,_17–32-243">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nath">Nath</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Nath">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorakshanath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Gorakshanath.jpg/160px-Gorakshanath.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Gorakshanath.jpg/240px-Gorakshanath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Gorakshanath.jpg/320px-Gorakshanath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2721" data-file-height="3538" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Goraknath" class="mw-redirect" title="Goraknath">Goraknath</a> founded the Nath Shaiva monastic movement.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a>: a Shaiva subtradition that emerged from a much older Siddha tradition based on <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2012407–421-244">[237]</a> The Nath consider Shiva as "Adinatha" or the first guru, and it has been a small but notable and influential movement in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> whose devotees were called "Yogi" or "Jogi", given their monastic unconventional ways and emphasis on Yoga.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006169–170,_308-245">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-Natha-246">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-Singleton2010p27-247">[240]</a> Nath theology integrated philosophy from <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> traditions. Their unconventional ways challenged all orthodox premises, exploring dark and shunned practices of society as a means to understanding theology and gaining inner powers. The tradition traces itself to 9th or 10th century <a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranath</a> and to ideas and organization developed by <a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanath</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2012407–421-244">[237]</a> They combined both theistic practices such as worshipping goddesses and their historic <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Gurus</a> in temples, as well monistic goals of achieving liberation or <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">jivan-mukti</a> while alive, by reaching the perfect (siddha) state of realizing oneness of self and everything with Shiva.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuller-Ortega201036–38-248">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2012407–421-244">[237]</a> They formed monastic organisations,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2012407–421-244">[237]</a> and some of them metamorphosed into warrior ascetics to resist persecution during the Islamic rule of the Indian subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-thapar165-249">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERigopoulos199899–104,_218-250">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Lingayatism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Necklace_with_Shiva%27s_Family_LACMA_M.85.140.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Necklace_with_Shiva%27s_Family_LACMA_M.85.140.jpg/160px-Necklace_with_Shiva%27s_Family_LACMA_M.85.140.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Necklace_with_Shiva%27s_Family_LACMA_M.85.140.jpg/240px-Necklace_with_Shiva%27s_Family_LACMA_M.85.140.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Necklace_with_Shiva%27s_Family_LACMA_M.85.140.jpg/320px-Necklace_with_Shiva%27s_Family_LACMA_M.85.140.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1288" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>A necklace with pendant containing linga symbol of Shiva are worn by Lingayats.<a href="#cite_note-olson244-252">[245]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a>, also known as Veera Shaivism is a distinct Shaivite religious tradition in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britlingayat-253">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[248]</a> It was founded by the 12th-century philosopher and statesman <a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a> and spread by his followers, called <a href="/wiki/Sharana" title="Sharana">Sharanas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[249]</a> Lingayatism emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Qualified_monism" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualified monism">qualified monism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a> (loving devotion) to Shiva, with philosophical foundations similar to those of the 11th–12th-century South Indian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britlingayat-253">[246]</a> Its worship is notable for the iconographic form of Ishtalinga, which the adherents wear.<a href="#cite_note-257">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-janpeter-258">[251]</a> Large communities of Lingayats are found in the south Indian state of Karnataka and nearby regions.<a href="#cite_note-britlingayat-253">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA._K._Ramanujan1973-260">[253]</a> Lingayatism has its own theological literature with sophisticated theoretical sub-traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._Blake_Michael1992168–175-261">[254]</a> They were influential in the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a> that reversed the territorial gains of Muslim rulers, after the invasions of the Deccan region first by <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> and later other Sultanates. Lingayats consider their scripture to be <a href="/wiki/Basava_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Basava Purana">Basava Purana</a>, which was completed in 1369 during the reign of Vijayanagara ruler <a href="/wiki/Bukka_Raya_I" title="Bukka Raya I">Bukka Raya I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rice1982p64-262">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[256]</a> Lingayat (Veerashaiva) thinkers rejected the custodial hold of Brahmins over the <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Vedas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">shastras</a>, but they did not outright reject the Vedic knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-leelaprasad-264">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-roghair7-265">[258]</a> The 13th-century Telugu Virashaiva poet <a href="/wiki/Palkuriki_Somanatha" title="Palkuriki Somanatha">Palkuriki Somanatha</a>, the author of the scripture of Lingayatism, for example asserted, "Virashaivism fully conformed to the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> and the shastras."<a href="#cite_note-leelaprasad-264">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-roghair7-265">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography_and_Presence_of_believers">Demography and Presence of believers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Demography and Presence of believers">edit</a>]</div> There are no census data available on demographic history or trends for the traditions within Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-266">[259]</a> Large Shaivite communities exist in the Southern Indian states of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> as well as in <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu & Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uttrakhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttrakhand">Uttrakhand</a>. In North Indian communities Shaivism is most practiced amongst the <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Kashmiri Hindus">Kashmiri Hindus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pahari_people_(Kashmir)" title="Pahari people (Kashmir)">Paharis</a> of Himalayan belt. Substantial communities are also found in <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> and central <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-267">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[261]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3_Buddha_and_Shiva_Linga_Vajrayana_Buddhism.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/3_Buddha_and_Shiva_Linga_Vajrayana_Buddhism.jpg/220px-3_Buddha_and_Shiva_Linga_Vajrayana_Buddhism.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/3_Buddha_and_Shiva_Linga_Vajrayana_Buddhism.jpg/330px-3_Buddha_and_Shiva_Linga_Vajrayana_Buddhism.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/3_Buddha_and_Shiva_Linga_Vajrayana_Buddhism.jpg/440px-3_Buddha_and_Shiva_Linga_Vajrayana_Buddhism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2334" data-file-height="3643" /></a><figcaption>Shaivism and Buddhism have co-developed in many regions. Above a syncretic image of Yoni-Linga with four reliefs of the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> in a Vajrayana temple.</figcaption></figure> According to Galvin Flood, Shaivism and Shaktism traditions are difficult to separate, as many Shaiva Hindus revere the goddess Shakti regularly.<a href="#cite_note-flood200shakti-269">[262]</a> The denominations of Hinduism, states Julius Lipner, are unlike those found in major religions of the world, because Hindu denominations are fuzzy with individuals revering gods and goddesses <a href="/wiki/Henotheism#Hinduism" title="Henotheism">polycentrically</a>, with many Shaiva and Vaishnava adherents recognizing Sri (Lakshmi), Parvati, Saraswati and other aspects of the goddess Devi. Similarly, Shakta Hindus revere Shiva and goddesses such as Parvati, Durga, Radha, Sita and Saraswati important in Shaiva and Vaishnava traditions.<a href="#cite_note-270">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Influence">edit</a>]</div> Shiva is a pan-Hindu god and Shaivism ideas on <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> and as the god of performance arts (<a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a>) have been influential on all traditions of Hinduism. Shaivism was highly influential in southeast Asia from the late 6th century onwards, particularly the Khmer and Cham kingdoms of Indochina, and across the major islands of Indonesia such as Sumatra, Java and Bali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson200944–45_with_footnotes-271">[264]</a> This influence on classical <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> continued when Mahayana Buddhism arrived with the same Indians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti1986171-272">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-Subramanian1989-273">[266]</a> In Shaivism of Indonesia, the popular name for Shiva has been Bhattara Guru, which is derived from Sanskrit Bhattaraka which means "noble lord".<a href="#cite_note-274">[267]</a> He is conceptualized as a kind spiritual teacher, the first of all <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Gurus</a> in Indonesian Hindu texts, mirroring the Dakshinamurti aspect of Shiva in the Indian subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-275">[268]</a> However, the Bhattara Guru has more aspects than the Indian Shiva, as the Indonesian Hindus blended their spirits and heroes with him. Bhattara Guru's wife in southeast Asia is the same Hindu deity Durga, who has been popular since ancient times, and she too has a complex character with benevolent and fierce manifestations, each visualized with different names such as Uma, Sri, Kali and others.<a href="#cite_note-276">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-ghose15-277">[270]</a> Shiva has been called Sadasiva, Paramasiva, Mahadeva in benevolent forms, and Kala, Bhairava, Mahakala in his fierce forms.<a href="#cite_note-ghose15-277">[270]</a> The Indonesian Hindu texts present the same philosophical diversity of Shaivism traditions found on the subcontinent. However, among the texts that have survived into the contemporary era, the more common are of those of Shaiva Siddhanta (locally also called Siwa Siddhanta, Sridanta).<a href="#cite_note-278">[271]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> ideas spread in South India, Shaivite devotionalism became a potent movement in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. Shaivism was adopted by several ruling Hindu dynasties as the state religion (though other Hindu traditions, Buddhism and Jainism continued in parallel), including the <a href="/wiki/Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola">Chola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Keladi" title="Nayakas of Keladi">Nayaks</a>(<a href="/wiki/Veerashaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Veerashaiva">lingayats</a>)<a href="#cite_note-279">[272]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajputs</a>. A similar trend was witnessed in early medieval Indonesia with the <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> empire and pre-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malaya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[274]</a> In the Himalayan Hindu kingdom of Nepal, Shaivism remained a popular form of Hinduism and co-evolved with Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:God_marriage_AS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/God_marriage_AS.jpg/180px-God_marriage_AS.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/God_marriage_AS.jpg/270px-God_marriage_AS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/God_marriage_AS.jpg/360px-God_marriage_AS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A seated <a href="/wiki/Ardhanarishvara" title="Ardhanarishvara">Ardhanarishvara</a> symbolically presenting the feminine Shakti as inseparable part of masculine Shiva.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shaktism">Shaktism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Shaktism">edit</a>]</div> The goddess tradition of Hinduism called <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> is closely related to Shaivism. In many regions of India, not only did the ideas of Shaivism influence the evolution of Shaktism, but Shaivism also itself was influenced by it and progressively subsumed the reverence for the divine feminine (Devi) as an equal and essential partner of divine masculine (Shiva).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson200945–52_with_footnotes-282">[275]</a> The goddess Shakti in eastern states of India is considered the inseparable partner of God Shiva. According to Galvin Flood, the closeness between Shaivism and Shaktism traditions is such that these traditions of Hinduism are at times difficult to separate.<a href="#cite_note-flood200shakti-269">[262]</a> Some Shaiva worship in Shiva and Shakti temples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003202–204-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smarta_Tradition">Smarta Tradition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Smarta Tradition">edit</a>]</div> Shiva is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Smarta_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Smarta Tradition">Smarta Tradition</a>, sometimes referred to as Smartism, another tradition of Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-Bühnemann2003p60-283">[276]</a> The Smarta Hindus are associated with the <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> theology, and their practices include an interim step that incorporates simultaneous reverence for five deities, which includes Shiva along with Vishnu, Surya, Devi and Ganesha. This is called the <a href="/wiki/Panchayatana_puja" title="Panchayatana puja">Panchayatana puja</a>. The Smartas thus accept the primary deity of Shaivism as a means to their spiritual goals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199617-26">[26]</a> Philosophically, the Smarta tradition emphasizes that all idols (<a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">murti</a>) are icons of saguna <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, a means to realizing the abstract Ultimate Reality called nirguna Brahman. The five or six icons are seen by <a href="/wiki/Smartas" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartas">Smartas</a> as multiple representations of the one <a href="/wiki/Saguna_Brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguna Brahman">Saguna Brahman</a> (i.e., a personal God with form), rather than as distinct beings.<a href="#cite_note-Flood1996p17a-284">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[278]</a> The ultimate goal in this practice is to transition past the use of icons, then follow a philosophical and meditative path to understanding the oneness of Atman (Self) and Brahman (metaphysical Ultimate Reality) – as "That art Thou".<a href="#cite_note-Bühnemann2003p60-283">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-lexicon-286">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harle1994p141-287">[280]</a> Panchayatana puja that incorporates Shiva became popular in medieval India and is attributed to 8th century <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bühnemann2003p60-283">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-lexicon-286">[279]</a> but archaeological evidence suggests that this practice long predates the birth of Adi Shankara. Many Panchayatana mandalas and temples have been uncovered that are from the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> period, and one Panchayatana set from the village of Nand (about 24 kilometers from <a href="/wiki/Ajmer" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a>) has been dated to belong to the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> era (pre-300 CE).<a href="#cite_note-Williams1981p2-288">[281]</a> According to James Harle, major Hindu temples from 1st millennium CE commonly embedded the pancayatana architecture, from <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> to <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>. Large temples often present multiple deities in the same temple complex, while some explicitly include dual representations of deities such as <a href="/wiki/Harihara" title="Harihara">Harihara</a> (half Shiva, half Vishnu).<a href="#cite_note-Harle1994p141-287">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Vaishnavism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:328px;max-width:328px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:LingamCambodge2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/LingamCambodge2.JPG/150px-LingamCambodge2.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/LingamCambodge2.JPG/225px-LingamCambodge2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/LingamCambodge2.JPG/300px-LingamCambodge2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Lingas_on_two_sides_of_a_large_river_rock._(3746582014).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Lingas_on_two_sides_of_a_large_river_rock._%283746582014%29.jpg/170px-Lingas_on_two_sides_of_a_large_river_rock._%283746582014%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Lingas_on_two_sides_of_a_large_river_rock._%283746582014%29.jpg/255px-Lingas_on_two_sides_of_a_large_river_rock._%283746582014%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Lingas_on_two_sides_of_a_large_river_rock._%283746582014%29.jpg/340px-Lingas_on_two_sides_of_a_large_river_rock._%283746582014%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Shaivism iconography in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Kbal_Spean" title="Kbal Spean">Kbal Spean</a> river site. As in India, the site also co-features Vaishnavism-related iconography.<a href="#cite_note-289">[282]</a></div></div></div></div> Vaishnava texts reverentially mention Shiva. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a> primarily focuses on the theology of Hindu god <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatars</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, but it praises <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> and Shiva and asserts that they are one with Vishnu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986246,_248_with_footnote_501-290">[283]</a> The Vishnu Sahasranama in the Mahabharata list a thousand attributes and epithets of Vishnu. The list identifies Shiva with Vishnu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner2012319–320-291">[284]</a> Reverential inclusion of Shaiva ideas and iconography are very common in major Vaishnava temples, such as Dakshinamurti symbolism of Shaiva thought is often enshrined on the southern wall of the main temple of major Vaishnava temples in peninsular India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStella_Kramrisch199357-292">[285]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harihara" title="Harihara">Harihara</a> temples in and outside the Indian subcontinent have historically combined Shiva and Vishnu, such as at the Lingaraj Mahaprabhu temple in Bhubaneshwar, Odisha. According to Julius Lipner, Vaishnavism traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a> embrace Shiva, Ganesha and others, not as distinct deities of polytheism, but as polymorphic manifestation of the same supreme divine principle, providing the devotee a polycentric access to the spiritual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner2012312–313,_315–317,_374–375-293">[286]</a> Similarly, Shaiva traditions have reverentially embraced other gods and goddesses as manifestation of the same divine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner2012319–333-294">[287]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a>, for example in section 6.254.100 states, "He who is Shiva is Vishnu, he who is Vishnu is Sadashiva."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a438-295">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sauraism_(Sun_deity)">Sauraism (Sun deity)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sauraism (Sun deity)">edit</a>]</div> The sun god called <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> is an ancient deity of Hinduism, and several ancient Hindu kingdoms particularly in the northwest and eastern regions of the Indian subcontinent revered Surya. These devotees called Sauras once had a large corpus of theological texts, and Shaivism literature reverentially acknowledges these.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson200953–58_with_footnotes-296">[289]</a> For example, the Shaiva text Srikanthiyasamhita mentions 85 Saura texts, almost all of which are believed to have been lost during the Islamic invasion and rule period, except for large excerpts found embedded in Shaiva manuscripts discovered in the Himalayan mountains. Shaivism incorporated Saura ideas, and the surviving Saura manuscripts such as Saurasamhita acknowledge the influence of Shaivism, according to Alexis Sanderson, assigning "itself to the canon of Shaiva text Vathula-Kalottara.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson200953–58_with_footnotes-296">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yoga_movements">Yoga movements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Yoga movements">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiva_Bijapur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Shiva_Bijapur.jpg/180px-Shiva_Bijapur.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Shiva_Bijapur.jpg/270px-Shiva_Bijapur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Shiva_Bijapur.jpg/360px-Shiva_Bijapur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Many Shaiva temples present Shiva in yoga pose.</figcaption></figure> Yoga and meditation have been an integral part of Shaivism, and it has been a major innovator of techniques such as those of Hatha Yoga.<a href="#cite_note-297">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[292]</a> Many major Shiva temples and Shaiva tritha (pilgrimage) centers, as well as Shaiva texts, depict anthropomorphic iconography of Shiva as a giant statue wherein Shiva is a lone yogi meditating.<a href="#cite_note-300">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndira_Viswanathan_Peterson201496–97-301">[294]</a> In several Shaiva traditions such as the Kashmir Shaivism, anyone who seeks personal understanding and spiritual growth has been called a <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a>. The Shiva <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a> (aphorisms) of Shaivism teach yoga in many forms. According to <a href="/wiki/Mark_Dyczkowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Dyczkowski">Mark Dyczkowski</a>, yoga – which literally means "union" – to this tradition has meant the "realisation of our true inherent nature which is inherently greater than our thoughts can ever conceive", and that the goal of yoga is to be the "free, eternal, blissful, perfect, infinite spiritually conscious" one is.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasugupta19927–8-302">[295]</a> Many Yoga-emphasizing Shaiva traditions emerged in medieval India, who refined yoga methods in ways such as introducing <a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatha Yoga">Hatha Yoga</a> techniques. One such movement had been the <a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a> Yogis, a Shaivism sub-tradition that integrated philosophy from <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> traditions. It was founded by <a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranath</a> and further developed by <a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanath</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Natha-246">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-Singleton2010p27-247">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[296]</a> The texts of these Yoga emphasizing Hindu traditions present their ideas in Shaiva context.<a href="#cite_note-305">[note 8]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_Nataraja_Shiva_at_Badami_Hindu_temple,_Sculpture_de_Siva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/2017_Nataraja_Shiva_at_Badami_Hindu_temple%2C_Sculpture_de_Siva.jpg/140px-2017_Nataraja_Shiva_at_Badami_Hindu_temple%2C_Sculpture_de_Siva.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/2017_Nataraja_Shiva_at_Badami_Hindu_temple%2C_Sculpture_de_Siva.jpg/210px-2017_Nataraja_Shiva_at_Badami_Hindu_temple%2C_Sculpture_de_Siva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/2017_Nataraja_Shiva_at_Badami_Hindu_temple%2C_Sculpture_de_Siva.jpg/280px-2017_Nataraja_Shiva_at_Badami_Hindu_temple%2C_Sculpture_de_Siva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a><figcaption>Dancing Shiva Nataraja at the 6th century Badami cave temples.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindu_performance_arts">Hindu performance arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Hindu performance arts">edit</a>]</div> Shiva is the lord of dance and dramatic arts in Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-panthey1987-306">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-rao227-307">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[300]</a> This is celebrated in Shaiva temples as <a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a>, which typically shows Shiva dancing in one of the poses in the ancient Hindu text on performance arts called the <a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rao227-307">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[302]</a> Dancing Shiva as a metaphor for celebrating life and arts is very common in ancient and medieval Hindu temples. For example, it is found in <a href="/wiki/Badami_cave_temples" title="Badami cave temples">Badami cave temples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora Caves">Ellora Caves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khajuraho_Group_of_Monuments" title="Khajuraho Group of Monuments">Khajuraho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chidambaram" title="Chidambaram">Chidambaram</a> and others. The Shaiva link to the performance arts is celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Indian classical dances</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-311">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Buddhism">edit</a>]</div> Buddhism and Shaivism have interacted and influenced each other since ancient times in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Asia. Their Siddhas and esoteric traditions, in particular, have overlapped to an extent where Buddhists and Hindus worshipped in the same temple such as in the <a href="/wiki/Seto_Machindranath" title="Seto Machindranath">Seto Machindranath</a>. In southeast Asia, the two traditions were not presented in competitive or polemical terms, rather as two alternate paths that lead to the same goals of liberation, with theologians disagreeing which of these is faster and simpler.<a href="#cite_note-314">[306]</a> Scholars disagree whether a syncretic tradition emerged from Buddhism and Shaivism, or it was a coalition with free borrowing of ideas, but they agree that the two traditions co-existed peacefully.<a href="#cite_note-315">[307]</a> The earliest evidence of a close relationship between Shaivism and Buddhism comes from the archaeological sites and damaged sculptures from the northwest Indian subcontinent, such as Gandhara. These are dated to about the 1st-century CE, with Shiva depicted in Buddhist arts.<a href="#cite_note-Blurton1993p84-316">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[note 9]</a> The Buddhist Avalokiteshvara is linked to Shiva in many of these arts,<a href="#cite_note-Blurton1993p30-318">[309]</a> but in others Shiva is linked to Bodhisattva Maitreya with him shown as carrying his own water pot like Vedic priests.<a href="#cite_note-Blurton1993p84-316">[308]</a> According to Richard Blurton, the ancient works show that the Bodhisattva of Compassion in Buddhism has many features in common with Shiva in Shaivism.<a href="#cite_note-Blurton1993p30-318">[309]</a> The Shaiva Hindu and Buddhist syncretism continues in the contemporary era in the island of Bali, Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-319">[310]</a> In Central Asian Buddhism, and its historic arts, syncretism and a shared expression of Shaivism, Buddhism and Tantra themes has been common. This is evdient in the <a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a> in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, where there are numerous caves that depict Shiva in the buddhist shrines through wall paintings<a href="#cite_note-320">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[313]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:181px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Cave_77_Left_corridor_decorative_band_(detai).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Cave_77_Left_corridor_decorative_band_%28detai%29.jpg/238px-Cave_77_Left_corridor_decorative_band_%28detai%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Cave_77_Left_corridor_decorative_band_%28detai%29.jpg/357px-Cave_77_Left_corridor_decorative_band_%28detai%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Cave_77_Left_corridor_decorative_band_%28detai%29.jpg/476px-Cave_77_Left_corridor_decorative_band_%28detai%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1209" data-file-height="922" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:273px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Cave_189_painting,_Kizil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Cave_189_painting%2C_Kizil.jpg/238px-Cave_189_painting%2C_Kizil.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Cave_189_painting%2C_Kizil.jpg/357px-Cave_189_painting%2C_Kizil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Cave_189_painting%2C_Kizil.jpg/476px-Cave_189_painting%2C_Kizil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1472" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Paintings of Shiva and Parvati in <a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, China. The two are at the bottom right of the bottom image</div></div></div></div> The syncretism between Buddhism and Shaivism was particularly marked in southeast Asia, but this was not unique, rather it was a common phenomenon also observed in the eastern regions of the Indian subcontinent, the south and the Himalayan regions.<a href="#cite_note-rghose4-93">[90]</a> This tradition continues in predominantly Hindu Bali Indonesia in the modern era, where Buddha is considered the younger brother of Shiva.<a href="#cite_note-rghose4-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[note 10]</a> In the pre-Islamic Java, Shaivism and Buddhism were considered very close and allied religions, though not identical religions.<a href="#cite_note-325">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[note 11]</a> This idea is also found in the sculptures and temples in the eastern states of India and the Himalayan region. For example, Hindu temples in these regions show <a href="/wiki/Harihara" title="Harihara">Harihara</a> (half Shiva, half Vishnu) flanked by a standing <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> on its right and a standing <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> (Hindu Sun god) on left.<a href="#cite_note-328">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[318]</a> On major festivals of Bali Hindus, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nyepi" title="Nyepi">Nyepi</a> – a "festival of silence", the observations are officiated by both Buddhist and Shaiva priests.<a href="#cite_note-rghose4-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[320]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jainism">Jainism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Jainism">edit</a>]</div> Jainism co-existed with Shaiva culture since ancient times, particularly in western and southern India where it received royal support from <a href="/wiki/Hindu_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu king">Hindu kings</a> of the Chaulukya, Ganga and Rashtrakuta dynasties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson2009243-332">[321]</a> In late 1st millennium CE, Jainism too developed a Shaiva-like tantric ritual culture with Mantra-goddesses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson2009243-332">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray201617-333">[322]</a> These Jain rituals were aimed at mundane benefits using japas (mantra recitation) and making offerings into <a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a> fire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson2009243-332">[321]</a> According to Alexis Sanderson, the link and development of Shaiva goddesses into Jaina goddess is more transparent than a similar connection between Shaivism and Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson2009243–244-334">[323]</a> The 11th-century Jain text Bhairavapadmavatikalpa, for example, equates Padmavati of Jainism with Tripura-bhairavi of Shaivism and Shaktism. Among the major goddesses of Jainism that are rooted in Hindu pantheon, particularly Shaiva, include Lakshmi and Vagishvari (Sarasvati) of the higher world in Jain cosmology, Vidyadevis of the middle world, and Yakshis such as Ambika, Cakreshvari, Padmavati and Jvalamalini of the lower world according to Jainism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson2009243-332">[321]</a> Shaiva-Shakti iconography is found in major Jain temples. For example, the Osian temple of Jainism near Jodhpur features Chamunda, Durga, Sitala, and a naked Bhairava.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson2009245–246-335">[324]</a> While Shaiva and Jain practices had considerable overlap, the interaction between the Jain community and Shaiva community differed on the acceptance of ritual animal sacrifices before goddesses. Jain remained strictly vegetarian and avoided animal sacrifice, while Shaiva accepted the practice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson2009245–249-336">[325]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temples_and_pilgrimage">Temples and pilgrimage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Temples and pilgrimage">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:402px"><div style="position:relative;width:400px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:India_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shaivism is located in India"><img alt="Shaivism is located in India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/400px-India_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="431" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/600px-India_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/800px-India_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.114%;left:10.629%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Somnath" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Somnath_temple" title="Somnath temple">Somnath</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.927%;left:37.089%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Srisailam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjuna_Jyotirlinga" class="mw-redirect" title="Mallikarjuna Jyotirlinga">Srisailam</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.053%;left:27.401%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Ujjain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Mahakaleshwar_Jyotirlinga" title="Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga">Ujjain</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.937%;left:28.597%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Omkareshwar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Omkareshwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Omkareshwar">Omkareshwar</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.408%;left:29.797%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Parli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Vaidyanath_Jyotirlinga" title="Vaidyanath Jyotirlinga">Parli</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:40.023%;left:61.562%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Deoghar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Baidyanath_Temple" title="Baidyanath Temple">Deoghar</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:56.701%;left:20.424%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Bhima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Bhimashankar_Temple" title="Bhimashankar Temple">Bhima</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:86.807%;left:38.487%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Rameshwaram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Ramanathaswamy_Temple" title="Ramanathaswamy Temple">Rameshwaram</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.659%;left:6.522%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Dwaraka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Nageshvara_Jyotirlinga" title="Nageshvara Jyotirlinga">Dwaraka</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:24.193%;left:40.17%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Jageshwar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Jageshwar" title="Jageshwar">Jageshwar</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.062%;left:57.281%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Kathmandu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.27%;left:31.379%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Aundha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Aundha_Nagnath_Temple" title="Aundha Nagnath Temple">Aundha</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:54.055%;left:20.409%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Triambak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Trimbakeshwar_Shiva_Temple" title="Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple">Triambak</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:20.815%;left:37.709%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Kedarnath" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath_Temple" title="Kedarnath Temple">Kedarnath</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.769%;left:25.531%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Ellora" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Grishneshwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Grishneshwar">Ellora</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.053%;left:27.401%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Shaivism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:32.369%;left:86.344%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Sivasagar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Sivasagar</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.015%;left:58.875%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Shaivism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.923%;left:33.286%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Shaivism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.505%;left:50.033%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Varanasi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Varanasi</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:20.788%;left:39.041%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Badrinath" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Badrinath</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:54.462%;left:58.781%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Puri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Puri</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.883%;left:40.375%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Khajuraho" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Khajuraho</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.205%;left:20.416%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Shaivism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.765%;left:25.56%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Shaivism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:81.688%;left:38.613%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Shaivism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:81.163%;left:38.347%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Chidambaram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Chidambaram" title="Chidambaram">Chidambaram</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:82.206%;left:37.914%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Shaivism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:76.564%;left:41.224%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Shaivism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:68.263%;left:29.599%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Shaivism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.313%;left:27.552%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Shaivism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.243%;left:57.592%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Bhairavanath" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Bhairavanath</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.973%;left:15.943%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Shaivism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.954%;left:65.687%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Taraknath" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Taraknath</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:10.108%;left:26.566%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Amarnath" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Amarnath_Temple" title="Amarnath Temple">Amarnath</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.744%;left:77.135%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Chandranath" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Chandranath_Temple" title="Chandranath Temple">Chandranath</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:19.795%;left:44.727%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Kailash" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Kailash</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:14.696%;left:18.6%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Katas Raj" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Katas_Raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Katas Raj">Katas Raj</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:85.138%;left:40.625%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Naguleswaram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/16px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Naguleswaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Naguleswaram">Naguleswaram</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:87.846%;left:40.313%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Ketheeswaram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/16px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Ketheeswaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketheeswaram">Ketheeswaram</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:89.077%;left:44.469%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Koneswaram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/16px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Koneswaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Koneswaram">Koneswaram</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:92.062%;left:40%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Munneswaram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/16px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Munneswaram_temple" title="Munneswaram temple">Munneswaram</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:97.169%;left:42.281%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Tondeswaram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/16px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Tondeswaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Tondeswaram">Tondeswaram</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:India_location_map.svg" title="File:India location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Red markers denote important Shaiva temples in the mainland Indian subcontinent. Orange markers denote UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Green markers represent the ancient Pancha Ishwarams of Sri Lanka.</div></div></div> Shaiva Puranas, Agamas and other regional literature refer to temples by various terms such as Mandir, Shivayatana, Shivalaya, Shambhunatha, Jyotirlingam, Shristhala, Chattraka, Bhavaggana, Bhuvaneshvara, Goputika, Harayatana, Kailasha, Mahadevagriha, Saudhala and others.<a href="#cite_note-337">[326]</a> In Southeast Asia Shaiva temples are called <a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a> (Java),<a href="#cite_note-338">[327]</a> <a href="/wiki/Balinese_temple" title="Balinese temple">Pura</a> (Bali),<a href="#cite_note-339">[328]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and nearby regions).<a href="#cite_note-340">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[330]</a> Many of the Shiva-related pilgrimage sites such as Varanasi, Amarnath, Kedarnath, Somnath, and others are broadly considered holy in Hinduism. They are called kṣétra (Sanskrit: क्षेत्र<a href="#cite_note-342">[331]</a>). A kṣétra has many temples, including one or more major ones. These temples and its location attracts pilgrimage called tirtha (or tirthayatra).<a href="#cite_note-343">[332]</a> Many of the historic <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> literature embed tourism guide to Shaivism-related pilgrimage centers and temples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAriel_Glucklich2008146,_'''Quote:'''_The_earliest_promotional_works_aimed_at_tourists_from_that_era_were_called_''mahatmyas''-344">[333]</a> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a> deals primarily with Tirtha Mahatmyas (pilgrimage travel guides) to numerous geographical points,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAriel_Glucklich2008146,_'''Quote:'''_The_earliest_promotional_works_aimed_at_tourists_from_that_era_were_called_''mahatmyas''-344">[333]</a> but also includes a chapter stating that a temple and tirtha is ultimately a state of mind and virtuous everyday life.<a href="#cite_note-345">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[335]</a> Major rivers of the Indian subcontinent and their confluence (sangam), natural springs, origin of Ganges River (and pancha-ganga), along with high mountains such as Kailasha with Mansovar Lake are particularly revered spots in Shaivism.<a href="#cite_note-347">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-saraswati6-348">[337]</a> Twelve <a href="/wiki/Jyotirlinga" title="Jyotirlinga">jyotirlinga</a> sites across India have been particularly important pilgrimage sites in Shaivism representing the radiant light (jyoti) of infiniteness,<a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld-349">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-E._U._Harding-350">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-paris_congress-351">[340]</a> as per <a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Śiva Mahāpurāṇa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-R.-352">[341]</a> They are <a href="/wiki/Somnath_temple" title="Somnath temple">Somnatha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mallikarjuna_Jyotirlinga" class="mw-redirect" title="Mallikarjuna Jyotirlinga">Mallikarjuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahakaleshwar_Jyotirlinga" title="Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga">Mahakaleshwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omkareshwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Omkareshwar">Omkareshwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kedarnath_Temple" title="Kedarnath Temple">Kedarnatha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhimashankar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhimashankar">Bhimashankar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashi_Vishwanath_Temple" title="Kashi Vishwanath Temple">Visheshvara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trimbakeshwar_Shiva_Temple" title="Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple">Trayambakesvara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaidyanath_Jyotirlinga" title="Vaidyanath Jyotirlinga">Vaidyanatha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nageshvara_Jyotirlinga" title="Nageshvara Jyotirlinga">Nageshvara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramanathaswamy_Temple" title="Ramanathaswamy Temple">Rameshvara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grishneshwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Grishneshwar">Grishneshwar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-saraswati6-348">[337]</a> Other texts mention five Kedras (Kedarnatha, Tunganatha, Rudranatha, Madhyamesvara and Kalpeshvara), five Badri (Badrinatha, Pandukeshvara, Sujnanien, Anni matha and Urghava), snow lingam of Amarnatha, flame of Jwalamukhi, all of the Narmada River, and others.<a href="#cite_note-saraswati6-348">[337]</a> Kashi (<a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>) is declared as particularly special in numerous Shaiva texts and Upanishads, as well as in the pan-Hindu <a href="/wiki/Sannyasa_Upanishads" title="Sannyasa Upanishads">Sannyasa Upanishads</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Jabala_Upanishad" title="Jabala Upanishad">Jabala Upanishad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-353">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[343]</a> The early <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> poets of Shaivism composed poems about pilgrimage and temples, using these sites as metaphors for internal spiritual journey.<a href="#cite_note-355">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[345]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaturdasa_Devata" title="Chaturdasa Devata">Chaturdasa Devata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Hindu denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shaivism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Shaivism">History of Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangam" title="Jangam">Jangam Lingayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Shaivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri Shaivism">Kashmiri Shaivism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-illpha_rep-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-illpha_rep_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-illpha_rep_43-1">b</a> The ithyphallic representation of the erect shape connotes the very opposite in this context.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a164-357">[346]</a> It contextualize "seminal retention" and practice of <a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">celibacy</a><a href="#cite_note-govid52-358">[347]</a> (illustration of Urdhva Retas),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a11–12-359">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-brill72-360">[349]</a> and represents Lakulisha as "he stands for complete complete control of the senses, and for the supreme carnal renunciation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a164-357">[346]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Kapalikas are alleged to smear their body with ashes from the cremation ground, revered the fierce Bhairava form of Shiva, engage in rituals with blood, meat, alcohol, and sexual fluids. However, states David Lorenzen, there is a paucity of primary sources on Kapalikas, and historical information about them is available from fictional works and other traditions who disparage them.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003212–213-73">[72]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> The Dunhuang caves in north China built from the 4th century onwards are predominantly about the Buddha, but some caves show the meditating Buddha with Hindu deities such as Shiva, Vishnu, Ganesha and Indra.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> There is an overlap in this approach with those found in non-puranik tantric rituals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003221–223-100">[97]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Pashupatas have both Vedic-Puranik and non-Puranik sub-traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003206–207-98">[95]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Vasugupta is claimed by two <a href="/wiki/Advaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita">Advaita</a> (Monistic) Shaivism sub-traditions to be their spiritual founder.<a href="#cite_note-133">[128]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> For Śvetāśvatara Upanishad as a systematic philosophy of Shaivism see: <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1994">Chakravarti 1994</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> [It will] be impossible to accomplish one's functions unless one is a master of oneself. Therefore strive for self-mastery, seeking to win the way upwards. To have self-mastery is to be a yogin (yogitvam). [v. 1–2] [...] Whatever reality he reaches through the Yoga whose sequence I have just explained, he realizes there a state of consciousness whose object is all that pervades. Leaving aside what remains outside he should use his vision to penetrate all [within]. Then once he has transcended all lower realities, he should seek the Shiva level. [v. 51–53] [...] How can a person whose awareness is overwhelmed by sensual experience stabilize his mind? Answer: Shiva did not teach this discipline (sādhanam) for individuals who are not [already] disaffected. [v. 56–57] [...] </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bhatta Narayanakantha, Mrigendratantra (paraphrased), Transl: Alexis Sanderson<a href="#cite_note-304">[297]</a></cite></div></blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> Some images show proto-Vishnu images.<a href="#cite_note-Blurton1993p84-316">[308]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> Similarly, in Vaishnavism Hindu tradition, Buddha is considered one of the <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatars</a> of Vishnu.<a href="#cite_note-323">[314]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> Medieval Hindu texts of Indonesia equate Buddha with Siwa (Shiva) and Janardana (Vishnu).<a href="#cite_note-326">[316]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBisschop202015–16-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBisschop202015–16_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBisschop2020">Bisschop 2020</a>, pp. 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBisschop2011-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBisschop2011_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBisschop2011_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBisschop2011_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBisschop2011_2-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBisschop2011">Bisschop 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti19861-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravarti19861_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-johnson400-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johnson400_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnson400_4-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonGrim2013" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Todd M; Grim, Brian J (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SAzizViY30EC">The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 400. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118323038" title="Special:BookSources/9781118323038"><bdi>9781118323038</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191209194251/https://books.google.com/books?id=SAzizViY30EC">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Religions+in+Figures%3A+An+Introduction+to+International+Religious+Demography&rft.pages=400&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781118323038&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Todd+M&rft.au=Grim%2C+Brian+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSAzizViY30EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006474-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006474_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006474_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006474_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006474_5-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2006">Jones & Ryan 2006</a>, p. 474. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996162–167-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996162–167_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996162–167_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, pp. 162–167. </li> <li id="cite_note-ganeshtagare-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ganeshtagare_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ganeshtagare_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ganeshtagare_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ganeshtagare_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ganeshtagare_7-4">e</a> Ganesh Tagare (2002), The Pratyabhijñā Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1892-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1892-7">978-81-208-1892-7</a>, pages 16–19 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003202–204-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003202–204_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003202–204_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003202–204_8-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood2003">Flood 2003</a>, pp. 202–204. </li> <li id="cite_note-davidsmith116-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-davidsmith116_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-davidsmith116_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-davidsmith116_9-2">c</a> David Smith (1996), The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48234-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48234-9">978-0-521-48234-9</a>, page 116 </li> <li id="cite_note-dhavamony-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dhavamony_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dhavamony_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dhavamony_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dhavamony_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dhavamony_10-4">e</a> Mariasusai Dhavamony (1999), Hindu Spirituality, Gregorian University and Biblical Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-818-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-818-7">978-88-7652-818-7</a>, pages 31–34 with footnotes </li> <li id="cite_note-Mark_Dyczkowski_1989_pages_43-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mark_Dyczkowski_1989_pages_43_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mark_Dyczkowski_1989_pages_43_11-1">b</a> Mark Dyczkowski (1989), The Canon of the Śaivāgama, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0595-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0595-8">978-81-208-0595-8</a>, pages 43–44 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020100448/http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf">"Chapter 1 Global Religious Populations"</a> (PDF). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+1+Global+Religious+Populations&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.johnwiley.com.au%2Fproduct_data%2Fexcerpt%2F47%2F04706745%2F0470674547-196.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti198666-70-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravarti198666-70_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, p. 66-70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti19861,_66-70-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravarti19861,_66-70_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, p. 1, 66-70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003208–214-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003208–214_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood2003">Flood 2003</a>, pp. 208–214. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_Gonda1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Gonda" title="Jan Gonda">Jan Gonda</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X7YfAAAAIAAJ">Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions</a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 3–20, 35–36, 49–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-04330-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-04330-6"><bdi>90-04-04330-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205085012/https://books.google.com/books?id=X7YfAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Oriental+Studies.+Section+3+Southeast+Asia%2C+Religions&rft.pages=3-20%2C+35-36%2C+49-51&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=90-04-04330-6&rft.au=Jan+Gonda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX7YfAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Himalaya_Academy-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Himalaya_Academy_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.himalayanacademy.com/readlearn/basics/four-sects">"Introduction to Hinduism"</a>. Himalayan Academy. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150430102410/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/63933/bhakti">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Himalayan+Academy&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.himalayanacademy.com%2Freadlearn%2Fbasics%2Ffour-sects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEApte1965919-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApte1965919_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFApte1965">Apte 1965</a>, p. 919. </li> <li id="cite_note-Macdonell,_p._314-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Macdonell,_p._314_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macdonell,_p._314_19-1">b</a> Macdonell, p. 314. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti199428-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravarti199428_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1994">Chakravarti 1994</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-mmwshiva-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mmwshiva_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmwshiva_21-1">b</a> Monier Monier-Williams (1899), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/1100/mw__1107.html">Sanskrit to English Dictionary with Etymology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170227192855/http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/1100/mw__1107.html">Archived</a> 27 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Oxford University Press, pages 1074–1076 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti199421-22-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravarti199421-22_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1994">Chakravarti 1994</a>, p. 21-22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti199421-23-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravarti199421-23_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1994">Chakravarti 1994</a>, p. 21-23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEApte1965927-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApte1965927_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFApte1965">Apte 1965</a>, p. 927. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996149-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996149_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199617-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199617_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199617_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-Keayxxvii-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Keayxxvii_27-0">^</a> Keay, p.xxvii. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Julius_J._Lipner" title="Julius J. Lipner">Julius J. Lipner</a> (2009), Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45677-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45677-7">978-0-415-45677-7</a>, page 8; Quote: "(...) one need not be religious in the minimal sense described to be accepted as a Hindu by Hindus, or describe oneself perfectly validly as Hindu. One may be <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheistic">polytheistic</a> or monotheistic, monistic or <a href="/wiki/Pantheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantheistic">pantheistic</a>, even an agnostic, humanist or <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>, and still, be considered a Hindu." </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Lester Kurtz (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0123695031" title="Special:BookSources/978-0123695031">978-0123695031</a>, Academic Press, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> MK Gandhi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/essence_of_hinduism.pdf">The Essence of Hinduism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150724045756/http://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/essence_of_hinduism.pdf">Archived</a> 24 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Editor: VB Kher, Navajivan Publishing, see page 3; According to Gandhi, "a man may not believe in God and still call himself a Hindu." </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> For an overview of the Shaiva Traditions, see Flood, Gavin, "The Śaiva Traditions", Flood (2003), pp. 200–228. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Tattwananda, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Gavin Flood (1997), An Introduction to Hinduism, p.152 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti198666-106-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravarti198666-106_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, p. 66-106. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> For dating as fl. 2300–2000 BCE, decline by 1800 BCE, and extinction by 1500 BCE see: Flood (1996), p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003204–205-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003204–205_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003204–205_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003204–205_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003204–205_36-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003204–205_36-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003204–205_36-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003204–205_36-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood2003">Flood 2003</a>, pp. 204–205. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> For a drawing of the seal see Figure 1 in: Flood (1996), p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-Michaels_p._312-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Michaels_p._312_38-0">^</a> For translation of paśupati as "Lord of Animals" see: Michaels, p. 312. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199628–29-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199628–29_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, pp. 28–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Singleton_(yoga_teacher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Singleton (yoga teacher)">Mark Singleton</a> (2010), Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539534-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539534-1">978-0-19-539534-1</a>, pages 25–34 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel20082–10-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel20082–10_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamuel2008">Samuel 2008</a>, p. 2–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Asko Parpola(2009), Deciphering the Indus Script, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521795661" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521795661">978-0521795661</a>, pages 240–250 </li> <li id="cite_note-sino-platonic.org-44"><a href="#cite_ref-sino-platonic.org_44-0">^</a> Loeschner, Hans (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp227_kanishka_stupa_casket.pdf">The Stūpa of the Kushan Emperor Kanishka the Great</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220223231/http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp227_kanishka_stupa_casket.pdf">Archived</a> 20 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sino-Platonic_Papers" title="Sino-Platonic Papers">Sino-Platonic Papers</a>, No. 227 (July 2012); page 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bopearachchi,_O._2007-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bopearachchi,_O._2007_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bopearachchi,_O._2007_45-1">b</a> Bopearachchi, O. (2007). Some observations on the chronology of the early Kushans. Res Orientales, 17, 41–53 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Perkins, J. (2007). Three-headed Śiva on the Reverse of Vima Kadphises's Copper Coinage. South Asian Studies, 23(1), 31–37 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003205-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003205_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003205_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003205_47-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood2003">Flood 2003</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti198666-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravarti198666_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996150-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996150_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996150_49-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti198669-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravarti198669_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravarti198669_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti198666-69-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravarti198666-69_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, p. 66-69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti199470–71-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravarti199470–71_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1994">Chakravarti 1994</a>, pp. 70–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti198670-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravarti198670_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaura_Giuliano2004" class="citation journal cs1">Laura Giuliano (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xU_rAAAAMAAJ">"Silk Road Art and Archaeology"</a>. Journal of the Institute of Silk Road Studies. 10. Kamakura, Shiruku Rōdo Kenkyūjo: 61. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229012548/https://books.google.com/books?id=xU_rAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Institute+of+Silk+Road+Studies&rft.atitle=Silk+Road+Art+and+Archaeology&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=61&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Laura+Giuliano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxU_rAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996154-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996154_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996154_55-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Cardona1997" class="citation book cs1">George Cardona (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=adWXhQ-yHQUC&pg=PA277">Pāṇini: A Survey of Research</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 277–278, 58 with note on Guleri. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1494-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1494-3"><bdi>978-81-208-1494-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini%3A+A+Survey+of+Research&rft.pages=277-278%2C+58+with+note+on+Guleri&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1494-3&rft.au=George+Cardona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DadWXhQ-yHQUC%26pg%3DPA277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> [a] Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 301–304; [b] R G Bhandarkar (2001), Vaisnavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8121509992" title="Special:BookSources/978-8121509992">978-8121509992</a>, pages 106–111 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Robert Hume (1921), Shvetashvatara Upanishad, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 400–406 with footnotes </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996153–154-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996153–154_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, pp. 153–154. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> A Kunst, Some notes on the interpretation of the Ṥvetāṥvatara Upaniṣad, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 31, Issue 02, June 1968, pages 309–314; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00146531">10.1017/S0041977X00146531</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-srinivasanch9-61"><a href="#cite_ref-srinivasanch9_61-0">^</a> D Srinivasan (1997), Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes, Brill, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004107588" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004107588">978-9004107588</a>, pages 96–97 and Chapter 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Stephen Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14485-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14485-8">978-0-231-14485-8</a>, Chapter 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_W._Meister1984" class="citation book cs1">Michael W. Meister (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9I3pAAAAMAAJ">Discourses on Siva: Proceedings of a Symposium on the Nature of Religious Imagery</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 274–276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-7909-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-7909-2"><bdi>978-0-8122-7909-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190627072421/https://books.google.com/books?id=9I3pAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discourses+on+Siva%3A+Proceedings+of+a+Symposium+on+the+Nature+of+Religious+Imagery&rft.pages=274-276&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-7909-2&rft.au=Michael+W.+Meister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9I3pAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen19876–20-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen19876–20_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen19876–20_64-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorenzen1987">Lorenzen 1987</a>, pp. 6–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15728536-05904001">"Early Strata of Śaivism in the Kathmandu Valley, Śivaliṅga Pedestal Inscriptions from 466–645 CE"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_Journal" title="Indo-Iranian Journal">Indo-Iranian Journal</a>. 59 (4). Brill Academic Publishers: 309–362. 2016. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15728536-05904001">10.1163/15728536-05904001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indo-Iranian+Journal&rft.atitle=Early+Strata+of+%C5%9Aaivism+in+the+Kathmandu+Valley%2C+%C5%9Aivali%E1%B9%85ga+Pedestal+Inscriptions+from+466%E2%80%93645+CE&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=309-362&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15728536-05904001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F15728536-05904001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Bakker, Hans (2014). The World of the Skandapurāṇa, pp. 2-5. BRILL Academic. ISBN 978-90-04-27714-4. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanguli1988" class="citation book cs1">Ganguli, Kalyan Kumar (1988). Sraddh njali, studies in Ancient Indian History. D.C. Sircar Commemoration: Puranic tradition of Krishna. Sundeep Prakashan. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85067-10-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85067-10-0"><bdi>978-81-85067-10-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sraddh+njali%2C+studies+in+Ancient+Indian+History.+D.C.+Sircar+Commemoration%3A+Puranic+tradition+of+Krishna&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Sundeep+Prakashan&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-85067-10-0&rft.aulast=Ganguli&rft.aufirst=Kalyan+Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDandekar1977" class="citation book cs1">Dandekar (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_v8f2">"Vaishnavism: an overview"</a>. In Jones, Lindsay (ed.). MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religion. MacMillan (Reprinted in 2005). p. 9500. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0028657332" title="Special:BookSources/978-0028657332"><bdi>978-0028657332</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vaishnavism%3A+an+overview&rft.btitle=MacMillan+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.pages=9500&rft.pub=MacMillan+%28Reprinted+in+2005%29&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0028657332&rft.au=Dandekar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofre0000unse_v8f2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HTB98-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HTB98_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HTB98_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HTB98_69-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakker2020" class="citation book cs1">Bakker, Hans T. (12 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLnVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98">The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia</a>. Barkhuis. pp. 98–99 and 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-93194-00-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-93194-00-7"><bdi>978-94-93194-00-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alkhan%3A+A+Hunnic+People+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=98-99+and+93&rft.pub=Barkhuis&rft.date=2020-03-12&rft.isbn=978-94-93194-00-7&rft.aulast=Bakker&rft.aufirst=Hans+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZLnVDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1987128-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1987128_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1987128_70-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaniélou1987">Daniélou 1987</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETattwananda198446-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETattwananda198446_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTattwananda1984">Tattwananda 1984</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_N._Lorenzen1972" class="citation book cs1">David N. Lorenzen (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4hm-k6fKs4C">The Kāpālikas and Kālāmukhas: Two Lost Śaivite Sects</a>. University of California Press. pp. xii, 4–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01842-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01842-6"><bdi>978-0-520-01842-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143113/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4hm-k6fKs4C">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+K%C4%81p%C4%81likas+and+K%C4%81l%C4%81mukhas%3A+Two+Lost+%C5%9Aaivite+Sects&rft.pages=xii%2C+4-5&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-520-01842-6&rft.au=David+N.+Lorenzen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ4hm-k6fKs4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003212–213-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003212–213_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood2003">Flood 2003</a>, pp. 212–213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003206–214-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003206–214_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood2003">Flood 2003</a>, pp. 206–214. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson200961–62_with_footnote_64-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson200961–62_with_footnote_64_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson200961–62_with_footnote_64_76-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanderson2009">Sanderson 2009</a>, pp. 61–62 with footnote 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/">Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191123062515/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/">Archived</a> 23 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, UNESCO World Heritage Sites; Quote: "It is known especially for its rathas (temples in the form of chariots), mandapas (cave sanctuaries), giant open-air reliefs such as the famous 'Descent of the Ganges', and the temple of Rivage, with thousands of sculptures to the glory of Shiva." </li> <li id="cite_note-sanderson2014p1-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sanderson2014p1_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sanderson2014p1_78-1">b</a> Alexis Sanderson (2014), The Saiva Literature, Journal of Indological Studies, Kyoto, Nos. 24 & 25, pages 1–113 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnn_R._KinneyMarijke_J._KlokkeLydia_Kieven200317-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnn_R._KinneyMarijke_J._KlokkeLydia_Kieven200317_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnn_R._KinneyMarijke_J._KlokkeLydia_Kieven2003">Ann R. Kinney, Marijke J. Klokke & Lydia Kieven 2003</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs1951230–249-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriggs1951230–249_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriggs1951230–249_80-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBriggs1951">Briggs 1951</a>, pp. 230–249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexis_Sanderson2004349–352-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexis_Sanderson2004349–352_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexis_Sanderson2004349–352_81-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlexis_Sanderson2004">Alexis Sanderson 2004</a>, pp. 349–352. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratapaditya_PalStephen_P._HuylerJohn_E._Cort2016" class="citation book cs1">Pratapaditya Pal; Stephen P. Huyler; John E. Cort; et al. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NXolDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA61">Puja and Piety: Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist Art from the Indian Subcontinent</a>. University of California Press. pp. 61–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28847-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28847-8"><bdi>978-0-520-28847-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170326150329/https://books.google.com/books?id=NXolDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA61">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puja+and+Piety%3A+Hindu%2C+Jain%2C+and+Buddhist+Art+from+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft.pages=61-62&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-520-28847-8&rft.au=Pratapaditya+Pal&rft.au=Stephen+P.+Huyler&rft.au=John+E.+Cort&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNXolDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elgood2000p47-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elgood2000p47_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elgood2000p47_83-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeather_Elgood2000" class="citation book cs1">Heather Elgood (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cj2tAwAAQBAJ">Hinduism and the Religious Arts</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 47–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-70739-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-70739-3"><bdi>978-0-304-70739-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190809073225/https://books.google.com/books?id=cj2tAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+and+the+Religious+Arts&rft.pages=47-48&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-304-70739-3&rft.au=Heather+Elgood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcj2tAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeather_Elgood2000" class="citation book cs1">Heather Elgood (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cj2tAwAAQBAJ">Hinduism and the Religious Arts</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 143–167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-70739-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-70739-3"><bdi>978-0-304-70739-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190809073225/https://books.google.com/books?id=cj2tAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+and+the+Religious+Arts&rft.pages=143-167&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-304-70739-3&rft.au=Heather+Elgood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcj2tAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Wendy Doniger (2009), An Alternative Historiography for Hinduism, Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pages 17–26, Quote: "Numerous Sanskrit texts and ancient sculptures (such as the Gudimallam linga from the third century BCE) define (...)" </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan1984" class="citation journal cs1">Srinivasan, Doris (1984). "Unhinging Śiva from the Indus civilization". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 116 (1). Cambridge University Press: 77–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0035869x00166134">10.1017/s0035869x00166134</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162904592">162904592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+%26+Ireland&rft.atitle=Unhinging+%C5%9Aiva+from+the+Indus+civilization&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-89&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0035869x00166134&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162904592%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Doris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeKesavapanySakhuja2010-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeKesavapanySakhuja2010_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKulkeKesavapanySakhuja2010">Kulke, Kesavapany & Sakhuja 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._J._Vainker1990" class="citation book cs1">S. J. Vainker (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zaA0AQAAIAAJ">Caves of the Thousand Buddhas: Chinese Art from the Silk Route</a>. British Museum Publications for the Trustees of the British Museum. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1447-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1447-7"><bdi>978-0-7141-1447-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caves+of+the+Thousand+Buddhas%3A+Chinese+Art+from+the+Silk+Route&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=British+Museum+Publications+for+the+Trustees+of+the+British+Museum&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-1447-7&rft.au=S.+J.+Vainker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzaA0AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_L._Shaughnessy2009" class="citation book cs1">Edward L. Shaughnessy (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EMgYyKoshGEC&pg=PA70">Exploring the Life, Myth, and Art of Ancient China</a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4358-5617-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4358-5617-2"><bdi>978-1-4358-5617-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+Life%2C+Myth%2C+and+Art+of+Ancient+China&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4358-5617-2&rft.au=Edward+L.+Shaughnessy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEMgYyKoshGEC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnn_R._KinneyMarijke_J._KlokkeLydia_Kieven200321-25-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnn_R._KinneyMarijke_J._KlokkeLydia_Kieven200321-25_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnn_R._KinneyMarijke_J._KlokkeLydia_Kieven2003">Ann R. Kinney, Marijke J. Klokke & Lydia Kieven 2003</a>, p. 21-25. </li> <li id="cite_note-britbalinesepeople-92"><a href="#cite_ref-britbalinesepeople_92-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Balinese-people">Balinese people</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417161643/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Balinese-people">Archived</a> 17 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encyclopedia Britannica (2014) </li> <li id="cite_note-rghose4-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rghose4_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rghose4_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rghose4_93-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rghose4_93-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rghose4_93-4">e</a> R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 4–6, 14–16, 94–96, 160–161, 253 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrea_Acri2015" class="citation book cs1">Andrea Acri (2015). D Christian Lammerts (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wgGhCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA261">Buddhist Dynamics in Premodern and Early Modern Southeast Asia</a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 261–275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4519-06-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4519-06-9"><bdi>978-981-4519-06-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170328110026/https://books.google.com/books?id=wgGhCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA261">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Dynamics+in+Premodern+and+Early+Modern+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=261-275&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-981-4519-06-9&rft.au=Andrea+Acri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwgGhCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-boon-95"><a href="#cite_ref-boon_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Boon1977" class="citation book cs1">James Boon (1977). The Anthropological Romance of Bali 1597–1972: Dynamic Perspectives in Marriage and Caste, Politics and Religion. CUP Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-21398-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-21398-3"><bdi>0-521-21398-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anthropological+Romance+of+Bali+1597%E2%80%931972%3A+Dynamic+Perspectives+in+Marriage+and+Caste%2C+Politics+and+Religion&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-521-21398-3&rft.au=James+Boon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michaels2004p215-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michaels2004p215_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michaels2004p215_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxel_Michaels2004" class="citation book cs1">Axel Michaels (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jID3TuoiOMQC">Hinduism: Past and Present</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 215–217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-08952-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-08952-3"><bdi>0-691-08952-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205003241/https://books.google.com/books?id=jID3TuoiOMQC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.pages=215-217&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-691-08952-3&rft.au=Axel+Michaels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjID3TuoiOMQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988660–704-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson1988660–704_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson1988660–704_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson1988660–704_97-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanderson1988">Sanderson 1988</a>, pp. 660–704. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003206–207-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003206–207_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003206–207_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003206–207_98-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003206–207_98-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003206–207_98-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood2003">Flood 2003</a>, pp. 206–207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003205–207,_215–221-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003205–207,_215–221_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood2003">Flood 2003</a>, pp. 205–207, 215–221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003221–223-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003221–223_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003221–223_100-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood2003">Flood 2003</a>, pp. 221–223. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003208–209-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003208–209_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003208–209_103-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood2003">Flood 2003</a>, pp. 208–209. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003210–213-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003210–213_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood2003">Flood 2003</a>, pp. 210–213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988660–663,_681–690-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson1988660–663,_681–690_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanderson1988">Sanderson 1988</a>, pp. 660–663, 681–690. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson198817–18-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson198817–18_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanderson1988">Sanderson 1988</a>, pp. 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhavamony1999p33-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Dhavamony1999p33_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMariasusai_Dhavamony1999" class="citation book cs1">Mariasusai Dhavamony (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=58UZWWzqglMC">Hindu Spirituality</a>. Gregorian Press. pp. 32–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-818-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-818-7"><bdi>978-88-7652-818-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191229001010/https://books.google.com/books?id=58UZWWzqglMC">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Spirituality&rft.pages=32-34&rft.pub=Gregorian+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-88-7652-818-7&rft.au=Mariasusai+Dhavamony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D58UZWWzqglMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JanGondaVandS-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JanGondaVandS_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JanGondaVandS_108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JanGondaVandS_108-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JanGondaVandS_108-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_Gonda1970" class="citation book cs1">Jan Gonda (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4HGXjgEACAAJ">Visnuism and Sivaism: A Comparison</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-8080-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-8080-8"><bdi>978-1-4742-8080-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191230205427/https://books.google.com/books?id=4HGXjgEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visnuism+and+Sivaism%3A+A+Comparison&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-1-4742-8080-8&rft.au=Jan+Gonda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4HGXjgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Partridge2013" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Partridge (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3AjAwAAQBAJ">Introduction to World Religions</a>. Fortress Press. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-9970-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-9970-3"><bdi>978-0-8006-9970-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191230205429/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3AjAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+World+Religions&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-9970-3&rft.au=Christopher+Partridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ3AjAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanjukta_Gupta2013" class="citation book cs1">Sanjukta Gupta (1 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4AFxluCHsoAC">Advaita Vedanta and Vaisnavism: The Philosophy of Madhusudana Sarasvati</a>. Routledge. pp. 65–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-15774-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-15774-7"><bdi>978-1-134-15774-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191230205437/https://books.google.com/books?id=4AFxluCHsoAC">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advaita+Vedanta+and+Vaisnavism%3A+The+Philosophy+of+Madhusudana+Sarasvati&rft.pages=65-71&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-02-01&rft.isbn=978-1-134-15774-7&rft.au=Sanjukta+Gupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4AFxluCHsoAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-laiengavatar-111"><a href="#cite_ref-laiengavatar_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLai_Ah_Eng2008" class="citation book cs1">Lai Ah Eng (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9MmNaNebFD8C">Religious Diversity in Singapore</a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-754-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-754-5"><bdi>978-981-230-754-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160503015405/https://books.google.com/books?id=9MmNaNebFD8C">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Diversity+in+Singapore&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies%2C+Singapore&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-981-230-754-5&rft.au=Lai+Ah+Eng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9MmNaNebFD8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhavamony2002p63-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Dhavamony2002p63_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMariasusai_Dhavamony2002" class="citation book cs1">Mariasusai Dhavamony (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=poUxxH4fPwwC">Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Theological Soundings and Perspectives</a>. Rodopi. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-420-1510-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-420-1510-1"><bdi>90-420-1510-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191207085011/https://books.google.com/books?id=poUxxH4fPwwC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu-Christian+Dialogue%3A+Theological+Soundings+and+Perspectives&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=90-420-1510-1&rft.au=Mariasusai+Dhavamony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpoUxxH4fPwwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Stephen H Phillips (1995), Classical Indian Metaphysics, Columbia University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812692983" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812692983">978-0812692983</a>, page 332 with note 68 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle1992" class="citation book cs1">Olivelle, Patrick (1992). The Samnyasa Upanisads. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195070453" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195070453"><bdi>978-0195070453</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Samnyasa+Upanisads&rft.pages=4-18&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0195070453&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-anin-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-anin_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-anin_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-anin_115-2">c</a> Gavin Flood (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0">978-0-521-43878-0</a>, pages 162–167 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/devot/shaiv.html">"Shaivas"</a>. Overview Of World Religions. Philtar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222015505/http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/devot/shaiv.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Overview+Of+World+Religions&rft.atitle=Shaivas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philtar.ac.uk%2Fencyclopedia%2Fhindu%2Fdevot%2Fshaiv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunavalli2007" class="citation book cs1">Munavalli, Somashekar (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130626074912/http://www.vsna.org/images/publications/lingayat-dharma-april-2007.pdf">Lingayat Dharma (Veerashaiva Religion)</a> (PDF). Veerashaiva Samaja of North America. p. 83. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vsna.org/images/publications/lingayat-dharma-april-2007.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 June 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lingayat+Dharma+%28Veerashaiva+Religion%29&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Veerashaiva+Samaja+of+North+America&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Munavalli&rft.aufirst=Somashekar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vsna.org%2Fimages%2Fpublications%2Flingayat-dharma-april-2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrem_Prakash1998" class="citation book cs1">Prem Prakash (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oA7BLTFoOicC">The Yoga of Spiritual Devotion: A Modern Translation of the Narada Bhakti Sutras</a>. Inner Traditions. pp. 56–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-664-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-664-4"><bdi>978-0-89281-664-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223072138/https://books.google.com/books?id=oA7BLTFoOicC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+of+Spiritual+Devotion%3A+A+Modern+Translation+of+the+Narada+Bhakti+Sutras&rft.pages=56-57&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-89281-664-4&rft.au=Prem+Prakash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoA7BLTFoOicC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazier2013" class="citation journal cs1">Frazier, J. (2013). "Bhakti in Hindu Cultures". The Journal of Hindu Studies. 6 (2). Oxford University Press: 101–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhs%2Fhit028">10.1093/jhs/hit028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Hindu+Studies&rft.atitle=Bhakti+in+Hindu+Cultures&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=101-113&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjhs%2Fhit028&rft.aulast=Frazier&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisa_KemmererAnthony_J._Nocella2011" class="citation book cs1">Lisa Kemmerer; Anthony J. Nocella (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lq70lgRwlRQC">Call to Compassion: Reflections on Animal Advocacy from the World's Religions</a>. Lantern. pp. 27–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59056-281-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59056-281-9"><bdi>978-1-59056-281-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191227015011/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lq70lgRwlRQC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Call+to+Compassion%3A+Reflections+on+Animal+Advocacy+from+the+World%27s+Religions&rft.pages=27-36&rft.pub=Lantern&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59056-281-9&rft.au=Lisa+Kemmerer&rft.au=Anthony+J.+Nocella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLq70lgRwlRQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_J._Simoons1998" class="citation book cs1">Frederick J. Simoons (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KEUAbrBoeBAC">Plants of Life, Plants of Death</a>. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 182–183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-15904-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-15904-7"><bdi>978-0-299-15904-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191207073745/https://books.google.com/books?id=KEUAbrBoeBAC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plants+of+Life%2C+Plants+of+Death&rft.pages=182-183&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-299-15904-7&rft.au=Frederick+J.+Simoons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKEUAbrBoeBAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Sivaraman1973" class="citation book cs1">K. Sivaraman (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I1blW4-yY20C">Śaivism in Philosophical Perspective</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 336–340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1771-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1771-5"><bdi>978-81-208-1771-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191228181231/https://books.google.com/books?id=I1blW4-yY20C">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C5%9Aaivism+in+Philosophical+Perspective&rft.pages=336-340&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1771-5&rft.au=K.+Sivaraman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI1blW4-yY20C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791430675" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791430675">978-0791430675</a>, page 238 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996225-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996225_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 225. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Eliott Deutsche (2000), in Philosophy of Religion : Indian Philosophy Vol 4 (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815336112" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815336112">978-0815336112</a>, pages 245–248 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDaniel2004" class="citation book cs1">McDaniel, June (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=caeJpIj9SdkC">Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 89–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534713-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534713-5"><bdi>978-0-19-534713-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170104022224/https://books.google.com/books?id=caeJpIj9SdkC">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Offering+Flowers%2C+Feeding+Skulls&rft.pages=89-91&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-534713-5&rft.aulast=McDaniel&rft.aufirst=June&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcaeJpIj9SdkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_James_Clark2006" class="citation book cs1">Matthew James Clark (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g3DXAAAAMAAJ">The Daśanāmī-saṃnyāsīs: The Integration of Ascetic Lineages into an Order</a>. Brill. pp. 177–225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15211-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15211-3"><bdi>978-90-04-15211-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191230094518/https://books.google.com/books?id=g3DXAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Da%C5%9Ban%C4%81m%C4%AB-sa%E1%B9%83ny%C4%81s%C4%ABs%3A+The+Integration+of+Ascetic+Lineages+into+an+Order&rft.pages=177-225&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15211-3&rft.au=Matthew+James+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg3DXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurleyHurley2012" class="citation book cs1">Hurley, Leigh; Hurley, Phillip (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0983784728">Tantra, Yoga of Ecstasy: the Sadhaka's Guide to Kundalinin and the Left-Hand Path</a>. Maithuna Publications. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780983784722" title="Special:BookSources/9780983784722"><bdi>9780983784722</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tantra%2C+Yoga+of+Ecstasy%3A+the+Sadhaka%27s+Guide+to+Kundalinin+and+the+Left-Hand+Path&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Maithuna+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780983784722&rft.aulast=Hurley&rft.aufirst=Leigh&rft.au=Hurley%2C+Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D0983784728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kim_Skoog_1996_63–84,_236–239-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Kim_Skoog_1996_63–84,_236–239_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim_Skoog1996" class="citation book cs1">Kim Skoog (1996). Andrew O. Fort; Patricia Y. Mumme (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U1EZjyLbxYAC">Living Liberation in Hindu Thought</a>. SUNY Press. pp. 63–84, 236–239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2706-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2706-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-2706-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191225072647/https://books.google.com/books?id=U1EZjyLbxYAC">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+Liberation+in+Hindu+Thought&rft.pages=63-84%2C+236-239&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2706-4&rft.au=Kim+Skoog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU1EZjyLbxYAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajendra_Prasad2008" class="citation book cs1">Rajendra Prasad (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D5Hk8EkmQBcC">A Conceptual-analytic Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals</a>. Concept. p. 375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-544-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-544-5"><bdi>978-81-8069-544-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191229161604/https://books.google.com/books?id=D5Hk8EkmQBcC">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Conceptual-analytic+Study+of+Classical+Indian+Philosophy+of+Morals&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=Concept&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-544-5&rft.au=Rajendra+Prasad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD5Hk8EkmQBcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanderson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Sanderson, Alexis (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15728536-13560308">"The Impact of Inscriptions on the Interpretation of Early Śaiva Literature"</a>. Indo-Iranian Journal. 56 (3–4). Brill Academic Publishers: 211–244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15728536-13560308">10.1163/15728536-13560308</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indo-Iranian+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+Inscriptions+on+the+Interpretation+of+Early+%C5%9Aaiva+Literature&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=211-244&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15728536-13560308&rft.aulast=Sanderson&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F15728536-13560308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003223–224-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003223–224_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003223–224_132-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003223–224_132-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood2003">Flood 2003</a>, pp. 223–224. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanesh_Vasudeo_Tagare2002" class="citation book cs1">Ganesh Vasudeo Tagare (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GW6UtkgT-CcC&pg=PA3">The Pratyabhijñā Philosophy</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 1–4, 16–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1892-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1892-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1892-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315182555/https://books.google.com/books?id=GW6UtkgT-CcC&pg=PA3">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pratyabhij%C3%B1%C4%81+Philosophy&rft.pages=1-4%2C+16-18&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1892-7&rft.au=Ganesh+Vasudeo+Tagare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGW6UtkgT-CcC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_S._G._Dyczkowski1987" class="citation book cs1">Mark S. G. Dyczkowski (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QXn5n4gdfcIC">The Doctrine of Vibration: An Analysis of the Doctrines and Practices Associated with Kashmir Shaivism</a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 17–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-431-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-431-9"><bdi>978-0-88706-431-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205041947/https://books.google.com/books?id=QXn5n4gdfcIC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doctrine+of+Vibration%3A+An+Analysis+of+the+Doctrines+and+Practices+Associated+with+Kashmir+Shaivism&rft.pages=17-25&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-431-9&rft.au=Mark+S.+G.+Dyczkowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQXn5n4gdfcIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPathak196011,_51–52-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPathak196011,_51–52_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPathak1960">Pathak 1960</a>, pp. 11, 51–52. </li> <li id="cite_note-Flood_1996_p._86-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Flood_1996_p._86_137-0">^</a> For dating to 400–200 BCE see: Flood (1996), p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-ayyangarminor2-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ayyangarminor2_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ayyangarminor2_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ayyangarminor2_139-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyyangar1953" class="citation book cs1">Ayyangar, TRS (1953). Saiva Upanisads. Jain Publishing Co. (Reprint 2007). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0895819819" title="Special:BookSources/978-0895819819"><bdi>978-0895819819</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saiva+Upanisads&rft.pub=Jain+Publishing+Co.+%28Reprint+2007%29&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=978-0895819819&rft.aulast=Ayyangar&rft.aufirst=TRS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Peter Heehs (2002), Indian Religions, New York University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814736500" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814736500">978-0814736500</a>, pages 60–88 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle1998" class="citation book cs1">Olivelle, Patrick (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlyupanishadsa00oliv">Upaniṣads</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlyupanishadsa00oliv/page/n33">11</a>–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192835765" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192835765"><bdi>978-0192835765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Upani%E1%B9%A3ads&rft.pages=11-14&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0192835765&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlyupanishadsa00oliv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pdeussen247268-142"><a href="#cite_ref-pdeussen247268_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeussen1997" class="citation book cs1">Deussen, Paul (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8mSpQo9q-tIC&pg=PA247">Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Motilal Banarsidass Publishers">Motilal Banarsidass Publishers</a>. pp. 247–268 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814677" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814677"><bdi>978-8120814677</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160802053259/https://books.google.com/books?id=8mSpQo9q-tIC&pg=PA247">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sixty+Upanishads+of+the+Veda%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=247-268+with+footnotes&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-8120814677&rft.aulast=Deussen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8mSpQo9q-tIC%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeussen1997" class="citation book cs1">Deussen, Paul (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC">Sixty Upanishads of the Veda</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 791–794. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814677" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814677"><bdi>978-8120814677</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205024020/https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sixty+Upanishads+of+the+Veda&rft.pages=791-794&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-8120814677&rft.aulast=Deussen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYepeIGUY0gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Chester G Starr (1991), A History of the Ancient World, 4th Edition, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195066289" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195066289">978-0195066289</a>, page 168 </li> <li id="cite_note-peterheehs85-145"><a href="#cite_ref-peterheehs85_145-0">^</a> Peter Heehs (2002), Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience, New York University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814736500" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814736500">978-0814736500</a>, pages 85–86 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeussen1997" class="citation book cs1">Deussen, Paul (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC">Sixty Upanishads of the Veda</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 773–777. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814677" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814677"><bdi>978-8120814677</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205024020/https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sixty+Upanishads+of+the+Veda&rft.pages=773-777&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-8120814677&rft.aulast=Deussen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYepeIGUY0gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Ignatius Viyagappa (1980), G.W.F. Hegel's Concept of Indian Philosophy, Gregorian University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8876524813" title="Special:BookSources/978-8876524813">978-8876524813</a>, pages 24-25 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> H Glasenapp (1974), Die Philosophie der Inder, Kröner, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3520195036" title="Special:BookSources/978-3520195036">978-3520195036</a>, pages 259–260 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeussen1997" class="citation book cs1">Deussen, Paul (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC">Sixty Upanishads of the Veda</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 779–782. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814677" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814677"><bdi>978-8120814677</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205024020/https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sixty+Upanishads+of+the+Veda&rft.pages=779-782&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-8120814677&rft.aulast=Deussen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYepeIGUY0gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHattangadi2000" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hattangadi, Sunder (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/brihajjabala.pdf">"बृहज्जाबालोपनिषत् (Brihat-Jabala Upanishad)"</a> (PDF) (in Sanskrit). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170722075721/http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/brihajjabala.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D+%28Brihat-Jabala+Upanishad%29&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Hattangadi&rft.aufirst=Sunder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsanskritdocuments.org%2Fdoc_upanishhat%2Fbrihajjabala.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeussen1997" class="citation book cs1">Deussen, Paul (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC">Sixty Upanishads of the Veda</a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 789–790. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814677" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814677"><bdi>978-8120814677</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205024020/https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sixty+Upanishads+of+the+Veda&rft.pages=789-790&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-8120814677&rft.aulast=Deussen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYepeIGUY0gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a274-286-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a274-286_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1994a">Kramrisch 1994a</a>, p. 274-286. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAM_Sastri2001" class="citation book cs1">AM Sastri (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bfwZAAAAMAAJ">Dakshinamurti stotra of Sri Sankaracharya and Dakshinamurti Upanishad with Sri Sureswaracharya's Manasollasa and Pranava Vartika</a>. Samata (Original: 1920). pp. 153–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8185208091" title="Special:BookSources/978-8185208091"><bdi>978-8185208091</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/604013222">604013222</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313134512/https://books.google.com/books?id=bfwZAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dakshinamurti+stotra+of+Sri+Sankaracharya+and+Dakshinamurti+Upanishad+with+Sri+Sureswaracharya%27s+Manasollasa+and+Pranava+Vartika&rft.pages=153-158&rft.pub=Samata+%28Original%3A+1920%29&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F604013222&rft.isbn=978-8185208091&rft.au=AM+Sastri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbfwZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHattangadi2000" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hattangadi, Sunder (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/sharabha.html?lang=sa">"शरभोपनिषत् (Sharabha Upanishad)"</a> (in Sanskrit). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170530144713/http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/sharabha.html?lang=sa">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D+%28Sharabha+Upanishad%29&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Hattangadi&rft.aufirst=Sunder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsanskritdocuments.org%2Fdoc_upanishhat%2Fsharabha.html%3Flang%3Dsa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck1995" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Guy (1995). Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 133–134, 201–202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120812611" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120812611"><bdi>978-8120812611</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sonic+Theology%3A+Hinduism+and+Sacred+Sound&rft.pages=133-134%2C+201-202&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-8120812611&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyyangar1953" class="citation book cs1">Ayyangar, TRS (1953). Saiva Upanisads. Jain Publishing Co. (Reprint 2007). pp. 193–199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0895819819" title="Special:BookSources/978-0895819819"><bdi>978-0895819819</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saiva+Upanisads&rft.pages=193-199&rft.pub=Jain+Publishing+Co.+%28Reprint+2007%29&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=978-0895819819&rft.aulast=Ayyangar&rft.aufirst=TRS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyyangar1953" class="citation book cs1">Ayyangar, TRS (1953). Saiva Upanisads. Jain Publishing Co. (Reprint 2007). pp. 165–192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0895819819" title="Special:BookSources/978-0895819819"><bdi>978-0895819819</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saiva+Upanisads&rft.pages=165-192&rft.pub=Jain+Publishing+Co.+%28Reprint+2007%29&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=978-0895819819&rft.aulast=Ayyangar&rft.aufirst=TRS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlostermaier1984" class="citation book cs1">Klostermaier, Klaus K. (1984). Mythologies and Philosophies of Salvation in the Theistic Traditions of India. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. pp. 134, 371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-158-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-158-3"><bdi>978-0-88920-158-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythologies+and+Philosophies+of+Salvation+in+the+Theistic+Traditions+of+India&rft.pages=134%2C+371&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-88920-158-3&rft.aulast=Klostermaier&rft.aufirst=Klaus+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimes1995" class="citation book cs1">Grimes, John A. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ganapatisongself00grim">Ganapati: Song of the Self</a>. State University of New York Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ganapatisongself00grim/page/n108">21</a>–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-2440-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-2440-5"><bdi>0-7914-2440-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ganapati%3A+Song+of+the+Self&rft.pages=21-29&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7914-2440-5&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fganapatisongself00grim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyyangar1953" class="citation book cs1">Ayyangar, TRS (1953). Saiva Upanisads. Jain Publishing Co. (Reprint 2007). pp. 110–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0895819819" title="Special:BookSources/978-0895819819"><bdi>978-0895819819</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saiva+Upanisads&rft.pages=110-114&rft.pub=Jain+Publishing+Co.+%28Reprint+2007%29&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=978-0895819819&rft.aulast=Ayyangar&rft.aufirst=TRS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a187-188-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a187-188_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1994a">Kramrisch 1994a</a>, p. 187-188. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSastri1950" class="citation book cs1">Sastri, AM (1950). The Śaiva-Upanishads with the commentary of Sri Upanishad-Brahma-Yogin. The Adyar Library, Madras. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85141029" title="Special:BookSources/81-85141029"><bdi>81-85141029</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/863321204">863321204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%C5%9Aaiva-Upanishads+with+the+commentary+of+Sri+Upanishad-Brahma-Yogin&rft.pub=The+Adyar+Library%2C+Madras&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F863321204&rft.isbn=81-85141029&rft.aulast=Sastri&rft.aufirst=AM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-juliuslipner27-163"><a href="#cite_ref-juliuslipner27_163-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Lipner" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Lipner">Julius Lipner</a> (2004), Hinduism: the way of the banyan, in The Hindu World (Editors: Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby), Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21527-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21527-7">0-415-21527-7</a>, pages 27–28 </li> <li id="cite_note-Grimes-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grimes_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimes_164-1">b</a> Grimes, John A. (1996). A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English. State University of New York Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3068-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3068-2">978-0-7914-3068-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eP5p0ev3nJEC">pages 16–17</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170307061636/https://books.google.com/books?id=eP5p0ev3nJEC">Archived</a> 7 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Mariasusai Dhavamony (2002), Hindu-Christian Dialogue, Rodopi, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-1510-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-1510-4">978-90-420-1510-4</a>, pages 54–56 </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Indira Peterson (1992), Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints, Princeton University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0784-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0784-6">978-81-208-0784-6</a>, pages 11–18 </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> DS Sharma (1990), The Philosophy of Sadhana, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0347-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0347-1">978-0-7914-0347-1</a>, pages 9–14 </li> <li id="cite_note-richdavis167-168"><a href="#cite_ref-richdavis167_168-0">^</a> Richard Davis (2014), Ritual in an Oscillating Universe: Worshipping Siva in Medieval India, Princeton University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-60308-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-60308-7">978-0-691-60308-7</a>, page 167 note 21, Quote (page 13): "Some agamas argue a monist metaphysics, while others are decidedly dualist. Some claim ritual is the most efficacious means of religious attainment, while others assert that knowledge is more important." </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> JS Vasugupta (2012), Śiva Sūtras, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0407-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0407-4">978-81-208-0407-4</a>, pages 252, 259 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonda1977154–162-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1977154–162_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGonda1977">Gonda 1977</a>, pp. 154–162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson199516–21-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson199516–21_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanderson1995">Sanderson 1995</a>, pp. 16–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988663-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson1988663_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanderson1988">Sanderson 1988</a>, p. 663. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988663–670,_690–693-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson1988663–670,_690–693_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson1988663–670,_690–693_173-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanderson1988">Sanderson 1988</a>, pp. 663–670, 690–693. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988660–663-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson1988660–663_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanderson1988">Sanderson 1988</a>, pp. 660–663. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988664–665-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson1988664–665_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson1988664–665_175-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson1988664–665_175-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanderson1988">Sanderson 1988</a>, pp. 664–665. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988664-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson1988664_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanderson1988">Sanderson 1988</a>, p. 664. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Sanderson, Alexis; "Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions." In The World's Religions, edited by S. Sutherland, L. Houlden, P. Clarke and F. Hardy. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul (1988), pp. 665–666, context: pp. 660–704. Reprinted in The World's Religions: The Religions of Asia, edited by F. Hardy. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul (1990), pp. 128–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCynthia_Packert_Atherton1997" class="citation book cs1">Cynthia Packert Atherton (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkxXK5wFob4C">The Sculpture of Early Medieval Rajasthan</a>. BRILL. pp. 92–97, 102–103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10789-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10789-4"><bdi>90-04-10789-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170402173857/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkxXK5wFob4C">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sculpture+of+Early+Medieval+Rajasthan&rft.pages=92-97%2C+102-103&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-10789-4&rft.au=Cynthia+Packert+Atherton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZkxXK5wFob4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Sanderson, Alexis; "Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions." In The World's Religions, edited by S. Sutherland, L. Houlden, P. Clarke and F. Hardy. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul (1988), pp. 660–704. Reprinted in The World's Religions: The Religions of Asia, edited by F. Hardy. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul (1990), pp. 128–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasugupta1992140–141-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasugupta1992140–141_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVasugupta1992">Vasugupta 1992</a>, pp. 140–141. </li> <li id="cite_note-lochtefeld505-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lochtefeld505_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lochtefeld505_181-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">James G. Lochtefeld (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch">The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z</a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/505">505</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3180-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3180-4"><bdi>978-0-8239-3180-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200316052117/https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+N-Z&rft.pages=505&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4&rft.au=James+G.+Lochtefeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc0000loch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1987120–123-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1987120–123_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1987120–123_182-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaniélou1987">Daniélou 1987</a>, pp. 120–123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta19555–6-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasgupta19555–6_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDasgupta1955">Dasgupta 1955</a>, pp. 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1987124–129-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1987124–129_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaniélou1987">Daniélou 1987</a>, pp. 124–129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuller-Ortega201031–38-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuller-Ortega201031–38_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuller-Ortega2010">Muller-Ortega 2010</a>, pp. 31–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoshen_Dalal2010" class="citation book cs1">Roshen Dalal (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA206">The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths</a>. Penguin Books. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341517-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341517-6"><bdi>978-0-14-341517-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170330124702/https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA206">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religions+of+India%3A+A+Concise+Guide+to+Nine+Major+Faiths&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-14-341517-6&rft.au=Roshen+Dalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpNmfdAKFpkQC%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Sanderson" title="Alexis Sanderson">Alexis Sanderson</a>'s Śaivism among the Khmers Part I, pp. 349—462 in the Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient 90—91 (2003—2004). </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> For Pāśupata as an ascetic movement see: Michaels (2004), p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988665–666-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson1988665–666_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson1988665–666_189-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson1988665–666_189-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanderson1988">Sanderson 1988</a>, pp. 665–666. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeussen1997" class="citation book cs1">Deussen, Paul (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC&pg=PA789">Sixty Upanishads of the Veda</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 789–790. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1467-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1467-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1467-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200313065543/https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC&pg=PA789">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sixty+Upanishads+of+the+Veda&rft.pages=789-790&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1467-7&rft.aulast=Deussen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYepeIGUY0gC%26pg%3DPA789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Antonio Rigopoulos (2013), Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 5, Brill Academic, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004178960" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004178960">978-9004178960</a>, pages 182-183 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988667–668-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson1988667–668_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson1988667–668_192-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson1988667–668_192-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanderson1988">Sanderson 1988</a>, pp. 667–668. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988664,_667–668-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson1988664,_667–668_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanderson1988">Sanderson 1988</a>, pp. 664, 667–668. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Sanderson, Alexis; the Saiva Age, page 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996171-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996171_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-Flood,_Gavin_2006._P.120-196"><a href="#cite_ref-Flood,_Gavin_2006._P.120_196-0">^</a> Flood, Gavin. D. 2006. The Tantric Body. P.120 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988662–663-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson1988662–663_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanderson1988">Sanderson 1988</a>, pp. 662–663. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy_L._Beck1995" class="citation book cs1">Guy L. Beck (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgybmMnWpaUC&pg=PA173">Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 173–175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1261-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1261-1"><bdi>978-81-208-1261-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170402092411/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgybmMnWpaUC&pg=PA173">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sonic+Theology%3A+Hinduism+and+Sacred+Sound&rft.pages=173-175&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1261-1&rft.au=Guy+L.+Beck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZgybmMnWpaUC%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-flood58-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-flood58_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-flood58_199-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-flood58_199-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavin_Flood2006" class="citation book cs1">Gavin Flood (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Uer8W670IoC">The Tantric Body: The Secret Tradition of Hindu Religion</a>. I.B.Tauris. pp. 58–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-011-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-011-6"><bdi>978-1-84511-011-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140814100801/http://books.google.com/books?id=1Uer8W670IoC">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tantric+Body%3A+The+Secret+Tradition+of+Hindu+Religion&rft.pages=58-61&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-011-6&rft.au=Gavin+Flood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Uer8W670IoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reynolds243-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reynolds243_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reynolds243_200-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Myrdhin_Reynolds1996" class="citation book cs1">John Myrdhin Reynolds (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SJbxvDZOZz8C&pg=PA243">The Golden Letters: The Three Statements of Garab Dorje, First Dzogchen Master</a>. Shambhala. pp. 243–244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-868-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-868-8"><bdi>978-1-55939-868-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324192511/https://books.google.com/books?id=SJbxvDZOZz8C&pg=PA243">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Letters%3A+The+Three+Statements+of+Garab+Dorje%2C+First+Dzogchen+Master&rft.pages=243-244&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-55939-868-8&rft.au=John+Myrdhin+Reynolds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSJbxvDZOZz8C%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraj_B._Kachru1981" class="citation book cs1">Braj B. Kachru (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3mAlg5qw130C&pg=PA10">Kashmiri Literature</a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02129-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02129-6"><bdi>978-3-447-02129-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170325024449/https://books.google.com/books?id=3mAlg5qw130C&pg=PA10">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashmiri+Literature&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-3-447-02129-6&rft.au=Braj+B.+Kachru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3mAlg5qw130C%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElaine_Fisher2017" class="citation book cs1">Elaine Fisher (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxsXvgAACAAJ">Hindu Pluralism: Religion and the Public Sphere in Early Modern South India</a>. University of California Press. pp. 11–12, 209–211 note 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52029-301-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52029-301-4"><bdi>978-0-52029-301-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Pluralism%3A+Religion+and+the+Public+Sphere+in+Early+Modern+South+India&rft.pages=11-12%2C+209-211+note+28&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-52029-301-4&rft.au=Elaine+Fisher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZxsXvgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElaine_Fisher2017" class="citation book cs1">Elaine Fisher (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxsXvgAACAAJ">Hindu Pluralism: Religion and the Public Sphere in Early Modern South India</a>. University of California Press. pp. 9–12, 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52029-301-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52029-301-4"><bdi>978-0-52029-301-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Pluralism%3A+Religion+and+the+Public+Sphere+in+Early+Modern+South+India&rft.pages=9-12%2C+220&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-52029-301-4&rft.au=Elaine+Fisher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZxsXvgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.34628">A Topographical List Of The Inscriptions Of The Madras Presindency (collected Till 1915) With Notes And References Volume I</a>, V. Rangacharya, Madras Government Press, pages 47–48 </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Sanderson, Alexis; the Saiva Age, page 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMariasusai_Dhavamony197114–22,_257–258-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMariasusai_Dhavamony197114–22,_257–258_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMariasusai_Dhavamony1971">Mariasusai Dhavamony 1971</a>, pp. 14–22, 257–258. </li> <li id="cite_note-britshaivasiddhanta-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britshaivasiddhanta_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britshaivasiddhanta_207-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shaiva-siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170318092809/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shaiva-siddhanta">Archived</a> 18 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encyclopedia Britannica (2014) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmeshwaranand2004[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbub_gb_HQvbJDacNDMCpagen216_210]–217-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmeshwaranand2004[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbub_gb_HQvbJDacNDMCpagen216_210]–217_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParmeshwaranand2004">Parmeshwaranand 2004</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_HQvbJDacNDMC/page/n216">210</a>–217. </li> <li id="cite_note-Flood,_Gavin_2003._pg._210-209"><a href="#cite_ref-Flood,_Gavin_2003._pg._210_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood2003">Flood 2003</a>, pp. 209–210 </li> <li id="cite_note-Flood,_Gavin_2006._P.34-210"><a href="#cite_ref-Flood,_Gavin_2006._P.34_210-0">^</a> Flood, Gavin. D. 2006. The Tantric Body. p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-arulsamy-211"><a href="#cite_ref-arulsamy_211-0">^</a> S. Arulsamy, Saivism – A Perspective of Grace, Sterling Publishers Private Limited, New Delhi, 1987, pp.1 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988668–669-212">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson1988668–669_212-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson1988668–669_212-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson1988668–669_212-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanderson1988">Sanderson 1988</a>, pp. 668–669. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilko_Wiardo_Schomerus20001–7,_29–37,_44–49-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilko_Wiardo_Schomerus20001–7,_29–37,_44–49_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHilko_Wiardo_Schomerus2000">Hilko Wiardo Schomerus 2000</a>, pp. 1–7, 29–37, 44–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006375–376-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006375–376_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2006">Jones & Ryan 2006</a>, pp. 375–376. </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohan_A._Dunuwila1985" class="citation book cs1">Rohan A. Dunuwila (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cDsdAAAAMAAJ">Śaiva Siddhānta Theology: A Context for Hindu-Christian Dialogue</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 29–30, 66–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89581-675-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89581-675-7"><bdi>978-0-89581-675-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170402091604/https://books.google.com/books?id=cDsdAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C5%9Aaiva+Siddh%C4%81nta+Theology%3A+A+Context+for+Hindu-Christian+Dialogue&rft.pages=29-30%2C+66-73&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-89581-675-7&rft.au=Rohan+A.+Dunuwila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcDsdAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulia_Leslie1992" class="citation book cs1">Julia Leslie (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sKDm8EH2L3kC&pg=PA196">Roles and Rituals for Hindu Women</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 196–197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1036-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1036-5"><bdi>978-81-208-1036-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170402081519/https://books.google.com/books?id=sKDm8EH2L3kC&pg=PA196">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roles+and+Rituals+for+Hindu+Women&rft.pages=196-197&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1036-5&rft.au=Julia+Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsKDm8EH2L3kC%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> For the emergence of the Nayanars by the 7th century and comparison with <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vaisnava</a> <a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a> see: Flood (1996), 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> For eleven collections, with the first seven (the Thevaram) regarded as Vedic, see: Tattwananda, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> For dating of Sambandar, Appar, and Sundarar as 7th century see: Tattwananda, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Tattwananda, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Winternitz, p. 588, note 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> For the Tirumantiram as the tenth book of the Shaiva Siddhanta canon see Brooks, Douglas Renfrew. "Auspicious Fragments and Uncertain Wisdom", in: Harper and Brown, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> Tattwananda, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gavin_Flood_2007-224">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gavin_Flood_2007_224-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gavin_Flood_2007_224-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavin_Flood2007" class="citation speech cs1">Gavin Flood (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ochs.org.uk/lectures/by-topic/271">An introduction to Hindu tantrism, Lecture 1</a> (Speech). Oxford center for Hindu studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170401144720/http://www.ochs.org.uk/lectures/by-topic/271">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+Hindu+tantrism%2C+Lecture+1&rft.place=Oxford+center+for+Hindu+studies&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Gavin+Flood&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ochs.org.uk%2Flectures%2Fby-topic%2F271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson2009124–125-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson2009124–125_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanderson2009">Sanderson 2009</a>, pp. 124–125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson199524-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson199524_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanderson1995">Sanderson 1995</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexis_Sanderson2010260–262,_329–333-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexis_Sanderson2010260–262,_329–333_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexis_Sanderson2010260–262,_329–333_227-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlexis_Sanderson2010">Alexis Sanderson 2010</a>, pp. 260–262, 329–333. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson1988671–673-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson1988671–673_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson1988671–673_228-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanderson1988">Sanderson 1988</a>, pp. 671–673. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasugupta1992197–198_with_note_117-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasugupta1992197–198_with_note_117_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVasugupta1992">Vasugupta 1992</a>, pp. 197–198 with note 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson199545–47-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson199545–47_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanderson1995">Sanderson 1995</a>, pp. 45–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbhinavaguptaJaideva_Singh1989" class="citation book cs1">Abhinavagupta; Jaideva Singh (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v5_Wk8QKSF4C">A Trident of Wisdom: Translation of Paratrisika-vivarana</a>. State University of New York Press. pp. ix–xiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0180-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0180-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-0180-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315105255/https://books.google.com/books?id=v5_Wk8QKSF4C">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Trident+of+Wisdom%3A+Translation+of+Paratrisika-vivarana&rft.pages=ix-xiv&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0180-4&rft.au=Abhinavagupta&rft.au=Jaideva+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv5_Wk8QKSF4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988">, Quote: "After the demise of the Trika as a lineage in Kashmir in the late 13th century, due in large measure to the invasion of Islam, a few rare manuscripts of this important and complex text..." </li> <li id="cite_note-lawrenceiep-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lawrenceiep_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lawrenceiep_232-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lawrenceiep_232-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lawrenceiep_232-3">d</a> David Peter Lawrence (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/kashmiri/">Kashmiri Shaiva Philosophy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312172048/http://www.iep.utm.edu/kashmiri/">Archived</a> 12 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, IEP </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley_D._Brunn2015" class="citation book cs1">Stanley D. Brunn (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CGh-BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA402">The Changing World Religion Map: Sacred Places, Identities, Practices and Politics</a>. Springer. pp. 402–408. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-017-9376-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-017-9376-6"><bdi>978-94-017-9376-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315104827/https://books.google.com/books?id=CGh-BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA402">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Changing+World+Religion+Map%3A+Sacred+Places%2C+Identities%2C+Practices+and+Politics&rft.pages=402-408&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-94-017-9376-6&rft.au=Stanley+D.+Brunn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCGh-BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBäumer,_B.Kumar,_S2011" class="citation book cs1">Bäumer, B., Kumar, S, eds. (2011). Saṃvidullāsaḥ: manifestation of divine consciousness: Swami Lakshman Joo, saint-scholar of Kashmir Śaivism, a centenary tribute. D.K. Printworld. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-246-0414-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-246-0414-4"><bdi>978-81-246-0414-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sa%E1%B9%83vidull%C4%81sa%E1%B8%A5%3A+manifestation+of+divine+consciousness%3A+Swami+Lakshman+Joo%2C+saint-scholar+of+Kashmir+%C5%9Aaivism%2C+a+centenary+tribute&rft.pub=D.K.+Printworld&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-246-0414-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson2009221_with_footnote_500-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson2009221_with_footnote_500_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanderson2009">Sanderson 2009</a>, p. 221 with footnote 500. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson199516–17-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson199516–17_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanderson1995">Sanderson 1995</a>, pp. 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> Flood, Gavin. D. 2006. The Tantric Body. P.61-66 </li> <li id="cite_note-Flood,_Gavin_1996._P.164-167-238">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flood,_Gavin_1996._P.164-167_238-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flood,_Gavin_1996._P.164-167_238-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flood,_Gavin_1996._P.164-167_238-2">c</a> Flood, Gavin. D. 1996. An Introduction to Hinduism. P.164-167 </li> <li id="cite_note-iepkasmirsaiva-239">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iepkasmirsaiva_239-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iepkasmirsaiva_239-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/kashmiri/">Kashmiri Shaiva Philosophy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312172048/http://www.iep.utm.edu/kashmiri/">Archived</a> 12 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, David Peter Lawrence, University of Manitoba, IEP (2010) </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaideva_Singh1982" class="citation book cs1">Jaideva Singh (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dVJSChd9hOoC">Pratyabhijnahrdayam: The Secret of Self-recognition</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 3–5, 14–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0323-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0323-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0323-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315104843/https://books.google.com/books?id=dVJSChd9hOoC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pratyabhijnahrdayam%3A+The+Secret+of+Self-recognition&rft.pages=3-5%2C+14-33&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0323-7&rft.au=Jaideva+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdVJSChd9hOoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> Wallis, Christopher; Tantra Illuminated, Chapter 2, Kashmir Shaivism </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuller-Ortega201015–16,_43–45,_118-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuller-Ortega201015–16,_43–45,_118_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuller-Ortega2010">Muller-Ortega 2010</a>, pp. 15–16, 43–45, 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuller-Ortega20107–8,_17–32-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuller-Ortega20107–8,_17–32_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuller-Ortega2010">Muller-Ortega 2010</a>, pp. 7–8, 17–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2012407–421-244">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2012407–421_244-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2012407–421_244-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2012407–421_244-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2012407–421_244-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallinson2012">Mallinson 2012</a>, pp. 407–421. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006169–170,_308-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006169–170,_308_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2006">Jones & Ryan 2006</a>, pp. 169–170, 308. </li> <li id="cite_note-Natha-246">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Natha_246-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natha_246-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Natha">Natha</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170304121833/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Natha">Archived</a> 4 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encyclopedia Britannica (2007) </li> <li id="cite_note-Singleton2010p27-247">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singleton2010p27_247-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singleton2010p27_247-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Singleton2010" class="citation book cs1">Mark Singleton (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tUgBIrn5REwC&pg=PA27">Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 27–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974598-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974598-2"><bdi>978-0-19-974598-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170304173842/https://books.google.com/books?id=tUgBIrn5REwC&pg=PA27">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+Body%3A+The+Origins+of+Modern+Posture+Practice&rft.pages=27-39&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-974598-2&rft.au=Mark+Singleton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtUgBIrn5REwC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuller-Ortega201036–38-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuller-Ortega201036–38_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuller-Ortega2010">Muller-Ortega 2010</a>, pp. 36–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-thapar165-249"><a href="#cite_ref-thapar165_249-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomila_Thapar2008" class="citation book cs1">Romila Thapar (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZZ8T8tZc4YC&pg=PA165">Somanatha</a>. Penguin Books. pp. 165–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306468-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306468-8"><bdi>978-0-14-306468-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170317154632/https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZZ8T8tZc4YC&pg=PA165">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somanatha&rft.pages=165-166&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-14-306468-8&rft.au=Romila+Thapar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ZZ8T8tZc4YC%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERigopoulos199899–104,_218-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERigopoulos199899–104,_218_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRigopoulos1998">Rigopoulos 1998</a>, pp. 99–104, 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorenzen1978" class="citation journal cs1">Lorenzen, David N. (1978). "Warrior Ascetics in Indian History". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 98 (1): 61–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F600151">10.2307/600151</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/600151">600151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Warrior+Ascetics+in+Indian+History&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-75&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F600151&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F600151%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lorenzen&rft.aufirst=David+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-olson244-252"><a href="#cite_ref-olson244_252-0">^</a> Carl Olson (2007), The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction, Rutgers University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813540689" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813540689">978-0813540689</a>, pages 243–244 </li> <li id="cite_note-britlingayat-253">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britlingayat_253-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britlingayat_253-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britlingayat_253-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lingayat">Lingayat: Hindu sect</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202121919/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lingayat">Archived</a> 2 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encyclopedia Britannica (2015) </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAziz_AhmadKarigoudar_Ishwaran1973" class="citation book cs1">Aziz Ahmad; Karigoudar Ishwaran (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2yEVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA5">Contributions to Asian Studies</a>. Brill Academic. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215003331/https://books.google.com/books?id=2yEVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contributions+to+Asian+Studies&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=1973&rft.au=Aziz+Ahmad&rft.au=Karigoudar+Ishwaran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2yEVAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAya_Ikegame2013" class="citation book cs1">Aya Ikegame (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bV5ElF17ezwC&pg=PA83">Princely India Re-imagined: A Historical Anthropology of Mysore from 1799 to the present</a>. Routledge. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-23909-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-23909-0"><bdi>978-1-136-23909-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170214234243/https://books.google.com/books?id=bV5ElF17ezwC&pg=PA83">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Princely+India+Re-imagined%3A+A+Historical+Anthropology+of+Mysore+from+1799+to+the+present&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-23909-0&rft.au=Aya+Ikegame&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbV5ElF17ezwC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kLs3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA77">Lingayat Religion – Tradition and Modernity in Bhakti Movements, Jayant Lele</a>. Brill Archive. 1981. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004063706" title="Special:BookSources/9004063706"><bdi>9004063706</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lingayat+Religion+%E2%80%93+Tradition+and+Modernity+in+Bhakti+Movements%2C+Jayant+Lele&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9004063706&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkLs3AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> Fredrick Bunce (2010), Hindu deities, demi-gods, godlings, demons, and heroes, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788124601457" title="Special:BookSources/9788124601457">9788124601457</a>, page 983 </li> <li id="cite_note-janpeter-258"><a href="#cite_ref-janpeter_258-0">^</a> Jan Peter Schouten (1995), Revolution of the Mystics: On the Social Aspects of Vīraśaivism, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120812383" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120812383">978-8120812383</a>, pages 2–3 </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_LevinsonKaren_Christensen2002" class="citation book cs1">David Levinson; Karen Christensen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iUoOAQAAMAAJ">Encyclopedia of Modern Asia</a>. Gale. p. 475. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80617-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80617-4"><bdi>978-0-684-80617-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170214234047/https://books.google.com/books?id=iUoOAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Modern+Asia&rft.pages=475&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80617-4&rft.au=David+Levinson&rft.au=Karen+Christensen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiUoOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988">; Quote: "The Lingayats are a Hindu sect concentrated in the state of Karnataka (a southern provincial state of India), which covers 191,773 square kilometers. The Lingayats constitute around 20 percent of the total population in that state." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEA._K._Ramanujan1973-260"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA._K._Ramanujan1973_260-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFA._K._Ramanujan1973">A. K. Ramanujan 1973</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTER._Blake_Michael1992168–175-261"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._Blake_Michael1992168–175_261-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFR._Blake_Michael1992">R. Blake Michael 1992</a>, pp. 168–175. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rice1982p64-262"><a href="#cite_ref-Rice1982p64_262-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_P._Rice1982" class="citation book cs1">Edward P. Rice (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2fhCH-NRatUC&pg=PA64">A History of Kannada Literature</a>. Asian Educational Services. pp. 64–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0063-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0063-8"><bdi>978-81-206-0063-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215013237/https://books.google.com/books?id=2fhCH-NRatUC&pg=PA64">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Kannada+Literature&rft.pages=64-72&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0063-8&rft.au=Edward+P.+Rice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2fhCH-NRatUC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBill_Aitken1999" class="citation book cs1">Bill Aitken (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sUJuAAAAMAAJ">Divining the Deccan</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 109–110, 213–215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564711-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564711-2"><bdi>978-0-19-564711-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215013220/https://books.google.com/books?id=sUJuAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divining+the+Deccan&rft.pages=109-110%2C+213-215&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-564711-2&rft.au=Bill+Aitken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsUJuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-leelaprasad-264">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leelaprasad_264-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-leelaprasad_264-1">b</a> Leela Prasad (2012), Poetics of Conduct: Oral Narrative and Moral Being in a South Indian Town, Columbia University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231139212" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231139212">978-0231139212</a>, page 104 </li> <li id="cite_note-roghair7-265">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roghair7_265-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roghair7_265-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVelcheru_Narayana_RaoGene_H._Roghair2014">Velcheru Narayana Rao & Gene H. Roghair 2014</a>, p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-hindu/">The global religious landscape: Hindus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200209012719/https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-hindu/">Archived</a> 9 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Pew Research (2012) </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://such.forumotion.com/t10657-kashmir-shaivism-from-kashmir-to-tamil-nadu">"Kashmir Shaivism: From Kashmir to Tamil Nadu"</a>. Such.Forumotion. 6 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205190330/https://such.forumotion.com/t10657-kashmir-shaivism-from-kashmir-to-tamil-nadu">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kashmir+Shaivism%3A+From+Kashmir+to+Tamil+Nadu&rft.pub=Such.Forumotion&rft.date=2013-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsuch.forumotion.com%2Ft10657-kashmir-shaivism-from-kashmir-to-tamil-nadu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shaivam.org/scripture/English-Articles/1397/saivism-of-the-tamils">"Shaivism in Tamils"</a>. Shaivam.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204111054/https://shaivam.org/scripture/English-Articles/1397/saivism-of-the-tamils">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shaivism+in+Tamils&rft.pub=Shaivam.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshaivam.org%2Fscripture%2FEnglish-Articles%2F1397%2Fsaivism-of-the-tamils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-flood200shakti-269">^ <a href="#cite_ref-flood200shakti_269-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-flood200shakti_269-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavin_Flood2008" class="citation book cs1">Gavin Flood (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SKBxa-MNqA8C">The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99868-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99868-7"><bdi>978-0-470-99868-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223102025/https://books.google.com/books?id=SKBxa-MNqA8C">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Hinduism&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-99868-7&rft.au=Gavin+Flood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSKBxa-MNqA8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988">, Quote: "it is often impossible to meaningfully distinguish between Saiva and Sakta traditions". </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Julius_J._Lipner" title="Julius J. Lipner">Julius J. Lipner</a> (2009), Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45677-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45677-7">978-0-415-45677-7</a>, pages 40–41, 302–315, 371–375 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson200944–45_with_footnotes-271"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson200944–45_with_footnotes_271-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanderson2009">Sanderson 2009</a>, pp. 44–45 with footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti1986171-272"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravarti1986171_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1986">Chakravarti 1986</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-Subramanian1989-273"><a href="#cite_ref-Subramanian1989_273-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._R._Subramanian1989" class="citation book cs1">K. R. Subramanian (1 January 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vnO2BMPdYEoC&pg=PA140">Buddhist Remains in Āndhra and the History of Āndhra Between 225 & 610 A.D.</a> Asian Educational Services. pp. 140–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0444-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0444-5"><bdi>978-81-206-0444-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315005522/https://books.google.com/books?id=vnO2BMPdYEoC&pg=PA140">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Remains+in+%C4%80ndhra+and+the+History+of+%C4%80ndhra+Between+225+%26+610+A.D.&rft.pages=140-&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1989-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0444-5&rft.au=K.+R.+Subramanian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvnO2BMPdYEoC%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 16, 123, 494–495, 550–552 </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 130–131, 550–552 </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> Hariani Santiko (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178725">The Goddess Durgā in the East-Javanese Period</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180822214426/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178725">Archived</a> 22 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 209–226 </li> <li id="cite_note-ghose15-277">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ghose15_277-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghose15_277-1">b</a> R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 15–17 </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 155–157, 462–463 </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeneral1974" class="citation book cs1">General, India Office of the Registrar (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RzMrL1BVKTMC&q=nayaks%20veerashaiva%20by%20faith">Census of India, 1971: Series 14: Mysore</a>. Manager of Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1971%3A+Series+14%3A+Mysore&rft.pub=Manager+of+Publications&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=General&rft.aufirst=India+Office+of+the+Registrar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRzMrL1BVKTMC%26q%3Dnayaks%2520veerashaiva%2520by%2520faith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta. "A Historical Sketch of Saivism", in: Bhattacharyya (1956), Volume IV pages 63 -78. </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> For more on the subject of Shaivite influence on Indonesia, one could read N.J.Krom, Inleiding tot de Hindoe-Javaansche Kunst/Introduction to Hindu-Javanese Art, The Hague, Martinus Nijhof, 1923 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson200945–52_with_footnotes-282"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson200945–52_with_footnotes_282-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanderson2009">Sanderson 2009</a>, pp. 45–52 with footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bühnemann2003p60-283">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bühnemann2003p60_283-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bühnemann2003p60_283-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bühnemann2003p60_283-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGudrun_Bühnemann2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gudrun_B%C3%BChnemann" title="Gudrun Bühnemann">Gudrun Bühnemann</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kQf2m8VaC_oC&pg=PA60">Mandalas and Yantras in the Hindu Traditions</a>. BRILL Academic. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004129023" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004129023"><bdi>978-9004129023</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143322/https://books.google.com/books?id=kQf2m8VaC_oC&pg=PA60">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mandalas+and+Yantras+in+the+Hindu+Traditions&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-9004129023&rft.au=Gudrun+B%C3%BChnemann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkQf2m8VaC_oC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flood1996p17a-284"><a href="#cite_ref-Flood1996p17a_284-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavin_D._Flood1996" class="citation book cs1">Gavin D. Flood (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo">An Introduction to Hinduism</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/17">17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0"><bdi>978-0-521-43878-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43878-0&rft.au=Gavin+D.+Flood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi0000floo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiana_L._Eck1998" class="citation book cs1">Diana L. Eck (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wWqaD9Hz1bMC">Darśan: Seeing the Divine Image in India</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11265-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11265-9"><bdi>978-0-231-11265-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200225230234/https://books.google.com/books?id=wWqaD9Hz1bMC">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dar%C5%9Ban%3A+Seeing+the+Divine+Image+in+India&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11265-9&rft.au=Diana+L.+Eck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwWqaD9Hz1bMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lexicon-286">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lexicon_286-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lexicon_286-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.himalayanacademy.com/readlearn/basics/four-sects">The Four Denominations of Hinduism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170328151222/https://www.himalayanacademy.com/readlearn/basics/four-sects">Archived</a> 28 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Basics of Hinduism, Kauai Hindu Monastery </li> <li id="cite_note-Harle1994p141-287">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harle1994p141_287-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harle1994p141_287-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_C._Harle1994" class="citation book cs1">James C. Harle (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl">The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent</a>. Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl/page/140">140</a>–142, 191, 201–203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06217-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06217-5"><bdi>978-0-300-06217-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+and+Architecture+of+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft.pages=140-142%2C+191%2C+201-203&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-300-06217-5&rft.au=James+C.+Harle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartarchitectureo00harl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams1981p2-288"><a href="#cite_ref-Williams1981p2_288-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_Asher1981" class="citation book cs1">Frederick Asher (1981). Joanna Gottfried Williams (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ">Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India</a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 1–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-06498-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-06498-2"><bdi>90-04-06498-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205102943/https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kal%C4%81dar%C5%9Bana%3A+American+Studies+in+the+Art+of+India&rft.pages=1-4&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=90-04-06498-2&rft.au=Frederick+Asher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-qoeAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnupa_PandeParul_Pandya_Dhar2004" class="citation book cs1">Anupa Pande; Parul Pandya Dhar (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PvxtAAAAMAAJ">Cultural Interface of India with Asia: Religion, Art and Architecture</a>. National Museum Institute. pp. 159 with note 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-246-0262-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-246-0262-1"><bdi>978-81-246-0262-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170327011608/https://books.google.com/books?id=PvxtAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Interface+of+India+with+Asia%3A+Religion%2C+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pages=159+with+note+13&rft.pub=National+Museum+Institute&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-246-0262-1&rft.au=Anupa+Pande&rft.au=Parul+Pandya+Dhar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPvxtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986246,_248_with_footnote_501-290"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986246,_248_with_footnote_501_290-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, p. 246, 248 with footnote 501. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner2012319–320-291"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner2012319–320_291-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLipner2012">Lipner 2012</a>, pp. 319–320. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStella_Kramrisch199357-292"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStella_Kramrisch199357_292-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStella_Kramrisch1993">Stella Kramrisch 1993</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner2012312–313,_315–317,_374–375-293"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner2012312–313,_315–317,_374–375_293-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLipner2012">Lipner 2012</a>, pp. 312–313, 315–317, 374–375. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner2012319–333-294"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner2012319–333_294-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLipner2012">Lipner 2012</a>, pp. 319–333. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a438-295"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a438_295-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1994a">Kramrisch 1994a</a>, p. 438. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson200953–58_with_footnotes-296">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson200953–58_with_footnotes_296-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson200953–58_with_footnotes_296-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanderson2009">Sanderson 2009</a>, pp. 53–58 with footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikel_Burley2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mikel_Burley" title="Mikel Burley">Mikel Burley</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hathayogaitscont0000burl">Haṭha-Yoga: Its Context, Theory, and Practice</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hathayogaitscont0000burl/page/6">6</a>–12, 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1706-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1706-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1706-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ha%E1%B9%ADha-Yoga%3A+Its+Context%2C+Theory%2C+and+Practice&rft.pages=6-12%2C+59&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1706-7&rft.au=Mikel+Burley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhathayogaitscont0000burl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> Alexis Sanderson (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alexissanderson.com/uploads/6/2/7/6/6276908/sanderson_yoga_of_mrgendra.pdf">YOGA IN ŚAIVISM</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019164616/http://www.alexissanderson.com/uploads/6/2/7/6/6276908/sanderson_yoga_of_mrgendra.pdf">Archived</a> 19 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Oxford University, pages 1-7 </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_E_Muller-Ortega2008" class="citation book cs1">Paul E Muller-Ortega (2008). Knut A. Jacobsen (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jPK2spNnwm4C&pg=PA181">Theory and Practice of Yoga : 'Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 181–192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3232-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3232-9"><bdi>978-81-208-3232-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170402173924/https://books.google.com/books?id=jPK2spNnwm4C&pg=PA181">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+and+Practice+of+Yoga+%3A+%27Essays+in+Honour+of+Gerald+James+Larson&rft.pages=181-192&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3232-9&rft.au=Paul+E+Muller-Ortega&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjPK2spNnwm4C%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLise_McKean1996" class="citation book cs1">Lise McKean (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OsI7Hy8H34YC&pg=PA161">Divine Enterprise: Gurus and the Hindu Nationalist Movement</a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 161–163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-56009-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-56009-0"><bdi>978-0-226-56009-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315005243/https://books.google.com/books?id=OsI7Hy8H34YC&pg=PA161">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divine+Enterprise%3A+Gurus+and+the+Hindu+Nationalist+Movement&rft.pages=161-163&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-226-56009-0&rft.au=Lise+McKean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOsI7Hy8H34YC%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndira_Viswanathan_Peterson201496–97-301"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndira_Viswanathan_Peterson201496–97_301-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIndira_Viswanathan_Peterson2014">Indira Viswanathan Peterson 2014</a>, pp. 96–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasugupta19927–8-302"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasugupta19927–8_302-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVasugupta1992">Vasugupta 1992</a>, pp. 7–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/17972/1/Nath%20Sampradaya.FP.pdf">Nath Sampradaya</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517022952/http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/17972/1/Nath%20Sampradaya.FP.pdf">Archived</a> 17 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, James Mallinson (2011), Brill Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 3, Brill Academic, pp. 407–428. </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> Alexis Sanderson (1999), Yoga in Śaivism: The Yoga Section of the Mṛgendratantra, University of Oxford, pages 4, 22–25 </li> <li id="cite_note-panthey1987-306"><a href="#cite_ref-panthey1987_306-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaroj_Panthey1987" class="citation book cs1">Saroj Panthey (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GUBXNueBQo0C">Iconography of Śiva in Pahāṛī Paintings</a>. Mittal Publications. pp. 59–60, 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-016-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-016-1"><bdi>978-81-7099-016-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205083742/https://books.google.com/books?id=GUBXNueBQo0C">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iconography+of+%C5%9Aiva+in+Pah%C4%81%E1%B9%9B%C4%AB+Paintings&rft.pages=59-60%2C+88&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-7099-016-1&rft.au=Saroj+Panthey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGUBXNueBQo0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rao227-307">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rao227_307-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rao227_307-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._A._Gopinatha_Rao1997" class="citation book cs1">T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC">Elements of Hindu Iconography</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 223–229, 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0877-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0877-5"><bdi>978-81-208-0877-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315012920/https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Hindu+Iconography&rft.pages=223-229%2C+237&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0877-5&rft.au=T.+A.+Gopinatha+Rao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De7mP3kDzGuoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/24548">Shiva as Lord of the Dance (Nataraja), Chola period, c. 10th/11th century</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215105555/http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/24548">Archived</a> 15 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Art Institute of Chicago, United States </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._A._Gopinatha_Rao1997" class="citation book cs1">T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC">Elements of Hindu Iconography</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 236–238, 247–258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0877-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0877-5"><bdi>978-81-208-0877-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315012920/https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Hindu+Iconography&rft.pages=236-238%2C+247-258&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0877-5&rft.au=T.+A.+Gopinatha+Rao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De7mP3kDzGuoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> Gomathi Narayanan (1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40874102">SHIVA NATARAJA AS A SYMBOL OF PARADOX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928115107/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40874102">Archived</a> 28 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Journal of South Asian Literature, Vol. 21, No. 2, page 215 </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnna_Libera_Dallapiccola2007" class="citation book cs1">Anna Libera Dallapiccola (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JR1rj6wxlo8C">Indian Art in Detail</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02691-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02691-9"><bdi>978-0-674-02691-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315005404/https://books.google.com/books?id=JR1rj6wxlo8C">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Art+in+Detail&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02691-9&rft.au=Anna+Libera+Dallapiccola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJR1rj6wxlo8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Smith2003" class="citation book cs1">David Smith (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fTLlcGlkdjkC&pg=PA1">The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52865-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52865-8"><bdi>978-0-521-52865-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315005506/https://books.google.com/books?id=fTLlcGlkdjkC&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dance+of+Siva%3A+Religion%2C+Art+and+Poetry+in+South+India&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52865-8&rft.au=David+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfTLlcGlkdjkC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Burch_Brown2014" class="citation book cs1">Frank Burch Brown (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GkvSAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA489">The Oxford Handbook of Religion and the Arts</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 489–490. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517667-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517667-4"><bdi>978-0-19-517667-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315013021/https://books.google.com/books?id=GkvSAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA489">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Religion+and+the+Arts&rft.pages=489-490&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517667-4&rft.au=Frank+Burch+Brown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGkvSAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnita_M._LeopoldJeppe_Sinding_Jensen2005" class="citation book cs1">Anita M. Leopold; Jeppe Sinding Jensen (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WvYQAQAAIAAJ">Syncretism in Religion: A Reader</a>. Routledge. p. 303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97361-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97361-8"><bdi>978-0-415-97361-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170320062633/https://books.google.com/books?id=WvYQAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syncretism+in+Religion%3A+A+Reader&rft.pages=303&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-97361-8&rft.au=Anita+M.+Leopold&rft.au=Jeppe+Sinding+Jensen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWvYQAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_Tarling1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Tarling" title="Nicholas Tarling">Nicholas Tarling</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0b-6wpalR40C&pg=PA328">The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 328–329. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66369-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66369-4"><bdi>978-0-521-66369-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170320053242/https://books.google.com/books?id=0b-6wpalR40C&pg=PA328">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=328-329&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66369-4&rft.au=Nicholas+Tarling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0b-6wpalR40C%26pg%3DPA328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blurton1993p84-316">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blurton1993p84_316-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blurton1993p84_316-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blurton1993p84_316-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._Richard_Blurton1993" class="citation book cs1">T. Richard Blurton (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC">Hindu Art</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 84–85, 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39189-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39189-5"><bdi>978-0-674-39189-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160630131216/https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Art&rft.pages=84-85%2C+191&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-674-39189-5&rft.au=T.+Richard+Blurton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxJ-lzU_nj_MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blurton1993p30-318">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blurton1993p30_318-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blurton1993p30_318-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._Richard_Blurton1993" class="citation book cs1">T. Richard Blurton (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC">Hindu Art</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 29–30, 84–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39189-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39189-5"><bdi>978-0-674-39189-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160630131216/https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Art&rft.pages=29-30%2C+84-85&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-674-39189-5&rft.au=T.+Richard+Blurton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxJ-lzU_nj_MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Harvey1990" class="citation book cs1">Peter Harvey (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontobu00harv_0">An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontobu00harv_0/page/143">143</a>–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31333-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31333-9"><bdi>978-0-521-31333-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Buddhism%3A+Teachings%2C+History+and+Practices&rft.pages=143-144&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31333-9&rft.au=Peter+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontobu00harv_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_KieschnickMeir_Shahar2013" class="citation book cs1">John Kieschnick; Meir Shahar (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uM8eAgAAQBAJ">India in the Chinese Imagination: Myth, Religion, and Thought</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 79–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4560-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4560-8"><bdi>978-0-8122-4560-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329150333/https://books.google.com/books?id=uM8eAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+in+the+Chinese+Imagination%3A+Myth%2C+Religion%2C+and+Thought&rft.pages=79-80&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4560-8&rft.au=John+Kieschnick&rft.au=Meir+Shahar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuM8eAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumāra2007" class="citation book cs1">Kumāra, Braja Bihārī (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-lJI9avHstYC">India and Central Asia: Classical to Contemporary Periods</a>. Concept Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-457-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-457-8"><bdi>978-81-8069-457-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+Central+Asia%3A+Classical+to+Contemporary+Periods&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-457-8&rft.aulast=Kum%C4%81ra&rft.aufirst=Braja+Bih%C4%81r%C4%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-lJI9avHstYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1993" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Junghee (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3250524">"The Origins and Development of the Pensive Bodhisattva Images of Asia"</a>. Artibus Asiae. 53 (3/4): 311–357. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3250524">10.2307/3250524</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3648">0004-3648</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3250524">3250524</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artibus+Asiae&rft.atitle=The+Origins+and+Development+of+the+Pensive+Bodhisattva+Images+of+Asia&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=311-357&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0004-3648&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3250524%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3250524&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Junghee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3250524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Lochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">James Lochtefeld (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/128">The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1&2</a>. Rosen Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/128">128</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1"><bdi>0-8239-2287-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%2C+Vol.+1%262&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8239-2287-1&rft.au=James+Lochtefeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc0000loch%2Fpage%2F128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 160–165 </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> J.L. Moens, Het Buddhisme Java en Sumatra in Zijn laatste boeiperiods, T.B.G., pp. 522–539, 550; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10404094">10404094</a>, Quote: “He Janardana is the excellent Dewa in the form of Buddha, the Kula Bhairava." </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 94–96, 253 </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> Rk Sahu (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/Dec/engpdf/28-34.pdf">Iconography of Surya in the Temple Art of Odisha</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161010215354/http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/Dec/engpdf/28-34.pdf">Archived</a> 10 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Orissa Review, Volume 11, page 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristiaan_Hooykaas1974" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Christiaan Hooykaas (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dKdkAAAAMAAJ">Cosmogony and creation in Balinese tradition</a>. Vol. Bibliotheca Indonesica, Volumes 9–10. Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. pp. 1–3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170328105934/https://books.google.com/books?id=dKdkAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2017. 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(2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MsLiCQAAQBAJ">Candi Indonesia: Seri Jawa: Indonesian-English</a>. Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan. pp. 4–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-602-17669-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-602-17669-3-4"><bdi>978-602-17669-3-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170314152207/https://books.google.com/books?id=MsLiCQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2017. 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University of Chicago Press. pp. 31–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03834-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03834-6"><bdi>978-0-226-03834-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170314071445/https://books.google.com/books?id=L2nfb7UyssMC">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balinese+Worlds&rft.pages=31-36&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-226-03834-6&rft.au=Fredrik+Barth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL2nfb7UyssMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoshen_Dalal2010" class="citation book cs1">Roshen Dalal (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC">The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths</a>. Penguin Books. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341517-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341517-6"><bdi>978-0-14-341517-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170418131501/https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religions+of+India%3A+A+Concise+Guide+to+Nine+Major+Faiths&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-14-341517-6&rft.au=Roshen+Dalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpNmfdAKFpkQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_M._Clontz2016" class="citation book cs1">Jack M. Clontz (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VzTFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA222">Khon Mask : Thailand Heritage</a>. MOCA Bangkok. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78301-872-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78301-872-7"><bdi>978-1-78301-872-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170314071453/https://books.google.com/books?id=VzTFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA222">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khon+Mask+%3A+Thailand+Heritage&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=MOCA+Bangkok&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78301-872-7&rft.au=Jack+M.+Clontz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVzTFCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanskrit.inria.fr/MW/73.html">क्षेत्र</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160912063425/http://sanskrit.inria.fr/MW/73.html">Archived</a> 12 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "sacred spot, place of pilgrimage". </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> Knut A. Jacobsen (2012), Pilgrimage in the Hindu Tradition: Salvific Space, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415590389" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415590389">978-0415590389</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAriel_Glucklich2008146,_'''Quote:'''_The_earliest_promotional_works_aimed_at_tourists_from_that_era_were_called_''mahatmyas''-344">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAriel_Glucklich2008146,_'''Quote:'''_The_earliest_promotional_works_aimed_at_tourists_from_that_era_were_called_''mahatmyas''_344-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAriel_Glucklich2008146,_'''Quote:'''_The_earliest_promotional_works_aimed_at_tourists_from_that_era_were_called_''mahatmyas''_344-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAriel_Glucklich2008">Ariel Glucklich 2008</a>, p. 146, Quote: The earliest promotional works aimed at tourists from that era were called mahatmyas. </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_Waring_Maw1997" class="citation book cs1">Geoffrey Waring Maw (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IarXAAAAMAAJ">Pilgrims in Hindu Holy Land: Sacred Shrines of the Indian Himalayas</a>. Sessions Book Trust. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85072-190-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85072-190-1"><bdi>978-1-85072-190-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216202914/https://books.google.com/books?id=IarXAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilgrims+in+Hindu+Holy+Land%3A+Sacred+Shrines+of+the+Indian+Himalayas&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Sessions+Book+Trust&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85072-190-1&rft.au=Geoffrey+Waring+Maw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIarXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanjukta_DasguptaChinmoy_Guha2013" class="citation book cs1">Sanjukta Dasgupta; Chinmoy Guha (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iBiJCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76">Tagore at Home in the World</a>. SAGE Publications. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-321-1149-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-321-1149-8"><bdi>978-81-321-1149-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170330124831/https://books.google.com/books?id=iBiJCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2017. 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N.K. Bose Memorial Foundation. pp. 36–41. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170330114119/https://books.google.com/books?id=cqEcAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA2">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditions+of+Tirthas+in+India%3A+The+Anthropology+of+Hindu+Pilgrimage&rft.pages=36-41&rft.pub=N.K.+Bose+Memorial+Foundation&rft.date=1985&rft.au=B+Sarawati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcqEcAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle1992" class="citation book cs1">Olivelle, Patrick (1992). The Samnyasa Upanisads. Oxford University Press. pp. 141–143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507045-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507045-3"><bdi>978-0-19-507045-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Samnyasa+Upanisads&rft.pages=141-143&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507045-3&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> Indira Peterson (1983), Lives of the wandering singers: Pilgrimage and poetry in Tamil Śaivite hagiography, History of Religions, University of Chicago Press, Vol. 22, No. 4, pages 338–360 </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> Indira Peterson (1982), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/601112">Singing of a place: pilgrimage as metaphor and motif in the Tēvāram songs of the Tamil Śaivite saints</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170330083539/http://www.jstor.org/stable/601112">Archived</a> 30 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 102, No. 1, pages 69–90 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a164-357">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a164_357-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a164_357-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1994a">Kramrisch 1994a</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-govid52-358"><a href="#cite_ref-govid52_358-0">^</a> Ghurye, G.S., 1952. Ascetic Origins. Sociological Bulletin, 1(2), pp.162-184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a11–12-359"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1994a11–12_359-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1994a">Kramrisch 1994a</a>, pp. 11–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-brill72-360"><a href="#cite_ref-brill72_360-0">^</a> Pensa, Corrado. "Some Internal and Comparative Problems in the Field of Indian Religions." Problems and Methods of the History of Religions. Brill, 1972. 102-122. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApte1965" class="citation book cs1">Apte, Vaman Shivram (1965). The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0567-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0567-5"><bdi>978-81-208-0567-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Practical+Sanskrit+Dictionary&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0567-5&rft.aulast=Apte&rft.aufirst=Vaman+Shivram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> (fourth revised & enlarged edition).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasham1989" class="citation book cs1">Basham, A. L. (1989). Zysk, Kenneth (ed.). The Origins and Development of Classical Hinduism. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507349-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507349-2"><bdi>978-0-19-507349-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+and+Development+of+Classical+Hinduism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507349-2&rft.aulast=Basham&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhandarkar1913" class="citation book cs1">Bhandarkar, Ramakrishna Gopal (1913). Vaisnavism, Śaivism, and Minor Religious Systems. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0122-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0122-2"><bdi>978-81-206-0122-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vaisnavism%2C+%C5%9Aaivism%2C+and+Minor+Religious+Systems&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1913&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0122-2&rft.aulast=Bhandarkar&rft.aufirst=Ramakrishna+Gopal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> Third AES reprint edition, 1995.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharyya1956" class="citation book cs1">Bhattacharyya, Haridas, ed. (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturalheritage04bhat">The Cultural Heritage of India</a>. Calcutta: The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cultural+Heritage+of+India&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=The+Ramakrishna+Mission+Institute+of+Culture&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturalheritage04bhat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> Four volumes.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBisschop2020" class="citation cs2">Bisschop, Peter C. (2020), "Early Śaivism - From Mantramārga Back to Atimārga: Atimārga as a Self-referential Term", in Goodall, Dominic; Hatley, Shaman; Isaacson, Harunaga; Raman, Srilata (eds.), Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions: Essays in Honour of Alexis G.J.S. Sanderson, Gonda Indological Studies, vol. 22, <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, pp. 14–32, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004432802_003">10.1163/9789004432802_003</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F135642">1887/135642</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43266-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43266-6"><bdi>978-90-04-43266-6</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229212351">229212351</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+%C5%9Aaivism+-+From+Mantram%C4%81rga+Back+to+Atim%C4%81rga%3A+Atim%C4%81rga+as+a+Self-referential+Term&rft.btitle=%C5%9Aaivism+and+the+Tantric+Traditions%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Alexis+G.J.S.+Sanderson&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Gonda+Indological+Studies&rft.pages=14-32&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F135642&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A229212351%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004432802_003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-43266-6&rft.aulast=Bisschop&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBisschop2018" class="citation cs2">Bisschop, Peter C. (2018), "Universal Śaivism", Universal Śaivism: The Appeasement of All Gods and Powers in the Śāntyadhyāya of the Śivadharmaśāstra, Gonda Indological Studies, vol. 18, <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004384361">10.1163/9789004384361</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38246-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38246-6"><bdi>978-90-04-38246-6</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158081966">158081966</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Universal+%C5%9Aaivism&rft.btitle=Universal+%C5%9Aaivism%3A+The+Appeasement+of+All+Gods+and+Powers+in+the+%C5%9A%C4%81ntyadhy%C4%81ya+of+the+%C5%9Aivadharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Gonda+Indological+Studies&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158081966%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004384361&rft.isbn=978-90-04-38246-6&rft.aulast=Bisschop&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBisschop2011" class="citation cs2">Bisschop, Peter C. (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399318/obo-9780195399318-0051.xml">Shaivism</a>, Oxford University Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180102174639/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399318/obo-9780195399318-0051.xml">archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2018, retrieved 10 March 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shaivism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Bisschop&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780195399318%2Fobo-9780195399318-0051.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs1951" class="citation journal cs1">Briggs, Lawrence Palmer (1951). "The Syncretism of Religions in Southeast Asia, Especially in the Khmer Empire". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 71 (4): 230–249. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F596106">10.2307/596106</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/596106">596106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+Syncretism+of+Religions+in+Southeast+Asia%2C+Especially+in+the+Khmer+Empire&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=230-249&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F596106&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F596106%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+Palmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakravarti1986" class="citation cs2">Chakravarti, Mahadev (1986), The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through The Ages (first ed.), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+Rudra-%C5%9Aiva+Through+The+Ages&rft.place=Delhi&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Chakravarti&rft.aufirst=Mahadev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakravarti1994" class="citation cs2">Chakravarti, Mahadev (1994), The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through The Ages (Second Revised ed.), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0053-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0053-3"><bdi>978-81-208-0053-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+Rudra-%C5%9Aiva+Through+The+Ages&rft.place=Delhi&rft.edition=Second+Revised&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0053-3&rft.aulast=Chakravarti&rft.aufirst=Mahadev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtright1985" class="citation book cs1">Courtright, Paul B. (1985). Gaṇeśa: Lord of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505742-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505742-3"><bdi>978-0-19-505742-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22International+Alphabet+of+Sanskrit+transliteration%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22sa-Latn%22%3EGa%E1%B9%87e%C5%9Ba%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3A+Lord+of+Obstacles%2C+Lord+of+Beginnings&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505742-3&rft.aulast=Courtright&rft.aufirst=Paul+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniélou2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Alain Daniélou">Daniélou, Alain</a> (2017) [1964]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OIXtDwAAQBAJ">The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3638-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3638-9"><bdi>978-81-208-3638-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24247413">24247413</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:169604069">169604069</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myths+and+Gods+of+India%3A+The+Classic+Work+on+Hindu+Polytheism&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24247413&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A169604069%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3638-9&rft.aulast=Dani%C3%A9lou&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOIXtDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniélou1984" class="citation book cs1">Daniélou, Alain (1984) [1979]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QDQK7l13WIIC">Gods of Love and Ecstasy: The Traditions of Shiva and Dionysus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Vermont" title="Rochester, Vermont">Rochester, Vermont</a>: <a href="/wiki/Inner_Traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner Traditions">Inner Traditions</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89281-374-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-89281-374-1"><bdi>0-89281-374-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/25281659">25281659</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191033152">191033152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods+of+Love+and+Ecstasy%3A+The+Traditions+of+Shiva+and+Dionysus&rft.place=Rochester%2C+Vermont&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F25281659&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191033152%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=0-89281-374-1&rft.aulast=Dani%C3%A9lou&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQDQK7l13WIIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniélou1987" class="citation book cs1">Daniélou, Alain (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qNZrAwAAQBAJ">While the Gods Play: Shaiva Oracles and Predictions on the Cycles of History and the Destiny of Mankind</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Vermont" title="Rochester, Vermont">Rochester, Vermont</a>: <a href="/wiki/Inner_Traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner Traditions">Inner Traditions</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-736-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-736-3"><bdi>978-1-59477-736-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15696932">15696932</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=While+the+Gods+Play%3A+Shaiva+Oracles+and+Predictions+on+the+Cycles+of+History+and+the+Destiny+of+Mankind&rft.place=Rochester%2C+Vermont&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15696932&rft.isbn=978-1-59477-736-3&rft.aulast=Dani%C3%A9lou&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqNZrAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasgupta1955" class="citation book cs1">Dasgupta, Surendranath (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/AHistoryOfIndianPhilosophyBySurendranathDasgupta-5Volumes/A.History.of.Indian.Philosophy.by.Surendranath.Dasgupta#page/n2311/mode/2up">A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol. 5: The Southern Schools of Śaivism</a>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Philosophy%2C+Vol.+5%3A+The+Southern+Schools+of+%C5%9Aaivism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Dasgupta&rft.aufirst=Surendranath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FAHistoryOfIndianPhilosophyBySurendranathDasgupta-5Volumes%2FA.History.of.Indian.Philosophy.by.Surendranath.Dasgupta%23page%2Fn2311%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMariasusai_Dhavamony1971" class="citation book cs1">Mariasusai Dhavamony (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tD8qAAAAYAAJ">Love of God according to Śaiva Siddhānta: a study in the mysticism and theology of Śaivism</a>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826523-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826523-8"><bdi>978-0-19-826523-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+of+God+according+to+%C5%9Aaiva+Siddh%C4%81nta%3A+a+study+in+the+mysticism+and+theology+of+%C5%9Aaivism&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-19-826523-8&rft.au=Mariasusai+Dhavamony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtD8qAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Gavin (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo">An Introduction to Hinduism</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0"><bdi>978-0-521-43878-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43878-0&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi0000floo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2003" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Gavin, ed. (2003). "The Śaiva Traditions". The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405132510" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405132510"><bdi>978-1405132510</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%C5%9Aaiva+Traditions&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Hinduism&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1405132510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2016" class="citation book cs1">Gray, David B. (2016). "Tantra and the Tantric Traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.59">10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.59</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199340378" title="Special:BookSources/9780199340378"><bdi>9780199340378</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tantra+and+the+Tantric+Traditions+of+Hinduism+and+Buddhism&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.59&rft.isbn=9780199340378&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimes1995" class="citation book cs1">Grimes, John A. (1995). Ganapati: Song of the Self. SUNY Series in Religious Studies. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2440-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2440-7"><bdi>978-0-7914-2440-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ganapati%3A+Song+of+the+Self&rft.place=Albany&rft.series=SUNY+Series+in+Religious+Studies&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2440-7&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarperBrown,_Robert_L.2002" class="citation book cs1">Harper, Katherine Anne; Brown, Robert L. (2002). The Roots of Tantra. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5306-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5306-3"><bdi>978-0-7914-5306-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Tantra&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-5306-3&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Katherine+Anne&rft.au=Brown%2C+Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAriel_Glucklich2008" class="citation book cs1">Ariel Glucklich (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC">The Strides of Vishnu : Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971825-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971825-2"><bdi>978-0-19-971825-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strides+of+Vishnu+%3A+Hindu+Culture+in+Historical+Perspective%3A+Hindu+Culture+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971825-2&rft.au=Ariel+Glucklich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKtLScrjrWiAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulkeKesavapanySakhuja2010" class="citation book cs1">Kulke, Hermann; Kesavapany, K.; Sakhuja, Vijay (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AjQgMAEACAAJ">Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia</a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-8123-0937-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-8123-0937-2"><bdi>978-9-8123-0937-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327161723/https://books.google.com/books?id=AjQgMAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nagapattinam+to+Suvarnadwipa%3A+Reflections+on+the+Chola+Naval+Expeditions+to+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9-8123-0937-2&rft.aulast=Kulke&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft.au=Kesavapany%2C+K.&rft.au=Sakhuja%2C+Vijay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAjQgMAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonda1977" class="citation book cs1">Gonda, Jan (1977). "10-13". Medieval Religious Literature in Sanskrit. A History of Indian Literature 2.1. Harrassowitz Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10-13&rft.btitle=Medieval+Religious+Literature+in+Sanskrit.+A+History+of+Indian+Literature+2.1&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Gonda&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeay2000" class="citation book cs1">Keay, John (2000). India: A History. New York: Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3797-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3797-5"><bdi>978-0-8021-3797-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-3797-5&rft.aulast=Keay&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnn_R._KinneyMarijke_J._KlokkeLydia_Kieven2003" class="citation book cs1">Ann R. Kinney; Marijke J. Klokke; Lydia Kieven (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sfa2FiIERLYC">Worshiping Siva and Buddha: The Temple Art of East Java</a>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2779-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2779-3"><bdi>978-0-8248-2779-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worshiping+Siva+and+Buddha%3A+The+Temple+Art+of+East+Java&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2779-3&rft.au=Ann+R.+Kinney&rft.au=Marijke+J.+Klokke&rft.au=Lydia+Kieven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsfa2FiIERLYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStella_Kramrisch1993" class="citation book cs1">Stella Kramrisch (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O5BanndcIgUC">The Presence of Siva</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01930-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01930-7"><bdi>978-0-691-01930-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presence+of+Siva&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01930-7&rft.au=Stella+Kramrisch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO5BanndcIgUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorenzen1987" class="citation book cs1">Lorenzen, David N. (1987). "Śaivism: An Overview". In Mircea Eliade (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 13. Collier Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C5%9Aaivism%3A+An+Overview&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.pub=Collier+Macmillan&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Lorenzen&rft.aufirst=David+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesRyan2006" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC">Encyclopedia of Hinduism</a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5"><bdi>978-0-8160-7564-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221020070415/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Constance&rft.au=Ryan%2C+James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgMmceadQ3gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipner2012" class="citation book cs1">Lipner, Julius (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qv3fCgAAQBAJ">Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-24061-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-24061-5"><bdi>978-1-135-24061-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindus%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-135-24061-5&rft.aulast=Lipner&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqv3fCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallinson2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mallinson (author)">Mallinson, James</a> (2012). "Nāth Sampradāya". In Knut A. Jacobsen; Helene Basu; Angelika Malinar; Vasudha Narayanan (eds.). 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Sarup & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-427-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-427-4"><bdi>978-81-7625-427-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+%C5%9Aaivism&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7625-427-4&rft.aulast=Parmeshwaranand&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_HQvbJDacNDMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPathak1960" class="citation book cs1">Pathak, V. S. (1960). History of Śaiva Cults in Northern India from Inscriptions, 700 A.D. to 1200 A.D. 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Institut Français de Pondichéry. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2855396668" title="Special:BookSources/978-2855396668"><bdi>978-2855396668</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9langes+tantriques+%C3%A0+la+m%C3%A9moire+d%27H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne+Brunner%3A+Tantric+Studies+in+Memory+of+H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne+Brunner&rft.pub=Institut+Fran%C3%A7ais+de+Pondich%C3%A9ry&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2855396668&rft.au=Alexis+Sanderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcHnhXwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilko_Wiardo_Schomerus2000" class="citation book cs1">Hilko Wiardo Schomerus (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uUL8r9cOMXcC">Śaiva Siddhānta: An Indian School of Mystical Thought : Presented as a System and Documented from the Original Tamil Sources</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1569-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1569-8"><bdi>978-81-208-1569-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C5%9Aaiva+Siddh%C4%81nta%3A+An+Indian+School+of+Mystical+Thought+%3A+Presented+as+a+System+and+Documented+from+the+Original+Tamil+Sources&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1569-8&rft.au=Hilko+Wiardo+Schomerus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuUL8r9cOMXcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1988" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Ram Karan (1988). Elements of Poetry in the Mahābhārata. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0544-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0544-6"><bdi>978-81-208-0544-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Poetry+in+the+Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0544-6&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Ram+Karan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> Second edition.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTattwananda1984" class="citation cs2">Tattwananda, Swami (1984), Vaisnava Sects, Saiva Sects, Mother Worship (First Revised ed.), Calcutta: Firma KLM Private Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vaisnava+Sects%2C+Saiva+Sects%2C+Mother+Worship&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.edition=First+Revised&rft.pub=Firma+KLM+Private+Ltd.&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Tattwananda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasugupta1992" class="citation book cs1">Vasugupta (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o6-n4ulAsdIC">The Aphorisms of Siva: The Siva Sutra with Bhaskara's Commentary, the Varttika</a>. Translated by Mark Dyczkowski. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1264-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1264-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-1264-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aphorisms+of+Siva%3A+The+Siva+Sutra+with+Bhaskara%27s+Commentary%2C+the+Varttika&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1264-0&rft.au=Vasugupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do6-n4ulAsdIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramrisch1994a" class="citation cs2">Kramrisch, Stella (1994a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presenceofsivamy00skra">The Presence of Śiva</a>, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691019307" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691019307"><bdi>978-0691019307</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presence+of+%C5%9Aiva&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0691019307&rft.aulast=Kramrisch&rft.aufirst=Stella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresenceofsivamy00skra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenugopalam2003" class="citation book cs1">Venugopalam, R. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtnNw_hiA9oC&q=jyotirlinga&pg=PT113">Meditation: Any Time Any Where</a> (First ed.). Delhi: B. Jain Publishers (P) Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-8056-373-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-8056-373-1"><bdi>81-8056-373-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meditation%3A+Any+Time+Any+Where&rft.place=Delhi&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=B.+Jain+Publishers+%28P%29+Ltd.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=81-8056-373-1&rft.aulast=Venugopalam&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZtnNw_hiA9oC%26q%3Djyotirlinga%26pg%3DPT113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinternitz1972" class="citation book cs1">Winternitz, Maurice (1972). History of Indian Literature. New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corporation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Literature&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Oriental+Books+Reprint+Corporation&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Winternitz&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaivism" class="Z3988"> Second revised reprint edition. Two volumes. First published 1927 by the University of Calcutta.</li></ul> </div> B. S. L. Hanumantha Rao, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xSRuAAAAMAAJ">Religion in Andhra: A Survey of Religious Developments in Andhra from Early Times Upto A.D. 1325</a>. Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of A.P., 1993 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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title="Dakshinamurti">Dakshinamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harihara" title="Harihara">Harihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishana" title="Ishana">Ishana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadyojata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadyojata">Sadyojata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatpurusha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatpurusha">Tatpurusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamadeva" title="Vamadeva">Vamadeva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardhanarishvara" title="Ardhanarishvara">Ardhanarishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devasena" title="Devasena">Devasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valli" title="Valli">Valli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandi_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandi (mythology)">Nandi</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg/100px-India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg/150px-India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg/200px-India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivarahasya_Purana" title="Shivarahasya Purana">Shivarahasya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a>/<a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namah_Shivaya" title="Om Namah Shivaya">Om Namah Shivaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudrashtakam" title="Rudrashtakam">Rudrashtakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81mrityunjaya_Mantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāmrityunjaya Mantra">Mahāmrityunjaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Tandava_Stotra" title="Shiva Tandava Stotra">Shiva Tandava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sahasranama" title="Shiva Sahasranama">Sahasranama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Chalisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiv Chalisa">Chalisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Rudram" title="Shri Rudram">Shri Rudram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Mahimna_Stotra" title="Shiva Mahimna Stotra">Shiva Mahimna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hara_Hara_Mahadeva" title="Hara Hara Mahadeva">Hara Hara Mahadeva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghori" title="Aghori">Aghori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaula_(Hinduism)" title="Kaula (Hinduism)">Kaula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Trika Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Veera Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha_Siddhanta" title="Siddha Siddhanta">Siddha Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Advaita" title="Shiva Advaita">Shiva Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Shaiva Smartas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Festivals and observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanwar_Yatra" title="Kanwar Yatra">Kanwar Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradosha" title="Pradosha">Pradosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Puja" title="Shiva Puja">Shiva Puja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shiva_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiva temple">Shiva temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panch_Kedar" title="Panch Kedar">Panch Kedar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath_Temple" title="Kedarnath Temple">Kedarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungnath" title="Tungnath">Tungnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudranath" title="Rudranath">Rudranath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaheshwar" title="Madhyamaheshwar">Madhyamaheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpeshwar" title="Kalpeshwar">Kalpeshwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Sabhai" title="Pancha Sabhai">Pancha Sabhai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vadaranyeswarar_Temple" title="Sri Vadaranyeswarar Temple">Rathinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataraja_Temple,_Chidambaram" title="Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram">Pon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Temple" title="Meenakshi Temple">Velli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellaiappar_Temple" title="Nellaiappar Temple">Thamiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukutralam" title="Thirukutralam">Chitiram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta_Sthalam" title="Pancha Bhuta Sthalam">Pancha Bhuta Sthalam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nataraja_Temple,_Chidambaram" title="Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram">Chidambaram (Ether)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srikalahasteeswara_temple" title="Srikalahasteeswara temple">Tirukalahasti (Air)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachalesvara_Temple" title="Arunachalesvara Temple">Tiruvannamalai (Fire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambukeswarar_Temple,_Thiruvanaikaval" title="Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval">Tiruvanaikaval (Water)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekambareswarar_Temple_(Kanchipuram)" title="Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)">Kanchipuram (Earth)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jyotirlinga" title="Jyotirlinga">Jyotirlingas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhimashankar_Temple" title="Bhimashankar Temple">Bhimashankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grishneshwar_Temple" title="Grishneshwar Temple">Grishneshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath_Temple" title="Kedarnath Temple">Kedarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjuna_Jyotirlinga" class="mw-redirect" title="Mallikarjuna Jyotirlinga">Mallikarjun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakaleshwar_Jyotirlinga" title="Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga">Mahakaleshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nageshvara_Jyotirlinga" title="Nageshvara Jyotirlinga">Nageshvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omkareshwar_Temple" title="Omkareshwar Temple">Omkareshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanathaswamy_Temple" title="Ramanathaswamy Temple">Ramanathaswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somnath_temple" title="Somnath temple">Somnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimbakeshwar_Shiva_Temple" title="Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple">Trimbakeshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaidyanath_Jyotirlinga" title="Vaidyanath Jyotirlinga">Vaidyanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashi_Vishwanath_Temple" title="Kashi Vishwanath Temple">Vishwanath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarnath_Temple" title="Amarnath Temple">Amarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadisvara_Temple,_Thanjavur" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur">Brihadeeswarar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Manasarovar" title="Lake Manasarovar">Kailash Mansarovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katas_Raj_Temples" title="Katas Raj Temples">Katas Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingaraja_Temple" title="Lingaraja Temple">Lingaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Temple" title="Meenakshi Temple">Meenakshi Sundareshwarar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardhanareeswarar_temple,_Tiruchengode" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardhanareeswarar temple, Tiruchengode">Tiruchengode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkunnathan_Temple" title="Vadakkunnathan Temple">Vadakkum Nathan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">Lingam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rasalingam" title="Rasalingam">Rasalingam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha" title="Siddha">Siddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibhuti" title="Vibhuti">Vibhuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sahasranama" title="Shiva Sahasranama">Other names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Category:Shaivism" title="Category:Shaivism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shiva_temples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shiva_temples" title="Template:Shiva temples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shiva_temples" title="Template talk:Shiva temples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shiva_temples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shiva temples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shiva_temples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shiva_temples_in_India" title="List of Shiva temples in India">Shiva temples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trilinga_Kshetras" title="Trilinga Kshetras">Trilinga Kshetras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daksharamam" title="Daksharamam">Daksharamam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srisailam" title="Srisailam">Srisailam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaleswaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaleswaram">Kaleswaram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panch_Kedar" title="Panch Kedar">Pancha Kedaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath" title="Kedarnath">Kedarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungnath" title="Tungnath">Tungnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudranath" title="Rudranath">Rudranath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaheshwar" title="Madhyamaheshwar">Madhyamaheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpeshwar" title="Kalpeshwar">Kalpeshwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancharama_Kshetras" title="Pancharama Kshetras">Pancharama Kshetras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amararama" title="Amararama">Amararama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draksharama" class="mw-redirect" title="Draksharama">Draksharama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksheerarama" title="Ksheerarama">Ksheerarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumararama" title="Kumararama">Kumararama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somarama" title="Somarama">Somarama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Sabhai" title="Pancha Sabhai">Pancha Sabhas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vadaranyeswarar_Temple" title="Sri Vadaranyeswarar Temple">Emarald/Rathinam, Thiruvalangadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataraja_Temple,_Chidambaram" title="Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram">Gold/Pon, Thillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Temple" title="Meenakshi Temple">Silver/Velli, Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellaiappar_Temple" title="Nellaiappar Temple">Copper/Thamiram, Nellai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukutralam" title="Thirukutralam">Art/Chithiram, Courtallam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta_Sthalam" title="Pancha Bhuta Sthalam">Panchabhuta Sthalams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekambareswarar_Temple_(Kanchipuram)" title="Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)">Kanchipuram (Earth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachalesvara_Temple" title="Arunachalesvara Temple">Tiruvannamalai (Fire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambukeswarar_Temple,_Thiruvanaikaval" title="Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval">Thiruvanaikaval (Water)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataraja_Temple,_Chidambaram" title="Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram">Chidambaram (Ether) </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srikalahasteeswara_temple" title="Srikalahasteeswara temple">Srikalahasthi (Air)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Ishwarams" title="Pancha Ishwarams">Pancheswarams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ketheeswaram_temple" title="Ketheeswaram temple">Kethiswaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koneswaram_Temple" title="Koneswaram Temple">Koneswaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munneswaram_temple" title="Munneswaram temple">Munneswaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naguleswaram_temple" title="Naguleswaram temple">Naguleswaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenavaram_temple" title="Tenavaram temple">Thondeswaram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jyotirlinga" title="Jyotirlinga">Jyotirlinga Sthalas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somnath_temple" title="Somnath temple">Somnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srisailam" title="Srisailam">Srisailam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakaleshwar_Jyotirlinga" title="Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga">Mahakaleshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omkareshwar_Temple" title="Omkareshwar Temple">Omkareshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath" title="Kedarnath">Kedarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimashankar_Temple" title="Bhimashankar Temple">Bhimashankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashi_Vishwanath_Temple" title="Kashi Vishwanath Temple">Kashi Vishvanath</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimbakeshwar_Shiva_Temple" title="Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple">Trimbakeshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baidyanath_Temple" title="Baidyanath Temple">Vaidyanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nageshvara_Jyotirlinga" title="Nageshvara Jyotirlinga">Nageshvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanathaswamy_Temple" title="Ramanathaswamy Temple">Rameswaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grishneshwar_Temple" title="Grishneshwar Temple">Grishneshwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Significant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paadal_Petra_Sthalam" title="Paadal Petra Sthalam">275 Paadal Petra Sthalams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadisvara_Temple" title="Brihadisvara Temple">Brihadeeswaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarnath_Temple" title="Amarnath Temple">Amarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingaraja_Temple" title="Lingaraja Temple">Lingaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabaleshwar_Temple,_Gokarna" title="Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna">Gokarna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudalasangama" title="Kudalasangama">Kudalasangama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom_Sree_Mahadeva_Temple" title="Vaikom Sree Mahadeva Temple">Vaikom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkunnathan_Temple" title="Vadakkunnathan Temple">Thrissur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyagaraja_Temple,_Tiruvarur" title="Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur">Thiruvarur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandariya_Mahadeva_Temple" title="Kandariya Mahadeva Temple">Khajuraho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shiva_temples_in_India" title="List of Shiva temples in India">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Out of India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_S%C6%A1n" title="Mỹ Sơn">Bhadreshwaram (Vietnam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ateshgah_of_Baku" title="Ateshgah of Baku">Fire temple (Azerbaijan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga_Talao" title="Ganga Talao">Ganga Talao (Mauritius)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraivan_Temple" title="Iraivan Temple">Iraivan temple (USA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katas_Raj_Temples" title="Katas Raj Temples">Katas Raj (Pakistan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiyuan_Temple_(Quanzhou)" title="Kaiyuan Temple (Quanzhou)">Kadhalishwaram ruins (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketheeswaram_temple" title="Ketheeswaram temple">Kethishwaram (Sri Lanka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koneswaram_Temple" title="Koneswaram Temple">Koneshwaram (Sri Lanka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokkadicholai_Thaanthonreeswarar_Temple" title="Kokkadicholai Thaanthonreeswarar Temple">Kokkadicholai Thaanthonreeswaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Mt. Kailash (Tibet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupatinath_Temple" title="Pashupatinath Temple">Pashupatinath (Nepal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Shivagraham (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sivan_Temple" title="Sri Sivan Temple">Sivan temple (Singapore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanom_Rung_Historical_Park" title="Phanom Rung Historical Park">Sthūlādri (Thailand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_the_Sea" title="Temple in the Sea">Temple in the Sea (Trinidad and Tobago)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banteay_Srei" title="Banteay Srei">Tribhuvanamāhesvaram (Cambodia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devasathan" title="Devasathan">Thewasathan Bot Phram</a> (<a href="/wiki/Giant_Swing" title="Giant Swing">sao ching cha</a>)(<a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>)</li> <li>Hx thewalay kestr phiman (<a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_province" title="Sukhothai province">Sukhothai province</a>)</li> <li>Hx Phar Ishvaran (<a href="/wiki/Kamphaeng_Phet_province" title="Kamphaeng Phet province">Kamphaeng Phet province</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindudharma" title="Template:Hindudharma"><abbr 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href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/14px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a> <ul><li><img alt="" 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Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 3.47% 94.777 1 Template:Saivism"," 3.04% 82.962 1 Template:Location_map+"," 2.83% 77.132 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.776","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23802929,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFA._K._Ramanujan1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAM_Sastri2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbhinavaguptaJaideva_Singh1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexis_Sanderson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexis_Sanderson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrea_Acri2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnita_M._LeopoldJeppe_Sinding_Jensen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnn_R._KinneyMarijke_J._KlokkeLydia_Kieven2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnna_Libera_Dallapiccola2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnupa_PandeParul_Pandya_Dhar2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFApte1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAriel_Glucklich2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAxel_Michaels2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAya_Ikegame2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAyyangar1953\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFAziz_AhmadKarigoudar_Ishwaran1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB_Sarawati1985\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBakker2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasham1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeck1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhandarkar1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhattacharyya1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBill_Aitken1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBisschop2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBisschop2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBisschop2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBraj_B._Kachru1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBriggs1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBäumer,_B.Kumar,_S2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakravarti1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakravarti1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristiaan_Hooykaas1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristopher_Partridge2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCourtright1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCynthia_Packert_Atherton1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDandekar1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniélou1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniélou1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniélou2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDasgupta1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_LevinsonKaren_Christensen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_N._Lorenzen1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Smith2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeussen1997\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFDiana_L._Eck1998\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEdi_SedyawatiHariani_SantikoHasan_Djafar2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdward_L._Shaughnessy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdward_P._Rice1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElaine_Fisher2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFlood1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank_Burch_Brown2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrazier2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrederick_Asher1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrederick_J._Simoons1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFredrik_Barth1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanesh_Vasudeo_Tagare2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanguli1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGavin_D._Flood1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGavin_Flood2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGavin_Flood2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGavin_Flood2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeneral1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeoffrey_Waring_Maw1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Cardona1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonda1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimes1995\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGudrun_Bühnemann2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuy_L._Beck1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarperBrown,_Robert_L.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHattangadi2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHeather_Elgood2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHilko_Wiardo_Schomerus2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurleyHurley2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndira_Viswanathan_Peterson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJack_M._Clontz2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaideva_Singh1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Boon1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_C._Harle1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Lochtefeld2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJan_Gonda1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJan_Gonda1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_KieschnickMeir_Shahar2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Myrdhin_Reynolds1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonGrim2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesRyan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJulia_Leslie1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK._R._Subramanian1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK._Sivaraman1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeay2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim_Skoog1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlostermaier1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramrisch1994a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulkeKesavapanySakhuja2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumāra2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLai_Ah_Eng2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaura_Giuliano2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipner2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLisa_KemmererAnthony_J._Nocella2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLise_McKean1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorenzen1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorenzen1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallinson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMariasusai_Dhavamony1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMariasusai_Dhavamony1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMariasusai_Dhavamony2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_S._G._Dyczkowski1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_Singleton2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMate1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthew_James_Clark2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDaniel2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_W._Meister1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichaels2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMikel_Burley2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuller-Ortega2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunavalli2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNath2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholas_Tarling1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOberlies1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlivelle1992\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOlivelle1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParmeshwaranand2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPathak1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_E_Muller-Ortega2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Harvey1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPratapaditya_PalStephen_P._HuylerJohn_E._Cort2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrem_Prakash1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._Blake_Michael1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajendra_Prasad2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRigopoulos1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRocher1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRohan_A._Dunuwila1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomila_Thapar2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoshen_Dalal2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFS._J._Vainker1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuel2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanderson1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanderson1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanderson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanderson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanjukta_DasguptaChinmoy_Guha2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanjukta_Gupta2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaroj_Panthey1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSastri1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrinivasan1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanley_D._Brunn2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStella_Kramrisch1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFT._A._Gopinatha_Rao1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFT._Richard_Blurton1993\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTattwananda1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVasugupta1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVelcheru_Narayana_RaoGene_H._Roghair2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVenugopalam2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinternitz1972\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 157,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite speech\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 7,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 4,\n [\"Hindudharma\"] = 1,\n [\"Hinduism_small\"] = 1,\n [\"IAST\"] = 14,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 35,\n [\"Infobox\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Location map+\"] = 1,\n [\"Location map~\"] = 43,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"Oclc\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 13,\n [\"Saivism\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 168,\n [\"Shaivism\"] = 1,\n [\"Shiva temples\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 21,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","400","21.7"],["?","220","12.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","200","10.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","180","9.8"],["dataWrapper 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