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href="#Summary_of_senators_profiled"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Summary of senators profiled</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary_of_senators_profiled-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Authorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accuracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Book by John F. Kennedy</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Profiles in Courage <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Profiles+in+Courage&rft.author=%5B%5BJohn+F.+Kennedy%5D%5D%3Cbr+%2F%3E%5B%5BTed+Sorensen%5D%5D+%28%5B%5Bghostwriter%5D%5D%29&rft.date=January+1%2C+1956&rft.pub=%5B%5BHarper+%26+Brothers%5D%5D&rft.pages=272"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Profiles_in_Courage_Front_Cover_(1956_first_edition).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Profiles_in_Courage_Front_Cover_%281956_first_edition%29.jpg/220px-Profiles_in_Courage_Front_Cover_%281956_first_edition%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Profiles_in_Courage_Front_Cover_%281956_first_edition%29.jpg/330px-Profiles_in_Courage_Front_Cover_%281956_first_edition%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Profiles_in_Courage_Front_Cover_%281956_first_edition%29.jpg/440px-Profiles_in_Courage_Front_Cover_%281956_first_edition%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1981" data-file-height="2938" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">First edition</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ted_Sorensen" title="Ted Sorensen">Ted Sorensen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">ghostwriter</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States senators</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data">Biography</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Brothers">Harper & Brothers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">January 1, 1956<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">272</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-095544-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-095544-1">978-0-06-095544-1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Why_England_Slept" title="Why England Slept">Why England Slept</a> </i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Nation_of_Immigrants" title="A Nation of Immigrants">A Nation of Immigrants</a> </i></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Profiles in Courage</b></i> is a 1956 volume of short biographies describing acts of bravery and integrity by eight <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States senators</a>. The book, authored by <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ted_Sorensen" title="Ted Sorensen">Ted Sorensen</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">ghostwriter</a>, profiles senators who defied the opinions of their <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">party</a> and constituents to do what they felt was right and suffered severe criticism and losses in popularity as a result. It begins with a <a href="/wiki/Epigraph_(literature)" title="Epigraph (literature)">quotation</a> from <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> on the courage of the English statesman <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Charles James Fox</a>, in his 1783 "attack upon the tyranny of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>" in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Great_Britain" title="House of Commons of Great Britain">House of Commons</a>, and focuses on mid-19th-century antebellum America and the efforts of senators to delay the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Profiles in Courage</i> was widely celebrated and became a bestseller. It includes a foreword by <a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Allan Nevins</a>. </p><p>John F. Kennedy, then a U.S. senator, won the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Biography_or_Autobiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography">Pulitzer Prize</a> for the work. However, in his 2008 autobiography, Kennedy's speechwriter <a href="/wiki/Ted_Sorensen" title="Ted Sorensen">Ted Sorensen</a>, who was presumed as early as 1957 to be the book's <a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">ghostwriter</a>, acknowledged that he "did a first draft of most chapters" and "helped choose the words of many of its sentences".<sup id="cite_ref-Walls_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walls-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Her_Story,_Their_Words:_Behind_the_Scenes_of_the_Best-Sellers_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Her_Story,_Their_Words:_Behind_the_Scenes_of_the_Best-Sellers-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Who_wrote_that_political_memoir?_No,_who_actually_wrote_it?_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who_wrote_that_political_memoir?_No,_who_actually_wrote_it?-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jules_Davids" title="Jules Davids">Jules Davids</a>, who was a history professor for Kennedy's wife <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacqueline Kennedy">Jacqueline</a> when she was a student at Georgetown University, is also acknowledged to have made key contributions to the historical research and organizational planning for the book.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-julesdavidletter_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-julesdavidletter-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1990, Kennedy's family created the <a href="/wiki/Profile_in_Courage_Award" title="Profile in Courage Award">Profile in Courage Award</a> to honor individuals who have acted with courage in the same vein as those profiled in the book. The book also served as the basis for an American historical anthology series of the <a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage_(TV_series)" title="Profiles in Courage (TV series)">same name</a> that was telecast weekly on NBC from November 8, 1964, to May 9, 1965. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_history">Background and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Profiles_in_Courage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kennedy was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946, 1948, and 1950 from the state of Massachusetts. In 1952 and 1958, he was elected a <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">senator from Massachusetts</a> and served in the Senate until resigning after he was elected president in <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a>. It was a passage from <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Agar" title="Herbert Agar">Herbert Agar</a>'s book <i>The Price of Union</i> about an act of courage by an earlier senator from Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>, that gave Kennedy the idea of writing about senatorial <a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">courage</a>. He showed the passage to <a href="/wiki/Ted_Sorensen" title="Ted Sorensen">Ted Sorensen</a> and asked him to see if he could find some more examples. This Sorensen did, and eventually they had enough not just for an article, as Kennedy had originally envisaged, but a book.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With help from research assistants and the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, Sorenson wrote a first draft of the book while Kennedy was bedridden with Addison's disease and recovering from back surgery during 1954 and 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a> remarked that another motivation for Kennedy to write the book was his desire to improve his reputation after failing to vote to censure Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a>. Naftali said it was Kennedy's ambition to become <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a>, and that he included Edmund Ross to appeal to Southern Democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary_of_senators_profiled">Summary of senators profiled</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Profiles_in_Courage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Summary of senators profiled"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>, from Massachusetts, for breaking away from the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a>, who like Kennedy represented Massachusetts in Congress, for speaking in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Hart Benton (senator)">Thomas Hart Benton</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, for staying in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> despite his opposition to the extension of slavery in the territories.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, for speaking against the <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> of 1854, which would have allowed those two states to decide on the slavery question. Houston wanted to uphold the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a>. His and Benton's votes against Kansas–Nebraska did just that.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This was his most unpopular vote, and he was defeated when running for re-election. Two years later he'd regained enough popularity to be elected Governor of Texas. However, when the state convened in special session and joined the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>, Sam Houston refused to be inaugurated as governor, holding true to his ideal of preserving the Union.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_G._Ross" title="Edmund G. Ross">Edmund G. Ross</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, for voting for acquittal in the <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson impeachment trial</a>. As a result of Ross's vote, along with those of six other <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a>, Democrat Johnson's presidency was saved, and the stature of the office was preserved.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Quintus_Cincinnatus_Lamar_(II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar (II)">Lucius Lamar</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, for eulogizing <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> on the Senate floor and other efforts to mend ties between the North and South during <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction</a>, and for his principled opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Bland%E2%80%93Allison_Act" title="Bland–Allison Act">Bland–Allison Act</a> to permit free coinage of <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>. Lamar returned to Mississippi and gave rousing speeches that eventually led to public approval of his decisions and cemented a legacy of courageousness.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Norris" title="George W. Norris">George Norris</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, for opposing <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Joseph Gurney Cannon</a>'s autocratic power as Speaker of the House, for speaking out against arming U.S. merchant ships during the United States' neutral period in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and for supporting the presidential campaign of Democrat <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a>, the first Catholic to be a major party nominee.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, for criticizing the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg Trials</a> for trying <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war criminals</a> under <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_post_facto" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex post facto">ex post facto</a></i> laws. Counter-criticism against Taft's statements was vital to his failure to <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)_presidential_primaries,_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1948">secure the Republican nomination for president</a> in 1948.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Profiles_in_Courage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After its release on January 1, 1956, <i>Profiles in Courage</i> became a bestseller. The book won the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Biography_or_Autobiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography">Pulitzer Prize for Biography</a> in 1957, even though it was not one of the finalists forwarded to the prize board from the selection committee. Kennedy's father <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph</a> asked columnist <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Krock" title="Arthur Krock">Arthur Krock</a>, his political adviser and a longtime member of the prize board, to persuade others to vote for it.<sup id="cite_ref-leamer2001_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leamer2001-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fehrman20200211_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fehrman20200211-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book returned to the bestseller lists in 1961 after Kennedy became president and again in 1963 after he was assassinated.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Profiles in Courage</i> was the basis of a <a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage_(TV_series)" title="Profiles in Courage (TV series)">television series of the same</a> name that aired on the <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> network during the 1964–1965 <a href="/wiki/Television_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Television season">television season</a>. </p><p>In 1956, Kennedy gave a copy of the book to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, who responded that he was looking forward to reading it. After being defeated by Kennedy in the <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960 United States presidential election</a>, Nixon was advised by <a href="/wiki/Mamie_Eisenhower" title="Mamie Eisenhower">Mamie Eisenhower</a> to write a book himself. Nixon visited the White House in April 1961 and got the same advice from Kennedy: writing a book would raise the public image of any public man. Nixon wrote his book <i><a href="/wiki/Six_Crises" title="Six Crises">Six Crises</a></i> (1962) in response to <i>Profiles in Courage</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthews_1997_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthews_1997-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Delson_2009_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delson_2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roper_1998_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roper_1998-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authorship">Authorship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Profiles_in_Courage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On December 7, 1957,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> journalist <a href="/wiki/Drew_Pearson_(journalist)" title="Drew Pearson (journalist)">Drew Pearson</a> appeared as a guest on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mike_Wallace_Interview" title="The Mike Wallace Interview">The Mike Wallace Interview</a></i> and made the claim that "John F. Kennedy is the only man in history that I know who won a Pulitzer Prize for a book that was <a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">ghostwritten</a> for him." Wallace replied: "You know for a fact, Drew, that the book <i>Profiles in Courage</i> was written for Senator Kennedy ... by someone else?" Pearson responded that he did and that Kennedy speechwriter <a href="/wiki/Ted_Sorensen" title="Ted Sorensen">Ted Sorensen</a> wrote the book. Wallace responded: "And Kennedy accepted a Pulitzer Prize for it? And he never acknowledged the fact?" Pearson replied: "No, he has not. You know, there's a little wisecrack around the Senate about Jack ... some of his colleagues say, 'Jack, I wish you had a little less profile and more courage.'"<sup id="cite_ref-Walls_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walls-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fehrman20200211_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fehrman20200211-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph P. Kennedy">Joseph P. Kennedy</a> saw the broadcast, then called his lawyer, <a href="/wiki/Clark_Clifford" title="Clark Clifford">Clark Clifford</a>, yelling: "Sue the bastards for fifty million dollars!" Soon Clifford and <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> showed up at ABC and told executives that the Kennedys would sue unless the network issued a full retraction and apology. Wallace and Pearson insisted that the story was true and refused to comply. Nevertheless, ABC made the retraction and apology, which made Wallace furious.<sup id="cite_ref-Walls_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walls-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fehrman20200211_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fehrman20200211-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Straight_Dope" title="The Straight Dope">The Straight Dope</a></i>, Herbert Parmet later analyzed the text of <i>Profiles in Courage</i> and wrote in his book <i>Jack: The Struggles of John F. Kennedy</i> (1980) that although Kennedy did oversee the production and provided for the direction and message of the book, it was Sorensen who provided most of the work that went into the end product.<sup id="cite_ref-straightdope_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-straightdope-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The thematic essays that comprise the first and last chapters "may be viewed largely as [Kennedy's] own work", however.<sup id="cite_ref-leamer2001_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leamer2001-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 401">: 401 </span></sup> </p><p>In addition to Kennedy's speechwriter Sorensen, <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacqueline Kennedy">Jacqueline Kennedy</a> recruited her history instructor from <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Davids" title="Jules Davids">Jules Davids</a>, to work on the project. Davids told a Kennedy biographer that he and Sorensen had researched and written drafts of most of the book. Kennedy's handwritten notes, which Kennedy showed to reporters to prove his authorship, are now in the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennedy Library">Kennedy Library</a>, but are mostly preliminary notes about John Quincy Adams, a particular interest of Kennedy's, and are not a readable draft of the chapter on Adams. During the six-month period when the book was being written, Sorensen worked full-time on the project, sometimes twelve-hour days; Kennedy spent most of the same period traveling, campaigning, or hospitalized. Kennedy's preserved notes show that he kept up with the book's progress, but historian <a href="/wiki/Garry_Wills" title="Garry Wills">Garry Wills</a> remarked that Kennedy's notes contain no draft of any stage of the manuscript, or of any substantial part of it.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Sorensen's 2008 autobiography, <i>Counselor: A Life at the Edge of History</i>, he said he wrote "a first draft of most of the chapters" of <i>Profiles in Courage</i> and "helped choose the words of many of its sentences".<sup id="cite_ref-Her_Story,_Their_Words:_Behind_the_Scenes_of_the_Best-Sellers_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Her_Story,_Their_Words:_Behind_the_Scenes_of_the_Best-Sellers-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Who_wrote_that_political_memoir?_No,_who_actually_wrote_it?_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who_wrote_that_political_memoir?_No,_who_actually_wrote_it?-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sorensen also wrote: "While in Washington, I received from Florida almost daily instructions and requests by letter and telephone – books to send, memoranda to draft, sources to check, materials to assemble, and Dictaphone drafts or revisions of early chapters" (Sorensen, p. 146). Sorensen wrote that Kennedy "worked particularly hard and long on the first and last chapters, setting the tone and philosophy of the book". Kennedy "publicly acknowledged in his introduction to the book my extensive role in its composition" (p. 147). Sorensen claimed that in May 1957, Kennedy "unexpectedly and generously offered, and I happily accepted, a sum to be spread over several years, that I regarded as more than fair" for his work on the book. Indeed, this supported a long-standing recognition of the collaborative effort that Kennedy and Sorensen had developed since 1953.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Craig Fehrman, author of <i>Author in Chief: The Untold Story of Our Presidents and the Books They Wrote</i>, wrote in 2020 that "The book's structure, research, first draft and most of its second came from [Sorensen]". According to Fehrman, "Even the book's idea came from him (Sorensen)": after Kennedy suggested that Sorensen write a magazine article on Adams's courage as senator for publication with Kennedy's name, Sorensen suggested to Kennedy in a letter accompanying the draft article that he ask <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Brothers">Harper & Brothers</a>—where <a href="/wiki/Michael_Temple_Canfield" title="Michael Temple Canfield">Michael Temple Canfield</a>, Jacqueline Kennedy's brother-in-law, worked—if the publisher were interested in a book on the topic. They shared in profits from all work Sorensen ghostwrote for Kennedy, as agreed when the former joined the latter's staff. Kennedy wrote the preface but did not mention Sorensen. After Sorensen returned an edited draft of the preface with a request for a mention, Kennedy added a line thanking him "for his invaluable assistance". Sorensen received a $6,000 bonus, about one third of his annual salary.<sup id="cite_ref-fehrman20200211_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fehrman20200211-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Wallace–Pearson television appearance, Kennedy and Sorensen agreed that the rumor could ruin Kennedy's presidential plans. Sorensen swore an affidavit stating that his only role was "to assist [Kennedy] in the assembly and preparation of research and other materials upon which much of the book is based". The document said that Sorensen's work was "very generously acknowledged by the Senator in the preface", despite the credit only appearing after Sorensen asked Kennedy for it. Kennedy claimed that he had kept all of the earnings from <i>Profiles</i> despite the two payments to Sorensen, and that the Pulitzer was proof of his authorship. "The lies became cover for the lies", Fehrman concluded.<sup id="cite_ref-fehrman20200211_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fehrman20200211-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fehrman further claimed Kennedy worked harder on promoting <i>Profiles</i>, signing autographs and making many public appearances for the book, than he did writing it. Kennedy tried to have it published before the end of 1955 to qualify for the Pulitzer Prizes in 1956; <i>Profiles</i> appeared on its original date of January 2, 1956, eligible for the 1957 prizes. Although friends and family said that the Pulitzer made Kennedy happier than his World War II <a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a> or any other award, and Kennedy told <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Coit" title="Margaret Coit">Margaret Coit</a> in 1953 "I would rather win a Pulitzer Prize than be president", the award caused the press to investigate <i>Profiles</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s authorship. In May 1957, two weeks after the award, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Seldes" title="Gilbert Seldes">Gilbert Seldes</a> discussed the rumor that Kennedy had not written the book in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">The Village Voice</a></i>. That month the Kennedys agreed to pay Sorensen more than $100,000, an amount Fehrman said was "frankly astonishing".<sup id="cite_ref-fehrman20200211_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fehrman20200211-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though Kennedy's legacy continues to take criticism for relying on Sorensen for improving Kennedy's grammar and style, and for creating the final prose of much of the volume, contemporary Kennedy scholar and foreign policy expert Professor Fredrick Logevall wrote that in several ways Kennedy may have played the more essential role in the book, noting importantly that "Kennedy made the final choices about which figures to feature in the book. And although Sorensen took the lead role in drafting the bulk of the chapters, with significant input on some of them from Professor Jules Davids and Jim Landis, the senator (Kennedy) was responsible for the book's architecture, themes, and arguments." As noted earlier, Kennedy was especially critical to the first and the last chapters, as well as a large portion of Chapter 2 on John Quincy Adams. Logevall went on to claim that Sorensen, though a highly capable writer, as a political novice didn't have Kennedy's ability to reflect on the importance and place of compromise in political life, nor was he as knowledgeable about American history as Kennedy. According to Logevall, and attested to by both Jackie Kennedy, and many friends, Kennedy worked for many weeks on the book during his long and painful recovery from back surgery, noting, "often he worked while prone in bed, on heavy white paper in his loose, widely spaced hand; on better days he was propped up on the patio or the porch." Further, Kennedy played a highly active role in locating research sources, for "on an almost daily basis, Sorensen recalled, Kennedy sent him instructions about 'books to ship down, memoranda to prepare, sources to check, materials to assemble.'" Kennedy instructed Sorensen to scan more than two hundred books, journals, magazines, (and) Congressional records. Sorensen later noted, "the way Jack worked was to take all the material, mine and his, pencil it, dictate the fresh copy in his own words, pencil it again, he never used a typewriter".<sup id="cite_ref-Profiles_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Profiles-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a letter Jules Davids wrote in 1957, which was made public in 1997, backed claims that he and Sorensen were in fact the key contributors to the book's history research.<sup id="cite_ref-julesdavidletter_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-julesdavidletter-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to claims by other authors such as Fehrman and Seldes that Kennedy was deceptive in claiming the book's authorship, Logevall alleged "Kennedy had a bigger role in the writing, and certainly in the conception and framing of the book than many of these analysts suggested; the book's broad themes and overarching structure were his." Logevall also added that it was standard for American politicians in the mid-twentieth century, as well as later, to get significant assistance on books that appeared under their name alone. Had Kennedy denied authorship or not accepted the Pulitzer, it may have been damaging to his political career, and though much of the work of the book was indeed Sorensen's, by legal arrangement accepted by Sorensen, the authorship was indeed Kennedy's according to Logevall.<sup id="cite_ref-fehrman20200211_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fehrman20200211-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Logevall, the book's most significant contribution was not as an in-depth history, nor was it exceptional in its literary style, of which Sorensen was likely the greatest contributor. Rather, he argues the book's value lay in its "broad interpretive claims", best told in the two chapters in which Kennedy's contribution was greatest, the first and the last. Logevall wrote that for Kennedy, the book's central theme, which he and not Sorenson selected, may have been "We can compromise our political positions, but not ourselves". Kennedy further wrote, "We can resolve the clash of interests without conceding our ideals." Logevall stated that the ability to compromise while staying faithful to ideals was central to Kennedy's political aspirations.<sup id="cite_ref-Profiles_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Profiles-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accuracy">Accuracy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Profiles_in_Courage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Accuracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Author <a href="/wiki/David_O._Stewart" title="David O. Stewart">David O. Stewart</a> has questioned the accuracy of the book's chapter on the <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a>. Of Johnson's defenders in the Senate, <i>Profiles in Courage</i> stated that "Not a single one of them escaped the terrible torture of vicious criticism engendered by their vote to acquit." However, Stewart described the supposed persecution as a "myth" and continued, "None was a victim of postimpeachment retribution. Indeed, their careers were not wildly different from those of the thirty-five senators who voted to convict Andrew Johnson."<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart_2009_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart_2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Ross lost his bid for re-election two years after casting a vote acquitting Johnson. There is also evidence that Edmund Ross was bribed to vote for Johnson's acquittal,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is not mentioned in <i>Profiles in Courage</i>. </p><p>Kennedy also praised Lucius Lamar, who, while working in the public eye towards reconciliation, privately was an instigator, according to the claim of author <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Lemann" title="Nicholas Lemann">Nicholas Lemann</a>, of growing racial agitation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the profile of Lamar, Kennedy had also included a single paragraph condemning <a href="/wiki/Adelbert_Ames" title="Adelbert Ames">Adelbert Ames</a>, the Maine-born <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Mississippi" title="Governor of Mississippi">governor of Mississippi</a> from 1873 to 1876, as an opportunistic <a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">carpetbagger</a> whose administration was "sustained and nourished by Federal bayonets". Ames's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Blanche_Ames_Ames" title="Blanche Ames Ames">Blanche Ames Ames</a>, was outraged, and regularly wrote to Kennedy for years afterward in protest, demanding a retraction of the "defamatory insinuations" and accused him of pandering to Southern readers.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letter-writing continued even after Kennedy had been elected to the presidency. This prompted Kennedy to turn to <a href="/wiki/George_Plimpton" title="George Plimpton">George Plimpton</a>, Ames's grandson and a classmate of <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>'s at Harvard, asking him if he could get his grandmother to cease, claiming her letters were interfering with government business. Blanche Ames Ames eventually would publish her own biography of her father in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Profiles_in_Courage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1955" class="citation news cs1">Harris, John (December 26, 1955). "Globe Will Publish 'Profiles in Courage'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Globe+Will+Publish+%27Profiles+in+Courage%27&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1955-12-26&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfiles+in+Courage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKPP-027-003.aspx">"Frontispiece: Item 3 – Edmund Burke quotation, typescript"</a>. Jfklibrary.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frontispiece%3A+Item+3+%E2%80%93+Edmund+Burke+quotation%2C+typescript&rft.pub=Jfklibrary.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2FAsset-Viewer%2FArchives%2FJFKPP-027-003.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfiles+in+Courage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walls-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walls_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walls_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walls_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalls2000" class="citation book cs1">Walls, Jeannette (2000). <i>Dish: The Inside Story on the World of Gossip</i>. New York: Avon Books, Inc., an Imprint of Harper Collins Publishers. pp. 29–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-380-97821-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-380-97821-0"><bdi>0-380-97821-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dish%3A+The+Inside+Story+on+the+World+of+Gossip&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=29-35&rft.pub=Avon+Books%2C+Inc.%2C+an+Imprint+of+Harper+Collins+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-380-97821-0&rft.aulast=Walls&rft.aufirst=Jeannette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfiles+in+Courage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Her_Story,_Their_Words:_Behind_the_Scenes_of_the_Best-Sellers-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Her_Story,_Their_Words:_Behind_the_Scenes_of_the_Best-Sellers_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Her_Story,_Their_Words:_Behind_the_Scenes_of_the_Best-Sellers_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Her Story, Their Words: Behind the Scenes of the Best-Sellers". June 11, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Her+Story%2C+Their+Words%3A+Behind+the+Scenes+of+the+Best-Sellers&rft.date=2014-06-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfiles+in+Courage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Who_wrote_that_political_memoir?_No,_who_actually_wrote_it?-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Who_wrote_that_political_memoir?_No,_who_actually_wrote_it?_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who_wrote_that_political_memoir?_No,_who_actually_wrote_it?_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarhi,_Paul2014" class="citation news cs1">Farhi, Paul (June 9, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/who-wrote-that-political-memoir-no-who-actually-wrote-it/2014/06/09/8e89ccae-f00a-11e3-9ebc-2ee6f81ed217_story.html">"Who wrote that political memoir? No, who wrote it?"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Who+wrote+that+political+memoir%3F+No%2C+who+wrote+it%3F&rft.date=2014-06-09&rft.au=Farhi%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Fstyle%2Fwho-wrote-that-political-memoir-no-who-actually-wrote-it%2F2014%2F06%2F09%2F8e89ccae-f00a-11e3-9ebc-2ee6f81ed217_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfiles+in+Courage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson1996" class="citation news cs1">Pearson, Richard (December 11, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1996/12/11/jules-davids-lauded-professor-of-diplomatic-history-dies-at-75/9673dff0-bce1-448a-9fb0-399a16639901/">"Jules Davids, Lauded Professor Of Diplomatic History, Dies At 75"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Jules+Davids%2C+Lauded+Professor+Of+Diplomatic+History%2C+Dies+At+75&rft.date=1996-12-11&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flocal%2F1996%2F12%2F11%2Fjules-davids-lauded-professor-of-diplomatic-history-dies-at-75%2F9673dff0-bce1-448a-9fb0-399a16639901%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfiles+in+Courage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-julesdavidletter-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-julesdavidletter_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-julesdavidletter_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1997" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Patricia (October 18, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940CE4DA103FF93BA25753C1A961958260">"An Old Letter Backs a Claim of Helping Kennedy Write 'Profiles'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=An+Old+Letter+Backs+a+Claim+of+Helping+Kennedy+Write+%27Profiles%27&rft.date=1997-10-18&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D940CE4DA103FF93BA25753C1A961958260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfiles+in+Courage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyersSorenson2008" class="citation web cs1">Myers, Joanne; Sorenson, Ted (May 21, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carnegiecouncil.org/studio/multimedia/20080521-counselor-a-life-at-the-edge-of-history">"Counselor: A Life at the Edge of History"</a>. <i>Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Council+for+Ethics+in+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Counselor%3A+A+Life+at+the+Edge+of+History&rft.date=2008-05-21&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Joanne&rft.au=Sorenson%2C+Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carnegiecouncil.org%2Fstudio%2Fmultimedia%2F20080521-counselor-a-life-at-the-edge-of-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfiles+in+Courage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorensen2008" class="citation book cs1">Sorensen, Theodore C. (2008). <i>Counselor : a life at the edge of history</i> (1st ed.). New York, NY: Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060798710" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060798710"><bdi>978-0060798710</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counselor+%3A+a+life+at+the+edge+of+history&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0060798710&rft.aulast=Sorensen&rft.aufirst=Theodore+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfiles+in+Courage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://think.kera.org/2019/02/22/the-past-present-and-future-of-impeachment/">"The Past, Present And Future Of Impeachment"</a> (audio). <a href="/wiki/KERA-FM" class="mw-redirect" title="KERA-FM">KERA-FM</a>. February 22, 2019. 10 min - 12 min.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Past%2C+Present+And+Future+Of+Impeachment&rft.pages=10+min+-+12+min&rft.pub=KERA-FM&rft.date=2019-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthink.kera.org%2F2019%2F02%2F22%2Fthe-past-present-and-future-of-impeachment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfiles+in+Courage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leamer2001-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leamer2001_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leamer2001_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeamer,_Laurence2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Leamer" title="Laurence Leamer">Leamer, Laurence</a> (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kennedymen19011900leam"><i>The Kennedy Men: 1901–1963</i></a></span>. HarperCollins. pp. 402–03. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-16315-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-16315-7"><bdi>0-688-16315-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kennedy+Men%3A+1901%E2%80%931963&rft.pages=402-03&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-688-16315-7&rft.au=Leamer%2C+Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkennedymen19011900leam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfiles+in+Courage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fehrman20200211-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fehrman20200211_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fehrman20200211_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fehrman20200211_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fehrman20200211_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fehrman20200211_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fehrman20200211_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fehrman20200211_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFehrman2020" class="citation news cs1">Fehrman, Craig (February 11, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/02/11/john-f-kennedy-pulitzer-obsession-consumed-him-113452">"I Would Rather Win a Pulitzer Prize Than Be President"</a>. <i>Politico</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=I+Would+Rather+Win+a+Pulitzer+Prize+Than+Be+President&rft.date=2020-02-11&rft.aulast=Fehrman&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine%2F2020%2F02%2F11%2Fjohn-f-kennedy-pulitzer-obsession-consumed-him-113452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfiles+in+Courage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols,_Lewis1963" class="citation news cs1">Nichols, Lewis (December 15, 1963). "In and Out of Books; 'Profiles' East Europe Mr. Caldwell James Bond Publishers' Row". <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+and+Out+of+Books%3B+%27Profiles%27+East+Europe+Mr.+Caldwell+James+Bond+Publishers%27+Row&rft.date=1963-12-15&rft.au=Nichols%2C+Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfiles+in+Courage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matthews_1997-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matthews_1997_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Matthews" title="Chris Matthews">Matthews, Christopher</a> (1997). <i>Kennedy & Nixon: the rivalry that shaped postwar America</i>. Simon and Schuster. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-83246-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-83246-1"><bdi>0-684-83246-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kennedy+%26+Nixon%3A+the+rivalry+that+shaped+postwar+America&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-684-83246-1&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfiles+in+Courage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Delson_2009-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Delson_2009_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelson2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Delson" title="Rudolph Delson">Delson, Rudolph</a> (November 10, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110227064721/http://www.theawl.com/2009/11/literary-vices-with-rudolph-delson-richard-nixons-six-crises">"Literary Vices, with Rudolph Delson: Richard Nixon's 'Six Crises'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Awl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theawl.com/2009/11/literary-vices-with-rudolph-delson-richard-nixons-six-crises">the original</a> on February 27, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Awl&rft.atitle=Literary+Vices%2C+with+Rudolph+Delson%3A+Richard+Nixon%27s+%27Six+Crises%27&rft.date=2009-11-10&rft.aulast=Delson&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theawl.com%2F2009%2F11%2Fliterary-vices-with-rudolph-delson-richard-nixons-six-crises&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfiles+in+Courage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roper_1998-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roper_1998_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoper1998" class="citation journal cs1">Roper, Jon (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628220620/https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5001348667">"Richard Nixon's Political Hinterland: The Shadows of JFK and Charles de Gaulle"</a>. <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>28</b>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5001348667">the original</a> on June 28, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Richard+Nixon%27s+Political+Hinterland%3A+The+Shadows+of+JFK+and+Charles+de+Gaulle&rft.volume=28&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Roper&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2FgoogleScholar.qst%3FdocId%3D5001348667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfiles+in+Courage" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://solstice.ischool.utexas.edu/tmwi/index.php/Drew_Pearson">"Drew Pearson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harry_Ransom_Humanities_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center">Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/School_of_Information,_University_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Information, University of Texas">School of Information, University of Texas</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Drew+Pearson&rft.pub=Harry+Ransom+Humanities+Research+Center%2C+School+of+Information%2C+University+of+Texas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolstice.ischool.utexas.edu%2Ftmwi%2Findex.php%2FDrew_Pearson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfiles+in+Courage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-straightdope-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-straightdope_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Adams" title="Cecil Adams">Adams, Cecil</a> (November 7, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2478/did-john-f-kennedy-really-write-profiles-in-courage">"Did John F. Kennedy really write 'Profiles in Courage?'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Straight_Dope" title="The Straight Dope">The Straight Dope</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Straight+Dope&rft.atitle=Did+John+F.+Kennedy+really+write+%27Profiles+in+Courage%3F%27&rft.date=2003-11-07&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Cecil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straightdope.com%2Fcolumns%2Fread%2F2478%2Fdid-john-f-kennedy-really-write-profiles-in-courage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfiles+in+Courage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Garry_Wills" title="Garry Wills">Willis, Garry</a> (1982). <i>The Kennedy Imprisonment</i>. Boston, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Little, Brown">Little, Brown</a>. pp. 135–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-94385-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-94385-1"><bdi>0-316-94385-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kennedy+Imprisonment&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=135-37&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-316-94385-1&rft.aulast=Willis&rft.aufirst=Garry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfiles+in+Courage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Profiles-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Profiles_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Profiles_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Logevall" title="Fredrik Logevall">Logevall, Fredrik</a>, <i>JFK: Coming of Age in the American Century, 1917–56</i>, (2020), New York, Random House, pp. 593–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Logevall" title="Fredrik Logevall">Logevall, Fredrik</a>, <i>JFK: Coming of Age in the American Century, 1917–56</i>, (2020), New York, Random House, pp. 617–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stewart_2009-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stewart_2009_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_O._Stewart" title="David O. Stewart">Stewart, David O.</a>, (2009). <i>Impeached: the Trial of President Andrew Johnson and the Fight for Lincoln's Legacy</i>. Simon & Schuster. New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-4749-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-4749-5">978-1-4165-4749-5</a>. p. 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_O._Stewart" title="David O. Stewart">Stewart, David O.</a> <i>Impeached: The Trial of President Andrew Johnson and the Fight for Lincoln's Legacy</i>. Simon & Schuster, 2009, pp. 185–86, 188–89, 242, 269, 278–80, 282, 285, 292, 297–99, 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Lemann" title="Nicholas Lemann">Nicholas Lemann</a>, <i>Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War</i> by Nicholas Lemann. Farrar, Straus & Giroux. New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-53069-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-53069-3">978-0-374-53069-3</a>. pp. 205–09.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turkel, Stanley, (2005). <i>Heroes of the American Reconstruction: Profiles of Sixteen Educators, Politicians, and Activists</i>. McFarland & Company. Jefferson, NC. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1943-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1943-2">978-0-7864-1943-2</a>. pp. 17–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://extras.lowellsun.com/gettysburg/articles/amesDaughter.htm">"Ames' daughter dogged JFK over characterization in 'Profiles'"</a> – <i>The Lowell Sun</i>, July 2, 2008</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Profiles_in_Courage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirtue2023" class="citation news cs1">Virtue, Jordan (November 13, 2023). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/12/jfk-profiles-in-courage-book-lucius-lamar/675815/">"How John F. Kennedy Fell for the Lost Cause"</a></span>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2151-9463">2151-9463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=How+John+F.+Kennedy+Fell+for+the+Lost+Cause&rft.date=2023-11-13&rft.issn=2151-9463&rft.aulast=Virtue&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2023%2F12%2Fjfk-profiles-in-courage-book-lucius-lamar%2F675815%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfiles+in+Courage" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Profiles_in_Courage&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Frontier" title="New Frontier">New Frontier</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Satellite_Act_of_1962" title="Communications Satellite Act of 1962">Communications Satellite Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Mental_Health_Act" title="Community Mental Health Act">Community Mental Health Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Pay_Act_of_1963" title="Equal Pay Act of 1963">Equal Pay Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11110" title="Executive Order 11110">Executive Order 11110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_10925" title="Executive Order 10925">Federal affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11063" title="Executive Order 11063">Federal housing segregation ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_march" title="Kennedy march">Fifty-mile hikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_for_Peace" title="Food for Peace">Food for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program#Pilot_Food_Stamp_Program_(1961–1964)" title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program">Pilot Food Stamp Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Kennedy_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Space policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" title="Presidential Commission on the Status of Women">Status of Women (Presidential Commission)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">University of Alabama integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Channel_Receiver_Act" title="All-Channel Receiver Act">All-Channel Receiver Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1961" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1961">Oil Pollution Act of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1962" title="Revenue Act of 1962">Revenue Act of 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Farm_and_Rural_Development_Act_of_1961" title="Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961">Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_Loan_Act" title="Wetlands Loan Act">Wetlands Loan Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/90px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/135px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/180px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="970" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential<br />speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy#The_inaugural_address" title="Inauguration of John F. Kennedy">Inaugural address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_University_speech" title="American University speech">American University speech</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">Report to the American People on Civil Rights</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ich_bin_ein_Berliner" title="Ich bin ein Berliner">Ich bin ein Berliner</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_rising_tide_lifts_all_boats" title="A rising tide lifts all boats">A rising tide lifts all boats</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remarks_at_Amherst_College_on_the_Arts" title="Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts">Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_30,_1961_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="January 30, 1961 State of the Union Address">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1962 State of the Union Address">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1963 State of the Union Address">1963</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Electoral history of John F. Kennedy">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>U.S. House of Representatives elections: <a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1950 United States House of Representatives elections">1950</a></li> <li>U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1958 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1960 presidential primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_1960_presidential_campaign" title="John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign">1960 presidential campaign</a></li> <li>Democratic National Conventions: <a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">U.S. presidential election 1960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1960 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_National_Historic_Site" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site">Birthplace and childhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Compound" title="Kennedy Compound">Kennedy Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Hill_(McLean,_Virginia)" title="Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)">Hickory Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Querida_(mansion)" title="La Querida (mansion)">La Querida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wexford_(Marshall,_Virginia)" title="Wexford (Marshall, Virginia)">Wexford</a></li> <li>Navy service: <a href="/wiki/Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109" title="Patrol torpedo boat PT-109"><i>PT-109</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biuku_Gasa_and_Eroni_Kumana" title="Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana">Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Reginald_Evans" title="Arthur Reginald Evans">Arthur Evans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-59" title="Patrol torpedo boat PT-59"><i>PT-59</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hot_Springs_(Arizona)" title="Castle Hot Springs (Arizona)">Castle Hot Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammersmith_Farm" title="Hammersmith Farm">Hammersmith Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King#John_F._Kennedy_phone_call" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King phone call</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Happy_Birthday,_Mr._President" title="Happy Birthday, Mr. President">Happy Birthday, Mr. President</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_document_hoax" title="John F. Kennedy document hoax">John F. Kennedy document hoax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Why_England_Slept" title="Why England Slept"><i>Why England Slept</i> <small>(1940)</small></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Profiles in Courage</i> <small>(1956)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Nation_of_Immigrants" title="A Nation of Immigrants"><i>A Nation of Immigrants</i> <small>(1958)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_assassination" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Media coverage of the assassination of John F. Kennedy">media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Reactions to the assassination of John F. Kennedy">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_in_popular_culture" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy in popular culture">in popular culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">State funeral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Jack_(horse)" title="Black Jack (horse)">Riderless horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dignitaries_at_the_state_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of dignitaries at the state funeral of John F. Kennedy">attending dignitaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Eternal_Flame" title="John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame">Gravesite and Eternal Flame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Bibliography of John F. Kennedy">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Profile_in_Courage_Award" title="Profile in Courage Award">Profile in Courage Award</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fourth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11 Moon landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Round" title="Kennedy Round">Kennedy Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmeriCorps_VISTA" title="AmeriCorps VISTA">VISTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Cultural depictions of John F. Kennedy">Cultural depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:Films about John F. Kennedy">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_half_dollar" title="Kennedy half dollar">Kennedy half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_cents_John_Kennedy" title="Five cents John Kennedy">U.S. five cent stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Kennedy_coincidences_urban_legend" title="Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences urban legend">Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sail" title="Operation Sail">Operation Sail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of things named after John F. Kennedy">Memorials,<br />namesakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School">Harvard Kennedy School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts">Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Federal_Building" title="John F. Kennedy Federal Building">John F. Kennedy Federal Building (Boston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_John_F._Kennedy_(Boston)" title="Statue of John F. Kennedy (Boston)">Boston statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_(Brooklyn)" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial (Brooklyn)">Brooklyn bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_Memorial" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial">Dallas memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_(Hyannis,_Massachusetts)" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial (Hyannis, Massachusetts)">Hyannis memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial,_London" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial, London">London bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_John_F._Kennedy_(Nashua,_New_Hampshire)" title="Bust of John F. Kennedy (Nashua, New Hampshire)">Nashua bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_Memorial_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial (Portland, Oregon)">Portland memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runnymede#John_F._Kennedy_Memorial" title="Runnymede">Runnymede memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Arboretum" title="John F. Kennedy Arboretum">John F. Kennedy Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_Bridge" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge">John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Special_Warfare_Center_and_School" title="John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School">John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_University" title="John F. Kennedy University">John F. Kennedy University (defunct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Stadium_(Philadelphia)" title="John F. Kennedy Stadium (Philadelphia)">John F. Kennedy Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Expressway" title="Kennedy Expressway">Kennedy Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kennedy" title="Mount Kennedy">Mount Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_John_F._Kennedy" title="MV John F. Kennedy">MV <i>John F. Kennedy</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_F._Kennedy_(CV-67)" title="USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)">USS <i>John F. Kennedy</i> (CV-67)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_F._Kennedy_(CVN-79)" title="USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79)">USS <i>John F. Kennedy</i> (CVN-79)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Kennedy" title="Yad Kennedy">Yad Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Bouvier</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Kennedy" title="Caroline Kennedy">Caroline Kennedy</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="John F. Kennedy Jr.">John F. Kennedy Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bouvier_Kennedy" title="Patrick Bouvier Kennedy">Patrick Bouvier Kennedy</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Schlossberg" title="Rose Schlossberg">Rose Schlossberg</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatiana_Schlossberg" title="Tatiana Schlossberg">Tatiana Schlossberg</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Schlossberg" title="Jack Schlossberg">Jack Schlossberg</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Fitzgerald</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy">Rosemary Kennedy</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cavendish,_Marchioness_of_Hartington" title="Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington">Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy_Lawford" title="Patricia Kennedy Lawford">Patricia Kennedy Lawford</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kennedy_Smith" title="Jean Kennedy Smith">Jean Kennedy Smith</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._J._Kennedy" title="P. J. Kennedy">P. J. Kennedy</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Fitzgerald" title="John F. Fitzgerald">John F. Fitzgerald</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushinka" title="Pushinka">Pushinka</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_and_Debbie" title="Billie and Debbie">Billie and Debbie</a> (hamsters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_(horse)" title="Sardar (horse)">Sardar</a> (horse)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">← Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:John F. 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Johnson</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Andrew_Johnson" title="Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson">Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Timeline</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inquiries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">First inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">Second inquiry</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Thaddeus-stevens2_%281%29_%28a%29.jpg/120px-Thaddeus-stevens2_%281%29_%28a%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Thaddeus-stevens2_%281%29_%28a%29.jpg/180px-Thaddeus-stevens2_%281%29_%28a%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Thaddeus-stevens2_%281%29_%28a%29.jpg/240px-Thaddeus-stevens2_%281%29_%28a%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="629" /></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_Senate_as_a_Court_of_Impeachment_for_the_Trial_of_Andrew_Johnson_%28a%29.jpg/120px-The_Senate_as_a_Court_of_Impeachment_for_the_Trial_of_Andrew_Johnson_%28a%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_Senate_as_a_Court_of_Impeachment_for_the_Trial_of_Andrew_Johnson_%28a%29.jpg/180px-The_Senate_as_a_Court_of_Impeachment_for_the_Trial_of_Andrew_Johnson_%28a%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_Senate_as_a_Court_of_Impeachment_for_the_Trial_of_Andrew_Johnson_%28a%29.jpg/240px-The_Senate_as_a_Court_of_Impeachment_for_the_Trial_of_Andrew_Johnson_%28a%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="382" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_impeachment_adopted_against_Andrew_Johnson" title="Articles of impeachment adopted against Andrew Johnson">Articles of impeachment</a></li> <li>Dismissal of <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenure_of_Office_Act_(1867)" title="Tenure of Office Act (1867)">Tenure of Office Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Thomas" title="Lorenzo Thomas">Lorenzo Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_Army_Act" title="Command of Army Act">Command of Army Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_Around_the_Circle" title="Swing Around the Circle">Swing Around the Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Covode" title="John Covode">John Covode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Ward_Sr." title="Hamilton Ward Sr.">Hamilton Ward Sr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment trial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Presiding officer: <a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>House managers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Bingham" title="John Bingham">John Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Boutwell" title="George S. Boutwell">George S. Boutwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Benjamin Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">John A. Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Williams_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="Thomas Williams (Pennsylvania politician)">Thomas Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Wilson" title="James F. Wilson">James F. Wilson</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>President's counsel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">William M. Evarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Robbins_Curtis" title="Benjamin Robbins Curtis">Benjamin R. Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Groesbeck" title="William S. Groesbeck">William S. Groesbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Amos_Rogers_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Amos Rogers Nelson">Thomas A. R. Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stanbery" title="Henry Stanbery">Henry Stanbery</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Witnesses for the prosecution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foster_Blodgett" title="Foster Blodgett">Foster Blodgett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_A._Burleigh" title="Walter A. Burleigh">Walter A. Burleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Chandler" title="William E. Chandler">William E. Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O._Clephane" title="James O. Clephane">James O. Clephane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Emory" title="William H. Emory">William H. Emory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Ferry" title="Thomas W. Ferry">Thomas W. Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burt_Van_Horn" title="Burt Van Horn">Burt Van Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Moorhead" title="James K. Moorhead">James K. Moorhead</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Witnesses for the defense <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Armstrong_(journalist)" title="William W. Armstrong (journalist)">William W. Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Smith_Cox" title="Walter Smith Cox">Walter Smith Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Merrick" title="Richard T. Merrick">Richard T. Merrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Randall_(Wisconsin_politician)" title="Alexander Randall (Wisconsin politician)">Alexander Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Seward" title="Frederick W. Seward">Frederick W. Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Thomas" title="Lorenzo Thomas">Lorenzo Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Gideon Welles</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">Impeachment managers investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinnie_Ream" title="Vinnie Ream">Vinnie Ream</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Profiles in Courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Johnson" title="Tennessee Johnson">Tennessee Johnson</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Profiles_in_Courage&oldid=1259072888">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Profiles_in_Courage&oldid=1259072888</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1956_non-fiction_books" title="Category:1956 non-fiction books">1956 non-fiction books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_biographies" title="Category:American biographies">American biographies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_political_books" title="Category:American political books">American political books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biographies_about_politicians" title="Category:Biographies about politicians">Biographies about politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_American_politicians" title="Category:Books about American politicians">Books about American politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:Books by John F. 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