CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Cuban Missile Crisis - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"4be074af-e717-42a0-a770-7ebb204854f5","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Cuban_Missile_Crisis","wgTitle":"Cuban Missile Crisis","wgCurRevisionId":1258681057,"wgRevisionId":1258681057,"wgArticleId":6827,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from March 2018","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 Albanian-language sources (sq)","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia pending changes protected pages","Use dmy dates from November 2023","Use American English from November 2023", "All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Articles containing Spanish-language text","Articles containing Russian-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from October 2013","Articles containing French-language text","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2022","Articles with hAudio microformats","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010","Articles needing additional references from October 2017","All articles needing additional references","Articles lacking reliable references from June 2024","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2023","All articles with failed verification","Articles with failed verification from April 2023","Articles with dead external links from March 2020","Commons category link is on Wikidata", "Webarchive template archiveis links","Cuban Missile Crisis","Aftermath of the Cuban Revolution","Cold War conflicts","Conflicts in 1962","1962 in international relations","Cold War history of Cuba","Cold War history of the Soviet Union","Cold War history of the United States","1962 in Cuba","1962 in the Soviet Union","1962 in the United States","Blockades","Cold War military history of Cuba","History of Key West, Florida","Nuclear history of the Soviet Union","Nuclear history of the United States","Fidel Castro","Nikita Khrushchev","Presidency of John F. Kennedy","Cuba–Soviet Union relations","Cuba–United States relations","Soviet Union–United States military relations","1962 establishments in Cuba","1962 disestablishments in Cuba","1960s in Cuba","1960s in the Soviet Union","1960s in the United States","October 1962 events in North America","Political crisis"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName": "Cuban_Missile_Crisis","wgRelevantArticleId":6827,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgStableRevisionId":1258681057,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q128160","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture", "bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.flaggedRevs.basic":"ready","mediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site", "mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.flaggedRevs.advanced","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.flaggedRevs.basic%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Cuban_crisis_map_missile_range.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1193"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Cuban_crisis_map_missile_range.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="795"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Cuban_crisis_map_missile_range.jpg/640px-Cuban_crisis_map_missile_range.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="636"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Cuban Missile Crisis - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Cuban_Missile_Crisis rootpage-Cuban_Missile_Crisis skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cuban+Missile+Crisis" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cuban+Missile+Crisis" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cuban+Missile+Crisis" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cuban+Missile+Crisis" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Background </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Background subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuba–Soviet_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuba–Soviet_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Cuba–Soviet relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuba–Soviet_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuba–US_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuba–US_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Cuba–US relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuba–US_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-US–Soviet_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US–Soviet_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 US–Soviet relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US–Soviet_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prelude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Prelude </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prelude subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Conception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_military_deployments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_military_deployments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Soviet military deployments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_military_deployments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missiles_reported" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missiles_reported"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Missiles reported </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Missiles_reported-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Missiles reported subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Missiles_reported-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aerial_confirmation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aerial_confirmation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Aerial confirmation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aerial_confirmation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-President_notified" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_notified"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 President notified </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President_notified-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Responses_considered" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responses_considered"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Responses considered </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Responses_considered-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operational_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operational_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Operational plans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operational_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blockade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blockade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Blockade </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Blockade-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Blockade subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Blockade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Speech_to_the_nation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speech_to_the_nation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Speech to the nation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speech_to_the_nation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crisis_deepens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crisis_deepens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Crisis deepens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crisis_deepens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 International response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_broadcast_and_communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_broadcast_and_communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Soviet broadcast and communications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_broadcast_and_communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-US_alert_level_raised" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_alert_level_raised"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 US alert level raised </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_alert_level_raised-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blockade_challenged" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blockade_challenged"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Blockade challenged </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blockade_challenged-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raising_the_stakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raising_the_stakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Raising the stakes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raising_the_stakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secret_negotiations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secret_negotiations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Secret negotiations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Secret_negotiations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Secret negotiations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Secret_negotiations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crisis_continues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crisis_continues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Crisis continues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crisis_continues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drafting_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drafting_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Drafting response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drafting_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Averted_nuclear_launch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Averted_nuclear_launch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Averted nuclear launch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Averted_nuclear_launch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Resolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Nuclear forces </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nuclear_forces-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Nuclear forces subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Soviet Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuban_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuban_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Cuban leadership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuban_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanian_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanian_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Romanian leadership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanian_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Soviet leadership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-US_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 US leadership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Human casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_revelations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_revelations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Later revelations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_revelations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later revelations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_revelations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Submarine_close_call" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Submarine_close_call"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Submarine close call </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Submarine_close_call-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possibility_of_nuclear_launch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possibility_of_nuclear_launch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Possibility of nuclear launch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possibility_of_nuclear_launch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_representations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_representations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Media representations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media_representations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Media representations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Media_representations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Non fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lesson_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lesson_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.3 Lesson plans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lesson_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Cuban Missile Crisis</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" > 83 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubaanse_missielkrisis" title="Kubaanse missielkrisis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kubaanse missielkrisis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubakrise" title="Kubakrise – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kubakrise" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%82%D3%99%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Карибтәи акризис – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Карибтәи акризис" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="أزمة صواريخ كوبا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أزمة صواريخ كوبا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_de_los_misiles_en_Cuba" title="Crisis de los misiles en Cuba – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Crisis de los misiles en Cuba" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karib_b%C3%B6hran%C4%B1" title="Karib böhranı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karib böhranı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کاریب بوحرانی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کاریب بوحرانی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Кариб кризисы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кариб кризисы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%81" title="Карыбскі крызіс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карыбскі крызіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%81" title="Кубінскі крызіс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кубінскі крызіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Карибска криза – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карибска криза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisi_dels_m%C3%ADssils_de_Cuba" title="Crisi dels míssils de Cuba – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Crisi dels míssils de Cuba" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karibsk%C3%A1_krize" title="Karibská krize – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karibská krize" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubakrisen" title="Cubakrisen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cubakrisen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubakrise" title="Kubakrise – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kubakrise" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuuba_kriis" title="Kuuba kriis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kuuba kriis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%80%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%8D%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Κρίση των πυραύλων της Κούβας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κρίση των πυραύλων της Κούβας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_de_los_misiles_de_Cuba" title="Crisis de los misiles de Cuba – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crisis de los misiles de Cuba" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kariba_krizo" title="Kariba krizo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kariba krizo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubako_Krisialdia" title="Kubako Krisialdia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kubako Krisialdia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="بحران موشکی کوبا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بحران موشکی کوبا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_des_missiles_de_Cuba" title="Crise des missiles de Cuba – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crise des missiles de Cuba" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9arch%C3%A9im_na_nDi%C3%BArac%C3%A1n_i_gC%C3%BAba" title="Géarchéim na nDiúracán i gCúba – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Géarchéim na nDiúracán i gCúba" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunnart_nan_arm-tilgidh_ann_an_C%C3%B9ba" title="Cunnart nan arm-tilgidh ann an Cùba – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cunnart nan arm-tilgidh ann an Cùba" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_dos_m%C3%ADsiles_de_Cuba" title="Crise dos mísiles de Cuba – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Crise dos mísiles de Cuba" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A0%EB%B0%94_%EB%AF%B8%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%BC_%EC%9C%84%EA%B8%B0" title="쿠바 미사일 위기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿠바 미사일 위기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B3%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Կարիբյան ճգնաժամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարիբյան ճգնաժամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F" title="क्यूबाई मिसाइल संकट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्यूबाई मिसाइल संकट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubanska_kriza" title="Kubanska kriza – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kubanska kriza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krizo_di_fuzei_en_Kuba" title="Krizo di fuzei en Kuba – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Krizo di fuzei en Kuba" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisis_Rudal_Kuba" title="Krisis Rudal Kuba – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Krisis Rudal Kuba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BAbudeilan" title="Kúbudeilan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kúbudeilan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisi_dei_missili_di_Cuba" title="Crisi dei missili di Cuba – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Crisi dei missili di Cuba" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94" title="משבר הטילים בקובה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משבר הטילים בקובה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisis_Rudal_Kuba" title="Krisis Rudal Kuba – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Krisis Rudal Kuba" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%81" title="ಕ್ಯೂಬಾ ಕ್ಷಿಪಣಿ ಬಿಕ್ಕಟ್ಟು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ಯೂಬಾ ಕ್ಷಿಪಣಿ ಬಿಕ್ಕಟ್ಟು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="კარიბის კრიზისი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კარიბის კრიზისი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Кариб дағдарысы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кариб дағдарысы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8_(1962)" title="Кариб кризиси (1962) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кариб кризиси (1962)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubas_ra%C4%B7e%C5%A1u_kr%C4%ABze" title="Kubas raķešu krīze – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kubas raķešu krīze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubakris" title="Kubakris – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kubakris" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karib%C5%B3_kriz%C4%97" title="Karibų krizė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karibų krizė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubai_rak%C3%A9tav%C3%A1ls%C3%A1g" title="Kubai rakétaválság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kubai rakétaválság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Кубанска криза – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кубанска криза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BF" title="ക്യൂബൻ മിസൈൽ പ്രതിസന്ധി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്യൂബൻ മിസൈൽ പ്രതിസന്ധി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisis_Peluru_Berpandu_Cuba" title="Krisis Peluru Berpandu Cuba – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Krisis Peluru Berpandu Cuba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B6%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ကျူးဘားဒုံးပျံအရေးအခင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျူးဘားဒုံးပျံအရေးအခင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubacrisis" title="Cubacrisis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cubacrisis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F" title="क्युबा क्षेप्यास्त्र सङ्कट – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="क्युबा क्षेप्यास्त्र सङ्कट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="キューバ危機 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キューバ危機" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Карибан дар-дацар – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Карибан дар-дацар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubakrisen" title="Cubakrisen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cubakrisen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubakrisa" title="Cubakrisa – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Cubakrisa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisi_dei_missils_de_Cuba" title="Crisi dei missils de Cuba – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Crisi dei missils de Cuba" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karib_inqirozi" title="Karib inqirozi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Karib inqirozi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F" title="ਕਿਊਬਾਈ ਮਿਜ਼ਾਈਲ ਸੰਕਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਿਊਬਾਈ ਮਿਜ਼ਾਈਲ ਸੰਕਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کیوبا میزائل بحران – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیوبا میزائل بحران" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88_%DA%A9%DA%93%DA%A9%DB%90%DA%86" title="د کیوبا د توغندیو کړکېچ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د کیوبا د توغندیو کړکېچ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryzys_kuba%C5%84ski" title="Kryzys kubański – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kryzys kubański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_dos_m%C3%ADsseis_de_Cuba" title="Crise dos mísseis de Cuba – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crise dos mísseis de Cuba" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criza_rachetelor_cubaneze" title="Criza rachetelor cubaneze – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Criza rachetelor cubaneze" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisa_da_Cuba" title="Crisa da Cuba – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Crisa da Cuba" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Карибский кризис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карибский кризис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriza_e_Raketave_Kubane" title="Kriza e Raketave Kubane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kriza e Raketave Kubane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cuban Missile Crisis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84_%DA%AF%D9%87%D9%88%D9%BD%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88" title="ڪيوبا ميزائيل گهوٽالو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪيوبا ميزائيل گهوٽالو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kub%C3%A1nska_raketov%C3%A1_kr%C3%ADza" title="Kubánska raketová kríza – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kubánska raketová kríza" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubanska_raketna_kriza" title="Kubanska raketna kriza – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kubanska raketna kriza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhibaatada_Maskaxda_ee_Cuba" title="Dhibaatada Maskaxda ee Cuba – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhibaatada Maskaxda ee Cuba" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Кубанска ракетна криза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кубанска ракетна криза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubanska_raketna_kriza" title="Kubanska raketna kriza – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kubanska raketna kriza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuuban_ohjuskriisi" title="Kuuban ohjuskriisi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuuban ohjuskriisi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubakrisen" title="Kubakrisen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kubakrisen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="கியூபா ஏவுகணை நெருக்கடி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கியூபா ஏவுகணை நெருக்கடி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2" title="วิกฤตการณ์ขีปนาวุธคิวบา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิกฤตการณ์ขีปนาวุธคิวบา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCba_F%C3%BCze_Krizi" title="Küba Füze Krizi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Küba Füze Krizi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Карибська криза – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карибська криза" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کیوبا میزائل بحران – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیوبا میزائل بحران" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%E1%BB%A7ng_ho%E1%BA%A3ng_t%C3%AAn_l%E1%BB%ADa_Cuba" title="Khủng hoảng tên lửa Cuba – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khủng hoảng tên lửa Cuba" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisis_han_Misiles_ha_Cuba" title="Krisis han Misiles ha Cuba – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Krisis han Misiles ha Cuba" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4%E5%AF%BC%E5%BC%B9%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA" title="古巴导弹危机 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="古巴导弹危机" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%8E%E5%BD%88%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="古巴導彈危機 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="古巴導彈危機" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4%E5%AF%BC%E5%BC%B9%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA" title="古巴导弹危机 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古巴导弹危机" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q128160#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Cuban_Missile_Crisis" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&oldid=1258681057" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&id=1258681057&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCuban_Missile_Crisis">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCuban_Missile_Crisis">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" hreflang="en">Wikisource</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q128160" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-indicator-fr-review-status" class="mw-indicator"><indicator name="fr-review-status" class="mw-fr-review-status-indicator" id="mw-fr-revision-toggle">Checked</indicator></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-autoreview" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#pending" title="All edits by unregistered and new users are subject to review prior to becoming visible to unregistered users"><img alt="Page protected with pending changes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div id="mw-fr-revision-messages"><div id="mw-fr-revision-details" class="mw-fr-revision-details-dialog" style="display:none;"><div tabindex="0"></div><div class="cdx-dialog cdx-dialog--horizontal-actions"><header class="cdx-dialog__header cdx-dialog__header--default"><div class="cdx-dialog__header__title-group"><h2 class="cdx-dialog__header__title">Page version status</h2>This is an accepted version of this page</div><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-default cdx-button--weight-quiet
							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Special:Badtitle/Message">reviewed</a> on 21 November 2024.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1962 confrontation between the US and USSR</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Missile Crisis" redirects here. For the missile crisis in Cyprus, see <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_S-300_crisis" title="Cypriot S-300 crisis">Cypriot S-300 crisis</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cuban Missile" redirects here. For the baseball player, see <a href="/wiki/Aroldis_Chapman" title="Aroldis Chapman">Aroldis Chapman</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Cuban Missile Crisis</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Aftermath of the Cuban Revolution">aftermath of the Cuban Revolution</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuban_crisis_map_missile_range.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Cuban_crisis_map_missile_range.jpg/300px-Cuban_crisis_map_missile_range.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Cuban_crisis_map_missile_range.jpg/450px-Cuban_crisis_map_missile_range.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Cuban_crisis_map_missile_range.jpg/600px-Cuban_crisis_map_missile_range.jpg 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="662" /></a> US intelligence map showing their estimates of the range of the missiles stationed in Cuba</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>16–28 October 1962 (naval quarantine of Cuba ended on 20 November)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Cuba</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Conflict resolved diplomatically <ul><li>Publicized removal of Soviet nuclear missiles from Cuba</li> <li>Non-publicized removal of American nuclear missiles from Turkey and Italy</li> <li>Agreement with the Soviet Union that the United States would never invade Cuba without direct provocation</li> <li>Creation of a <a href="/wiki/Moscow%E2%80%93Washington_hotline" title="Moscow–Washington hotline">nuclear hotline</a> between the United States and the Soviet Union</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Parties involved in the crisis</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rodion_Malinovsky" title="Rodion Malinovsky">Rodion Malinovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Matvei_Zakharov" title="Matvei Zakharov">Matvei Zakharov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Biryuzov" title="Sergey Biryuzov">Sergey Biryuzov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Issa_Pliyev" title="Issa Pliyev">Issa Pliyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Abashvili" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgy Abashvili">Georgy Abashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba"><img alt="Cuba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba"><img alt="Cuba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro">Raúl Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba"><img alt="Cuba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_D._Taylor" title="Maxwell D. Taylor">Maxwell D. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Curtis_LeMay" title="Curtis LeMay">Curtis LeMay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/George_Whelan_Anderson_Jr." title="George Whelan Anderson Jr.">George W. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Peter Thorneycroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pike" title="Thomas Pike">Sir Thomas Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Amintore_Fanfani" title="Amintore Fanfani">Amintore Fanfani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Giulio Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cemal_G%C3%BCrsel" title="Cemal Gürsel">Cemal Gürsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0lhami_Sancar" title="İlhami Sancar">İlhami Sancar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> 43,000 soldiers</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 100,000–180,000 (estimated)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> None</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> 1 <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">U-2</a> spy aircraft lost <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Anderson" title="Rudolf Anderson">1 US pilot killed</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/1962-10-25_The_Cuban_Crisis.ogg/220px-seek%3D1-1962-10-25_The_Cuban_Crisis.ogg.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="361" data-mwtitle="1962-10-25_The_Cuban_Crisis.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:1962-10-25_The_Cuban_Crisis.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1962-10-25_The_Cuban_Crisis.ogg" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/1962-10-25_The_Cuban_Crisis.ogg/1962-10-25_The_Cuban_Crisis.ogg.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/1962-10-25_The_Cuban_Crisis.ogg/1962-10-25_The_Cuban_Crisis.ogg.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/1962-10-25_The_Cuban_Crisis.ogg/1962-10-25_The_Cuban_Crisis.ogg.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1962-10-25_The_Cuban_Crisis.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1962-10-25_The_Cuban_Crisis.ogg&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Universal_Newsreel" title="Universal Newsreel">Universal Newsreel</a> about the Cuban Missile Crisis</figcaption></figure> The Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as the October Crisis (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Crisis de Octubre) in Cuba, or the Caribbean Crisis (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Карибский кризис, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Karibskiy krizis), was a 13-day confrontation between the governments of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, when American deployments of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_delivery" title="Nuclear weapons delivery">nuclear missiles</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> were matched by Soviet deployments of nuclear missiles in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>. The crisis lasted from 16 to 28 October 1962. The confrontation is widely considered <a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_close_calls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nuclear close calls">the closest</a> the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> came to escalating into full-scale <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> In 1961 the US government put <a href="/wiki/PGM-19_Jupiter" title="PGM-19 Jupiter">Jupiter nuclear missiles</a> in Italy and Turkey. It had trained a paramilitary force of <a href="/wiki/Cuban_exiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban exiles">expatriate Cubans</a>, which the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> led in an attempt to <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">invade Cuba</a> and overthrow its government. Starting in November of that year, the US government engaged in a violent campaign of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a> in Cuba, referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Project">Cuban Project</a>, which continued throughout the first half of the 1960s. The Soviet administration was concerned about a Cuban drift towards <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, with which the Soviets had an <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">increasingly fractious</a> relationship. In response to these factors the Soviet and Cuban governments agreed, at a meeting between leaders <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> in July 1962, to place nuclear missiles on Cuba to deter a future US invasion. Construction of launch facilities started shortly thereafter. A <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">U-2 spy plane</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance#Cold_War" title="Aerial reconnaissance">photographic evidence</a> of medium- and long-range launch facilities in October. US President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> convened a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a> and other key advisers, forming the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Committee_of_the_National_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Committee of the National Security Council">Executive Committee of the National Security Council</a> (EXCOMM). Kennedy was advised to carry out an air strike on Cuban soil in order to compromise Soviet missile supplies, followed by an invasion of the Cuban mainland. He chose a less aggressive course in order to avoid a declaration of war. On 22 October Kennedy ordered a naval <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a> to prevent further missiles from reaching Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> He referred to the blockade as a "quarantine", not as a blockade, so the US could avoid the formal implications of a state of war.<a href="#cite_note-uslegalcaseblockadeofcuba-3">[3]</a> An agreement was eventually reached between Kennedy and Khrushchev. Publicly, the Soviets would dismantle their offensive weapons in Cuba, subject to <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> verification, in exchange for a US public declaration and agreement not to invade Cuba again. Secretly, the United States agreed to dismantle all of the offensive weapons it had deployed to Turkey. There has been debate on whether Italy was also included in the agreement. While the Soviets dismantled their missiles, some Soviet bombers remained in Cuba, and the United States kept the naval quarantine in place until 20 November 1962.<a href="#cite_note-uslegalcaseblockadeofcuba-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The blockade was formally ended on 20 November after all offensive missiles and bombers had been withdrawn from Cuba. The evident necessity of a quick and direct communication line between the two powers resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Moscow%E2%80%93Washington_hotline" title="Moscow–Washington hotline">Moscow–Washington hotline</a>. A series of agreements later reduced US–Soviet tensions for several years. The compromise embarrassed Khrushchev and the Soviet Union because the withdrawal of US missiles from Italy and Turkey was a secret deal between Kennedy and Khrushchev, and the Soviets were seen as retreating from a situation that they had started. Khrushchev's <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev#Removal" title="Nikita Khrushchev">fall from power</a> two years later was in part because of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Soviet Politburo</a>'s embarrassment at both Khrushchev's eventual concessions to the US and his ineptitude in precipitating the crisis. According to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Ambassador_to_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Ambassador to the United States">Soviet Ambassador to the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Dobrynin" title="Anatoly Dobrynin">Anatoly Dobrynin</a>, the top Soviet leadership took the Cuban outcome as "a blow to its prestige bordering on humiliation".<a href="#cite_note-auto-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Malin_Notes-6">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuba–Soviet_relations">Cuba–Soviet relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cuba–Soviet relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Escalante_affair" title="Escalante affair">Escalante affair</a></div> In late 1961, <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> asked for more SA-2 anti-aircraft missiles from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. The request was not acted upon by the Soviet leadership. In the interval, Castro began criticizing the Soviets for lack of "revolutionary boldness", and began talking to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> about agreements for economic assistance. In March 1962, Castro ordered the ousting of <a href="/wiki/Anibal_Escalante" class="mw-redirect" title="Anibal Escalante">Anibal Escalante</a> and his pro-Moscow comrades from Cuba's <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Revolutionary_Organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Revolutionary Organizations">Integrated Revolutionary Organizations</a>. This affair alarmed the Soviet leadership as well as raised fears of a possible US invasion. As a result, the Soviet Union sent more SA-2 anti-aircraft missiles in April as well as a regiment of regular Soviet troops.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-7">[7]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a> has contended that Escalante's dismissal was a motivating factor behind the Soviet decision to place nuclear missiles in Cuba in 1962. According to Naftali, Soviet foreign policy planners were concerned Castro's break with Escalante foreshadowed a Cuban drift toward <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and sought to solidify the Soviet-Cuban relationship through the missile basing program.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuba–US_relations">Cuba–US relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cuba–US relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Operation_40" title="Operation 40">Operation 40</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mongoose" title="Operation Mongoose">Operation Mongoose</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annex_No._30_Phase_1_Pre_Strike_-_NARA_-_193244.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Annex_No._30_Phase_1_Pre_Strike_-_NARA_-_193244.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Annex_No._30_Phase_1_Pre_Strike_-_NARA_-_193244.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Annex_No._30_Phase_1_Pre_Strike_-_NARA_-_193244.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Annex_No._30_Phase_1_Pre_Strike_-_NARA_-_193244.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Annex_No._30_Phase_1_Pre_Strike_-_NARA_-_193244.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Annex_No._30_Phase_1_Pre_Strike_-_NARA_-_193244.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2569" /></a><figcaption>An image of the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy administration</a>'s plans for the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Cuba)" title="Council of Ministers (Cuba)">Cuban government</a> regarded <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">US imperialism</a> as the primary explanation for the island's structural weaknesses.<a href="#cite_note-Yaffe20b-9">[9]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">US government</a> provided weapons, money, and its authority to the <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista" title="Fulgencio Batista">Fulgencio Batista</a> that ruled Cuba until 1958. The majority of the Cuban population had tired of the severe socioeconomic problems associated with the US domination of the country. The Cuban government was thus aware of the necessity of ending the turmoil and incongruities of US-dominated prerevolution Cuban society. It determined that the US government's demands, made as part of the hostile US reaction to Cuban government policy, were unacceptable.<a href="#cite_note-Yaffe20b-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bo12a-10">[10]</a> With the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the start of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the United States government sought to promote private enterprise as an instrument for advancing US strategic interests in the developing world.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> It had grown concerned about the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>. In December 1959, under the <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> administration and less than twelve months after the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) developed a plan for paramilitary action against Cuba. The CIA recruited operatives on the island to carry out <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a>, kill civilians, and cause economic damage.<a href="#cite_note-Opera40-16">[16]</a> At the initiative of the CIA <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Director_of_CIA_for_Operations" title="Deputy Director of CIA for Operations">Deputy Director for Plans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Bissell_Jr." title="Richard M. Bissell Jr.">Richard Bissell</a>, and approved by the new President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, the US launched the attempted <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a> in April 1961. It used CIA-trained forces of <a href="/wiki/Cuban_exile" title="Cuban exile">Cuban expatriates</a>. The complete failure of the invasion, and the exposure of the US government role before the operation began, was a source of diplomatic embarrassment for the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy administration</a>. Afterward, former President Eisenhower told Kennedy that "the failure of the Bay of Pigs will embolden the Soviets to do something that they would otherwise not do."<a href="#cite_note-Absher-17">[17]</a>: 10  Following the failed invasion, the US massively escalated its sponsorship of terrorism against Cuba. Starting in late 1961, using the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">military</a> and the CIA, the US government engaged in an extensive campaign of state-sponsored terrorism against civilian and military targets on the island. The terrorist attacks killed significant numbers of civilians. The US armed, trained, funded and directed the terrorists, most of whom were Cuban expatriates. Terrorist attacks were planned at the direction and with the participation of US government employees and launched from US territory.<a href="#cite_note-uscuba1-23">[23]</a> In January 1962, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">US Air Force</a> General <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lansdale" title="Edward Lansdale">Edward Lansdale</a> described the plans to overthrow the Cuban government in a top-secret report, addressed to Kennedy and officials involved with Operation Mongoose.<a href="#cite_note-FRUS63volX-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Franklin16-15">[15]</a> CIA agents or "pathfinders" from the <a href="/wiki/Special_Activities_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Activities Division">Special Activities Division</a> were to be infiltrated into Cuba to carry out sabotage and organization, including radio broadcasts.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In February 1962, the US launched an <a href="/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba" title="United States embargo against Cuba">embargo against Cuba</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> and Lansdale presented a 26-page, top-secret timetable for implementation of the overthrow of the Cuban government, mandating guerrilla operations to begin in August and September. "Open revolt and overthrow of the Communist regime" was hoped by the planners to occur in the first two weeks of October.<a href="#cite_note-Franklin16-15">[15]</a> The terrorism campaign and the threat of invasion were crucial factors in the Soviet decision to position the missiles on Cuba, and in the Cuban government's decision to accept.<a href="#cite_note-BrZuMiMi-31">[31]</a> The US government was aware at the time, as reported to the president in a <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Estimate" title="National Intelligence Estimate">National Intelligence Estimate</a>, that the invasion threat was a key reason for Cuban acceptance of the missiles.<a href="#cite_note-Ge18-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FRUS63XNIE-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US–Soviet_relations">US–Soviet relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: US–Soviet relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Missile_gap" title="Missile gap">Missile gap</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_F._Kennedy,_Nikita_Khruchchev_1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/John_F._Kennedy%2C_Nikita_Khruchchev_1961.jpg/220px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_Nikita_Khruchchev_1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/John_F._Kennedy%2C_Nikita_Khruchchev_1961.jpg/330px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_Nikita_Khruchchev_1961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/John_F._Kennedy%2C_Nikita_Khruchchev_1961.jpg/440px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_Nikita_Khruchchev_1961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1917–1963) and <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1894–1971) in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria in May 1961</figcaption></figure> When Kennedy ran for president in 1960, one of his key election issues was an alleged "<a href="/wiki/Missile_gap" title="Missile gap">missile gap</a>" with the Soviets. In fact, the US at that time led the Soviets by a wide margin, which would only increase over time. In 1961, the Soviets had only four <a href="/wiki/R-7_Semyorka" title="R-7 Semyorka">R-7 Semyorka</a> <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile" title="Intercontinental ballistic missile">intercontinental ballistic missiles</a> (ICBMs). By October 1962, some intelligence estimates indicated a figure of 75.<a href="#cite_note-afmag-34">[34]</a> The US, on the other hand, had 170 ICBMs and was quickly building more. It also had eight <a href="/wiki/George_Washington-class_submarine" title="George Washington-class submarine">George Washington</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen-class_submarine" title="Ethan Allen-class submarine">Ethan Allen-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine" title="Ballistic missile submarine">ballistic missile submarines</a>, with the capability to launch 16 <a href="/wiki/UGM-27_Polaris" title="UGM-27 Polaris">Polaris</a> missiles, each with a range of 2,500 nautical miles (4,600 km). The Soviet <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">First Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, increased the perception of a missile gap when he loudly boasted to the world that the Soviets were building missiles "like sausages" but Soviet missiles' numbers and capabilities were nowhere close to his assertions. The Soviet Union had <a href="/wiki/Medium-range_ballistic_missile" title="Medium-range ballistic missile">medium-range ballistic missiles</a> in quantity, about 700 of them, but they were unreliable and inaccurate. The US had a considerable advantage in its total number of nuclear warheads (27,000 against 3,600) and in the technology required for their accurate delivery. The US also led in <a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">missile defensive</a> capabilities, naval and air power; however, the Soviets held a two-to-one advantage in conventional ground forces, more pronounced in <a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">field guns</a> and tanks, particularly in the European theatre.<a href="#cite_note-afmag-34">[34]</a> Khrushchev also had an impression of Kennedy as weak, which to him was confirmed by the President's response during the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a>, particularly to the building of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> by <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> to prevent its citizens from <a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">emigrating to the West</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The half-hearted nature of the Bay of Pigs invasion reinforced Khrushchev's and his advisers' impression that Kennedy was indecisive and, as one Soviet aide wrote, "too young, intellectual, not prepared well for decision making in crisis situations... too intelligent and too weak".<a href="#cite_note-Absher-17">[17]</a> Speaking to Soviet officials in the aftermath of the crisis, Khrushchev asserted, "I know for certain that Kennedy doesn't have a strong background, nor, generally speaking, does he have the courage to stand up to a serious challenge." He also told his son <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Khrushchev" title="Sergei Khrushchev">Sergei</a> that on Cuba, Kennedy "would make a fuss, make more of a fuss, and then agree".<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prelude">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conception">Conception</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conception">edit</a>]</div> In May 1962, Soviet First Secretary <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> was persuaded by the idea of countering the US's growing lead in developing and deploying strategic missiles by placing Soviet intermediate-range nuclear missiles in Cuba, despite the misgivings of the Soviet Ambassador in Havana, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Alexeyev_(diplomat)" title="Alexander Alexeyev (diplomat)">Alexandr Ivanovich Alexeyev</a>, who argued that Castro would not accept the deployment of the missiles.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Khrushchev faced a strategic situation in which the US was perceived to have a "splendid <a href="/wiki/Pre-emptive_nuclear_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-emptive nuclear strike">first strike</a>" capability that put the Soviet Union at a huge disadvantage. In 1962, the Soviets had only 20 <a href="/wiki/ICBM" class="mw-redirect" title="ICBM">ICBMs</a> capable of delivering nuclear warheads to the US from inside the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-Allison_1999_92-38">[38]</a> The poor accuracy and reliability of the missiles raised serious doubts about their effectiveness. A newer, more reliable generation of ICBMs would become operational only after 1965.<a href="#cite_note-Allison_1999_92-38">[38]</a> Therefore, Soviet nuclear capability in 1962 placed less emphasis on ICBMs than on medium and intermediate-range ballistic missiles (<a href="/wiki/Medium-range_ballistic_missile" title="Medium-range ballistic missile">MRBMs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intermediate-range_ballistic_missile" title="Intermediate-range ballistic missile">IRBMs</a>). The missiles could hit American allies and most of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> from Soviet territory but not the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">contiguous United States</a>. Graham Allison, the director of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Belfer_Center_for_Science_and_International_Affairs" title="Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs">Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs</a>, points out, "The Soviet Union could not right the nuclear imbalance by deploying new ICBMs on its own soil. In order to meet the threat it faced in 1962, 1963, and 1964, it had very few options. Moving existing nuclear weapons to locations from which they could reach American targets was one."<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> A second reason that Soviet missiles were deployed to Cuba was that Khrushchev wanted to bring <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a>, controlled by the American, British and French within Communist <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, into the Soviet orbit. The East Germans and Soviets considered western control over a portion of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> a grave threat to East Germany. Khrushchev made West Berlin the central battlefield of the Cold War. Khrushchev believed that if the US did nothing over the missile deployments in Cuba, he could muscle the West out of Berlin using said missiles as a deterrent to western countermeasures in Berlin. If the US tried to bargain with the Soviets after it became aware of the missiles, Khrushchev could demand trading the missiles for West Berlin. Since Berlin was strategically more important than Cuba, the trade would be a win for Khrushchev, as Kennedy recognized: "The advantage is, from Khrushchev's point of view, he takes a great chance but there are quite some rewards to it."<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Thirdly, from the perspective of the Soviet Union and of Cuba, it seemed that the United States wanted to invade or increase its presence in Cuba. In view of actions including the attempt to expel Cuba from the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-cuban-missile-crisis-nationalsecurityarchive-41">[41]</a> the ongoing campaign of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">violent terrorist attacks</a> on civilians the US was carrying out against the island,<a href="#cite_note-uscuba1-23">[23]</a> economic sanctions against the country, and the earlier <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">attempt to invade it</a>, Cuban officials understood that America was trying to overrun the country. As a result, to try to prevent this, the USSR would place missiles in Cuba and neutralise the threat. This would ultimately serve to secure Cuba against attack and keep the country in the Socialist Bloc.<a href="#cite_note-Mi12-29">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jupiter_on_its_launch_pad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jupiter_on_its_launch_pad.jpg/220px-Jupiter_on_its_launch_pad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jupiter_on_its_launch_pad.jpg/330px-Jupiter_on_its_launch_pad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jupiter_on_its_launch_pad.jpg/440px-Jupiter_on_its_launch_pad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption>Fifteen US-built <a href="/wiki/PGM-19_Jupiter" title="PGM-19 Jupiter">PGM-19 Jupiter</a> missiles, with the capability to strike Moscow with nuclear warheads, were <a href="/wiki/PGM-19_Jupiter#Operational_deployment" title="PGM-19 Jupiter">deployed in Turkey</a> in 1961.</figcaption></figure> Another major reason why Khrushchev planned to place missiles on Cuba undetected was to "level the playing field" with the evident American nuclear threat. America had the upper hand as they could launch from Turkey and destroy the USSR before they would have a chance to react. After the emplacement of nuclear missiles in Cuba, Khrushchev had finally established <a href="/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction" title="Mutual assured destruction">mutual assured destruction</a>, meaning that if the United States decided to launch a nuclear strike against the Soviet Union, the latter would react by launching a retaliatory nuclear strike against the US.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Finally, placing nuclear missiles on Cuba was a way for the USSR to show their support for Cuba and support the Cuban people who viewed the United States as a threatening force,<a href="#cite_note-cuban-missile-crisis-nationalsecurityarchive-41">[41]</a> as the USSR had become Cuba's ally after the Cuban Revolution of 1959. According to Khrushchev, the Soviet Union's motives were "aimed at allowing Cuba to live peacefully and develop as its people desire".<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a>, a historian and adviser to Kennedy, told <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a> in an interview on 16 October 2002, that Castro did not want the missiles, but Khrushchev pressured Castro to accept them. Castro was not completely happy with the idea, but the Cuban National Directorate of the Revolution accepted them, both to protect Cuba against US attack and to aid the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-Ramonet-44">[44]</a>: 272  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_military_deployments">Soviet military deployments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Soviet military deployments">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_relative_ranges_of_the_IL-28,_SS-4,_and_SS-5,_stationed_on_Cuba.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_relative_ranges_of_the_IL-28%2C_SS-4%2C_and_SS-5%2C_stationed_on_Cuba.png/260px-The_relative_ranges_of_the_IL-28%2C_SS-4%2C_and_SS-5%2C_stationed_on_Cuba.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_relative_ranges_of_the_IL-28%2C_SS-4%2C_and_SS-5%2C_stationed_on_Cuba.png/390px-The_relative_ranges_of_the_IL-28%2C_SS-4%2C_and_SS-5%2C_stationed_on_Cuba.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_relative_ranges_of_the_IL-28%2C_SS-4%2C_and_SS-5%2C_stationed_on_Cuba.png/520px-The_relative_ranges_of_the_IL-28%2C_SS-4%2C_and_SS-5%2C_stationed_on_Cuba.png 2x" data-file-width="843" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>The relative ranges of the <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-28" title="Ilyushin Il-28">Il-28</a>, <a href="/wiki/SS-4_Sandal" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-4 Sandal">SS-4</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SS-5_Skean" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-5 Skean">SS-5</a> based on Cuba in nautical miles (NM)</figcaption></figure> In early 1962, a group of Soviet military and missile construction specialists accompanied an agricultural delegation to Havana. They obtained a meeting with Cuban prime minister <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>. According to one report, Cuban leadership had a strong expectation that the US would invade Cuba again and enthusiastically approved the idea of installing nuclear missiles in Cuba. According to another source, Castro objected to the missiles' deployment as making him look like a Soviet puppet, but he was persuaded that missiles in Cuba would be an irritant to the US and help the interests of the entire socialist camp.<a href="#cite_note-gwu-45">[45]</a> The deployment would include short-range tactical weapons (with a range of 40 km, usable only against naval vessels) that would provide a "nuclear umbrella" for attacks upon the island. By May, Khrushchev and Castro agreed to place strategic nuclear missiles secretly in Cuba. Like Castro, Khrushchev felt that a US invasion of Cuba was imminent and that to lose Cuba would do great harm to the communists, especially in Latin America. He said he wanted to confront the Americans "with more than words.... the logical answer was missiles".<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The Soviets maintained their tight secrecy, writing their plans longhand, which were approved by <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Marshal of the Soviet Union">Marshal of the Soviet Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Rodion_Malinovsky" title="Rodion Malinovsky">Rodion Malinovsky</a> on 4 July and Khrushchev on 7 July. From the very beginning, the Soviets' operation entailed elaborate <a href="/wiki/Denial_and_deception" title="Denial and deception">denial and deception</a>, known as "<a href="/wiki/Russian_military_deception" title="Russian military deception">maskirovka</a>". All the planning and preparation for transporting and deploying the missiles were carried out in the utmost secrecy, with only a very few told the exact nature of the mission. Even the troops detailed for the mission were given misdirection by being told that they were headed for a cold region and being outfitted with ski boots, fleece-lined parkas, and other winter equipment. The Soviet code-name was <a href="/wiki/Operation_Anadyr" title="Operation Anadyr">Operation Anadyr</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Anadyr_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Anadyr River">Anadyr River</a> flows into the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a>, and Anadyr is also the <a href="/wiki/Anadyr_(town)" title="Anadyr (town)">capital</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chukotsky_District" title="Chukotsky District">Chukotsky District</a> and a bomber base in the far eastern region. All the measures were meant to conceal the program from both internal and external audiences.<a href="#cite_note-hansen-47">[47]</a> Specialists in missile construction, under the guise of machine operators and agricultural specialists, arrived in July.<a href="#cite_note-hansen-47">[47]</a> A total of 43,000 foreign troops would ultimately be brought in.<a href="#cite_note-WP-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Chief Marshal of Artillery Sergei Biryuzov, Head of the Soviet Rocket Forces, led a survey team that visited Cuba. He told Khrushchev that the missiles would be concealed and camouflaged by palm trees.<a href="#cite_note-afmag-34">[34]</a> The Soviet troops would arrive in Cuba heavily underprepared. They did not know that the tropical climate would render ineffective many of their weapons and much of their equipment. In the first few days of setting up the missiles, troops complained of fuse failures, excessive corrosion, overconsumption of oil, and generator blackouts.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> As early as August 1962, the US suspected the Soviets of building missile facilities in Cuba. During that month, its intelligence services gathered information about sightings by ground observers of Soviet-built <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21">MiG-21</a> fighters and <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-28" title="Ilyushin Il-28">Il-28</a> light bombers. <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">U-2</a> spy planes found <a href="/wiki/S-75_Dvina" title="S-75 Dvina">S-75 Dvina</a> (NATO designation SA-2) <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missile</a> sites at eight different locations. CIA director <a href="/wiki/John_A._McCone" title="John A. McCone">John A. McCone</a> was suspicious. Sending antiaircraft missiles into Cuba, he reasoned, "made sense only if Moscow intended to use them to shield a base for ballistic missiles aimed at the United States".<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> On 10 August, he wrote a memo to Kennedy in which he guessed that the Soviets were preparing to introduce ballistic missiles into Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-afmag-34">[34]</a> Che Guevara himself traveled to the Soviet Union on 30 August 1962, to sign off on the final agreement regarding the deployment of missiles in Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The visit was heavily monitored by the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> as Guevara had gained more scrutiny by American intelligence. While in the Soviet Union Guevara argued with Khrushchev that the missile deal should be made public but Khrushchev insisted on total secrecy, and swore the Soviet Union's support if the Americans discovered the missiles. By the time Guevara arrived in Cuba the United States had already discovered the Soviet troops in Cuba via U-2 spy planes.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> With important Congressional elections scheduled for November, the crisis became enmeshed in American politics. On 31 August, Senator <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Keating" title="Kenneth Keating">Kenneth Keating</a> (R-New York) warned on the Senate floor that the Soviet Union was "in all probability" constructing a missile base in Cuba. He charged the Kennedy administration with covering up a major threat to the US, thereby starting the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> He may have received this initial "remarkably accurate" information from his friend, former congresswoman and ambassador <a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Clare Boothe Luce</a>, who in turn received it from Cuban exiles.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> A later confirming source for Keating's information possibly was the West German ambassador to Cuba, who had received information from dissidents inside Cuba that Soviet troops had arrived in Cuba in early August and were seen working "in all probability on or near a missile base" and who passed this information to Keating on a trip to Washington in early October.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson_Center_21_February_2017-56">[56]</a> Air Force General <a href="/wiki/Curtis_LeMay" title="Curtis LeMay">Curtis LeMay</a> presented a pre-invasion bombing plan to Kennedy in September, and spy flights and minor military harassment from US forces at <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantanamo Bay Naval Base</a> were the subject of continual Cuban diplomatic complaints to the US government.<a href="#cite_note-Franklin16-15">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1962_Cuba_Missiles_(30848755396).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/1962_Cuba_Missiles_%2830848755396%29.jpg/350px-1962_Cuba_Missiles_%2830848755396%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/1962_Cuba_Missiles_%2830848755396%29.jpg/525px-1962_Cuba_Missiles_%2830848755396%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/1962_Cuba_Missiles_%2830848755396%29.jpg/700px-1962_Cuba_Missiles_%2830848755396%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>Map created by American intelligence showing all known Surface-to-Air Missile activity in Cuba, 5 September 1962</figcaption></figure> The first consignment of Soviet <a href="/wiki/R-12_(missile)" class="mw-redirect" title="R-12 (missile)">R-12</a> missiles arrived on the night of 8 September, followed by a second on 16 September. The R-12 was a medium-range ballistic missile, capable of carrying a <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermonuclear">thermonuclear</a> warhead.<a href="#cite_note-R-12_Specs.-57">[57]</a> It was a single-stage, road-transportable, surface-launched, storable liquid propellant fuelled missile that could deliver a <a href="/wiki/TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">megaton-class</a> nuclear weapon.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Soviets were building nine sites—six for <a href="/wiki/R-12_(missile)" class="mw-redirect" title="R-12 (missile)">R-12</a> medium-range missiles (NATO designation <a href="/wiki/SS-4_Sandal" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-4 Sandal">SS-4 Sandal</a>) with an effective range of 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) and three for <a href="/wiki/R-14_(missile)" class="mw-redirect" title="R-14 (missile)">R-14</a> intermediate-range ballistic missiles (NATO designation SS-5 Skean) with a maximum range of 4,500 kilometres (2,800 mi).<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> On 7 October, Cuban President <a href="/wiki/Osvaldo_Dortic%C3%B3s_Torrado" title="Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado">Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado</a> spoke at the <a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a>: "If... we are attacked, we will defend ourselves. I repeat, we have sufficient means with which to defend ourselves; we have indeed our inevitable weapons, the weapons, which we would have preferred not to acquire, and which we do not wish to employ."<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> On 11 October in another Senate speech, Sen Keating reaffirmed his earlier warning of 31 August and stated that, "Construction has begun on at least a half dozen launching sites for intermediate range tactical missiles."<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The Cuban leadership was further upset when on 20 September, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">US Senate</a> approved Joint Resolution 230, which expressed the US was determined "to prevent in Cuba the creation or use of an externally-supported military capability endangering the security of the United States".<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-blight-62">[62]</a> On the same day, the US announced a major military exercise in the Caribbean, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ortsac" title="Operation Ortsac">PHIBRIGLEX-62</a>, which Cuba denounced as a deliberate provocation and proof that the US planned to invade Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-blight-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-thedays-63">[63]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] The Soviet leadership believed, based on its perception of Kennedy's lack of confidence during the Bay of Pigs Invasion, that he would avoid confrontation and accept the missiles as a fait accompli.<a href="#cite_note-Absher-17">[17]</a>: 1  On 11 September, the Soviet Union publicly warned that a US attack on Cuba or on Soviet ships that were carrying supplies to the island would mean war.<a href="#cite_note-Franklin16-15">[15]</a> The Soviets continued the Maskirovka program to conceal their actions in Cuba. They repeatedly denied that the weapons being brought into Cuba were offensive in nature. On 7 September, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Ambassador_to_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Ambassador to the United States">Soviet Ambassador to the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Dobrynin" title="Anatoly Dobrynin">Anatoly Dobrynin</a> assured <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Nations">United States Ambassador to the United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> that the Soviet Union was supplying only defensive weapons to Cuba. On 11 September, the <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_agency_of_the_soviet_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph agency of the soviet union">Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union</a> (TASS: Telegrafnoe Agentstvo Sovetskogo Soyuza) announced that the Soviet Union had no need or intention to introduce offensive nuclear missiles into Cuba. On 13 October, Dobrynin was questioned by former Undersecretary of State <a href="/wiki/Chester_Bowles" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester Bowles">Chester Bowles</a> about whether the Soviets planned to put offensive weapons in Cuba. He denied any such plans.<a href="#cite_note-blight-62">[62]</a> On 17 October, Soviet embassy official Georgy Bolshakov brought President Kennedy a personal message from Khrushchev reassuring him that "under no circumstances would surface-to-surface missiles be sent to Cuba."<a href="#cite_note-blight-62">[62]</a>: 494  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Missiles_reported">Missiles reported</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Missiles reported">edit</a>]</div> The missiles in Cuba allowed the Soviets to effectively target most of the Continental US. The planned arsenal was forty launchers. The Cuban populace readily noticed the arrival and deployment of the missiles and hundreds of reports reached Miami. US intelligence received countless reports, many of dubious quality or even laughable, most of which could be dismissed as describing defensive missiles.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Only five reports bothered the analysts. They described large trucks passing through towns at night that were carrying very long canvas-covered cylindrical objects that could not make turns through towns without backing up and maneuvering. Defensive missile transporters, it was believed, could make such turns without undue difficulty. The reports could not be satisfactorily dismissed.<a href="#cite_note-GWUgraybeal-67">[67]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U2_Image_of_Cuban_Missile_Crisis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/U2_Image_of_Cuban_Missile_Crisis.jpg/220px-U2_Image_of_Cuban_Missile_Crisis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/U2_Image_of_Cuban_Missile_Crisis.jpg/330px-U2_Image_of_Cuban_Missile_Crisis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/U2_Image_of_Cuban_Missile_Crisis.jpg/440px-U2_Image_of_Cuban_Missile_Crisis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>A U-2 reconnaissance photograph of Cuba, showing Soviet nuclear missiles, their transports and tents for fueling and maintenance</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aerial_confirmation">Aerial confirmation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aerial confirmation">edit</a>]</div> The United States had been sending U-2 surveillance over Cuba since the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The first issue that led to a pause in reconnaissance flights took place on 30 August, when a U-2 operated by the US Air Force's <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command" title="Strategic Air Command">Strategic Air Command</a> flew over <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Far_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Far East">Soviet Far East</a> by mistake. The Soviets lodged a protest and the US apologized. Nine days later, a <a href="/wiki/Black_Cat_Squadron" title="Black Cat Squadron">Taiwanese-operated U-2</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> was lost over western China to an <a href="/wiki/SA-2" class="mw-redirect" title="SA-2">SA-2</a> <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missile</a> (SAM). US officials were worried that one of the Cuban or Soviet SAMs in Cuba might shoot down a CIA U-2, initiating another international incident. In a meeting with members of the Committee on Overhead Reconnaissance (COMOR) on 10 September, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Dean Rusk</a> and National Security Advisor <a href="/wiki/McGeorge_Bundy" title="McGeorge Bundy">McGeorge Bundy</a> heavily restricted further U-2 flights over Cuban airspace. The resulting lack of coverage over the island for the next five weeks became known to historians as the "Photo Gap".<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> No significant U-2 coverage was achieved over the interior of the island. US officials attempted to use a <a href="/wiki/Corona_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corona (satellite)">Corona</a> photo-reconnaissance satellite to obtain coverage over reported Soviet military deployments, but imagery acquired over western Cuba by a Corona KH-4 mission on October 1 was heavily covered by clouds and haze and failed to provide any usable intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> At the end of September, Navy reconnaissance aircraft photographed the Soviet ship Kasimov, with large crates on its deck the size and shape of Il-28 jet bomber fuselages.<a href="#cite_note-afmag-34">[34]</a> In September 1962, analysts from the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">Defense Intelligence Agency</a> (DIA) noticed that Cuban surface-to-air missile sites were arranged in a pattern similar to those used by the Soviet Union to protect its ICBM bases, leading DIA to lobby for the resumption of U-2 flights over the island.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Although in the past the flights had been conducted by the CIA, pressure from the Defense Department led to that authority being transferred to the Air Force.<a href="#cite_note-afmag-34">[34]</a> Following the loss of a CIA U-2 over the Soviet Union in <a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="1960 U-2 Incident">May 1960</a>, it was thought that if another U-2 were shot down, an Air Force aircraft arguably being used for a legitimate military purpose would be easier to explain than a CIA flight. When the reconnaissance missions were reauthorized on 9 October, poor weather kept the planes from flying. The US first obtained U-2 photographic evidence of the missiles on 14 October, when a U-2 flight piloted by Major <a href="/wiki/Richard_Heyser" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Heyser">Richard Heyser</a> took 928 pictures on a path selected by DIA analysts, capturing images of what turned out to be an SS-4 construction site at <a href="/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal,_Cuba" title="San Cristóbal, Cuba">San Cristóbal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinar_del_R%C3%ADo_Province" title="Pinar del Río Province">Pinar del Río Province</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/Artemisa_Province" title="Artemisa Province">Artemisa Province</a>), in western Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuba_Missiles_Crisis_U-2_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Cuba_Missiles_Crisis_U-2_photo.jpg/240px-Cuba_Missiles_Crisis_U-2_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Cuba_Missiles_Crisis_U-2_photo.jpg/360px-Cuba_Missiles_Crisis_U-2_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Cuba_Missiles_Crisis_U-2_photo.jpg/480px-Cuba_Missiles_Crisis_U-2_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption>One of the first U-2 reconnaissance images of missile bases under construction shown to President Kennedy on the morning of 16 October 1962</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="President_notified">President notified</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: President notified">edit</a>]</div> On 15 October, the CIA's <a href="/wiki/National_Photographic_Interpretation_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="National Photographic Interpretation Center">National Photographic Interpretation Center</a> (NPIC) reviewed the U-2 photographs and identified objects that they interpreted as medium range ballistic missiles. This identification was made, in part, on the strength of reporting provided by <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Penkovsky" title="Oleg Penkovsky">Oleg Penkovsky</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Double_agent" title="Double agent">double agent</a> in the <a href="/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)" title="GRU (Soviet Union)">GRU</a> working for the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> and <a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a>. Although he provided no direct reports of the Soviet missile deployments to Cuba, technical and doctrinal details of Soviet missile regiments that had been provided by Penkovsky in the months and years prior to the Crisis helped NPIC analysts correctly identify the missiles on U-2 imagery.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> That evening, the CIA notified the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a> and at 8:30 pm <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Daylight Time">EDT</a>, Bundy chose to wait until the next morning to tell the President. McNamara was briefed at midnight. The next morning, Bundy met with Kennedy and showed him the U-2 photographs and briefed him on the CIA's analysis of the images.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> At 6:30 pm EDT, Kennedy convened a meeting of the nine members of the National Security Council and five other key advisers,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> in a group he formally named the <a href="/wiki/EXCOMM" title="EXCOMM">Executive Committee of the National Security Council</a> (EXCOMM) after the fact on 22 October by National Security Action Memorandum 196.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Without informing the members of EXCOMM, President Kennedy tape-recorded all of their proceedings, and Sheldon M. Stern, head of the Kennedy library transcribed some of them.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> On 16 October, President Kennedy notified <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert Kennedy</a> that he was convinced the Soviets were placing missiles in Cuba and it was a legitimate threat. This made the threat of nuclear destruction by two world superpowers a reality. Robert Kennedy responded by contacting the Soviet Ambassador, <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Dobrynin" title="Anatoly Dobrynin">Anatoly Dobrynin</a>. Robert Kennedy expressed his "concern about what was happening" and Dobrynin "was instructed by Soviet Chairman Nikita S. Khrushchev to assure President Kennedy that there would be no ground-to-ground missiles or offensive weapons placed in Cuba". Khrushchev further assured Kennedy that the Soviet Union had no intention of "disrupting the relationship of our two countries" despite the photo evidence presented before President Kennedy.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Responses_considered">Responses considered</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Responses considered">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LeMay_Cuban_Missile_Crisis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/LeMay_Cuban_Missile_Crisis.jpg/220px-LeMay_Cuban_Missile_Crisis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/LeMay_Cuban_Missile_Crisis.jpg/330px-LeMay_Cuban_Missile_Crisis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/LeMay_Cuban_Missile_Crisis.jpg/440px-LeMay_Cuban_Missile_Crisis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>President Kennedy meets in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a> with General <a href="/wiki/Curtis_LeMay" title="Curtis LeMay">Curtis LeMay</a> and the reconnaissance pilots who found the missile sites in Cuba.</figcaption></figure> The US had no plan in place because until recently its intelligence had been convinced that the Soviets would never install nuclear missiles in Cuba. EXCOMM discussed several possible courses of action:<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <ol><li>Do nothing: American vulnerability to Soviet missiles was not new.</li> <li>Diplomacy: Use diplomatic pressure to get the Soviet Union to remove the missiles.</li> <li>Secret approach: Offer Castro the choice of splitting with the Soviets or being invaded.</li> <li>Invasion: Full-force invasion of Cuba and overthrow of Castro.</li> <li>Air strike: Use the US Air Force to attack all known missile sites.</li> <li>Blockade: Use the US Navy to block any missiles from arriving in Cuba.</li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuban_Missile_Crisis_Game_Tree.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cuban_Missile_Crisis_Game_Tree.svg/220px-Cuban_Missile_Crisis_Game_Tree.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cuban_Missile_Crisis_Game_Tree.svg/330px-Cuban_Missile_Crisis_Game_Tree.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cuban_Missile_Crisis_Game_Tree.svg/440px-Cuban_Missile_Crisis_Game_Tree.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>As the article describes, both the US and the Soviet Union considered many possible outcomes of their actions and threats during the crisis (Allison, Graham T.; Zelikow, Philip D.). This <a href="/wiki/Game_tree" title="Game tree">game tree</a> models how both actors would have considered their decisions. It is broken down into a simple form for basic understanding.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> unanimously agreed that a full-scale attack and invasion was the only solution. They believed that the Soviets would not attempt to stop the US from conquering Cuba. Kennedy was skeptical: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">They, no more than we, can let these things go by without doing something. They can't, after all their statements, permit us to take out their missiles, kill a lot of Russians, and then do nothing. If they don't take action in Cuba, they certainly will in Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-rfkennedy-83">[83]</a></blockquote> Kennedy concluded that attacking Cuba by air would signal the Soviets to presume "a clear line" to conquer Berlin. Kennedy also believed that US allies would think of the country as "trigger-happy cowboys" who lost Berlin because they could not peacefully resolve the Cuban situation.<a href="#cite_note-axelrod2009-84">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McNamara_and_Kennedy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/McNamara_and_Kennedy.jpg/220px-McNamara_and_Kennedy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/McNamara_and_Kennedy.jpg/330px-McNamara_and_Kennedy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/McNamara_and_Kennedy.jpg/440px-McNamara_and_Kennedy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1982" /></a><figcaption>President Kennedy and Secretary of Defense McNamara in an <a href="/wiki/EXCOMM" title="EXCOMM">EXCOMM</a> meeting, 29 October 1962</figcaption></figure> The EXCOMM then discussed the effect on the strategic balance of power, both political and military. The Joint Chiefs of Staff believed that the missiles would seriously alter the military balance, but McNamara disagreed. An extra 40, he reasoned, would make little difference to the overall strategic balance. The US already had approximately 5,000 strategic warheads,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> but the Soviet Union had only 300. McNamara concluded that the Soviets having 340 would not therefore substantially alter the strategic balance. In 1990, he reiterated that "it made no difference.... The military balance wasn't changed. I didn't believe it then, and I don't believe it now."<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The EXCOMM agreed that the missiles would affect the political balance. Kennedy had explicitly promised the American people less than a month before the crisis that "if Cuba should possess a capacity to carry out offensive actions against the United States... the United States would act."<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a>: 674–681  Further, US credibility among its allies and people would be damaged if the Soviet Union appeared to redress the strategic imbalance by placing missiles in Cuba. Kennedy explained after the crisis that "it would have politically changed the balance of power. It would have appeared to, and appearances contribute to reality."<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CMC_Gromyko.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/CMC_Gromyko.jpg/220px-CMC_Gromyko.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/CMC_Gromyko.jpg/330px-CMC_Gromyko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/CMC_Gromyko.jpg/440px-CMC_Gromyko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="779" /></a><figcaption>President Kennedy meets in the Oval Office with Soviet Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a>, 18 October 1962.</figcaption></figure> On 18 October, Kennedy met with <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs">Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a>, who claimed the weapons were for defensive purposes only. Not wanting to expose what he already knew and to avoid panicking the American public,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Kennedy did not reveal that he was already aware of the missile buildup.<a href="#cite_note-historyplace-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operational_plans">Operational plans</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Operational plans">edit</a>]</div> Two Operational Plans (OPLAN) were considered. OPLAN 316 envisioned a full invasion of Cuba by Army and Marine units, supported by the Navy, following Air Force and naval airstrikes. Army units in the US would have had trouble fielding mechanised and logistical assets, and the US Navy could not supply enough amphibious shipping to transport even a modest armoured contingent from the Army. OPLAN 312, primarily an Air Force and Navy carrier operation, was designed with enough flexibility to do anything from engaging individual missile sites to providing air support for OPLAN 316's ground forces.<a href="#cite_note-Kamps,_Charles_Tustin_2007,_page_88-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Blockade">Blockade</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Blockade">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P-2H_Neptune_over_Soviet_ship_Oct_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/P-2H_Neptune_over_Soviet_ship_Oct_1962.jpg/220px-P-2H_Neptune_over_Soviet_ship_Oct_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/P-2H_Neptune_over_Soviet_ship_Oct_1962.jpg/330px-P-2H_Neptune_over_Soviet_ship_Oct_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/P-2H_Neptune_over_Soviet_ship_Oct_1962.jpg/440px-P-2H_Neptune_over_Soviet_ship_Oct_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1480" /></a><figcaption>A US Navy <a href="/wiki/P-2_Neptune" class="mw-redirect" title="P-2 Neptune">P-2H Neptune</a> of <a href="/wiki/VP-18" title="VP-18">VP-18</a> flying over a Soviet cargo ship with crated <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-28" title="Ilyushin Il-28">Il-28s</a> on deck during the Cuban Crisis<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></figcaption></figure> Kennedy met with members of EXCOMM and other top advisers throughout 21 October, considering two remaining options: an air strike primarily against the Cuban missile bases or a naval <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a> of Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-historyplace-90">[90]</a> A full-scale invasion was not the administration's first option. McNamara supported the naval blockade as a strong but limited military action that left the US in control. The term "blockade" was problematic – according to <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, a blockade is an <a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">act of war</a>, but the Kennedy administration did not think that the Soviets would be provoked to attack by a mere blockade.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Additionally, legal experts at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a> concluded that a declaration of war could be avoided if another legal justification, based on the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Treaty</a> for defence of the Western Hemisphere, was obtained from a resolution by a two-thirds vote from the members of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> (OAS).<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Whelan_Anderson_Jr." title="George Whelan Anderson Jr.">George Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations" title="Chief of Naval Operations">Chief of Naval Operations</a> wrote a position paper that helped Kennedy to differentiate between what they termed a "quarantine"<a href="#cite_note-quarantine_term-95">[95]</a> of offensive weapons and a blockade of all materials, claiming that a classic blockade was not the original intention. Since it would take place in international waters, Kennedy obtained the approval of the OAS for military action under the hemispheric defence provisions of the Rio Treaty: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Latin American participation in the quarantine now involved two Argentine destroyers which were to report to the US Commander South Atlantic [COMSOLANT] at Trinidad on November 9. An Argentine submarine and a Marine battalion with lift were available if required. In addition, two Venezuelan destroyers (Destroyers ARV D-11 Nueva Esparta" and "ARV D-21 Zulia") and one submarine (Caribe) had reported to COMSOLANT, ready for sea by November 2. The Government of Trinidad and Tobago offered the use of <a href="/wiki/Chaguaramas,_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaguaramas, Trinidad">Chaguaramas</a> Naval Base to warships of any OAS nation for the duration of the "quarantine". The Dominican Republic had made available one escort ship. Colombia was reported ready to furnish units and had sent military officers to the US to discuss this assistance. The Argentine Air Force informally offered three <a href="/wiki/Grumman_SA-16" class="mw-redirect" title="Grumman SA-16">SA-16</a> aircraft in addition to forces already committed to the "quarantine" operation.<a href="#cite_note-flagship-96">[96]</a></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">This initially was to involve a naval blockade against offensive weapons within the framework of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Treaty</a>. Such a blockade might be expanded to cover all types of goods and air transport. The action was to be backed up by surveillance of Cuba. The CNO's scenario was followed closely in later implementing the "quarantine."</blockquote> On 19 October, the EXCOMM formed separate working groups to examine the air strike and blockade options, and by the afternoon most support in the EXCOMM had shifted to a blockade. Reservations about the plan continued to be voiced as late as 21 October, the paramount concern being that once the blockade was put into effect the Soviets would rush to complete some of the missiles. Consequently, the US could find itself bombing operational missiles if the blockade did not force Khrushchev to remove the missiles already on the island.<a href="#cite_note-Gibson2012-97">[97]</a>: 99–101  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speech_to_the_nation">Speech to the nation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Speech to the nation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Kennedy_signs_Cuba_quarantine_proclamation,_23_October_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/President_Kennedy_signs_Cuba_quarantine_proclamation%2C_23_October_1962.jpg/190px-President_Kennedy_signs_Cuba_quarantine_proclamation%2C_23_October_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/President_Kennedy_signs_Cuba_quarantine_proclamation%2C_23_October_1962.jpg/285px-President_Kennedy_signs_Cuba_quarantine_proclamation%2C_23_October_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/President_Kennedy_signs_Cuba_quarantine_proclamation%2C_23_October_1962.jpg/380px-President_Kennedy_signs_Cuba_quarantine_proclamation%2C_23_October_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="1158" /></a><figcaption>President Kennedy signing the Proclamation for Interdiction of the Delivery of Offensive Weapons to Cuba at the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a> on 23 October 1962.<a href="#cite_note-proclamation-3504-98">[98]</a></figcaption></figure> At 3:00 pm EDT on 22 October, President Kennedy formally established the executive committee (EXCOMM) with National Security Action Memorandum (NSAM) 196. At 5:00 pm, he met with Congressional leaders, who contentiously opposed a blockade and demanded a stronger response. In <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, US Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Foy_D._Kohler" title="Foy D. Kohler">Foy D. Kohler</a> briefed Khrushchev on the pending blockade and Kennedy's speech to the nation. Ambassadors around the world gave notice to non-<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> leaders. Before the speech, US delegations met with Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">John Diefenbaker</a>, British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_German" class="mw-redirect" title="West German">West German</a> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor" title="Chancellor">Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a>, French President <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> and Secretary-General of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Mora" title="José Antonio Mora">José Antonio Mora</a> to brief them on this intelligence and the US's proposed response. All were supportive of the US position. Over the course of the crisis, Kennedy had daily telephone conversations with Macmillan, who was publicly supportive of US actions.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Shortly before his speech, Kennedy telephoned former President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Kennedy's conversation with the former president also revealed that the two had been consulting during the Cuban Missile Crisis.<a href="#cite_note-ovalofficetapes1-101">[101]</a> The two also anticipated that Khrushchev would respond to the Western world in a manner similar to his response during the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>, and would possibly wind up trading off[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-ovalofficetapes1-101">[101]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:John_F_Kennedy_Address_on_the_Buildup_of_Arms_in_Cuba.ogg" title="File:John F Kennedy Address on the Buildup of Arms in Cuba.ogg">Address on the Buildup of Arms in Cuba</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="1057" data-mwtitle="John_F_Kennedy_Address_on_the_Buildup_of_Arms_in_Cuba.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/John_F_Kennedy_Address_on_the_Buildup_of_Arms_in_Cuba.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/John_F_Kennedy_Address_on_the_Buildup_of_Arms_in_Cuba.ogg/John_F_Kennedy_Address_on_the_Buildup_of_Arms_in_Cuba.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJohn_F_Kennedy_Address_on_the_Buildup_of_Arms_in_Cuba.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Kennedy addressing the nation on 22 October 1962 about the buildup of arms on Cuba</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></div></div></div> </div> At 7:00 pm EDT on 22 October, Kennedy delivered a nationwide televised address on all of the major networks announcing the discovery of the missiles. He noted: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It shall be the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from Cuba against any nation in the Western Hemisphere as an attack by the Soviet Union on the United States, requiring a full retaliatory response upon the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-upi-102">[102]</a></blockquote> Kennedy described the administration's plan: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">To halt this offensive buildup, a strict quarantine on all offensive military equipment under shipment to Cuba is being initiated. All ships of any kind bound for Cuba, from whatever nation or port, will, if found to contain cargoes of offensive weapons, be turned back. This quarantine will be extended, if needed, to other types of cargo and carriers. We are not at this time, however, denying the necessities of life as the Soviets attempted to do in their Berlin blockade of 1948.<a href="#cite_note-upi-102">[102]</a></blockquote> During the speech, a directive went out to all US forces worldwide, placing them on <a href="/wiki/DEFCON" title="DEFCON">DEFCON</a> 3. The <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cruiser" title="Heavy cruiser">heavy cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Newport_News_(CA-148)" title="USS Newport News (CA-148)">USS Newport News</a> was the designated <a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">flagship</a> for the blockade,<a href="#cite_note-quarantine_term-95">[95]</a> with <a href="/wiki/USS_Leary_(DD-879)" title="USS Leary (DD-879)">USS Leary</a> as Newport News's <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyer</a> escort.<a href="#cite_note-flagship-96">[96]</a> Kennedy's speech writer <a href="/wiki/Ted_Sorensen" title="Ted Sorensen">Ted Sorensen</a> stated in 2007 that the address to the nation was "Kennedy's most important speech historically, in terms of its impact on our planet."<a href="#cite_note-20070422TheGuardianSorensen-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crisis_deepens">Crisis deepens</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Crisis deepens">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khrushchev_letter_to_kennedy.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Khrushchev_letter_to_kennedy.gif/240px-Khrushchev_letter_to_kennedy.gif" decoding="async" width="240" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Khrushchev_letter_to_kennedy.gif/360px-Khrushchev_letter_to_kennedy.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Khrushchev_letter_to_kennedy.gif/480px-Khrushchev_letter_to_kennedy.gif 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>Soviet First Secretary <a href="/wiki/Khrushchev" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a>'s letter to Kennedy (dated 24 October 1962) stating that the blockade of Cuba "constitute[s] an act of aggression"<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-loc-khrushchev-translation-105">[105]</a></figcaption></figure> At 11:24 am EDT on 24 October, a cable from <a href="/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Under Secretary of State">US Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Ball_(diplomat)" title="George Ball (diplomat)">George Ball</a> to the US Ambassadors in Turkey and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> notified them that they were considering making an offer to withdraw the missiles from Italy and Turkey, in exchange for the Soviet withdrawal from Cuba. Turkish officials replied that they would "deeply resent" any trade involving the US missile presence in their country.<a href="#cite_note-chrono26oct15nov-106">[106]</a> One day later, on the morning of 25 October, American journalist <a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a> proposed the same thing in his syndicated column. Castro reaffirmed Cuba's right to self-defense and said that all of its weapons were defensive and Cuba would not allow an inspection.<a href="#cite_note-Franklin16-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_response">International response</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: International response">edit</a>]</div> Three days after Kennedy's speech, the Chinese <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a> announced that "650,000,000 Chinese men and women were standing by the Cuban people."<a href="#cite_note-brink-107">[107]</a> In West Germany, newspapers supported the US response by contrasting it with the weak American actions in the region during the preceding months. They also expressed some fear that the Soviets might retaliate in Berlin. In France on 23 October, the crisis made the front page of all the daily newspapers. The next day, an editorial in <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a> expressed doubt about the authenticity of the CIA's photographic evidence. Two days later, after a visit by a high-ranking CIA agent, the newspaper accepted the validity of the photographs. In the 29 October issue of <a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Raymond Aron</a> wrote in support of the American response.<a href="#cite_note-cubacrisis-108">[108]</a> On 24 October, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> sent a message to the Soviet embassy in Rome, to be transmitted to the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a>, in which he voiced his concern for peace. In this message he stated, "We beg all governments not to remain deaf to this cry of humanity. That they do all that is in their power to save peace."<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_broadcast_and_communications">Soviet broadcast and communications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Soviet broadcast and communications">edit</a>]</div> The crisis continued unabated, and on the evening of 24 October, the Soviet TASS news agency broadcast a telegram from Khrushchev to Kennedy, in which Khrushchev warned that the United States' "outright piracy" would lead to war.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Khrushchev then sent at 9:24 pm a telegram to Kennedy, which was received at 10:52 pm EDT. Khrushchev stated, "if you weigh the present situation with a cool head without giving way to passion, you will understand that the Soviet Union cannot afford not to decline the despotic demands of the USA" and that the Soviet Union viewed the blockade as "an act of aggression", and their ships would be instructed to ignore it.<a href="#cite_note-loc-khrushchev-translation-105">[105]</a> After 23 October, Soviet communications with the US increasingly showed indications of having been rushed. Undoubtedly a product of pressure, it was not uncommon for Khrushchev to repeat himself and to send messages lacking basic editing.<a href="#cite_note-Mi12a-111">[111]</a> With President Kennedy making his aggressive intentions of a possible airstrike followed by an invasion on Cuba known, Khrushchev rapidly sought a diplomatic compromise. Communications between the two superpowers had entered into a unique and revolutionary period; with the newly developed threat of mutual destruction through the deployment of nuclear weapons, diplomacy now demonstrated how power and coercion could dominate negotiations.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_alert_level_raised">US alert level raised</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: US alert level raised">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adlai_Stevenson_shows_missiles_to_UN_Security_Council_with_David_Parker_standing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Adlai_Stevenson_shows_missiles_to_UN_Security_Council_with_David_Parker_standing.jpg/220px-Adlai_Stevenson_shows_missiles_to_UN_Security_Council_with_David_Parker_standing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Adlai_Stevenson_shows_missiles_to_UN_Security_Council_with_David_Parker_standing.jpg/330px-Adlai_Stevenson_shows_missiles_to_UN_Security_Council_with_David_Parker_standing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Adlai_Stevenson_shows_missiles_to_UN_Security_Council_with_David_Parker_standing.jpg/440px-Adlai_Stevenson_shows_missiles_to_UN_Security_Council_with_David_Parker_standing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> shows aerial photos of Cuban missiles to the United Nations, 25 October 1962.</figcaption></figure> The US requested an emergency meeting of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> on 25 October. US Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson confronted Soviet Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Valerian_Zorin" title="Valerian Zorin">Valerian Zorin</a> in an emergency meeting of the Security Council, challenging him to admit the existence of the missiles. Ambassador Zorin refused to answer. At 10:00 pm EDT the next day, the US raised the readiness level of <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command" title="Strategic Air Command">Strategic Air Command</a> (SAC) forces to DEFCON 2. For the only confirmed time in US history, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress">B-52</a> bombers went on continuous airborne alert, and <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-47_Stratojet" title="Boeing B-47 Stratojet">B-47</a> medium bombers were dispersed to various military and civilian airfields and made ready to take off, fully equipped, on 15 minutes' notice.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> One-eighth of SAC's 1,436 bombers were on airborne alert, and some 145 intercontinental ballistic missiles stood on ready alert, some of which targeted Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_Defense_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Defense Command">Air Defense Command</a> (ADC) redeployed 161 nuclear-armed <a href="/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft" title="Interceptor aircraft">interceptors</a> to 16 dispersal fields within nine hours, with one third maintaining 15-minute <a href="/wiki/Alert_state" title="Alert state">alert status</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kamps,_Charles_Tustin_2007,_page_88-91">[91]</a> Twenty-three nuclear-armed B-52s were sent to orbit points within striking distance of the Soviet Union so it would believe that the US was serious.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_J._Catton" title="Jack J. Catton">Jack J. Catton</a> later estimated that about 80 per cent of SAC's planes were ready for launch during the crisis; <a href="/wiki/David_A._Burchinal" title="David A. Burchinal">David A. Burchinal</a> recalled that, by contrast:<a href="#cite_note-jstor2538995-116">[116]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">the Russians were so thoroughly stood down, and we knew it. They didn't make any move. They did not increase their alert; they did not increase any flights, or their air defense posture. They didn't do a thing, they froze in place. We were never further from nuclear war than at the time of Cuba, never further.</blockquote> By 22 October, <a href="/wiki/Tactical_Air_Command" title="Tactical Air Command">Tactical Air Command</a> (TAC) had 511 fighters, plus supporting tankers and reconnaissance aircraft, deployed to face Cuba on one-hour alert status. TAC and the <a href="/wiki/Military_Air_Transport_Service" title="Military Air Transport Service">Military Air Transport Service</a> had problems. The concentration of aircraft in Florida strained command and support echelons, which faced critical undermanning in security, armaments, and communications; the absence of initial authorization for war-reserve stocks of conventional munitions forced TAC to scrounge; and the lack of airlift assets to support a major airborne drop necessitated the call-up of 24 <a href="/wiki/Reserve_components_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces">reserve</a> squadrons.<a href="#cite_note-Kamps,_Charles_Tustin_2007,_page_88-91">[91]</a> On 25 October at 1:45 am EDT, Kennedy responded to Khrushchev's telegram by stating that the US was forced into action after receiving repeated assurances that no offensive missiles were being placed in Cuba, and when the assurances proved to be false, the deployment "required the responses I have announced.... I hope that your government will take necessary action to permit a restoration of the earlier situation." <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_of_Navy_and_Soviet_ships_during_the_Cuban_Missile_Crisis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Location_of_Navy_and_Soviet_ships_during_the_Cuban_Missile_Crisis.jpg/220px-Location_of_Navy_and_Soviet_ships_during_the_Cuban_Missile_Crisis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Location_of_Navy_and_Soviet_ships_during_the_Cuban_Missile_Crisis.jpg/330px-Location_of_Navy_and_Soviet_ships_during_the_Cuban_Missile_Crisis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Location_of_Navy_and_Soviet_ships_during_the_Cuban_Missile_Crisis.jpg/440px-Location_of_Navy_and_Soviet_ships_during_the_Cuban_Missile_Crisis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption>A declassified map used by the US Navy's <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Fleet_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Fleet (United States)">Atlantic Fleet</a> showing the position of American and Soviet ships at the height of the crisis</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blockade_challenged">Blockade challenged</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Blockade challenged">edit</a>]</div> At 7:15 am EDT on 25 October, <a href="/wiki/USS_Essex_(CV-9)" title="USS Essex (CV-9)">USS Essex</a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Gearing" title="USS Gearing">USS Gearing</a> attempted to intercept Bucharest but failed to do so. Fairly certain that the <a href="/wiki/Tanker_(ship)" title="Tanker (ship)">tanker</a> did not contain any military material, the US allowed it through the blockade. Later that day, at 5:43 pm, the commander of the blockade effort ordered the destroyer <a href="/wiki/USS_Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.</a> to intercept and <a href="/wiki/Boarding_(attack)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boarding (attack)">board</a> the <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanese</a> freighter <a href="/wiki/Marucla" class="mw-redirect" title="Marucla">Marucla</a>. That took place the next day, and Marucla was cleared through the blockade after its cargo was checked.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> At 5:00 pm EDT on 25 October, William Clements announced that the missiles in Cuba were still actively being worked on. That report was later verified by a CIA report that suggested there had been no slowdown at all. In response, Kennedy issued Security Action Memorandum 199, authorizing the loading of nuclear weapons onto aircraft under the command of <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander_Europe" title="Supreme Allied Commander Europe">SACEUR</a>, which had the duty of carrying out first air strikes on the Soviet Union. Kennedy claimed that the blockade had succeeded when the USSR turned back fourteen ships presumably carrying offensive weapons.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman-118">[118]</a> The first indication of this came from a report from the British <a href="/wiki/GCHQ" title="GCHQ">GCHQ</a> sent to the White House <a href="/wiki/Situation_Room" title="Situation Room">Situation Room</a> containing intercepted communications from Soviet ships reporting their positions. On 24 October, Kislovodsk, a Soviet cargo ship, reported a position north-east of where it had been 24 hours earlier indicating it had "discontinued" its voyage and turned back towards the Baltic. The next day, reports showed more ships originally bound for Cuba had altered their course.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raising_the_stakes">Raising the stakes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Raising the stakes">edit</a>]</div> The next morning, 26 October, Kennedy informed the EXCOMM that he believed only an invasion would remove the missiles from Cuba. He was persuaded to give the matter time and continue with both military and diplomatic pressure. He agreed and ordered the low-level flights over the island to be increased from two per day to once every two hours. He also ordered a crash program to institute a new civil government in Cuba if an invasion went ahead.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] At this point, the crisis was ostensibly at a stalemate. The Soviets had shown no indication that they would back down and had made public media and private inter-governmental statements to that effect. The US had no reason to believe otherwise and was in the early stages of preparing for an invasion, along with a nuclear strike on the Soviet Union if it responded militarily, which the US assumed it would.<a href="#cite_note-GWUCubaAG-120">[120]</a> Kennedy had no intention of keeping these plans a secret; with an array of Cuban and Soviet spies forever present, Khrushchev was quickly made aware of this looming danger. The implicit threat of air strikes on Cuba followed by invasion allowed the United States to exert pressure in future talks. It was the possibility of military action that played an influential role in accelerating Khrushchev's proposal for a compromise.<a href="#cite_note-Mi12a-111">[111]</a> Throughout the closing stages of October, Soviet communications to the United States indicated increasing defensiveness. Khrushchev's increasing tendency to use poorly phrased and ambiguous communications throughout the compromise negotiations conversely increased United States confidence and clarity in messaging. Leading Soviet figures consistently failed to mention that only the Cuban government could agree to inspections of the territory and continually made arrangements relating to Cuba without the knowledge of Fidel Castro himself. According to Dean Rusk, Khrushchev "blinked"; he began to panic from the consequences of his own plan, and this was reflected in the tone of Soviet messages. This allowed the US to largely dominate negotiations in late October.<a href="#cite_note-Mi12a-111">[111]</a> The escalating situation also led Khrushchev to abandon plans for a potential <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> invasion of <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, which was being discussed in the Eastern Bloc following the <a href="/wiki/Vlora_incident" title="Vlora incident">Vlora incident</a> the year prior.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secret_negotiations">Secret negotiations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Secret negotiations">edit</a>]</div> At 1:00 pm EDT on 26 October, <a href="/wiki/John_A._Scali" title="John A. Scali">John A. Scali</a> of <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a> had lunch with Aleksandr Fomin, the cover name of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Feklisov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Feklisov">Alexander Feklisov</a>, the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> <a href="/wiki/Resident_spy" title="Resident spy">station chief</a> in Washington, at Fomin's request. Following the instructions of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_CPSU" class="mw-redirect" title="Politburo of the CPSU">Politburo of the CPSU</a>,<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Fomin noted, "War seems about to break out." He asked Scali to use his contacts to talk to his "high-level friends" at the State Department to see if the US would be interested in a diplomatic solution. He suggested that the language of the deal would contain an assurance from the Soviet Union to remove the weapons under UN supervision and that Castro would publicly announce that he would not accept such weapons again in exchange for a public statement by the US that it would not invade Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-chrono28sep26oct-123">[123]</a> The US responded by asking the <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazilian</a> government to pass a message to Castro that the US would be "unlikely to invade" if the missiles were removed.<a href="#cite_note-chrono26oct15nov-106">[106]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:40%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Mr. President, we and you ought not now to pull on the ends of the rope in which you have tied the knot of war, because the more the two of us pull, the tighter that knot will be tied. And a moment may come when that knot will be tied so tight that even he who tied it will not have the strength to untie it, and then it will be necessary to cut that knot, and what that would mean is not for me to explain to you, because you yourself understand perfectly of what terrible forces our countries dispose. Consequently, if there is no intention to tighten that knot and thereby to doom the world to the catastrophe of thermonuclear war, then let us not only relax the forces pulling on the ends of the rope, let us take measures to untie that knot. We are ready for this. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy, 26 October 1962<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></cite> </div> At 6:00 pm EDT on 26 October, the State Department started receiving a message that appeared to be written personally by Khrushchev. It was Saturday 2:00 am in Moscow. The long letter took several minutes to arrive, and it took translators additional time to translate and transcribe it.<a href="#cite_note-chrono26oct15nov-106">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> described the letter as "very long and emotional". Khrushchev reiterated the basic outline that had been stated to Scali earlier in the day: "I propose: we, for our part, will declare that our ships bound for Cuba are not carrying any armaments. You will declare that the United States will not invade Cuba with its troops and will not support any other forces which might intend to invade Cuba. Then the necessity of the presence of our military specialists in Cuba will disappear." At 6:45 pm EDT, news of Fomin's offer to Scali was finally heard and was interpreted as a "set up" for the arrival of Khrushchev's letter. The letter was then considered official and accurate, although it was later learned that Fomin was almost certainly operating of his own accord without official backing. Additional study of the letter was ordered and continued into the night.<a href="#cite_note-chrono26oct15nov-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crisis_continues">Crisis continues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Crisis continues">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Direct aggression against Cuba would mean nuclear war. The Americans speak about such aggression as if they did not know or did not want to accept this fact. I have no doubt they would lose such a war.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a>, October 1962<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S-75_Dzwina_RB2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/S-75_Dzwina_RB2.jpg/220px-S-75_Dzwina_RB2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/S-75_Dzwina_RB2.jpg/330px-S-75_Dzwina_RB2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/S-75_Dzwina_RB2.jpg/440px-S-75_Dzwina_RB2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="849" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/S-75_Dvina" title="S-75 Dvina">S-75 Dvina</a> with V-750V 1D missile (NATO designation SA-2 Guideline) on a launcher. A similar installation shot down Major Anderson's U-2 over Cuba.</figcaption></figure> Castro, on the other hand, was convinced that an invasion of Cuba was soon at hand, and on 26 October, he sent a telegram to Khrushchev that appeared to call for a <a href="/wiki/Pre-emptive_nuclear_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-emptive nuclear strike">pre-emptive nuclear strike</a> on the US in case of attack. In a 2010 interview, Castro expressed regret about his 1962 stance on <a href="/wiki/No_first_use" title="No first use">first use</a>: "After I've seen what I've seen, and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter#Policy_implications" title="Nuclear winter">knowing what I know now</a>, it wasn't worth it at all."<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Castro also ordered all anti-aircraft weapons in Cuba to fire on any US aircraft;<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> previous orders had been to fire only on groups of two or more. At 6:00 am EDT on 27 October, the CIA delivered a memo reporting that three of the four missile sites at San Cristobal and both sites at Sagua la Grande appeared to be fully operational. It also noted that the Cuban military continued to organise for action but was under order not to initiate action unless attacked.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] At 9:00 am EDT on 27 October, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a> began broadcasting a message from Khrushchev. Contrary to the letter of the night before, the message offered a new trade: the missiles on Cuba would be removed in exchange for the removal of the Jupiter missiles from Italy and Turkey. At 10:00 am EDT, the executive committee met again to discuss the situation and came to the conclusion that the change in the message was because of internal debate between Khrushchev and other party officials in the Kremlin.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Kennedy realised that he would be in an "insupportable position if this becomes Khrushchev's proposal" because the missiles in Turkey were not militarily useful and were being removed anyway and "It's gonna – to any man at the United Nations or any other rational man, it will look like a very fair trade." Bundy explained why Khrushchev's public acquiescence could not be considered: "The current threat to peace is not in Turkey, it is in Cuba."<a href="#cite_note-The_Week_The_World_Stood_Still:_Inside_The_Secret_Cuban_Missile_Crisis-129">[129]</a> McNamara noted that another tanker, the Grozny, was about 600 miles (970 km) out and should be intercepted. He also noted that they had not made the Soviets aware of the blockade line and suggested relaying that information to them via <a href="/wiki/U_Thant" title="U Thant">U Thant</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U-2F_refueling_from_KC-135Q.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/U-2F_refueling_from_KC-135Q.jpg/220px-U-2F_refueling_from_KC-135Q.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/U-2F_refueling_from_KC-135Q.jpg/330px-U-2F_refueling_from_KC-135Q.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/U-2F_refueling_from_KC-135Q.jpg/440px-U-2F_refueling_from_KC-135Q.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="219" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation" title="Lockheed Corporation">Lockheed</a> U-2F, the high altitude reconnaissance type shot down over Cuba, being refueled by a <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> <a href="/wiki/KC-135" class="mw-redirect" title="KC-135">KC-135</a>Q. The aircraft in 1962 was painted overall gray and carried USAF military markings and national insignia.</figcaption></figure> While the meeting progressed, at 11:03 am EDT a new message began to arrive from Khrushchev. The message stated, in part: "You are disturbed over Cuba. You say that this disturbs you because it is ninety-nine miles by sea from the coast of the United States of America. But... you have placed destructive missile weapons, which you call offensive, in Italy and Turkey, literally next to us.... I therefore make this proposal: We are willing to remove from Cuba the means which you regard as offensive.... Your representatives will make a declaration to the effect that the United States... will remove its analogous means from Turkey... and after that, persons entrusted by the United Nations Security Council could inspect on the spot the fulfillment of the pledges made." The executive committee continued to meet through the day. Throughout the crisis, Turkey had repeatedly stated that it would be upset if the <a href="/wiki/PGM-19_Jupiter" title="PGM-19 Jupiter">Jupiter</a> missiles were removed. Italy's Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Amintore_Fanfani" title="Amintore Fanfani">Amintore Fanfani</a>, who was also Foreign Minister ad interim, offered to allow withdrawal of the missiles deployed in <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> as a bargaining chip. He gave the message to one of his most trusted friends, <a href="/wiki/Ettore_Bernabei" title="Ettore Bernabei">Ettore Bernabei</a>, general manager of <a href="/wiki/RAI" title="RAI">RAI-TV</a>, to convey to <a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a> Bernabei was in New York to attend an international conference on satellite TV broadcasting. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Engine_u2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Engine_u2.jpg/220px-Engine_u2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Engine_u2.jpg/330px-Engine_u2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Engine_u2.jpg/440px-Engine_u2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>The engine of the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">Lockheed U-2</a> shot down over Cuba on display at <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Revolution_(Cuba)" title="Museum of the Revolution (Cuba)">Museum of the Revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a></figcaption></figure> On the morning of 27 October, a U-2F (the third CIA U-2A, modified for air-to-air refuelling) piloted by USAF Major <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Anderson" title="Rudolf Anderson">Rudolf Anderson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> departed its forward operating location at <a href="/wiki/McCoy_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="McCoy AFB">McCoy AFB</a>, Florida. At approximately 12:00 pm EDT, the aircraft was struck by an SA-2 surface-to-air missile launched from Cuba. The aircraft crashed, and Anderson was killed. Stress in negotiations between the Soviets and the US intensified; only later was it assumed that the decision to fire the missile was made locally by an undetermined Soviet commander, acting on his own authority. Later that day, at about 3:41 pm EDT, several US Navy <a href="/wiki/F8U_Crusader" class="mw-redirect" title="F8U Crusader">RF-8A Crusader</a> aircraft, on low-level photo-reconnaissance missions, were fired upon. At 4:00 pm EDT, Kennedy recalled members of EXCOMM to the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> and ordered that a message should immediately be sent to U Thant asking the Soviets to suspend work on the missiles while negotiations were carried out. During the meeting, General <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxwell Taylor">Maxwell Taylor</a> delivered the news that the U-2 had been shot down. Kennedy had earlier claimed he would order an attack on such sites if fired upon, but he decided to not act unless another attack was made. On 27 October Bobby Kennedy relayed a message to the Soviet Ambassador that President Kennedy was under pressure from the military to use force against Cuba and that "an irreversible chain of events could occur against his will" as "the president is not sure that the military will not overthrow him and seize power", he therefore implored Khrushchev to accept Kennedy's proposed agreement.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> On 28 October 1962, Khrushchev told his son Sergei that the shooting down of Anderson's U-2 was by the "Cuban military at the direction of <a href="/wiki/Raul_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Raul Castro">Raúl Castro</a>".<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Forty years later, McNamara said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We had to send a U-2 over to gain reconnaissance information on whether the Soviet missiles were becoming operational. We believed that if the U-2 was shot down that—the Cubans didn't have capabilities to shoot it down, the Soviets did—we believed if it was shot down, it would be shot down by a Soviet surface-to-air-missile unit, and that it would represent a decision by the Soviets to escalate the conflict. And therefore, before we sent the U-2 out, we agreed that if it was shot down we wouldn't meet, we'd simply attack. It was shot down on Friday.... Fortunately, we changed our mind, we thought "Well, it might have been an accident, we won't attack." Later we learned that Khrushchev had reasoned just as we did: we send over the U-2, if it was shot down, he reasoned we would believe it was an intentional escalation. And therefore, he issued orders to Pliyev, the Soviet commander in Cuba, to instruct all of his batteries not to shoot down the U-2.<a href="#cite_note-mcnamara-137">[note 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg" title="Daniel Ellsberg">Daniel Ellsberg</a> said that <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert Kennedy (RFK)</a> told him in 1964 that after the U-2 was shot down and the pilot killed, he (RFK) told Soviet ambassador <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Dobrynin" title="Anatoly Dobrynin">Dobrynin</a>, "You have drawn first blood ... . [T]he president had decided against advice ... not to respond militarily to that attack, but he [Dobrynin] should know that if another plane was shot at, ... we would take out all the SAMs and antiaircraft ... . And that would almost surely be followed by an invasion."<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drafting_response">Drafting response</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Drafting response">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Special:EditPage/Cuban Missile Crisis">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cuban+Missile+Crisis%22">"Cuban Missile Crisis"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cuban+Missile+Crisis%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cuban+Missile+Crisis%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cuban+Missile+Crisis%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cuban+Missile+Crisis%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cuban+Missile+Crisis%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (October 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Emissaries sent by both Kennedy and Khrushchev agreed to meet at the Yenching Palace Chinese restaurant in the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Park" title="Cleveland Park">Cleveland Park</a> neighbourhood of Washington, DC, on Saturday evening, 27 October.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> Kennedy suggested to take Khrushchev's offer to trade away the missiles. Unknown to most members of the EXCOMM, but with the support of his brother the president, Robert Kennedy had been meeting with the Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin in Washington to discover whether the intentions were genuine.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> The EXCOMM was generally against the proposal because it would undermine NATO's authority, and the Turkish government had repeatedly stated it was against any such trade. As the meeting progressed, a new plan emerged, and Kennedy was slowly persuaded. The new plan called for him to ignore the latest message and instead to return to Khrushchev's earlier one. Kennedy was initially hesitant, feeling that Khrushchev would no longer accept the deal because a new one had been offered, but <a href="/wiki/Llewellyn_Thompson" title="Llewellyn Thompson">Llewellyn Thompson</a> argued that it was still possible.<a href="#cite_note-Gibson2012-97">[97]</a>: 135–56  White House Special Counsel and Adviser <a href="/wiki/Ted_Sorensen" title="Ted Sorensen">Ted Sorensen</a> and Robert Kennedy left the meeting and returned 45 minutes later, with a draft letter to that effect. The President made several changes, had it typed, and sent it. After the EXCOMM meeting, a smaller meeting continued in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a>. The group argued that the letter should be underscored with an oral message to Dobrynin that stated that if the missiles were not withdrawn, military action would be used to remove them. Rusk added one proviso that no part of the language of the deal would mention Turkey, but there would be an understanding that the missiles would be removed "voluntarily" in the immediate aftermath. The president agreed, and the message was sent. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EXCOMM_meeting,_Cuban_Missile_Crisis,_29_October_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/EXCOMM_meeting%2C_Cuban_Missile_Crisis%2C_29_October_1962.jpg/220px-EXCOMM_meeting%2C_Cuban_Missile_Crisis%2C_29_October_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/EXCOMM_meeting%2C_Cuban_Missile_Crisis%2C_29_October_1962.jpg/330px-EXCOMM_meeting%2C_Cuban_Missile_Crisis%2C_29_October_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/EXCOMM_meeting%2C_Cuban_Missile_Crisis%2C_29_October_1962.jpg/440px-EXCOMM_meeting%2C_Cuban_Missile_Crisis%2C_29_October_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/EXCOMM" title="EXCOMM">EXCOMM</a> meeting in the White House Cabinet Room, with President Kennedy, <a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Dean Rusk</a> in attendance, 29 October 1962</figcaption></figure> At Rusk's request, Fomin and Scali met again. Scali asked why the two letters from Khrushchev were so different, and Fomin claimed it was because of "poor communications". Scali replied that the claim was not credible and shouted that he thought it was a "stinking double cross". He went on to claim that an invasion was only hours away, and Fomin stated that a response to the US message was expected from Khrushchev shortly and urged Scali to tell the State Department that no treachery was intended. Scali said that he did not think anyone would believe him, but he agreed to deliver the message. The two went their separate ways, and Scali immediately typed out a memo for the EXCOMM.<a href="#cite_note-:0-142">[141]</a> Within the US establishment, it was well understood that ignoring the second offer and returning to the first put Khrushchev in a terrible position. Military preparations continued, and all active duty Air Force personnel were recalled to their bases for possible action. Robert Kennedy later recalled the mood: "We had not abandoned all hope, but what hope there was now rested with Khrushchev's revising his course within the next few hours. It was a hope, not an expectation. The expectation was military confrontation by Tuesday [30 October], and possibly tomorrow [29 October] ...."<a href="#cite_note-:0-142">[141]</a> At 8:05 pm EDT, the letter drafted earlier in the day was delivered. The message read, "As I read your letter, the key elements of your proposals—which seem generally acceptable as I understand them—are as follows: 1) You would agree to remove these weapons systems from Cuba under appropriate United Nations observation and supervision; and undertake, with suitable safe-guards, to halt the further introduction of such weapon systems into Cuba. 2) We, on our part, would agree—upon the establishment of adequate arrangements through the United Nations, to ensure the carrying out and continuation of these commitments (a) to remove promptly the quarantine measures now in effect and (b) to give assurances against the invasion of Cuba." The letter was also released directly to the press to ensure it could not be "delayed".<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> With the letter delivered, a deal was on the table. As Robert Kennedy noted, there was little expectation it would be accepted. At 9:00 pm EDT, the EXCOMM met again to review the actions for the following day. Plans were drawn up for air strikes on the missile sites as well as other economic targets, notably petroleum storage. McNamara stated that they had to "have two things ready: a government for Cuba, because we're going to need one; and secondly, plans for how to respond to the Soviet Union in Europe, because sure as hell they're going to do something there".<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> At 12:12 am EDT, on 27 October, the US informed its NATO allies that "the situation is growing shorter.... the United States may find it necessary within a very short time in its interest and that of its fellow nations in the Western Hemisphere to take whatever military action may be necessary." To add to the concern, at 6:00 am, the CIA reported that all missiles in Cuba were ready for action.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_b-59_submarine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Soviet_b-59_submarine.jpg/220px-Soviet_b-59_submarine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Soviet_b-59_submarine.jpg/330px-Soviet_b-59_submarine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Soviet_b-59_submarine.jpg/440px-Soviet_b-59_submarine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>A US Navy <a href="/wiki/HSS-1_Seabat" class="mw-redirect" title="HSS-1 Seabat">HSS-1 Seabat</a> helicopter hovers over Soviet submarine B-59, driven to the surface by US Naval forces in the Caribbean near Cuba (28 or 29 October 1962).</figcaption></figure> On 27 October, Khrushchev also received a letter from Castro, what is now known as the Armageddon Letter (dated the day before), which was interpreted as urging the use of nuclear force in the event of an attack on Cuba:<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> "I believe the imperialists' aggressiveness is extremely dangerous and if they actually carry out the brutal act of invading Cuba in violation of international law and morality, that would be the moment to eliminate such danger forever through an act of clear legitimate defense, however harsh and terrible the solution would be," Castro wrote.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Averted_nuclear_launch">Averted nuclear launch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Averted nuclear launch">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_close_calls#27_October_1962_(likely)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nuclear close calls">List of nuclear close calls § 27 October 1962</a></div> Later that same day, what the White House later called "Black Saturday", the US Navy dropped a series of "signalling" <a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">depth charges</a> ("practice" depth charges the size of hand grenades)<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> on a Soviet submarine (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_B-59" title="Soviet submarine B-59">B-59</a>) at the blockade line, unaware that it was armed with a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_torpedo" title="Nuclear torpedo">nuclear-tipped torpedo</a> with orders that allowed it to be used if the submarine was damaged by depth charges or surface fire.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> As the submarine was too deep to monitor any radio traffic,<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> the captain of the B-59, Valentin Grigoryevich Savitsky, assumed after live ammunition fire at his submarine, that a war had already started and wanted to launch a nuclear torpedo.<a href="#cite_note-thankyou-151">[150]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The decision to launch these normally only required the agreement of the ship's commanding officer and political officer. However, the commander of the submarine flotilla, <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Arkhipov" title="Vasily Arkhipov">Vasily Arkhipov</a>, was aboard B-59 and so he also had to agree. Arkhipov objected and so the nuclear launch was narrowly averted. (These events only publicly became known in 2002. See <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Submarine_close_call">Submarine close call</a>.) On the same day a U-2 spy plane made an accidental, unauthorised 90-minute overflight of the Soviet Union's far eastern coast.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> The Soviets responded by scrambling MiG fighters from <a href="/wiki/Wrangel_Island" title="Wrangel Island">Wrangel Island</a>; in turn, the Americans launched <a href="/wiki/F-102_Delta_Dagger" class="mw-redirect" title="F-102 Delta Dagger">F-102</a> fighters armed with nuclear air-to-air missiles over the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resolution">Resolution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Resolution">edit</a>]</div> On Saturday, 27 October, after much deliberation between the Soviet Union and Kennedy's cabinet, Kennedy secretly agreed to remove all missiles set in Turkey and possibly southern Italy, the former on the border of the Soviet Union, in exchange for Khrushchev removing all missiles in Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-20230216WilsonCenterPotPie1-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-20230216WilsonCenterPotPie2-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-20230216NationalSecurityArchivePotPie1-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-20230420NationalSecurityArchivePotPie2-158">[157]</a> There is some dispute as to whether removing the missiles from Italy was part of the secret agreement. Khrushchev wrote in his memoirs that it was, and when the crisis had ended McNamara gave the order to dismantle the missiles in both Italy and Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> At this point, Khrushchev knew things the US did not. First, that the shooting down of the U-2 by a Soviet missile violated direct orders from Moscow, and Cuban anti-aircraft fire against other US reconnaissance aircraft also violated direct orders from Khrushchev to Castro.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> Second, the Soviets already had 162 nuclear warheads on Cuba that the US did not then believe were there.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> Third, the Soviets and Cubans on the island would almost certainly have responded to an invasion by using those nuclear weapons, even though Castro believed that every human in Cuba would likely die as a result.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> Khrushchev also knew but may not have considered the fact that he had submarines armed with nuclear weapons that the US Navy may not have known about. Khrushchev knew he was losing control. President Kennedy had been told in early 1961 that a nuclear war would likely kill a third of humanity, with most or all of those deaths concentrated in the US, the USSR, Europe and China;<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> Khrushchev may well have received similar reports from his military. With this background, when Khrushchev heard Kennedy's threats relayed by Robert Kennedy to Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin, he immediately drafted his acceptance of Kennedy's latest terms from his dacha without involving the Politburo, as he had previously, and had them immediately broadcast over Radio Moscow, which he believed the US would hear. In that broadcast at 9:00 am EST, on 28 October, Khrushchev stated that "the Soviet government, in addition to previously issued instructions on the cessation of further work at the building sites for the weapons, has issued a new order on the dismantling of the weapons which you describe as 'offensive' and their crating and return to the Soviet Union."<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-AFPCD1962pp443-446-166">[165]</a> At 10:00 am on 28 October, Kennedy first learned of Khrushchev's solution to the crisis with the US removing the 15 Jupiters in Turkey and the Soviets would remove the rockets from Cuba. Khrushchev had made the offer in a public statement for the world to hear. Despite almost solid opposition from his senior advisers, Kennedy quickly embraced the Soviet offer. "This is a pretty good play of his," Kennedy said, according to a tape recording that he made secretly of the Cabinet Room meeting. Kennedy had deployed the Jupiters in March 1962, causing a stream of angry outbursts from Khrushchev. "Most people will think this is a rather even trade and we ought to take advantage of it," Kennedy said. Vice President Lyndon Johnson was the first to endorse the missile swap but others continued to oppose the offer. Finally, Kennedy ended the debate. "We can't very well invade Cuba with all its toil and blood," Kennedy said, "when we could have gotten them out by making a deal on the same missiles on Turkey. If that's part of the record, then you don't have a very good war."<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> Kennedy immediately responded to Khrushchev's letter, issuing a statement calling it "an important and constructive contribution to peace".<a href="#cite_note-AFPCD1962pp443-446-166">[165]</a> He continued this with a formal letter: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I consider my letter to you of October twenty-seventh and your reply of today as firm undertakings on the part of both our governments which should be promptly carried out.... The US will make a statement in the framework of the Security Council in reference to Cuba as follows: it will declare that the United States of America will respect the inviolability of Cuban borders, its sovereignty, that it take the pledge not to interfere in internal affairs, not to intrude themselves and not to permit our territory to be used as a bridgehead for the invasion of Cuba, and will restrain those who would plan to carry an aggression against Cuba, either from US territory or from the territory of other countries neighboring to Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-AFPCD1962pp443-446-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-Faria-168">[167]</a>: 103 </blockquote> Kennedy's planned statement would also contain suggestions he had received from his adviser Arthur Schlesinger Jr. in a "Memorandum for the President" describing the "Post Mortem on Cuba".<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> On 28 October, Kennedy participated in telephone conversations with Eisenhower<a href="#cite_note-jfk-eisenhower-tape-170">[169]</a> and fellow former US President <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jfk-truman-tape-171">[170]</a> In these calls, Kennedy revealed that he thought the crisis would result in the two superpowers being "toe to toe"<a href="#cite_note-jfk-eisenhower-tape-170">[169]</a> in Berlin by the end of the following month and expressed concern that the Soviet setback in Cuba would "make things tougher"<a href="#cite_note-jfk-truman-tape-171">[170]</a> there. He also informed his predecessors that he had rejected the public Soviet offer to withdraw from Cuba in exchange for the withdrawal of US missiles from Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-jfk-eisenhower-tape-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-jfk-truman-tape-171">[170]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Removal_of_Missiles_in_Cuba_November_11,_1962_-_NARA_-_193868.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Removal_of_Missiles_in_Cuba_November_11%2C_1962_-_NARA_-_193868.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Removal_of_Missiles_in_Cuba_November_11%2C_1962_-_NARA_-_193868.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Removal_of_Missiles_in_Cuba_November_11%2C_1962_-_NARA_-_193868.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Removal_of_Missiles_in_Cuba_November_11%2C_1962_-_NARA_-_193868.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Removal_of_Missiles_in_Cuba_November_11%2C_1962_-_NARA_-_193868.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Removal_of_Missiles_in_Cuba_November_11%2C_1962_-_NARA_-_193868.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2557" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>Removal of Missiles in Cuba 11 November 1962 – NARA – 193868</figcaption></figure> The US continued the blockade; in the following days, aerial reconnaissance proved that the Soviets were making progress in removing the missile systems. The 42 missiles and their support equipment were loaded onto eight Soviet ships. On 2 November 1962, Kennedy addressed the US via radio and television broadcasts regarding the dismantlement process of the Soviet R-12 missile bases located in the Caribbean region.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> The ships left Cuba on November 5 to 9. The US made a final visual check as each of the ships passed the blockade line. Further diplomatic efforts were required to remove the Soviet Il-28 bombers, and they were loaded on three Soviet ships on 5 and 6 December. Concurrent with the Soviet commitment on the Il-28s, the US government announced the end of the blockade from 6:45 pm EST on 20 November 1962.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] At the time when the Kennedy administration thought that the Cuban Missile Crisis was resolved, nuclear tactical rockets stayed in Cuba since they were not part of the Kennedy-Khrushchev understandings and the Americans did not know about them. The Soviets changed their minds, fearing possible future Cuban militant steps, and on 22 November 1962, <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a> told Castro that the rockets with the nuclear warheads were being removed as well.<a href="#cite_note-gwu-45">[45]</a> The Cuban Missile Crisis was solved in part by a secret agreement between John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev. The Kennedy-Khrushchev Pact was known to only 9 US officials at the time of its creation in October 1963 and was first officially acknowledged at a conference in Moscow in January 1989 by Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin and Kennedy's speechwriter <a href="/wiki/Ted_Sorensen" title="Ted Sorensen">Theodore Sorensen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-20210730HershbergAnatomyofaControversy-175">[174]</a> In his negotiations with Dobrynin, Robert Kennedy informally proposed that the Jupiter missiles in Turkey would be removed<a href="#cite_note-20210730HershbergAnatomyofaControversy-175">[174]</a> "within a short time after this crisis was over".<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> Under an operation code-named Operation Pot Pie,<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-20230216WilsonCenterPotPie1-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-20230216WilsonCenterPotPie2-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-20230216NationalSecurityArchivePotPie1-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-20230420NationalSecurityArchivePotPie2-158">[157]</a> the removal of the Jupiters from Italy and Turkey began on 1 April, and was completed by 24 April 1963. The initial plans were to recycle the missiles for use in other programs, but <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">USAF</a> were not interested in retaining the missile hardware. The missile bodies were destroyed on site, while warheads, guidance packages, and launching equipment worth $14 million were returned to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> The dismantling operations were named Pot Pie I for Italy and Pot Pie II for Turkey by the United States Air Force.<a href="#cite_note-20230216WilsonCenterPotPie2-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-20230420NationalSecurityArchivePotPie2-158">[157]</a> The practical effect of the Kennedy-Khrushchev Pact was that the US would remove their rockets from Italy and Turkey<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> and that the Soviets had no intention of resorting to nuclear war if they were out-gunned by the US.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Because the withdrawal of the Jupiter missiles from NATO bases in Italy and Turkey was not made public at the time,<a href="#cite_note-20210730HershbergAnatomyofaControversy-175">[174]</a> Khrushchev appeared to have lost the conflict and become weakened. The perception was that Kennedy had won the contest between the superpowers and that Khrushchev had been humiliated. Both Kennedy and Khrushchev took every step to avoid full conflict despite pressures from their respective governments. Khrushchev held power for another two years.<a href="#cite_note-Faria-168">[167]</a>: 102–105  As a direct result of the crisis, the United States and the Soviet Union set up a direct line of communication. The <a href="/wiki/Moscow%E2%80%93Washington_hotline" title="Moscow–Washington hotline">hotline between the Soviet Union and the United States</a> was a way for the President and the Premier to have negotiations should a crisis like this ever happen again.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nuclear_forces">Nuclear forces</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Nuclear forces">edit</a>]</div> By the time of the crisis in October 1962, the total number of nuclear weapons in the stockpiles of each country numbered approximately 26,400 for the United States and 3,300 for the Soviet Union. For the US, around 3,500 (with a combined yield of approximately 6,300 megatons) would have been used in attacking the Soviet Union. The Soviets had considerably less strategic firepower at their disposal: some 300–320 bombs and warheads, without submarine-based weapons in a position to threaten the US mainland and most of their intercontinental delivery systems based on bombers that would have difficulty penetrating North American air defence systems. However, they had already moved 158 warheads to Cuba; between 95 and 100 would have been ready for use if the US had invaded Cuba, most of which were short-ranged. The US had approximately 4,375 nuclear weapons deployed in Europe, most of which were tactical weapons such as <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_artillery" title="Nuclear artillery">nuclear artillery</a>, with around 450 of them for ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, and aircraft; the Soviets had more than 550 similar weapons in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>SAC <ul><li>ICBM: 182 (at peak alert); 121 <a href="/wiki/SM-65_Atlas" title="SM-65 Atlas">Atlas D/E/F</a>, 53 <a href="/wiki/HGM-25A_Titan_I" title="HGM-25A Titan I">Titan 1</a>, 8 <a href="/wiki/LGM-30_Minuteman" title="LGM-30 Minuteman">Minuteman 1A</a></li> <li>Bombers: 1,595; 880 <a href="/wiki/B-47" class="mw-redirect" title="B-47">B-47</a>, 639 <a href="/wiki/B-52" class="mw-redirect" title="B-52">B-52</a>, 76 <a href="/wiki/B-58" class="mw-redirect" title="B-58">B-58</a> (1,479 bombers and 1,003 refuelling tankers available at peak alert)</li></ul></li> <li>Atlantic Command <ul><li>112 <a href="/wiki/UGM-27_Polaris" title="UGM-27 Polaris">UGM-27 Polaris</a> in seven SSBNs (16 each); five submarines with Polaris A1 and two with A2</li></ul></li> <li>Pacific Command <ul><li>4–8 <a href="/wiki/SSM-N-8_Regulus" title="SSM-N-8 Regulus">Regulus cruise missiles</a></li> <li>16 <a href="/wiki/MGM-13_Mace" title="MGM-13 Mace">Mace cruise missiles</a></li> <li>Three aircraft carriers with some 40 bombs each</li> <li>Land-based aircraft with some 50 bombs</li></ul></li> <li>European Command <ul><li>IRBM: 45 <a href="/wiki/PGM-19_Jupiter" title="PGM-19 Jupiter">Jupiter</a> (30 Italy, 15 Turkey)</li> <li>48–90 Mace cruise missiles</li> <li>Two <a href="/wiki/US_Sixth_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="US Sixth Fleet">US Sixth Fleet</a> aircraft carriers with some 40 bombs each</li> <li>Land-based aircraft with some 50 bombs</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Soviet Union">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Strategic (for use against North America): <ul><li>ICBM: 42; four <a href="/wiki/R-7A_Semyorka" title="R-7A Semyorka">SS-6/R-7A</a> at <a href="/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome" title="Plesetsk Cosmodrome">Plesetsk</a> with two in reserve at <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur</a>, 36 <a href="/wiki/R-16_(missile)" title="R-16 (missile)">SS-7/R-16</a> with 26 in silos and ten on open launch pads</li> <li>Bombers: 160 (readiness unknown); 100 <a href="/wiki/Tu-95_Bear" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu-95 Bear">Tu-95 Bear</a>, 60 <a href="/wiki/Myasishchev_M-4" title="Myasishchev M-4">3M Bison B</a></li></ul></li> <li>Regional (mostly targeting Europe, and others targeting US bases in east Asia): <ul><li>MRBM: 528 <a href="/wiki/R-12_Dvina" title="R-12 Dvina">SS-4/R-12</a>, 492 at soft launch sites and 36 at hard launch sites (approximately six to eight R-12s were operational in Cuba, capable of striking the US mainland at any moment until the crisis was resolved)</li> <li>IRBM: 28 <a href="/wiki/R-14_Chusovaya" title="R-14 Chusovaya">SS-5/R-14</a></li> <li>Unknown number of <a href="/wiki/Tu-16_Badger" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu-16 Badger">Tu-16 Badger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tu-22_Blinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu-22 Blinder">Tu-22 Blinder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MiG-21" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-21">MiG-21</a> aircraft tasked with nuclear strike missions</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Bomber Command<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> <ul><li>Bombers: 120; <a href="/wiki/Avro_Vulcan" title="Avro Vulcan">Vulcan B.1/B.1A/B.2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Victor" title="Handley Page Victor">Victor B.1/B.1A/B2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant">Valiant B.1</a></li> <li>IRBM: 59 <a href="/wiki/PGM-17_Thor" title="PGM-17 Thor">Thor</a> (missiles operated by the RAF with warheads under US supervision)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jupiter_IRBM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Jupiter_IRBM.jpg/220px-Jupiter_IRBM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Jupiter_IRBM.jpg/330px-Jupiter_IRBM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Jupiter_IRBM.jpg/440px-Jupiter_IRBM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>The nuclear-armed <a href="/wiki/PGM-19_Jupiter" title="PGM-19 Jupiter">Jupiter</a> intermediate-range ballistic missile. The US secretly agreed to withdraw the missiles from Italy and Turkey.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuban_leadership">Cuban leadership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Cuban leadership">edit</a>]</div> Cuba perceived the outcome as a betrayal by the Soviets, as decisions on how to resolve the crisis had been made exclusively by Kennedy and Khrushchev. Castro was especially upset that certain issues of interest to Cuba, such as the status of the <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">US Naval Base in Guantánamo</a>, were not addressed. That caused Cuban–Soviet relations to deteriorate for years to come.<a href="#cite_note-Ramonet-44">[44]</a>: 278  Historian Arthur Schlesinger believed that when the missiles were withdrawn, Castro was more angry with Khrushchev than with Kennedy because Khrushchev had not consulted Castro before deciding to remove them.<a href="#cite_note-castro-186">[note 2]</a> Although Castro was infuriated by Khrushchev, he planned on striking the US with the remaining missiles if an invasion of the island occurred.<a href="#cite_note-Ramonet-44">[44]</a>: 311  A few weeks after the crisis, during an interview with the British communist newspaper the <a href="/wiki/Morning_Star_(British_newspaper)" title="Morning Star (British newspaper)">Daily Worker</a>, Guevara was still fuming over the perceived Soviet betrayal and told correspondent Sam Russell that, if the missiles had been under Cuban control, they would have fired them off.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_1997_p_545-187">[185]</a> While expounding on the incident later, Guevara reiterated that the cause of socialist liberation against global "imperialist aggression" would ultimately have been worth the possibility of "millions of atomic war victims".<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> The missile crisis further convinced Guevara that the world's two superpowers (the United States and the Soviet Union) used Cuba as a pawn in their own global strategies. Afterward, he denounced the Soviets almost as frequently as he denounced the Americans.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanian_leadership">Romanian leadership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Romanian leadership">edit</a>]</div> During the crisis, <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a>, general secretary of Romania's communist party, sent a letter to President Kennedy dissociating Romania from Soviet actions. This convinced the American administration of <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>'s intentions of <a href="/wiki/De-satellization_of_Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="De-satellization of Communist Romania">detaching itself</a> from Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.ro-190">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_leadership">Soviet leadership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Soviet leadership">edit</a>]</div> The significance of how close the world came to thermonuclear war impelled Khrushchev to propose a far-reaching easing of tensions with the US.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> In a letter to President Kennedy dated 30 October 1962, Khrushchev outlined a range of bold initiatives to forestall the possibility of a further nuclear crisis, including proposing a non-aggression treaty between the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO) and the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> or even disbanding these military blocs, a treaty to cease all nuclear weapons testing and even the elimination of all nuclear weapons, resolution of the hot-button issue of Germany by both East and West formally accepting the existence of <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, and US recognition of the government of mainland China. The letter invited counter-proposals and further exploration of these and other issues through peaceful negotiations. Khrushchev invited <a href="/wiki/Norman_Cousins" title="Norman Cousins">Norman Cousins</a>, the editor of a major US periodical and an anti-nuclear weapons activist, to serve as liaison with President Kennedy, and Cousins met with Khrushchev for four hours in December 1962.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> Kennedy's response to Khrushchev's proposals was lukewarm but Kennedy expressed to Cousins that he felt constrained in exploring these issues due to pressure from hardliners in the US national security apparatus. The United States and the Soviet Union did shortly thereafter agree on a treaty banning atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons, known as the "<a href="/wiki/Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</a>".<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> Further after the crisis, the US and the USSR created the <a href="/wiki/Moscow%E2%80%93Washington_hotline" title="Moscow–Washington hotline">Moscow–Washington hotline</a>, a direct communications link between Moscow and Washington. The purpose was to have a way that the leaders of the two Cold War countries could communicate directly to solve such a crisis. The compromise embarrassed <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a> and the Soviet Union because the withdrawal of US missiles from <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> was a secret deal between Kennedy and Khrushchev. Khrushchev went to Kennedy as he thought that the crisis was getting out of hand, but the Soviets were seen as retreating from circumstances that they had started. Khrushchev's fall from power two years later was in part because of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Soviet Politburo</a>'s embarrassment at both Khrushchev's eventual concessions to the US and this ineptitude in precipitating the crisis in the first place. According to Dobrynin, the top Soviet leadership took the Cuban outcome as "a blow to its prestige bordering on humiliation".<a href="#cite_note-auto-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_leadership">US leadership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: US leadership">edit</a>]</div> The worldwide US Forces DEFCON 3 status was returned to DEFCON 4 on 20 November 1962. General <a href="/wiki/Curtis_LeMay" title="Curtis LeMay">Curtis LeMay</a> told the President that the resolution of the crisis was the "greatest defeat in our history"; his was a minority position.<a href="#cite_note-axelrod2009-84">[84]</a> He had pressed for an immediate invasion of Cuba as soon as the crisis began and still favored invading Cuba even after the Soviets had withdrawn their missiles.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> Twenty-five years later, LeMay still believed that "We could have gotten not only the missiles out of Cuba, we could have gotten the Communists out of Cuba at that time."<a href="#cite_note-jstor2538995-116">[116]</a> By 1962, President Kennedy had faced four crisis situations: the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> settlement negotiations between the pro-Western government of Laos and the <a href="/wiki/Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a> communist movement ("Kennedy sidestepped Laos, whose rugged terrain was no battleground for American soldiers."<a href="#cite_note-Karnow-196">[194]</a>: 265 ), the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>, and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Kennedy believed that yet another failure to gain control and stop communist expansion would irreparably damage US credibility. He was determined to "draw a line in the sand" and prevent a communist victory in Vietnam. He told James Reston of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> immediately after his Vienna summit meeting with Khrushchev, "Now we have a problem making our power credible and Vietnam looks like the place."<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> At least four contingency strikes were armed and launched from Florida against Cuban airfields and suspected missile sites in 1963 and 1964, although all were diverted to the <a href="/wiki/Pinecastle_Range_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinecastle Range Complex">Pinecastle Range Complex</a> after the planes passed <a href="/wiki/Andros_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Andros island">Andros island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> Critics, including <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Melman" title="Seymour Melman">Seymour Melman</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh">Seymour Hersh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> suggested that the Cuban Missile Crisis encouraged the United States' use of military means, such as the case in the later <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. Similarly, Lorraine Bayard de Volo has suggested that the masculine brinksmanship of the Cuban Missile Crisis has become a "touchstone of toughness by which presidents are measured".<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> Actions in 1962 would go on to have a significant influence on the future policy decisions of those who occupied the White House, leading to foreign policy decisions such as President Lyndon B. Johnson's escalation of the war in Vietnam three years following the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_casualties">Human casualties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Human casualties">edit</a>]</div> U-2 pilot Anderson's body was returned to the US and was buried with full military honours in <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>. He was the first recipient of the newly created <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Cross_(United_States)" title="Air Force Cross (United States)">Air Force Cross</a>, which was awarded posthumously. Although Anderson was the only combatant fatality during the crisis, 11 crew members of three reconnaissance Boeing <a href="/wiki/RB-47_Stratojet" class="mw-redirect" title="RB-47 Stratojet">RB-47 Stratojets</a> of the 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing were also killed in crashes during the period between 27 September and 11 November 1962.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> Seven crew died when a <a href="/wiki/Military_Air_Transport_Service" title="Military Air Transport Service">Military Air Transport Service</a> Boeing <a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-135_Stratolifter" title="Boeing C-135 Stratolifter">C-135B Stratolifter</a> delivering ammunition to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base stalled and crashed on approach on 23 October.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_revelations">Later revelations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Later revelations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Submarine_close_call">Submarine close call</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Submarine close call">edit</a>]</div> Arguably, the most dangerous moment in the crisis was not recognized until the Cuban Missile Crisis Havana conference, in October 2002, marking the 40th anniversary of the crisis. A three-day conference sponsored by the private <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>, and the Cuban government.<a href="#cite_note-latinamericanstudies-206">[204]</a> Attended by many of the veterans of the crisis, they all learned that on 27 October 1962, a group of eleven United States Navy destroyers and the aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Randolph_(CV-15)" title="USS Randolph (CV-15)">USS Randolph</a> located the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_B-59" title="Soviet submarine B-59">B-59</a>, a diesel-powered nuclear-armed Soviet Project 641 (NATO designation <a href="/wiki/Foxtrot-class_submarine" title="Foxtrot-class submarine">Foxtrot</a>) submarine, near Cuba. Despite being in international waters, the Americans started dropping <a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">depth charges</a>. There had been no contact from Moscow for a number of days and the submarine was too deep to monitor any radio traffic, so those on board did not know whether war had broken out. The captain of the submarine, <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Savitsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentin Savitsky">Valentin Savitsky</a>, had no way of knowing that the depth charges were non-lethal "practice" rounds intended as warning shots to force the B-59 to surface. Running out of air, the Soviet submarine was surrounded by American warships and desperately needed to surface. While surfacing, the B-59 “came under machine-gun fire from [U.S. ASW S-2] Tracker aircraft. The fire rounds landed either to the sides of the submarine’s hull or near the bow. All these provocative actions carried out by surface ships in immediate proximity, and ASW aircraft flying some 10 to 15 meters above the boat had a detrimental impact on the commander, prompting him to take extreme measures… the use of special weapons.”<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> As firing live ammunition at a submarine was strictly prohibited, Captain Savitsky assumed that his submarine was doomed and that World War III already had broken out. The Americans, for their part, did not know, that the B-59 was armed with a 15-kiloton nuclear torpedo, roughly the power of the bomb at Hiroshima.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-thankyou-151">[150]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/USS_Beale_(DD-471)" title="USS Beale (DD-471)">USS Beale</a> was joined by other US destroyers who piled in to pummel the submerged B-59 with more explosives. Captain Savitsky ordered the B-59's nuclear torpedo to be prepared for firing, its target was the USS Randolph, the aircraft carrier leading the task force. An argument broke out in the sweltering control room of the B-59 submarine among the three officers, including submarine captain Savitsky, political officer Ivan Semyonovich Maslennikov, and Deputy brigade commander Captain 2nd rank (US Navy Commander rank equivalent) <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Arkhipov" title="Vasily Arkhipov">Vasily Arkhipov</a>. Accounts differ about whether Arkhipov convinced Savitsky not to make the attack or whether Savitsky himself finally concluded that the only reasonable choice left open to him was to come to the surface.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> The decision to launch the B-59's nuclear torpedo required the consent of all three senior officers aboard. The young officer Vasily Arkhipov was alone in refusing permission. Arkhipov's reputation was a key factor in the control room debate. The previous year he had exposed himself to severe radiation in order to save a submarine with an overheating nuclear reactor.<a href="#cite_note-thankyou-151">[150]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] During the conference October 2002, McNamara stated that nuclear war had come much closer than people had thought. Thomas Blanton, director of the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a>, said, "A guy called Vasily Arkhipov saved the world."<a href="#cite_note-latinamericanstudies-206">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possibility_of_nuclear_launch">Possibility of nuclear launch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Possibility of nuclear launch">edit</a>]</div> In early 1992, it was confirmed that Soviet forces in Cuba had already received tactical nuclear warheads for their <a href="/wiki/Rocket_artillery" title="Rocket artillery">artillery rockets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-28" title="Ilyushin Il-28">Il-28 bombers</a> when the crisis broke.<a href="#cite_note-aca-210">[208]</a> Castro stated that he would have recommended their use if the US invaded despite Cuba being destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-aca-210">[208]</a> Fifty years after the crisis, <a href="/wiki/Graham_Allison" title="Graham Allison">Graham Allison</a> wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Fifty years ago, the Cuban Missile Crisis brought the world to the brink of nuclear disaster. During the standoff, US President John F. Kennedy thought the chance of escalation to war was "between 1 in 3 and even", and what we have learned in later decades has done nothing to lengthen those odds. We now know, for example, that in addition to nuclear-armed ballistic missiles, the Soviet Union had deployed 100 tactical nuclear weapons to Cuba, and the local Soviet commander there could have launched these weapons without additional codes or commands from Moscow. The US air strike and invasion that were scheduled for the third week of the confrontation would likely have triggered a nuclear response against American ships and troops, and perhaps even <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>. The resulting war might have led to the deaths of over 100 million Americans and over 100 million Russians.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> journalist Joe Matthews published the story, on 13 October 2012, behind the 100 tactical nuclear warheads mentioned by Graham Allison in the excerpt above.<a href="#cite_note-MatthewsBBC20121013-213">[211]</a> Khrushchev feared that Castro's hurt pride and widespread Cuban indignation over the concessions he had made to Kennedy might lead to a breakdown of the agreement between the Soviet Union and the United States. To prevent that, Khrushchev decided to offer to give Cuba more than 100 tactical nuclear weapons that had been shipped to Cuba along with the long-range missiles but, crucially, had escaped the notice of US intelligence. Khrushchev determined that because the Americans had not listed the missiles on their list of demands, keeping them in Cuba would be in the Soviet Union's interests.<a href="#cite_note-MatthewsBBC20121013-213">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a> was tasked with the negotiations with Castro over the missile transfer deal that was designed to prevent a breakdown in the relations between Cuba and the Soviet Union. While in Havana, Mikoyan witnessed the mood swings and paranoia of Castro, who was convinced that Moscow had made the agreement with the US at the expense of Cuba's defence. Mikoyan, on his own initiative, decided that Castro and his military should not be given control of weapons with an explosive force equal to 100 Hiroshima-sized bombs under any circumstances. He defused the seemingly intractable situation, which risked re-escalating the crisis, on 22 November 1962. During a tense, four-hour meeting, Mikoyan convinced Castro that despite Moscow's desire to help, it would be in breach of an unpublished Soviet law, which did not actually exist, to transfer the missiles permanently into Cuban hands and provide them with an independent nuclear deterrent. Castro was forced to give way and, much to the relief of Khrushchev and the rest of the Soviet government, the tactical nuclear weapons were crated and returned by sea to the Soviet Union during December 1962.<a href="#cite_note-MatthewsBBC20121013-213">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_ship_in_Topaz_movie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Soviet_ship_in_Topaz_movie.jpg/220px-Soviet_ship_in_Topaz_movie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Soviet_ship_in_Topaz_movie.jpg/330px-Soviet_ship_in_Topaz_movie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Soviet_ship_in_Topaz_movie.jpg/440px-Soviet_ship_in_Topaz_movie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1038" /></a><figcaption>A Soviet ship unloading a missile in the 1969 spy movie <a href="/wiki/Topaz_(1969_film)" title="Topaz (1969 film)">Topaz</a></figcaption></figure> The American popular media, especially television, made frequent use of the events of the missile crisis in both fictional and documentary forms.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> Jim Willis includes the Crisis as one of the 100 "media moments that changed America".<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> Sheldon Stern finds that a half century later there are still many "misconceptions, half-truths, and outright lies" that have shaped media versions of what happened in the White House during those harrowing two weeks.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> Historian William Cohn argued in a 1976 article that television programs are typically the main source used by the American public to know about and interpret the past.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> According to Cold War historian Andrei Kozovoi, the Soviet media proved somewhat disorganized as it was unable to generate a coherent popular history. Khrushchev lost power and was airbrushed out of the story. Cuba was no longer portrayed as a heroic David against the American Goliath. One contradiction that pervaded the Soviet media campaign was between the pacifistic rhetoric of the peace movement that emphasizes the horrors of nuclear war and the militancy of the need to prepare Soviets for war against American aggression.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_representations">Media representations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Media representations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non_fiction">Non fiction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Non fiction">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Days_(book)" title="Thirteen Days (book)">Thirteen Days</a>, Robert F. Kennedy's memoir of the crisis, posthumously released in 1969; It became the basis for numerous films and documentaries.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Missiles_of_October" title="The Missiles of October">The Missiles of October</a>, 1974 TV docudrama about the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fog_of_War" title="The Fog of War">The Fog of War</a>, 2003 American documentary film about the life and times of former US Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara directed by Errol Morris, which won that year's <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Documentary_Feature" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature">Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature</a>."<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Fiction">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Topaz_(1969_film)" title="Topaz (1969 film)">Topaz</a>, 1969 film by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Topaz_(novel)" title="Topaz (novel)">the 1967 novel</a> by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Uris" title="Leon Uris">Leon Uris</a>, set during the run-up to the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matinee_(1993_film)" title="Matinee (1993 film)">Matinee</a>, 1993 film starring John Goodman set during the Cuban Missile Crisis in which an independent-filmmaker decides to seize the opportunity to debut an atomic themed film.<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Days_(film)" title="Thirteen Days (film)">Thirteen Days</a>, 2000 film based on The Kennedy Tapes: Inside the White House During the Cuban Missile Crisis, a docudrama directed by Roger Donaldson about the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Red_Alert_3" title="Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3">Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3</a>, a 2008 video game, set in an alternate timeline where Einstein did not exist. During the Allied Nations campaign, an alternate version of the Cuban Missile Crisis occurs, dubbed in game as the mission "The Great Bear Trap", where the Soviet Union had secretly planned and constructed an invasion force in Havana, capped by specially designed Kirov Airships that were yielding 50 megaton bombs and intended to fly towards Allied controlled cities.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_Men" title="Mad Men">Mad Men</a>, the 2008 episode "Meditations in an Emergency" is set in the midst of the Cuban Missile Crisis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur_(novella)" title="Ur (novella)">Ur</a>, a 2009 short novel by Stephen King, is about three men who discover through a magic Kindle that in a parallel universe, the Cuban Missile Crisis escalated into a nuclear war and ended that universe.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_Black_Ops" title="Call of Duty: Black Ops">Call of Duty: Black Ops</a>, 2010 video game, set during and after the Cuban Missile Crisis.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kennedys_(TV_miniseries)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Kennedys (TV miniseries)">The Kennedys</a>, 2011 production chronicling the lives of the Kennedy family, including a dramatisation of the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-Men:_First_Class" title="X-Men: First Class">X-Men: First Class</a>, 2011 superhero film set during the Cuban Missile Crisis, which depicts the crisis as being escalated by a group of mutants with the goal of establishing a mutant ruling class after the subsequent war.<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Courier_(2020_film)" title="The Courier (2020 film)">The Courier</a>, a 2020 film that tells the "true story of the British businessman <a href="/wiki/Greville_Wynne" title="Greville Wynne">Greville Wynne</a> (played by <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Cumberbatch" title="Benedict Cumberbatch">Benedict Cumberbatch</a>) who helped MI6 penetrate the Soviet nuclear programme during the Cold War. Wynne and his Russian source, <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Penkovsky" title="Oleg Penkovsky">Oleg Penkovsky</a> (codenamed Ironbark), provided crucial intelligence that ended the Cuban Missile Crisis."<a href="#cite_note-Announcement-229">[227]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/32px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/48px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/64px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cuba" title="Portal:Cuba">Cuba portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bomber_gap" title="Bomber gap">Bomber gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_thaw" title="Cuban thaw">Cuban thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninsky_Komsomol_class_cargo_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Leninsky Komsomol class cargo ships">Leninsky Komsomol class cargo ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_close_calls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nuclear close calls">List of nuclear close calls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_rocket_incident" title="Norwegian rocket incident">Norwegian rocket incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">Nuclear disarmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_threats_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear threats during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Nuclear threats during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mcnamara-137"><a href="#cite_ref-mcnamara_137-0">^</a> McNamara mistakenly dates the shooting down of USAF Major <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Anderson" title="Rudolf Anderson">Rudolf Anderson</a>'s U-2 on October 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-castro-186"><a href="#cite_ref-castro_186-0">^</a> In his biography, Castro did not compare his feelings for either leader at that moment but makes it clear that he was angry with Khrushchev for failing to consult with him. (Ramonet 1978) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFScottHughes2015" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Len; Hughes, R. Gerald (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Cuban-Missile-Crisis-A-Critical-Reappraisal/Scott-Hughes/p/book/9780415787161">The Cuban Missile Crisis: A Critical Reappraisal</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-55541-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-55541-4"><bdi>978-1-317-55541-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729014313/https://books.google.com/books?id=UJEGCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT17">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cuban+Missile+Crisis%3A+A+Critical+Reappraisal&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-55541-4&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Len&rft.au=Hughes%2C+R.+Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FThe-Cuban-Missile-Crisis-A-Critical-Reappraisal%2FScott-Hughes%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9780415787161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociety2021" class="citation web cs1">Society, National Geographic (21 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/oct22/kennedy-quarantines-cuba/">"Kennedy 'Quarantines' Cuba"</a>. National Geographic Society. Retrieved 11 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Society&rft.atitle=Kennedy+%27Quarantines%27+Cuba&rft.date=2021-04-21&rft.aulast=Society&rft.aufirst=National+Geographic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.org%2Fthisday%2Foct22%2Fkennedy-quarantines-cuba%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-uslegalcaseblockadeofcuba-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uslegalcaseblockadeofcuba_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-uslegalcaseblockadeofcuba_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColman2019" class="citation journal cs1">Colman, Jonathan (1 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://direct.mit.edu/jcws/article/21/2/150-173/13772">"Toward 'World Support' and 'The Ultimate Judgment of History': The U.S. Legal Case for the Blockade of Cuba during the Missile Crisis, October–November 1962"</a>. Journal of Cold War Studies. 21 (2): 150–173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fjcws_a_00879">10.1162/jcws_a_00879</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1520-3972">1520-3972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cold+War+Studies&rft.atitle=Toward+%27World+Support%27+and+%27The+Ultimate+Judgment+of+History%27%3A+The+U.S.+Legal+Case+for+the+Blockade+of+Cuba+during+the+Missile+Crisis%2C+October%E2%80%93November+1962&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=150-173&rft.date=2019-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fjcws_a_00879&rft.issn=1520-3972&rft.aulast=Colman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdirect.mit.edu%2Fjcws%2Farticle%2F21%2F2%2F150-173%2F13772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/cuban-missile-crisis">"Milestones: 1961–1968 – The Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962"</a>. history.state.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403181853/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/cuban-missile-crisis">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.state.gov&rft.atitle=Milestones%3A+1961%E2%80%931968+%E2%80%93+The+Cuban+Missile+Crisis%2C+October+1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1961-1968%2Fcuban-missile-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_5-1">b</a> William Taubman, <a href="/wiki/Khrushchev:_The_Man_and_His_Era" title="Khrushchev: The Man and His Era">Khrushchev: The Man and His Era</a> (2004) p. 579. </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Malin_Notes-6"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Malin_Notes_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffery_D._Shields2016" class="citation web cs1">Jeffery D. Shields (7 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/CWHIP_Bulletin_17-18_Cuban_Missile_Crisis_v2_s3_Soviet_Union.pdf">"The Malin Notes: Glimpses Inside the Kremlin during the Cuban Missile Crisis"</a> (PDF). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Woodrow+Wilson+International+Center+for+Scholars&rft.atitle=The+Malin+Notes%3A+Glimpses+Inside+the+Kremlin+during+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.date=2016-03-07&rft.au=Jeffery+D.+Shields&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmedia%2Fdocuments%2Fpublication%2FCWHIP_Bulletin_17-18_Cuban_Missile_Crisis_v2_s3_Soviet_Union.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bnuvCJQnS0kC&dq=escalante+affair&pg=PA421">The Kennedy Tapes Inside the White House During the Cuban Missile Crisis</a>. Norton. 2002. p. 421. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32259-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32259-0"><bdi>978-0-393-32259-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kennedy+Tapes+Inside+the+White+House+During+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.pages=421&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32259-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbnuvCJQnS0kC%26dq%3Descalante%2Baffair%26pg%3DPA421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/journal_of_cold_war_studies/v004/4.1taubman.html">"'One Hell of a Gamble': Khrushchev, Castro and Kennedy, 1958–1964"</a>. Journal of Cold War Studies. 2002. Retrieved 31 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cold+War+Studies&rft.atitle=%27One+Hell+of+a+Gamble%27%3A+Khrushchev%2C+Castro+and+Kennedy%2C+1958%E2%80%931964&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Flogin%3Fauth%3D0%26type%3Dsummary%26url%3D%2Fjournals%2Fjournal_of_cold_war_studies%2Fv004%2F4.1taubman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yaffe20b-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yaffe20b_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yaffe20b_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaffe2020" class="citation book cs1">Yaffe, Helen (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300230031/we-are-cuba">We are Cuba!: How a Revolutionary People have Survived in a Post-Soviet World</a>. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 14–22, 176–181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23003-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23003-1"><bdi>978-0-300-23003-1</bdi></a>. <q>For the Cuban revolutionaries of the 1950s, US imperialism was the principal explanation for the island's structural weaknesses...Thus, the Revolution of 1959 faced two real alternatives: it could renounce all fundamental changes, beyond expelling the dictator Fulgencio Batista, so that it would be acceptable to Washington; or it could pursue the deep structural changes necessary to address the island's socioeconomic ills and dependent development, which would bring hostility from the United States.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+are+Cuba%21%3A+How+a+Revolutionary+People+have+Survived+in+a+Post-Soviet+World&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=14-22%2C+176-181&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-300-23003-1&rft.aulast=Yaffe&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyalebooks.yale.edu%2Fbook%2F9780300230031%2Fwe-are-cuba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bo12a-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Bo12a_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolender2012" class="citation book cs1">Bolender, Keith (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137275554">Cuba under Siege: American Policy, the Revolution, and its People</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. x, 14, 18–20, 45–57, 63–64, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_phrases_(E)#et_passim" title="List of Latin phrases (E)">et passim</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137275554">10.1057/9781137275554</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-27554-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-27554-7"><bdi>978-1-137-27554-7</bdi></a>. <q>The economic inequality and social unrest was brought to a head under the brutal Batista dictatorship, supported by American arms, money, and authority. An estimated 20,000 were killed opposing the government from 1955 to his overthrow, with even President John F. Kennedy using this figure in a rare expression of sympathy for revolutionary goals. Kennedy also came closest to recognizing America could not claim ignorance of the harm its neocolonial control was inflicting on the inhabitants...Transformation came swiftly, completely, and often framed in direct conflict with American immoderations. Popular support for radicalization was possible only by aiming it at the social inequalities associated with foreign domination, of which the greater part of the Cuban population, particularly in the rural areas, had tired of finally. The backing of the countryside permitted Castro to act ruthlessly to ensure his revolution would not suffer the same fate as Grau's. Concurrently, America's hostile reaction worked in harmony, if not intentionally, with Castro's political ambitions. He comprehended the turmoil and incongruities of American dominated prerevolution society had to end.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba+under+Siege%3A+American+Policy%2C+the+Revolution%2C+and+its+People&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=x%2C+14%2C+18-20%2C+45-57%2C+63-64%2C+%27%27List+of+Latin+phrases+%28E%29%23et+passim%7Cet+passim%27%27&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137275554&rft.isbn=978-1-137-27554-7&rft.aulast=Bolender&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1057%2F9781137275554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapstein2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kapstein, Ethan B. (December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fjcws_a_00967">"Private Enterprise, International Development, and the Cold War"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Cold_War_Studies" title="Journal of Cold War Studies">Journal of Cold War Studies</a>. 22 (4). Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>: 113–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fjcws_a_00967">10.1162/jcws_a_00967</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1520-3972">1520-3972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cold+War+Studies&rft.atitle=Private+Enterprise%2C+International+Development%2C+and+the+Cold+War&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=113-145&rft.date=2020-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fjcws_a_00967&rft.issn=1520-3972&rft.aulast=Kapstein&rft.aufirst=Ethan+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1162%252Fjcws_a_00967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yaffe20-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yaffe20_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yaffe20_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaffe2020" class="citation book cs1">Yaffe, Helen (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300230031/we-are-cuba">We are Cuba!: How a Revolutionary People have Survived in a Post-Soviet World</a>. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 67, 176–181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23003-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23003-1"><bdi>978-0-300-23003-1</bdi></a>. <q>What have Cuba's revolutionary people survived? For six decades, the Caribbean island has withstood manifold and unrelenting aggression from the world's dominant economic and political power: overt and covert military actions; sabotage and terrorism by US authorities and allied exiles...The first Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) plan for paramilitary action in Cuba was developed in December 1959, less than a year after Batista fled the island and well before the US blockade was imposed. The CIA recruited operatives inside Cuba to carry out terrorism and sabotage, killing civilians and causing economic damage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+are+Cuba%21%3A+How+a+Revolutionary+People+have+Survived+in+a+Post-Soviet+World&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=67%2C+176-181&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-300-23003-1&rft.aulast=Yaffe&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyalebooks.yale.edu%2Fbook%2F9780300230031%2Fwe-are-cuba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PicMil16-13"><a href="#cite_ref-PicMil16_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPicconeMiller2016" class="citation report cs1">Piccone, Ted; Miller, Ashley (19 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/research/cuba-the-u-s-and-the-concept-of-sovereignty-toward-a-common-vocabulary/">Cuba, the U.S., and the Concept of Sovereignty: Toward a Common Vocabulary?</a> (Report). Washington: <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707040411/https://www.brookings.edu/research/cuba-the-u-s-and-the-concept-of-sovereignty-toward-a-common-vocabulary/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2023. <q>President Dwight D. Eisenhower approved a plan to train Cuban exiles to commit violent acts of terrorism within Cuba against civilians, and the CIA trained and commanded pilots to bomb civilian airfields...U.S. government officials justified some of the terrorist attacks on Cuban soil on the grounds of coercive regime change</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Cuba%2C+the+U.S.%2C+and+the+Concept+of+Sovereignty%3A+Toward+a+Common+Vocabulary%3F&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2016-12-19&rft.aulast=Piccone&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft.au=Miller%2C+Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fresearch%2Fcuba-the-u-s-and-the-concept-of-sovereignty-toward-a-common-vocabulary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DomYaf17-14"><a href="#cite_ref-DomYaf17_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomínguez_LópezYaffe2017" class="citation journal cs1">Domínguez López, Ernesto; Yaffe, Helen (2 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/84628/1/Yaffe_Deep%20historical-roots%20of%20Cuban_2017.pdf">"The Deep, Historical Roots of Cuban Anti-imperialism"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Third_World_Quarterly" title="Third World Quarterly">Third World Quarterly</a>. 38 (11). Abingdon: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 2517–2535. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01436597.2017.1374171">10.1080/01436597.2017.1374171</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149249232">149249232</a>. <q>In international terms, Cuba's Revolution dented the US sphere of influence, weakening the US position as a global power. These were the structural geopolitical motivations for opposing Cuba's hard-won independence. The Bay of Pigs (Playa Giron) invasion and multiple military invasion plans, programmes of terrorism, sabotage and subversion were part of Washington's reaction.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+World+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Deep%2C+Historical+Roots+of+Cuban+Anti-imperialism&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2517-2535&rft.date=2017-11-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01436597.2017.1374171&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149249232%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dom%C3%ADnguez+L%C3%B3pez&rft.aufirst=Ernesto&rft.au=Yaffe%2C+Helen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.lse.ac.uk%2F84628%2F1%2FYaffe_Deep%2520historical-roots%2520of%2520Cuban_2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franklin16-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franklin16_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franklin16_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franklin16_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franklin16_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franklin16_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franklin16_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franklin16_15-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin2016" class="citation book cs1">Franklin, Jane (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyupress.org/9781583676059/cuba-and-the-u-s-empire/">Cuba and the U.S. Empire: a Chronological History</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>. pp. 45–63, 388–392, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_phrases_(E)#et_passim" title="List of Latin phrases (E)">et passim</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58367-605-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58367-605-9"><bdi>978-1-58367-605-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba+and+the+U.S.+Empire%3A+a+Chronological+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=45-63%2C+388-392%2C+%27%27List+of+Latin+phrases+%28E%29%23et+passim%7Cet+passim%27%27&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-58367-605-9&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnyupress.org%2F9781583676059%2Fcuba-and-the-u-s-empire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Opera40-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Opera40_16-0">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-Yaffe20-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-PicMil16-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-DomYaf17-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Franklin16-15">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Absher-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Absher_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Absher_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Absher_17-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbsher2009" class="citation web cs1">Absher, Kenneth Michael (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=935">"Mind-Sets and Missiles: A First Hand Account of the Cuban Missile Crisis"</a>. Strategic Studies Institute, United States Army War College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100420055113/http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=935">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mind-Sets+and+Missiles%3A+A+First+Hand+Account+of+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.pub=Strategic+Studies+Institute%2C+United+States+Army+War+College&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Absher&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil%2Fpubs%2Fdisplay.cfm%3FpubID%3D935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jorge00-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Jorge00_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomínguez2000" class="citation journal cs1">Domínguez, Jorge I. (April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wcfia.harvard.edu/files/wcfia/files/jd_missile_crisis.pdf">"The @#$%& Missile Crisis"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_History_(journal)" title="Diplomatic History (journal)">Diplomatic History</a>. 24 (2). Boston/Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Blackwell Publishers</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: 305–316. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0145-2096.00214">10.1111/0145-2096.00214</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200907103502/https://wcfia.harvard.edu/files/wcfia/files/jd_missile_crisis.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 September 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2019 – via <a href="/wiki/Weatherhead_Center_for_International_Affairs" title="Weatherhead Center for International Affairs">Weatherhead Center for International Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. <q>On the afternoon of 16 October... Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy convened in his office a meeting on Operation Mongoose, the code name for a U.S. policy of sabotage and related covert operation aimed at Cuba... The Kennedy administration returned to its policy of sponsoring terrorism against Cuba as the confrontation with the Soviet Union lessened... Only once in these nearly thousand pages of documentation did a US official raise something that resembled a faint moral objection to US-government sponsored terrorism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=The+%40%23%24%25%26+Missile+Crisis&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=305-316&rft.date=2000-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0145-2096.00214&rft.aulast=Dom%C3%ADnguez&rft.aufirst=Jorge+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwcfia.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Fwcfia%2Ffiles%2Fjd_missile_crisis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schou11-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Schou11_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoultz2009" class="citation book cs1">Schoultz, Lars (2009). "State Sponsored Terrorism". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uncpress.org/book/9780807871898/that-infernal-little-cuban-republic/">That Infernal Little Cuban Republic: the United States and the Cuban Revolution</a>. Chapel Hill: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. pp. 170–211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-8860-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-8860-5"><bdi>978-0-8078-8860-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 February 2020. <q>What more could be done? How about a program of sabotage focused on blowing up "such targets as refineries, power plants, micro wave stations, radio and TV installations, strategic highway bridges and railroad facilities, military and naval installations and equipment, certain industrial plants and sugar refineries." The CIA proposed just that approach a month after the Bay of Pigs, and the State Department endorsed the proposal... In early November, six months after the Bay of Pigs, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy"><abbr title="John F. Kennedy">JFK</abbr></a> authorized the CIA's "Program of Covert Action", now dubbed Operation Mongoose, and named <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lansdale" title="Edward Lansdale">Lansdale</a> its chief of operations. A few days later, President Kennedy told a Seattle audience, "We cannot, as a free nation, compete with our adversaries in tactics of terror, assassination, false promises, counterfeit mobs and crises." Perhaps – but the Mongoose decision indicated that he was willing to try.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=State+Sponsored+Terrorism&rft.btitle=That+Infernal+Little+Cuban+Republic%3A+the+United+States+and+the+Cuban+Revolution&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=170-211&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-8860-5&rft.aulast=Schoultz&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funcpress.org%2Fbook%2F9780807871898%2Fthat-infernal-little-cuban-republic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSArchive19-20"><a href="#cite_ref-NSArchive19_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPradosJimenez-Bacardi2019" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Prados" title="John Prados">Prados, John</a>; Jimenez-Bacardi, Arturo, eds. (3 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/cuba/2019-10-03/kennedy-cuba-operation-mongoose">Kennedy and Cuba: Operation Mongoose</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191102010542/https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/cuba/2019-10-03/kennedy-cuba-operation-mongoose">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2020. <q>The Kennedy administration had been quick to set up a Cuba Task Force—with strong representation from CIA's Directorate of Plans—and on August 31 that unit decided to adopt a public posture of ignoring Castro while attacking civilian targets inside Cuba: 'our covert activities would now be directed toward the destruction of targets important to the [Cuban] economy' (Document 4)...While acting through Cuban revolutionary groups with potential for real resistance to Castro, the task force 'will do all we can to identify and suggest targets whose destruction will have the maximum economic impact.' The memorandum showed no concern for international law or the unspoken nature of these operations as terrorist attacks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Kennedy+and+Cuba%3A+Operation+Mongoose&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=George+Washington+University&rft.date=2019-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2Fbriefing-book%2Fcuba%2F2019-10-03%2Fkennedy-cuba-operation-mongoose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erlich16-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Erlich16_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlich2008" class="citation book cs1">Erlich, Reese (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Dateline-Havana-The-Real-Story-of-Us-Policy-and-the-Future-of-Cuba-1st/Erlich-Kinzer/p/book/9780981576978">Dateline Havana: the Real Story of U.S. Policy and the Future of Cuba</a>. Abingdon/New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 26–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-26160-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-26160-5"><bdi>978-1-317-26160-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 February 2020. <q>Officially, the United States favored only peaceful means to pressure Cuba. In reality, US leaders also used violent, terrorist tactics... Operation Mongoose began in November 1961... US operatives attacked civilian targets, including sugar refineries, saw mills, and molasses storage tanks. Some 400 CIA officers worked on the project in Washington and Miami... Operation Mongoose and various other terrorist operations caused property damage and injured and killed Cubans. But they failed to achieve their goal of regime change.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dateline+Havana%3A+the+Real+Story+of+U.S.+Policy+and+the+Future+of+Cuba&rft.place=Abingdon%2FNew+York&rft.pages=26-29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-317-26160-5&rft.aulast=Erlich&rft.aufirst=Reese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FDateline-Havana-The-Real-Story-of-Us-Policy-and-the-Future-of-Cuba-1st%2FErlich-Kinzer%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9780981576978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrennerNSA-22"><a href="#cite_ref-BrennerNSA_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner2002" class="citation web cs1">Brenner, Philip (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/brenner.htm">"Turning History on its Head"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170824225125/http://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/brenner.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2020. <q>..in October 1962 the United States was waging a war against Cuba that involved several assassination attempts against the Cuban leader, terrorist acts against Cuban civilians, and sabotage of Cuban factories.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Security+Archive&rft.atitle=Turning+History+on+its+Head&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive2.gwu.edu%2Fnsa%2Fcuba_mis_cri%2Fbrenner.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-uscuba1-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uscuba1_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-uscuba1_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_note-Jorge00-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schou11-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-NSArchive19-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yaffe20-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Franklin16-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Erlich16-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-BrennerNSA-22">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FRUS63volX-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FRUS63volX_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLansdale1962" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lansdale" title="Edward Lansdale">Lansdale, Edward</a> (18 January 1962). Smith, Louis J. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d291">Program Review by the Chief of Operations, Operation Mongoose</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_of_the_United_States_(book_series)" title="Foreign Relations of the United States (book series)">Foreign Relations of the United States</a> (Report). 1961–1963. Vol. X, Cuba. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Historian" title="Office of the Historian">Office of the Historian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408224822/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d291">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Program+Review+by+the+Chief+of+Operations%2C+Operation+Mongoose&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=1961%E2%80%931963&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Historian&rft.date=1962-01-18&rft.aulast=Lansdale&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1961-63v10%2Fd291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguezWeisman1989" class="citation book cs1">Rodriguez, Felix I.; Weisman, John (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shadowwarrior00rodr">Shadow Warrior: The CIA Hero of 100 Unknown Battles</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-66721-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-66721-4"><bdi>978-0-671-66721-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadow+Warrior%3A+The+CIA+Hero+of+100+Unknown+Battles&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-671-66721-4&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Felix+I.&rft.au=Weisman%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshadowwarrior00rodr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-76/pdf/STATUTE-76-Pg1446.pdf">"Proclamation 3447 – Embargo on All Trade With Cuba"</a> (PDF). US Government Printing Office. 3 February 1962. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150605041149/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-76/pdf/STATUTE-76-Pg1446.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 June 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proclamation+3447+%E2%80%93+Embargo+on+All+Trade+With+Cuba&rft.pub=US+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1962-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FSTATUTE-76%2Fpdf%2FSTATUTE-76-Pg1446.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Br92-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Br92_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner1992" class="citation book cs1">Brenner, Philip (1992). "Thirteen Months: Cuba's Perspective on the Missile Crisis". In Nathan, James A. (ed.). The Cuban Missile Crisis Revisited. New York: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. pp. 187–218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-11462-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-11462-4"><bdi>978-1-137-11462-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thirteen+Months%3A+Cuba%27s+Perspective+on+the+Missile+Crisis&rft.btitle=The+Cuban+Missile+Crisis+Revisited&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=187-218&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-137-11462-4&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zu94-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Zu94_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZubok1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Zubok" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladislav Zubok">Zubok, Vladislav M.</a> (1994). "Unwrapping the Enigma: What was Behind the Soviet Challenge in the 1960s?". In Kunz, Diane B. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-diplomacy-of-the-crucial-decade/9780231081771">The Diplomacy of the Crucial Decade: American Foreign Relations During the 1960s</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. 149–181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-08177-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-08177-1"><bdi>978-0-231-08177-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Unwrapping+the+Enigma%3A+What+was+Behind+the+Soviet+Challenge+in+the+1960s%3F&rft.btitle=The+Diplomacy+of+the+Crucial+Decade%3A+American+Foreign+Relations+During+the+1960s&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=149-181&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-231-08177-1&rft.aulast=Zubok&rft.aufirst=Vladislav+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcup.columbia.edu%2Fbook%2Fthe-diplomacy-of-the-crucial-decade%2F9780231081771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mi12-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mi12_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mi12_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikoyan2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sergo_Mikoyan" title="Sergo Mikoyan">Mikoyan, Sergo</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=17376">The Soviet Cuban Missile Crisis: Castro, Mikoyan, Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Missiles of November</a>. Redwood City: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. pp. 91–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6201-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6201-4"><bdi>978-0-8047-6201-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Cuban+Missile+Crisis%3A+Castro%2C+Mikoyan%2C+Kennedy%2C+Khrushchev%2C+and+the+Missiles+of+November&rft.place=Redwood+City&rft.pages=91-99&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-6201-4&rft.aulast=Mikoyan&rft.aufirst=Sergo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sup.org%2Fbooks%2Ftitle%2F%3Fid%3D17376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mi02-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Mi02_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2002" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Nicola (2002). "The Real Gap in the Cuban Missile Crisis: The Post-Cold-War Historiography and Continued Omission of Cuba". In Carter, Dale; Clifton, Robin (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9780333919408">War and Cold War in American Foreign Policy, 1942–62</a>. Basingstoke: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 211–237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-1385-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-1385-2"><bdi>978-1-4039-1385-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Real+Gap+in+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis%3A+The+Post-Cold-War+Historiography+and+Continued+Omission+of+Cuba&rft.btitle=War+and+Cold+War+in+American+Foreign+Policy%2C+1942%E2%80%9362&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=211-237&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-1385-2&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.palgrave.com%2Fgp%2Fbook%2F9780333919408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrZuMiMi-31"><a href="#cite_ref-BrZuMiMi_31-0">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-Br92-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zu94-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mi12-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mi02-30">[30]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ge18-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Ge18_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGetchell2018" class="citation book cs1">Getchell, Michelle (2018). "Operation Anadyr: Soviet Missiles in Cuba". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hackettpublishing.com/history/series-in-history/passages-key-moments-in-history-series/the-cuban-missile-crisis-and-the-cold-war">The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Cold War: A Short History with Documents</a>. Indianapolis: <a href="/wiki/Hackett_Publishing_Company" title="Hackett Publishing Company">Hackett Publishing Company</a>. pp. 70–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62466-742-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62466-742-8"><bdi>978-1-62466-742-8</bdi></a>. <q>a Special National Intelligence Estimate drawn up in September had analyzed the Soviet military buildup in Cuba and concluded that its purpose was to 'strengthen the Communist regime there against what the Cubans and the Soviets conceive to be a danger that the US may attempt by one means or another to overthrow it.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Operation+Anadyr%3A+Soviet+Missiles+in+Cuba&rft.btitle=The+Cuban+Missile+Crisis+and+the+Cold+War%3A+A+Short+History+with+Documents&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=70-93&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62466-742-8&rft.aulast=Getchell&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hackettpublishing.com%2Fhistory%2Fseries-in-history%2Fpassages-key-moments-in-history-series%2Fthe-cuban-missile-crisis-and-the-cold-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FRUS63XNIE-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FRUS63XNIE_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCIA1962" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> (19 September 1962). Smith, Louis J. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d433">Special National Intelligence Estimate: The Military Buildup in Cuba</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_of_the_United_States_(book_series)" title="Foreign Relations of the United States (book series)">Foreign Relations of the United States</a> (Report). 1961–1963. Vol. X, Cuba. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Historian" title="Office of the Historian">Office of the Historian</a>. 85-3-62. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121015031754/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d433">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Special+National+Intelligence+Estimate%3A+The+Military+Buildup+in+Cuba&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=1961%E2%80%931963&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Historian&rft.date=1962-09-19&rft.au=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1961-63v10%2Fd433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-afmag-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-afmag_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-afmag_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-afmag_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-afmag_34-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-afmag_34-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-afmag_34-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrell2005" class="citation journal cs1">Correll, John T. (August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2005/August%202005/0805u2.aspx">"Airpower and the Cuban Missile Crisis"</a>. Air Force Magazine. 88 (8). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130613164558/http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2005/August%202005/0805u2.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Force+Magazine&rft.atitle=Airpower+and+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2005-08&rft.aulast=Correll&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airforcemag.com%2FMagazineArchive%2FPages%2F2005%2FAugust%25202005%2F0805u2.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Berlin-Wall">"Berlin Wall"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a>. 7 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Berlin+Wall&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FBerlin-Wall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKempe2011" class="citation book cs1">Kempe, Frederick (2011). Berlin 1961. Penguin Group USA. p. 491.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berlin+1961&rft.pages=491&rft.pub=Penguin+Group+USA&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Kempe&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexeyev" class="citation web cs1">Alexeyev, Alexandr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB400/docs/Interview%20with%20Alekseev.pdf">"Interview"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130329112225/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB400/docs/Interview%20with%20Alekseev.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview&rft.aulast=Alexeyev&rft.aufirst=Alexandr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB400%2Fdocs%2FInterview%2520with%2520Alekseev.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allison_1999_92-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allison_1999_92_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allison_1999_92_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison1999" class="citation book cs1">Allison, Graham and Philip Zelikow (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essenceofdecisio00alli_0/page/92">Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis</a>. New York: Addison Wesley Longman. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essenceofdecisio00alli_0/page/92">92</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-01349-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-01349-1"><bdi>978-0-321-01349-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essence+of+Decision%3A+Explaining+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley+Longman&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-321-01349-1&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Graham+and+Philip+Zelikow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessenceofdecisio00alli_0%2Fpage%2F92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison1999" class="citation book cs1">Allison, Graham and Philip Zelikow (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essenceofdecisio00alli_0/page/94">Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis</a>. New York: Addison Wesley Longman. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essenceofdecisio00alli_0/page/94">94–95</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-01349-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-01349-1"><bdi>978-0-321-01349-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essence+of+Decision%3A+Explaining+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=94-95&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley+Longman&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-321-01349-1&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Graham+and+Philip+Zelikow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessenceofdecisio00alli_0%2Fpage%2F94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison1999" class="citation book cs1">Allison, Graham and Philip Zelikow (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essenceofdecisio00alli_0/page/105">Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis</a>. New York: Addison Wesley Longman. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essenceofdecisio00alli_0/page/105">105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-01349-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-01349-1"><bdi>978-0-321-01349-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essence+of+Decision%3A+Explaining+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley+Longman&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-321-01349-1&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Graham+and+Philip+Zelikow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessenceofdecisio00alli_0%2Fpage%2F105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cuban-missile-crisis-nationalsecurityarchive-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cuban-missile-crisis-nationalsecurityarchive_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cuban-missile-crisis-nationalsecurityarchive_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurence_ChangPeter_Kornbluh1998" class="citation book cs1">Laurence Chang; Peter Kornbluh, eds. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nsa/publications/DOC_readers/cmcread/cmcread.html">The Cuban missile crisis, 1962: a National Security Archive (U.S.) Documents Reader</a>. Foreword by Robert S. McNamara (Revised ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56584-474-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56584-474-2"><bdi>978-1-56584-474-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40952458">40952458</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cuban+missile+crisis%2C+1962%3A+a+National+Security+Archive+%28U.S.%29+Documents+Reader&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40952458&rft.isbn=978-1-56584-474-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive2.gwu.edu%2Fnsa%2Fpublications%2FDOC_readers%2Fcmcread%2Fcmcread.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWingrove2012" class="citation web cs1">Wingrove, Paul (22 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/oct/22/cuban-missile-crisis-nikita-khrushchev">"Cuban missile crisis: Nikita Khrushchev's Cuban gamble misfired | Paul Wingrove"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180705033345/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/oct/22/cuban-missile-crisis-nikita-khrushchev">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Cuban+missile+crisis%3A+Nikita+Khrushchev%27s+Cuban+gamble+misfired+%7C+Paul+Wingrove&rft.date=2012-10-22&rft.aulast=Wingrove&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2012%2Foct%2F22%2Fcuban-missile-crisis-nikita-khrushchev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://schoolshistory.org.uk/topics/world-history/cold-war-1945-1972/cuban-missile-crisis-why-were-missiles-there/">"Cuban Missile Crisis: Why were missiles there?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180519032359/http://schoolshistory.org.uk/topics/world-history/cold-war-1945-1972/cuban-missile-crisis-why-were-missiles-there/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cuban+Missile+Crisis%3A+Why+were+missiles+there%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fschoolshistory.org.uk%2Ftopics%2Fworld-history%2Fcold-war-1945-1972%2Fcuban-missile-crisis-why-were-missiles-there%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramonet-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ramonet_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramonet_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramonet_44-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgnacio2007" class="citation book cs1">Ignacio, Ramonet (2007). Fidel Castro: My Life. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-102626-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-102626-8"><bdi>978-0-14-102626-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fidel+Castro%3A+My+Life&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-14-102626-8&rft.aulast=Ignacio&rft.aufirst=Ramonet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gwu-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gwu_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gwu_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB393/">"The Soviet Cuban Missile Crisis: Castro, Mikoyan, Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Missiles of November"</a>. The National Security Archive. 10 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121110190118/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB393/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Cuban+Missile+Crisis%3A+Castro%2C+Mikoyan%2C+Kennedy%2C+Khrushchev%2C+and+the+Missiles+of+November&rft.pub=The+National+Security+Archive&rft.date=2012-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB393%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeldes1999" class="citation book cs1">Weldes, Jutta (1999). Constructing National Interests: The United States and the Cuban Missile Crisis. University of Minnesota Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3111-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3111-7"><bdi>978-0-8166-3111-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+National+Interests%3A+The+United+States+and+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-3111-7&rft.aulast=Weldes&rft.aufirst=Jutta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hansen-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hansen_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hansen_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen" class="citation web cs1">Hansen, James H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100607061839/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol46no1/pdf/v46i1a06p.pdf">"Soviet Deception in the Cuban Missile Crisis"</a> (PDF). Learning from the Past. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol46no1/pdf/v46i1a06p.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 June 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Learning+from+the+Past&rft.atitle=Soviet+Deception+in+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fcenter-for-the-study-of-intelligence%2Fkent-csi%2Fvol46no1%2Fpdf%2Fv46i1a06p.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WP-48"><a href="#cite_ref-WP_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobbs2008" class="citation news cs1">Dobbs, Michael (22 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/20/AR2008062002595.html">"Cool Crisis Management? It's a Myth, Ask JFK"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702131906/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/20/AR2008062002595.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Cool+Crisis+Management%3F+It%27s+a+Myth%2C+Ask+JFK&rft.date=2008-06-22&rft.aulast=Dobbs&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F06%2F20%2FAR2008062002595.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobbs2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dobbs_(journalist)" title="Michael Dobbs (journalist)">Dobbs, Michael</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zfYGuP3DibYC&pg=PA66">One Minute to Midnight: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War</a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4358-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4358-3"><bdi>978-1-4000-4358-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Minute+to+Midnight%3A+Kennedy%2C+Khrushchev%2C+and+Castro+on+the+Brink+of+Nuclear+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-4358-3&rft.aulast=Dobbs&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzfYGuP3DibYC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarson" class="citation web cs1">Larson, Emma. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/blundering-brink-cuban-missile-crisis-documents-central-archive-russian-ministry-defense">""Blundering on the Brink": Cuban Missile Crisis Documents from the Central Archive of the Russian Ministry of Defense | Wilson Center"</a>. www.wilsoncenter.org. The Wilson Center. Retrieved 1 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wilsoncenter.org&rft.atitle=%22Blundering+on+the+Brink%22%3A+Cuban+Missile+Crisis+Documents+from+the+Central+Archive+of+the+Russian+Ministry+of+Defense+%26%23124%3B+Wilson+Center&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fblog-post%2Fblundering-brink-cuban-missile-crisis-documents-central-archive-russian-ministry-defense&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison1999" class="citation book cs1">Allison, Graham and Philip Zelikow (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essenceofdecisio00alli_0/page/80">Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis</a>. New York: Addison Wesley Longman. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essenceofdecisio00alli_0/page/80">80</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-01349-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-01349-1"><bdi>978-0-321-01349-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essence+of+Decision%3A+Explaining+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley+Longman&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-321-01349-1&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Graham+and+Philip+Zelikow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessenceofdecisio00alli_0%2Fpage%2F80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrams2013" class="citation book cs1">Abrams, Dennis (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xsVbAgAAQBAJ&dq=che+guevara+nuclear+missiles&pg=PT83">Ernesto "Che" Guevara</a>. Infobase Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-4613-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-4613-3"><bdi>978-1-4381-4613-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ernesto+%22Che%22+Guevara&rft.pub=Infobase+Learning&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-4613-3&rft.aulast=Abrams&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxsVbAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dche%2Bguevara%2Bnuclear%2Bmissiles%26pg%3DPT83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEricHenken2001" class="citation book cs1">Eric, Luther; Henken, Ted (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ZiMFkQ1hjkC&q=che+guevara+missiles">Che Guevara</a>. Alpha. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-864199-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-864199-7"><bdi>978-0-02-864199-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Che+Guevara&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Alpha&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-02-864199-7&rft.aulast=Eric&rft.aufirst=Luther&rft.au=Henken%2C+Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ZiMFkQ1hjkC%26q%3Dche%2Bguevara%2Bmissiles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/assets/media_files/000/019/308/19308.pdf">"Congressional Record"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170811063346/http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/assets/media_files/000/019/308/19308.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congressional+Record&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org%2Fassets%2Fmedia_files%2F000%2F019%2F308%2F19308.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern2003" class="citation book cs1">Stern, Sheldon M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/avertingthefinal00ster">Averting 'the Final Failure': John F. Kennedy and the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings</a>. Stanford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/avertingthefinal00ster/page/26">26</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4846-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4846-9"><bdi>978-0-8047-4846-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Averting+%27the+Final+Failure%27%3A+John+F.+Kennedy+and+the+Secret+Cuban+Missile+Crisis+Meetings&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-4846-9&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Sheldon+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Favertingthefinal00ster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson_Center_21_February_2017-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_Center_21_February_2017_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenning2017" class="citation web cs1">Henning, Heiko (21 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/senator-keatings-source">"Senator Keating's Source: How West German intelligence discovered Soviet missiles in Cuba"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars" title="Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars">Wilson Center</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190127094209/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/senator-keatings-source">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wilson+Center&rft.atitle=Senator+Keating%27s+Source%3A+How+West+German+intelligence+discovered+Soviet+missiles+in+Cuba&rft.date=2017-02-21&rft.aulast=Henning&rft.aufirst=Heiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fblog-post%2Fsenator-keatings-source&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-R-12_Specs.-57"><a href="#cite_ref-R-12_Specs._57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZak2012" class="citation web cs1">Zak, Anatoly (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/r12.html">"Rockets: R-12"</a>. Morristown, New Jersey: RussianSpaceWeb.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121004160729/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/r12.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rockets%3A+R-12&rft.place=Morristown%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=RussianSpaceWeb.com&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Zak&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianspaceweb.com%2Fr12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/history/nuclear-close-calls-cuban-missile-crisis/">"Nuclear Close Calls: The Cuban Missile Crisis - Nuclear Museum"</a>. ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/. Retrieved 14 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ahf.nuclearmuseum.org%2F&rft.atitle=Nuclear+Close+Calls%3A+The+Cuban+Missile+Crisis+-+Nuclear+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fahf.nuclearmuseum.org%2Fahf%2Fhistory%2Fnuclear-close-calls-cuban-missile-crisis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/history/cold-war/cuban-missile-crisis/timeline.htm">"The Cuban Missile Crisis Timeline"</a>. NuclearFiles.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220024319/http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/history/cold-war/cuban-missile-crisis/timeline.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NuclearFiles.org&rft.atitle=The+Cuban+Missile+Crisis+Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nuclearfiles.org%2Fmenu%2Fkey-issues%2Fnuclear-weapons%2Fhistory%2Fcold-war%2Fcuban-missile-crisis%2Ftimeline.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/assets/media_files/000/019/307/19307.pdf">"Congressional Record"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170811063247/http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/assets/media_files/000/019/307/19307.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congressional+Record&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org%2Fassets%2Fmedia_files%2F000%2F019%2F307%2F19307.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-76/pdf/STATUTE-76-Pg697.pdf">"Joint resolution expressing the determination of the United States with respect to the situation in Cuba – P.L. 87-733"</a> (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. 3 October 1962. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150605041146/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-76/pdf/STATUTE-76-Pg697.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 June 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joint+resolution+expressing+the+determination+of+the+United+States+with+respect+to+the+situation+in+Cuba+%E2%80%93+P.L.+87-733&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1962-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FSTATUTE-76%2Fpdf%2FSTATUTE-76-Pg697.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-blight-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blight_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blight_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blight_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blight_62-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlightAllynWelch2002" class="citation book cs1">Blight, James G.; Allyn, Bruce J.; Welch, David A. (2002). Cuba on the Brink: Castro, the Missile Crisis, and the Soviet Collapse; [revised for the Fortieth Anniversary] (2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2269-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2269-5"><bdi>978-0-7425-2269-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba+on+the+Brink%3A+Castro%2C+the+Missile+Crisis%2C+and+the+Soviet+Collapse%3B+%5Brevised+for+the+Fortieth+Anniversary%5D&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-2269-5&rft.aulast=Blight&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rft.au=Allyn%2C+Bruce+J.&rft.au=Welch%2C+David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thedays-63"><a href="#cite_ref-thedays_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090608122553/http://library.thinkquest.org/10826/cuba.htm">"The Days the World Held Its Breath"</a>. 31 July 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.thinkquest.org/10826/cuba.htm">the original</a> on 8 June 2009. Retrieved 4 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Days+the+World+Held+Its+Breath&rft.date=1997-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.thinkquest.org%2F10826%2Fcuba.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/postwarera/1960s-america/a/the-cuban-missile-crisis">"The Cuban Missile Crisis"</a>. www.khanacademy.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727100728/https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/postwarera/1960s-america/a/the-cuban-missile-crisis">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.khanacademy.org&rft.atitle=The+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khanacademy.org%2Fhumanities%2Fus-history%2Fpostwarera%2F1960s-america%2Fa%2Fthe-cuban-missile-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resources.saylor.org/wwwresources/archived/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Cuban-Missile-Crisis.pdf">"Cuban Missile Crisis"</a> (PDF). www.resources.saylor.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727074616/https://resources.saylor.org/wwwresources/archived/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Cuban-Missile-Crisis.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.resources.saylor.org&rft.atitle=Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresources.saylor.org%2Fwwwresources%2Farchived%2Fsite%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F03%2FCuban-Missile-Crisis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalcoldwarexhibition.org/schools-colleges/national-curriculum/cuban-missile-crisis/deployment-of-missiles.aspx">"Deployment of Missiles"</a>. www.nationalcoldwarexhibition.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727104202/https://www.nationalcoldwarexhibition.org/schools-colleges/national-curriculum/cuban-missile-crisis/deployment-of-missiles.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nationalcoldwarexhibition.org&rft.atitle=Deployment+of+Missiles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalcoldwarexhibition.org%2Fschools-colleges%2Fnational-curriculum%2Fcuban-missile-crisis%2Fdeployment-of-missiles.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GWUgraybeal-67"><a href="#cite_ref-GWUgraybeal_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-21/graybeal3.html">"Interview with Sidney Graybeal – 29 January 1998"</a>. Episode 21. <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>, National Security Archive. 14 March 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150115214838/http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-21/graybeal3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Episode+21&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Sidney+Graybeal+%E2%80%93+29+January+1998&rft.date=1999-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2Fcoldwar%2Finterviews%2Fepisode-21%2Fgraybeal3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Pedlow, Gregory, The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance. CIA. 1962. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taiwanairpower.org/blog/?p=135">"Project RAZOR".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008222047/http://taiwanairpower.org/blog/?p=135">Archived</a> October 8, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Taiwan Air Blog, updated April 11, 2007. Retrieved: September 14, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taiwanairpower.org/blog/?p=136">"Project RAZOR".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008222124/http://taiwanairpower.org/blog/?p=136">Archived</a> October 8, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Taiwan Air Blog, updated April 15, 2007. Retrieved: September 14, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Max Holland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol49no4/Photo_Gap_2.htm">"The 'Photo Gap' That Delayed Discovery of Missiles."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113319/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol49no4/Photo_Gap_2.htm">Archived</a> April 2, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Studies in Intelligence, Vol. 49, No. 4; published online April 15, 2007. Retrieved: March 22, 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaddell2016" class="citation journal cs1">Caddell, Joseph W. (2016). "Corona over Cuba: The Missile Crisis and the Early Limitations of Satellite Imagery Intelligence". Intelligence and National Security. 31 (3): 416–438. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02684527.2015.1005495">10.1080/02684527.2015.1005495</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154433400">154433400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+and+National+Security&rft.atitle=Corona+over+Cuba%3A+The+Missile+Crisis+and+the+Early+Limitations+of+Satellite+Imagery+Intelligence&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=416-438&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02684527.2015.1005495&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154433400%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Caddell&rft.aufirst=Joseph+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dia.mil/public-affairs/testimonies/2011-08-12.html">Remarks by LTG Ronald L. Burgess Jr., Director, Defense Intelligence Agency</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130604140041/http://www.dia.mil/public-affairs/testimonies/2011-08-12.html">Archived</a> June 4, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Association of Former Intelligence Officers, August 12, 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527171609/http://future.state.gov/educators/slideshow/cuba/cuba2.html">"Cuban Missile Crisis"</a>. U.S. Department of State. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://future.state.gov/educators/slideshow/cuba/cuba2.html">the original</a> on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 6 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffuture.state.gov%2Feducators%2Fslideshow%2Fcuba%2Fcuba2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Vladislav Zubok & Constantine Pleshkov, Inside the Kremlin's Cold War, 1996, p. 264, Harvard Press, Massachusetts <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-45532-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-45532-0">0-674-45532-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/colc.html">"Revelations from the Russian Archives"</a>. Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171202121300/http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/colc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revelations+from+the+Russian+Archives&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fexhibits%2Farchives%2Fcolc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://microsites.jfklibrary.org/cmc/oct16/doc3.html">"Off the Record Meeting on Cuba: The White House"</a>. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. 16 October 1962. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111011124723/http://microsites.jfklibrary.org/cmc/oct16/doc3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Off+the+Record+Meeting+on+Cuba%3A+The+White+House&rft.pub=John+F.+Kennedy+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft.date=1962-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmicrosites.jfklibrary.org%2Fcmc%2Foct16%2Fdoc3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://microsites.jfklibrary.org/cmc/oct22/doc2.html">"National Security Action Memorandum 196"</a>. JFK Presidential Library and Museum. 22 October 1962. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111011124739/http://microsites.jfklibrary.org/cmc/oct22/doc2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Security+Action+Memorandum+196&rft.pub=JFK+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft.date=1962-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmicrosites.jfklibrary.org%2Fcmc%2Foct22%2Fdoc2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Averting The Final Failure, John F. Kennedy and the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings, Sheldon M. Stern, Stanford University Press, 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory: Myths versus Reality (Stanford Nuclear Age Series), Sheldon M. Stern, Stanford University Press, 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1999" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Robert (1999). Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 19–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-31834-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-31834-6"><bdi>0-393-31834-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thirteen+Days%3A+A+Memoir+of+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=19-21&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-393-31834-6&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllisonZelikow,_Philip_D.1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Graham_T._Allison" class="mw-redirect" title="Graham T. Allison">Allison, Graham T.</a>; Zelikow, Philip D. (1999) [1971]. <a href="/wiki/Essence_of_Decision" title="Essence of Decision">Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis</a> (2nd ed.). New York: Addison Wesley Longman. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essenceofdecisio00alli_0/page/111">111–116</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-01349-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-01349-1"><bdi>978-0-321-01349-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essence+of+Decision%3A+Explaining+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=111-116&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley+Longman&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-321-01349-1&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Graham+T.&rft.au=Zelikow%2C+Philip+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfkennedy-83"><a href="#cite_ref-rfkennedy_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Kennedy, Robert</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirtee_ken_1971_00_8923/page/14">Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis</a>. W.W. Norton & Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirtee_ken_1971_00_8923/page/14">14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-09896-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-09896-9"><bdi>978-0-393-09896-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thirteen+Days%3A+A+Memoir+of+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-393-09896-9&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirtee_ken_1971_00_8923%2Fpage%2F14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-axelrod2009-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-axelrod2009_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-axelrod2009_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxelrod2009" class="citation book cs1">Axelrod, Alan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/realhistoryofcol0000axel">The Real History of the Cold War: A New Look at the Past</a>. New York: Sterling Publishing Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/realhistoryofcol0000axel/page/332">332</a>, 335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-6302-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-6302-1"><bdi>978-1-4027-6302-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Real+History+of+the+Cold+War%3A+A+New+Look+at+the+Past&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=332%2C+335&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-6302-1&rft.aulast=Axelrod&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frealhistoryofcol0000axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrnstein1989" class="citation book cs1">Ornstein, Robert Evan (1989). New world new mind: moving toward conscious evolution. The University of Michigan, Doubleday. p. 261.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+world+new+mind%3A+moving+toward+conscious+evolution&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan%2C+Doubleday&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Ornstein&rft.aufirst=Robert+Evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlightWelch1989" class="citation book cs1">Blight, James G.; Welch, David A. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onbrinkamericans00blig">On the Brink: Americans and Soviets Reexamine the Cuban Missile Crisis</a>. New York: Hill and Wang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-22634-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-22634-3"><bdi>978-0-374-22634-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Brink%3A+Americans+and+Soviets+Reexamine+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-374-22634-3&rft.aulast=Blight&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rft.au=Welch%2C+David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonbrinkamericans00blig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters,_GerhardWoolley,_John_T" class="citation web cs1">Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=8867">"John F. Kennedy: "378 – The President's News Conference," September 13, 1962"</a>. The American Presidency Project. University of California – Santa Barbara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150605002141/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=8867">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft.atitle=John+F.+Kennedy%3A+%22378+%E2%80%93+The+President%27s+News+Conference%2C%22+September+13%2C+1962&rft.au=Peters%2C+Gerhard&rft.au=Woolley%2C+John+T&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2F%3Fpid%3D8867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy,_J.1962" class="citation journal cs1">Kennedy, J. (17 December 1962). "After Two Years: A conversation with the president". In 'Public Papers of the Presidents: John F. Kennedy, 1962': 889–904.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=In+%27Public+Papers+of+the+Presidents%3A+John+F.+Kennedy%2C+1962%27&rft.atitle=After+Two+Years%3A+A+conversation+with+the+president&rft.pages=889-904&rft.date=1962-12-17&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1736.html">"Cuban Missile Crisis"</a>. Online Highways LLC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100422211753/http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1736.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2010. Retrieved 5 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.pub=Online+Highways+LLC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.u-s-history.com%2Fpages%2Fh1736.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-historyplace-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-historyplace_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-historyplace_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/jfk-cuban.htm">"JFK on the Cuban Missile Crisis"</a>. The History Place. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100424024932/http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/jfk-cuban.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JFK+on+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.pub=The+History+Place&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyplace.com%2Fspeeches%2Fjfk-cuban.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamps,_Charles_Tustin_2007,_page_88-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kamps,_Charles_Tustin_2007,_page_88_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamps,_Charles_Tustin_2007,_page_88_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamps,_Charles_Tustin_2007,_page_88_91-2">c</a> Kamps, Charles Tustin, "The Cuban Missile Crisis", Air & Space Power Journal, AU Press, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, Fall 2007, Vol. XXI, No. 3, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/avh-vol2/chap3-4.pdf">"Third VP-18"</a> (PDF). Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons. Vol. 2. Naval Aviation History Office. 9 November 2000. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206052226/http://www.history.navy.mil/avh-vol2/chap3-4.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Third+VP-18&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+American+Naval+Aviation+Squadrons&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Naval+Aviation+History+Office&rft.date=2000-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Favh-vol2%2Fchap3-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq90-5.htm">"The Naval Quarantine of Cuba, 1962"</a>. Report on the Naval Quarantine of Cuba, Operational Archives Branch, Post 46 Command File, Box 10, Washington, DC. Naval History & Heritage Command. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110128153544/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq90-5.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Report+on+the+Naval+Quarantine+of+Cuba%2C+Operational+Archives+Branch%2C+Post+46+Command+File%2C+Box+10%2C+Washington%2C+DC&rft.atitle=The+Naval+Quarantine+of+Cuba%2C+1962&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Ffaqs%2Ffaq90-5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison1999" class="citation book cs1">Allison, Graham and Philip Zelikow (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essenceofdecisio00alli_0/page/119">Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis</a>. New York: Addison Wesley Longman. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essenceofdecisio00alli_0/page/119">119</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-01349-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-01349-1"><bdi>978-0-321-01349-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essence+of+Decision%3A+Explaining+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley+Longman&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-321-01349-1&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Graham+and+Philip+Zelikow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessenceofdecisio00alli_0%2Fpage%2F119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-quarantine_term-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-quarantine_term_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-quarantine_term_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnest_R_May2011" class="citation web cs1">Ernest R May (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/coldwar/kennedy_cuban_missile_01.shtml#three">"John F Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119211834/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/coldwar/kennedy_cuban_missile_01.shtml#three">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+F+Kennedy+and+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Ernest+R+May&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fworldwars%2Fcoldwar%2Fkennedy_cuban_missile_01.shtml%23three&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> BBC History of the Cold War. </li> <li id="cite_note-flagship-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-flagship_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-flagship_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011130144007/http://history.navy.mil/faqs/faq90-5c.htm">The Naval Quarantine of Cuba, 1962: Abeyance and Negotiation, 31 October – 13 November</a> (Report). Department of the Navy, Naval Historical Center. January 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq90-5c.htm">the original</a> on 30 November 2001. Retrieved 26 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Naval+Quarantine+of+Cuba%2C+1962%3A+Abeyance+and+Negotiation%2C+31+October+%E2%80%93+13+November&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Navy%2C+Naval+Historical+Center&rft.date=2001-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Ffaqs%2Ffaq90-5c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibson2012-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gibson2012_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibson2012_97-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_R._Gibson" title="David R. Gibson">Gibson, David R.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5v6SgKWAaywC">Talk at the Brink: Deliberation and Decision during the Cuban Missile Crisis</a> (1st ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15131-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15131-1"><bdi>978-0-691-15131-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talk+at+the+Brink%3A+Deliberation+and+Decision+during+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15131-1&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5v6SgKWAaywC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-proclamation-3504-98"><a href="#cite_ref-proclamation-3504_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-77/pdf/STATUTE-77-Pg958.pdf">"Proclamation 3504 – Interdiction of the Delivery of Offensive Weapons to Cuba"</a> (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. 23 October 1962. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310170241/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-77/pdf/STATUTE-77-Pg958.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proclamation+3504+%E2%80%93+Interdiction+of+the+Delivery+of+Offensive+Weapons+to+Cuba&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1962-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FSTATUTE-77%2Fpdf%2FSTATUTE-77-Pg958.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle1996" class="citation journal cs1">Boyle, Peter G. (September 1996). "The British Government's View of the Cuban Missile Crisis". Contemporary British History. 10 (3): 25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13619469608581403">10.1080/13619469608581403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+British+History&rft.atitle=The+British+Government%27s+View+of+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1996-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13619469608581403&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=Peter+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jfk14thday.com/jfk-eisenhower-cuban-missile-crisis/">"JFK Tapes » JFK and Dwight Eisenhower during the Cuban Missile Crisis"</a>. 22 October 1962. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910084353/http://jfk14thday.com/jfk-eisenhower-cuban-missile-crisis/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JFK+Tapes+%C2%BB+JFK+and+Dwight+Eisenhower+during+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.date=1962-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjfk14thday.com%2Fjfk-eisenhower-cuban-missile-crisis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ovalofficetapes1-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ovalofficetapes1_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ovalofficetapes1_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Von_Pein's_JFK_Channel2013" class="citation web cs1">David Von Pein's JFK Channel (30 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFAdinz11CM">"JFK Talks With Dwight Eisenhower About the Cuban Crisis (October 22, 1962)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170920194857/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFAdinz11CM">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JFK+Talks+With+Dwight+Eisenhower+About+the+Cuban+Crisis+%28October+22%2C+1962%29&rft.date=2013-08-30&rft.au=David+Von+Pein%27s+JFK+Channel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DRFAdinz11CM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-upi-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-upi_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-upi_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1962/Cuban-Missile-Crisis/12295509437657-6/">"1962 Year In Review: Cuban Missile Crisis"</a>. United Press International, Inc. 1962. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100502193203/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1962/Cuban-Missile-Crisis/12295509437657-6/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=1962+Year+In+Review%3A+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.date=1962&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FAudio%2FYear_in_Review%2FEvents-of-1962%2FCuban-Missile-Crisis%2F12295509437657-6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20070422TheGuardianSorensen-103"><a href="#cite_ref-20070422TheGuardianSorensen_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTed_Sorensen2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Sorensen" title="Ted Sorensen">Ted Sorensen</a> (22 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2007/apr/22/greatspeeches1">"Great speeches of the 20th century: The Kennedys. Ted Sorenson: JFK's inaugural address was world-changing"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210815074816/https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2007/apr/22/greatspeeches1">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Great+speeches+of+the+20th+century%3A+The+Kennedys.+Ted+Sorenson%3A+JFK%27s+inaugural+address+was+world-changing&rft.date=2007-04-22&rft.au=Ted+Sorensen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftheguardian%2F2007%2Fapr%2F22%2Fgreatspeeches1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampson1962" class="citation report cs1">Sampson, Charles S., ed. (24 October 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v06/d63">63. Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_of_the_United_States_(book_series)" title="Foreign Relations of the United States (book series)">Foreign Relations of the United States</a>, 1961–1963, Volume VI, Kennedy–Khrushchev Exchanges (Report). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Historian" title="Office of the Historian">Office of the Historian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150209130849/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v06/d63">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=63.+Letter+From+Chairman+Khrushchev+to+President+Kennedy&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Historian&rft.date=1962-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1961-63v06%2Fd63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-loc-khrushchev-translation-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loc-khrushchev-translation_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc-khrushchev-translation_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/x2jfk.html">"Khruschev Letter to President Kennedy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. 24 October 1962. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222101745/http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/x2jfk.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Khruschev+Letter+to+President+Kennedy&rft.date=1962-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fexhibits%2Farchives%2Fx2jfk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chrono26oct15nov-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chrono26oct15nov_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chrono26oct15nov_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chrono26oct15nov_106-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chrono26oct15nov_106-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/620928_621025%20Chronology%201.pdf">"Chronology 1: October 26, 1962 to November 15, 1962"</a> (PDF). The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962. The National Security Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170824231024/http://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/620928_621025%20Chronology%201.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Cuban+Missile+Crisis%2C+1962&rft.atitle=Chronology+1%3A+October+26%2C+1962+to+November+15%2C+1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive2.gwu.edu%2Fnsa%2Fcuba_mis_cri%2F620928_621025%2520Chronology%25201.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brink-107"><a href="#cite_ref-brink_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuffetTouze,_Vincent" class="citation web cs1">Buffet, Cyril; Touze, Vincent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100711144324/http://www.cubacrisis.net/angl/pages/aubordset_02.html">"Brinkmanship"</a>. The Cuban Missile Crisis exhibition. The Caen Mémorial. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cubacrisis.net/angl/pages/aubordset_02.html">the original</a> on 11 July 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Cuban+Missile+Crisis+exhibition&rft.atitle=Brinkmanship&rft.aulast=Buffet&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft.au=Touze%2C+Vincent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cubacrisis.net%2Fangl%2Fpages%2Faubordset_02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cubacrisis-108"><a href="#cite_ref-cubacrisis_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuffetTouze,_Vincent" class="citation web cs1">Buffet, Cyril; Touze, Vincent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100711174830/http://www.cubacrisis.net/angl/pages/aubord_rfa11.html">"Germany, between Cuba and Berlin"</a>. The Cuban Missile Crisis exhibition. The Caen Mémorial. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cubacrisis.net/angl/pages/aubord_rfa11.html">the original</a> on 11 July 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Cuban+Missile+Crisis+exhibition&rft.atitle=Germany%2C+between+Cuba+and+Berlin&rft.aulast=Buffet&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft.au=Touze%2C+Vincent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cubacrisis.net%2Fangl%2Fpages%2Faubord_rfa11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Pope John Helped settle the Cuban missile crisis". The Telegraph. 4 June 1971.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Pope+John+Helped+settle+the+Cuban+missile+crisis&rft.date=1971-06-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/soviet.exhibit/x2jfk.html">"Outright Piracy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526202736/http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/soviet.exhibit/x2jfk.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Outright+Piracy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fexpo%2Fsoviet.exhibit%2Fx2jfk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mi12a-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mi12a_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mi12a_111-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mi12a_111-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikoyan2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sergo_Mikoyan" title="Sergo Mikoyan">Mikoyan, Sergo</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=17376">The Soviet Cuban Missile Crisis: Castro, Mikoyan, Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Missiles of November</a>. Redwood City: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. pp. 148–155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6201-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6201-4"><bdi>978-0-8047-6201-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Cuban+Missile+Crisis%3A+Castro%2C+Mikoyan%2C+Kennedy%2C+Khrushchev%2C+and+the+Missiles+of+November&rft.place=Redwood+City&rft.pages=148-155&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-6201-4&rft.aulast=Mikoyan&rft.aufirst=Sergo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sup.org%2Fbooks%2Ftitle%2F%3Fid%3D17376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathan1992" class="citation book cs1">Nathan, James (1992). The Cuban Missile Crisis Revisited. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cuban+Missile+Crisis+Revisited&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Nathan&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitter2012" class="citation web cs1">Ritter, Stephanie (19 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130222100942/http://www.afgsc.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123323100">"SAC during the 13 Days of the Cuban Missile Crisis"</a>. Air Force Global Strike Command. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afgsc.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123323100">the original</a> on 22 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SAC+during+the+13+Days+of+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.pub=Air+Force+Global+Strike+Command&rft.date=2012-10-19&rft.aulast=Ritter&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afgsc.af.mil%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3Fid%3D123323100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowa2014" class="citation news cs1">Sowa, Tom (21 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2014/sep/21/buried-treasures/">"Buried treasures"</a>. The Spokesman Review. Spokane, WA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202044051/http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2014/sep/21/buried-treasures/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spokesman+Review&rft.atitle=Buried+treasures&rft.date=2014-09-21&rft.aulast=Sowa&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spokesman.com%2Fstories%2F2014%2Fsep%2F21%2Fburied-treasures%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoylandNowlin2012" class="citation journal cs1">Boyland, Vista; Nowlin, Klyne D. (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moaacc.org/Intercomjan12.pdf">"WW III, A Close Call"</a> (PDF). The Intercom. 35 (1): 19–20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Intercom&rft.atitle=WW+III%2C+A+Close+Call&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-20&rft.date=2012-01&rft.aulast=Boyland&rft.aufirst=Vista&rft.au=Nowlin%2C+Klyne+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moaacc.org%2FIntercomjan12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-jstor2538995-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jstor2538995_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor2538995_116-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohnHarahan1988" class="citation journal cs1">Kohn, R. H.; Harahan, J. P. (1988). "U.S. Strategic Air Power, 1948–1962: Excerpts from an Interview with Generals Curtis E. LeMay, Leon W. Johnson, David A. Burchinal, and Jack J. Catton". International Security. 12 (4): 78–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2538995">10.2307/2538995</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2538995">2538995</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154782339">154782339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=U.S.+Strategic+Air+Power%2C+1948%E2%80%931962%3A+Excerpts+from+an+Interview+with+Generals+Curtis+E.+LeMay%2C+Leon+W.+Johnson%2C+David+A.+Burchinal%2C+and+Jack+J.+Catton&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=78-95&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154782339%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2538995%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2538995&rft.aulast=Kohn&rft.aufirst=R.+H.&rft.au=Harahan%2C+J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds" class="citation web cs1">Reynolds, K.C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100922220852/http://battleshipcove.org/news-boarding-marucla.htm">"Boarding MARUCLA: A personal account from the Executive Officer of USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.battleshipcove.org/news-boarding-marucla.htm">the original</a> on 22 September 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boarding+MARUCLA%3A+A+personal+account+from+the+Executive+Officer+of+USS+Joseph+P.+Kennedy+Jr.&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=K.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.battleshipcove.org%2Fnews-boarding-marucla.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldman-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Goldman_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldmanStein1997" class="citation web cs1">Goldman, Jerry; Stein, Giel (8 October 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hpol.org/jfk/cuban/">"The Cuban Missile Crisis, October 18–29, 1962"</a>. History and Politics Out Loud. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120219195848/http://www.hpol.org/jfk/cuban/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+and+Politics+Out+Loud&rft.atitle=The+Cuban+Missile+Crisis%2C+October+18%E2%80%9329%2C+1962&rft.date=1997-10-08&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft.au=Stein%2C+Giel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hpol.org%2Fjfk%2Fcuban%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorera2019" class="citation news cs1">Corera, Gordon (21 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-50098955">"Scarborough's Cuban missile crisis role revealed"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191205204023/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-50098955">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Scarborough%27s+Cuban+missile+crisis+role+revealed&rft.date=2019-10-21&rft.aulast=Corera&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-50098955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GWUCubaAG-120"><a href="#cite_ref-GWUCubaAG_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelms,_Richard1962" class="citation web cs1">Helms, Richard (19 January 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/620119%20Meeting%20with%20the%20Attorney%20Gen..pdf">"Memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence: Meeting with the Attorney General of the United States Concerning Cuba"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>, National Security Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141014105856/http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/620119%20Meeting%20with%20the%20Attorney%20Gen..pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memorandum+for+the+Director+of+Central+Intelligence%3A+Meeting+with+the+Attorney+General+of+the+United+States+Concerning+Cuba&rft.pub=George+Washington+University%2C+National+Security+Archive&rft.date=1962-01-19&rft.au=Helms%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2Fnsa%2Fcuba_mis_cri%2F620119%2520Meeting%2520with%2520the%2520Attorney%2520Gen..pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.al/zbulohet-plani-i-rusise-per-pushtimin-e-shqiperise/">"Zbulohet plani i Rusisë për pushtimin e Shqipërisë"</a> (in Albanian). Retrieved 22 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zbulohet+plani+i+Rusis%C3%AB+p%C3%ABr+pushtimin+e+Shqip%C3%ABris%C3%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.al%2Fzbulohet-plani-i-rusise-per-pushtimin-e-shqiperise%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070321192034/http://vivovoco.astronet.ru/VV/JOURNAL/VRAN/FALSE.HTM">"Проблемы борьбы с лженаукой (обсуждение в Президиуме РАН)"</a> [Problems with Fighting Pseudoscience (Discussion at the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences)]. Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences (in Russian). 69 (10). <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a>: 879–904. 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vivovoco.astronet.ru/VV/JOURNAL/VRAN/FALSE.HTM">the original</a> on 21 March 2007. <q>The documents of the meeting of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU are very laconic, but thanks to the fact that in the archive I found an extract from the decision of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU, coinciding word for word with what was discussed at the meeting of the intelligence officer with the journalist, it became quite obvious who was the true author of the plan for settling the Caribbean crisis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Russian+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%8B+%D1%81+%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%28%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5+%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9D%29&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=879-904&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvivovoco.astronet.ru%2FVV%2FJOURNAL%2FVRAN%2FFALSE.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chrono28sep26oct-123"><a href="#cite_ref-chrono28sep26oct_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/620928_621025%20Chronology%201.pdf">"Chronology 1: September 28, 1962 to October 26, 1962"</a> (PDF). The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962. The National Security Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514035225/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/620928_621025%20Chronology%201.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Cuban+Missile+Crisis%2C+1962&rft.atitle=Chronology+1%3A+September+28%2C+1962+to+October+26%2C+1962&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2Fnsa%2Fcuba_mis_cri%2F620928_621025%2520Chronology%25201.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427084706/http://microsites.jfklibrary.org/cmc/oct26/doc4.html">"Department of State Telegram Transmitting Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy"</a>. The Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. 26 October 1962. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://microsites.jfklibrary.org/cmc/oct26/doc4.html">the original</a> on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Cuban+Missile+Crisis%2C+October+1962&rft.atitle=Department+of+State+Telegram+Transmitting+Letter+From+Chairman+Khrushchev+to+President+Kennedy&rft.date=1962-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmicrosites.jfklibrary.org%2Fcmc%2Foct26%2Fdoc4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandon1962" class="citation news cs1">Brandon, Henry (28 October 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629141930/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article5062895.ece">"Attack us at your Peril, Cocky Cuba Warns US"</a>. The Sunday Times. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article5062895.ece">the original</a> on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=Attack+us+at+your+Peril%2C+Cocky+Cuba+Warns+US&rft.date=1962-10-28&rft.aulast=Brandon&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fus_and_americas%2Farticle5062895.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2010" class="citation news cs1">Goldberg, Jeffrey (8 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-11226158">"Cuban model no longer works, says Fidel Castro"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005072634/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-11226158">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cuban+model+no+longer+works%2C+says+Fidel+Castro&rft.date=2010-09-08&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-11226158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaggins" class="citation web cs1">Baggins, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/cuba/subject/missile-crisis/ch03.htm">"Cuban History Missile Crisis"</a>. Marxist History: Cuba (1959 – present). Marxists Internet Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620115457/http://marxists.org/history/cuba/subject/missile-crisis/ch03.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marxist+History%3A+Cuba+%281959+%E2%80%93+present%29&rft.atitle=Cuban+History+Missile+Crisis&rft.aulast=Baggins&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fhistory%2Fcuba%2Fsubject%2Fmissile-crisis%2Fch03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher1996" class="citation book cs1">Christopher, Andrew (1996). For the President's Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush. Harper Perennial. pp. 688 [300]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-092178-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-092178-1"><bdi>978-0-06-092178-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+the+President%27s+Eyes+Only%3A+Secret+Intelligence+and+the+American+Presidency+from+Washington+to+Bush&rft.pages=688+300&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-06-092178-1&rft.aulast=Christopher&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Week_The_World_Stood_Still:_Inside_The_Secret_Cuban_Missile_Crisis-129"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Week_The_World_Stood_Still:_Inside_The_Secret_Cuban_Missile_Crisis_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern2005" class="citation book cs1">Stern, Sheldon M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s9kOngGBclEC">The Week The World Stood Still: Inside The Secret Cuban Missile Crisis</a> (1st ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. pp. 149, 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5077-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5077-6"><bdi>978-0-8047-5077-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Week+The+World+Stood+Still%3A+Inside+The+Secret+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pages=149%2C+154&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5077-6&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Sheldon+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds9kOngGBclEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDornPauk,_Robert2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Dorn" title="Walter Dorn">Dorn, A. Walter</a>; Pauk, Robert (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://walterdorn.org/pub/144">"Unsung Mediator: U Thant and the Cuban Missile Crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_History_(journal)" title="Diplomatic History (journal)">Diplomatic History</a>. 33 (2): 261–292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2008.00762.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.2008.00762.x</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130628035518/http://walterdorn.org/pub/144">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=Unsung+Mediator%3A+U+Thant+and+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=261-292&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2008.00762.x&rft.aulast=Dorn&rft.aufirst=A.+Walter&rft.au=Pauk%2C+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwalterdorn.org%2Fpub%2F144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPocock2005" class="citation book cs1">Pocock, Chris (2005). 50 Years of the U-2: The Complete Illustrated History of the 'Dragon Lady'. <a href="/wiki/Atglen,_Pennsylvania" title="Atglen, Pennsylvania">Atglen, Pennsylvania</a>: Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. p. 406. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7643-2346-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7643-2346-1"><bdi>978-0-7643-2346-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2005927577">2005927577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=50+Years+of+the+U-2%3A+The+Complete+Illustrated+History+of+the+%27Dragon+Lady%27&rft.place=Atglen%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=406&rft.pub=Schiffer+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2005927577&rft.isbn=978-0-7643-2346-1&rft.aulast=Pocock&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabato2013" class="citation book cs1">Sabato, Larry J. (2013). The Kennedy Half-Century The Presidency, Assassination, and Lasting Legacy of John F. Kennedy. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 482–483.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kennedy+Half-Century+The+Presidency%2C+Assassination%2C+and+Lasting+Legacy+of+John+F.+Kennedy&rft.pages=482-483&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Sabato&rft.aufirst=Larry+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reformation.org/castro-out-of-control-in-1962.html">"Was Castro Out of Control In 1962?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160812194801/http://reformation.org/castro-out-of-control-in-1962.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Was+Castro+Out+of+Control+In+1962%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freformation.org%2Fcastro-out-of-control-in-1962.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontova2015" class="citation web cs1">Fontova, Humberto (2 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://townhall.com/columnists/humbertofontova/2015/10/02/raul-castro-meets-with-bill-clinton-in-new-york-to-thank-him-n2060259">"Raul Castro meets with Bill Clinton in New York (To Thank Him?)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160602115519/http://townhall.com/columnists/humbertofontova/2015/10/02/raul-castro-meets-with-bill-clinton-in-new-york-to-thank-him-n2060259">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Raul+Castro+meets+with+Bill+Clinton+in+New+York+%28To+Thank+Him%3F%29&rft.date=2015-10-02&rft.aulast=Fontova&rft.aufirst=Humberto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftownhall.com%2Fcolumnists%2Fhumbertofontova%2F2015%2F10%2F02%2Fraul-castro-meets-with-bill-clinton-in-new-york-to-thank-him-n2060259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capitolhillcubans.com/2016/02/an-act-of-terrorism-by-castro-abortion.html">"An Act of Terrorism by Castro, An Abortion of Justice by Obama"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160701183524/http://www.capitolhillcubans.com/2016/02/an-act-of-terrorism-by-castro-abortion.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Act+of+Terrorism+by+Castro%2C+An+Abortion+of+Justice+by+Obama&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capitolhillcubans.com%2F2016%2F02%2Fan-act-of-terrorism-by-castro-abortion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/u-2-pilot-maj-rudy-anderson-the-only-american-killed-during-the-cuban-missile-crisis/">"U-2 Pilot Maj. Rudy Anderson: The Only American Killed During the Cuban Missile Crisis – Defense Media Network"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160404034458/http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/u-2-pilot-maj-rudy-anderson-the-only-american-killed-during-the-cuban-missile-crisis/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U-2+Pilot+Maj.+Rudy+Anderson%3A+The+Only+American+Killed+During+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis+%E2%80%93+Defense+Media+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defensemedianetwork.com%2Fstories%2Fu-2-pilot-maj-rudy-anderson-the-only-american-killed-during-the-cuban-missile-crisis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Robert McNamara (2004) [1964]. Interview included as special feature on <a href="/wiki/Dr._Strangelove" title="Dr. Strangelove">Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb</a> (DVD). Columbia Tristar Home Entertainment.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+included+as+special+feature+on+Dr.+Strangelove+or%3A+How+I+Learned+to+Stop+Worrying+and+Love+the+Bomb&rft.pub=Columbia+Tristar+Home+Entertainment&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Ellsberg (2017, p. 206). </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrey2007" class="citation news cs1">Frey, Jennifer (14 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/13/AR2007011301272.html">"At Yenching Palace, Five Decades of History to Go"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629052826/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/13/AR2007011301272.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=At+Yenching+Palace%2C+Five+Decades+of+History+to+Go&rft.date=2007-01-14&rft.aulast=Frey&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F01%2F13%2FAR2007011301272.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2019" class="citation journal cs1">Hayes, Matthew A. (7 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10075581/">"Robert Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis: A Reassertion of Robert Kennedy's Role as the President's 'Indispensable Partner' in the Successful Resolution of the Crisis"</a>. History. 104 (361): 473–503. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-229X.12815">10.1111/1468-229X.12815</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2648">0018-2648</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164907501">164907501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Robert+Kennedy+and+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis%3A+A+Reassertion+of+Robert+Kennedy%27s+Role+as+the+President%27s+%27Indispensable+Partner%27+in+the+Successful+Resolution+of+the+Crisis&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=361&rft.pages=473-503&rft.date=2019-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164907501%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0018-2648&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-229X.12815&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Matthew+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F10075581%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_142-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171223020900/http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/history/cold-war/cuban-missile-crisis/timeline_print.htm">"Nuclear Files: Key Issues: Nuclear Weapons: Cold War: Cuban Missile Crisis: Timeline"</a>. www.nuclearfiles.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/history/cold-war/cuban-missile-crisis/timeline_print.htm">the original</a> on 23 December 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nuclearfiles.org&rft.atitle=Nuclear+Files%3A+Key+Issues%3A+Nuclear+Weapons%3A+Cold+War%3A+Cuban+Missile+Crisis%3A+Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nuclearfiles.org%2Fmenu%2Fkey-issues%2Fnuclear-weapons%2Fhistory%2Fcold-war%2Fcuban-missile-crisis%2Ftimeline_print.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampson" class="citation report cs1">Sampson, Charles S. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v06/d67">67. Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in the Soviet Union</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_of_the_United_States_(book_series)" title="Foreign Relations of the United States (book series)">Foreign Relations of the United States</a>, 1961–1963, Volume VI, Kennedy-Khrushchev Exchanges (Report). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Historian" title="Office of the Historian">Office of the Historian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160322071808/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v06/d67">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=67.+Telegram+From+the+Department+of+State+to+the+Embassy+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1961-63v06%2Fd67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans" class="citation web cs1">Evans, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/audio.htm">"The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962: Audio Clips"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160330233206/http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/audio.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cuban+Missile+Crisis%2C+1962%3A+Audio+Clips&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2Fnsa%2Fcuba_mis_cri%2Faudio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlight2012" class="citation book cs1">Blight, James G. and Janet M. Lang (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781442216815">The Armageddon Letters: Kennedy, Khrushchev, Castro in the Cuban Missile Crisis</a>. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1679-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1679-2"><bdi>978-1-4422-1679-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509064704/https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781442216815">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armageddon+Letters%3A+Kennedy%2C+Khrushchev%2C+Castro+in+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-1679-2&rft.aulast=Blight&rft.aufirst=James+G.+and+Janet+M.+Lang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frowman.com%2FISBN%2F9781442216815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaubman2004" class="citation book cs1">Taubman, William (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8n7zYmshBNgC">Khrushchev: The Man and His Era</a>. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 573. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1679-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1679-2"><bdi>978-1-4422-1679-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727175412/https://books.google.com/books?id=8n7zYmshBNgC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khrushchev%3A+The+Man+and+His+Era&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=573&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-1679-2&rft.aulast=Taubman&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8n7zYmshBNgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB75/">"The Submarines of October"</a>. <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>, National Security Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120518142419/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB75/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Submarines+of+October&rft.pub=George+Washington+University%2C+National+Security+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB75%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/press3.htm">"The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962: Press Release, 11 October 2002, 5:00 pm"</a>. <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>, National Security Archive. 11 October 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081025232600/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/press3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2008. Retrieved 26 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cuban+Missile+Crisis%2C+1962%3A+Press+Release%2C+11+October+2002%2C+5%3A00+pm&rft.pub=George+Washington+University%2C+National+Security+Archive&rft.date=2002-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2Fnsa%2Fcuba_mis_cri%2Fpress3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Michael Dobbs, One Minute to Midnight, Vintage, Random House, 2009. Includes photograph of B-59 surfacing. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB75/subchron.htm">"Chronology of Submarine Contact During the Cuban Missile Crisis"</a>. National Security Archive of the <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110209202013/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB75/subchron.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+Submarine+Contact+During+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.pub=National+Security+Archive+of+the+George+Washington+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB75%2Fsubchron.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thankyou-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thankyou_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thankyou_151-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thankyou_151-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Wilson2012" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(novelist)" title="Edward Wilson (novelist)">Edward Wilson</a> (27 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/oct/27/vasili-arkhipov-stopped-nuclear-war">"Thank you Vasili Arkhipov, the man who stopped nuclear war"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 31 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Thank+you+Vasili+Arkhipov%2C+the+man+who+stopped+nuclear+war&rft.date=2012-10-27&rft.au=Edward+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2012%2Foct%2F27%2Fvasili-arkhipov-stopped-nuclear-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobbs2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dobbs_(American_author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Dobbs (American author)">Dobbs, Michael</a> (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110911214701/http://www.usip.org/files/resources/sr205.pdf">"Why We Should Still Study the Cuban Missile Crisis"</a> (PDF). Special Report 205. United States Institute of Peace. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usip.org/files/resources/sr205.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 September 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Special+Report+205&rft.atitle=Why+We+Should+Still+Study+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.date=2008-06&rft.aulast=Dobbs&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usip.org%2Ffiles%2Fresources%2Fsr205.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoenherr2006" class="citation web cs1">Schoenherr, Steven (10 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515075927/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/filmnotes/thirteendays4.html">"The Thirteen Days, October 16–28, 1962"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/filmnotes/thirteendays4.html">the original</a> on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 3 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Thirteen+Days%2C+October+16%E2%80%9328%2C+1962&rft.date=2006-04-10&rft.aulast=Schoenherr&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.sandiego.edu%2Fgen%2Ffilmnotes%2Fthirteendays4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHershberg1995" class="citation web cs1">Hershberg, Jim (Spring 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/moment.htm">"Anatomy of a Controversy: Anatoly F. Dobrynin's Meeting With Robert F. Kennedy, Saturday, 27 October 1962. Reproduced with permission from The Cold War International History Project Bulletin Issue 5, Spring 1995"</a>. The National Security Archive at The George Washington University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120529125542/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/moment.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+a+Controversy%3A+Anatoly+F.+Dobrynin%27s+Meeting+With+Robert+F.+Kennedy%2C+Saturday%2C+27+October+1962.+Reproduced+with+permission+from+The+Cold+War+International+History+Project+Bulletin+Issue+5%2C+Spring+1995.&rft.pub=The+National+Security+Archive+at+The+George+Washington+University&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Hershberg&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2Fnsa%2Fcuba_mis_cri%2Fmoment.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20230216WilsonCenterPotPie1-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-20230216WilsonCenterPotPie1_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-20230216WilsonCenterPotPie1_155-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_BurrLeopoldo_Nuti2023" class="citation web cs1">William Burr; Leopoldo Nuti (16 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230520062820/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/jupiter-missiles-and-endgame-cuban-missile-crisis-matter-great-secrecy">"The Jupiter Missiles and the Endgame of the Cuban Missile Crisis: A Matter of 'Great Secrecy' – Part I: Demarches to Italy and Turkey and Their Reactions"</a>. wilsoncenter.org. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/jupiter-missiles-and-endgame-cuban-missile-crisis-matter-great-secrecy">the original</a> on 20 May 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wilsoncenter.org&rft.atitle=The+Jupiter+Missiles+and+the+Endgame+of+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis%3A+A+Matter+of+%27Great+Secrecy%27+%E2%80%93+Part+I%3A+Demarches+to+Italy+and+Turkey+and+Their+Reactions&rft.date=2023-02-16&rft.au=William+Burr&rft.au=Leopoldo+Nuti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fblog-post%2Fjupiter-missiles-and-endgame-cuban-missile-crisis-matter-great-secrecy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20230216WilsonCenterPotPie2-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-20230216WilsonCenterPotPie2_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-20230216WilsonCenterPotPie2_156-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-20230216WilsonCenterPotPie2_156-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_BurrLeopoldo_Nuti2023" class="citation web cs1">William Burr; Leopoldo Nuti (20 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230520065207/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/jupiter-missiles-and-endgame-cuban-missile-crisis-sealing-deal-italy-and-turkey">"The Jupiter Missiles and the Endgame of the Cuban Missile Crisis – Part II Sealing the Deal with Italy and Turkey"</a>. wilsoncenter.org. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/jupiter-missiles-and-endgame-cuban-missile-crisis-sealing-deal-italy-and-turkey">the original</a> on 20 May 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wilsoncenter.org&rft.atitle=The+Jupiter+Missiles+and+the+Endgame+of+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis+%E2%80%93+Part+II+Sealing+the+Deal+with+Italy+and+Turkey&rft.date=2023-04-20&rft.au=William+Burr&rft.au=Leopoldo+Nuti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fblog-post%2Fjupiter-missiles-and-endgame-cuban-missile-crisis-sealing-deal-italy-and-turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20230216NationalSecurityArchivePotPie1-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-20230216NationalSecurityArchivePotPie1_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-20230216NationalSecurityArchivePotPie1_157-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_BurrLeopoldo_Nuti2023" class="citation web cs1">William Burr; Leopoldo Nuti (16 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230520071706/https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/cuban-missile-crisis-nuclear-vault/2023-02-16/jupiter-missiles-and-endgame-cuban">"The Jupiter Missiles and the Endgame of the Cuban Missile Crisis, 60 Years Ago – Part I: U.S. Demarches to Italy and Turkey and Their Reactions"</a>. nsarchive.gwu.edu. The <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a> at <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/cuban-missile-crisis-nuclear-vault/2023-02-16/jupiter-missiles-and-endgame-cuban">the original</a> on 20 May 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nsarchive.gwu.edu&rft.atitle=The+Jupiter+Missiles+and+the+Endgame+of+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis%2C+60+Years+Ago+%E2%80%93+Part+I%3A+U.S.+Demarches+to+Italy+and+Turkey+and+Their+Reactions&rft.date=2023-02-16&rft.au=William+Burr&rft.au=Leopoldo+Nuti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2Fbriefing-book%2Fcuban-missile-crisis-nuclear-vault%2F2023-02-16%2Fjupiter-missiles-and-endgame-cuban&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20230420NationalSecurityArchivePotPie2-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-20230420NationalSecurityArchivePotPie2_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-20230420NationalSecurityArchivePotPie2_158-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-20230420NationalSecurityArchivePotPie2_158-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_BurrLeopoldo_Nuti2023" class="citation web cs1">William Burr; Leopoldo Nuti (20 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230516064509/https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/cuban-missile-crisis-nuclear-vault/2023-04-20/jupiter-missiles-and-cuban-missile">"The Jupiter Missiles and the Cuban Missile Crisis Endgame – Part II: Sealing the Deal with Italy and Turkey"</a>. nsarchive.gwu.edu. The <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a> at <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/cuban-missile-crisis-nuclear-vault/2023-04-20/jupiter-missiles-and-cuban-missile">the original</a> on 16 May 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nsarchive.gwu.edu&rft.atitle=The+Jupiter+Missiles+and+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis+Endgame+%E2%80%93+Part+II%3A+Sealing+the+Deal+with+Italy+and+Turkey.&rft.date=2023-04-20&rft.au=William+Burr&rft.au=Leopoldo+Nuti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2Fbriefing-book%2Fcuban-missile-crisis-nuclear-vault%2F2023-04-20%2Fjupiter-missiles-and-cuban-missile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Johnson, Dominic D. P. Failing to Win p. 105 </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Ellsberg (2017, pp. 206–207) </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> McNamara and Blight (2003, pp. 189–190) </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> McNamara and Blight (2003, p. 190). Ellsberg (2017, pp. 208–210). </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Ellsberg (2017, p. 2). See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllsbergGoodmanGonzález2017" class="citation cs2">Ellsberg, Daniel; Goodman, Amy; González, Juan (6 December 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.democracynow.org/2017/12/6/doomsday_machine_daniel_ellsberg_reveals_he">Daniel Ellsberg Reveals He was a Nuclear War Planner, Warns of Nuclear Winter & Global Starvation</a>, Democracy Now, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171206195116/https://www.democracynow.org/2017/12/6/doomsday_machine_daniel_ellsberg_reveals_he">archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2017, retrieved 6 December 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daniel+Ellsberg+Reveals+He+was+a+Nuclear+War+Planner%2C+Warns+of+Nuclear+Winter+%26+Global+Starvation&rft.pub=Democracy+Now&rft.date=2017-12-06&rft.aulast=Ellsberg&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Goodman%2C+Amy&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2017%2F12%2F6%2Fdoomsday_machine_daniel_ellsberg_reveals_he&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> The Fog of War: Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara, by James G. Blight, Janet M. Lang, Rowman & Littlefield, 2005, p. 37, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-8022-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-8022-0">978-0-7425-8022-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Crises in U.S. Foreign Policy: An International History Reader, by Michael H. Hunt, Yale University Press, 1996, p. 287, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06597-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06597-8">978-0-300-06597-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFPCD1962pp443-446-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFPCD1962pp443-446_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFPCD1962pp443-446_166-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFPCD1962pp443-446_166-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9q19YkzhANEC">American Foreign Policy, Current Documents</a>. Historical Division, Bureau of Public Affairs. 1962. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9q19YkzhANEC&pg=PA443">443–446</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727165332/https://books.google.com/books?id=9q19YkzhANEC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Foreign+Policy%2C+Current+Documents&rft.pages=443-446&rft.pub=Historical+Division%2C+Bureau+of+Public+Affairs&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9q19YkzhANEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> (Docs III-87, 88, 89) </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelan1997" class="citation web cs1">Nelan, Bruce W. (6 October 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1997/10/06/time/kennedy.html">"Armageddon's Echoes"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180314235711/http://edition.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1997/10/06/time/kennedy.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armageddon%27s+Echoes&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=1997-10-06&rft.aulast=Nelan&rft.aufirst=Bruce+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2FALLPOLITICS%2F1997%2F10%2F06%2Ftime%2Fkennedy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faria-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Faria_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faria_168-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaria2002" class="citation book cs1">Faria, Miguel A. (2002). Cuba in Revolution: Escape from a Lost Paradise. Macon, GA: Hacienda Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9641077-3-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9641077-3-1"><bdi>978-0-9641077-3-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba+in+Revolution%3A+Escape+from+a+Lost+Paradise&rft.place=Macon%2C+GA&rft.pub=Hacienda+Pub&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-9641077-3-1&rft.aulast=Faria&rft.aufirst=Miguel+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Schlesinger, Arthur Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/19621029mortem.pdf">"Memorandum for the President: Post Mortem on Cuba</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114220244/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/19621029mortem.pdf">Archived</a> November 14, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, October 29, 1962 – full text </li> <li id="cite_note-jfk-eisenhower-tape-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jfk-eisenhower-tape_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jfk-eisenhower-tape_170-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jfk-eisenhower-tape_170-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJFK_Library2016" class="citation web cs1">JFK Library (28 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IyArUh8eqJ0">"Phone Call with General Eisenhower during Cuban Missile Crisis"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170920194857/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IyArUh8eqJ0">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phone+Call+with+General+Eisenhower+during+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.date=2016-10-28&rft.au=JFK+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DIyArUh8eqJ0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jfk-truman-tape-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jfk-truman-tape_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jfk-truman-tape_171-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jfk-truman-tape_171-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFrmm413c2008" class="citation web cs1">rmm413c (13 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBHrNvopHdc">"John F. Kennedy Tapes: Truman on Cuban Missile Crisis"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170920194857/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBHrNvopHdc">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+F.+Kennedy+Tapes%3A+Truman+on+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.date=2008-08-13&rft.au=rmm413c&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DNBHrNvopHdc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKPOF-041-023.aspx">"Radio and television remarks on dismantling of Soviet missile bases in Cuba, 2 November 1962"</a>. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141214023101/http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKPOF-041-023.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radio+and+television+remarks+on+dismantling+of+Soviet+missile+bases+in+Cuba%2C+2+November+1962&rft.pub=John+F.+Kennedy+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2FAsset-Viewer%2FArchives%2FJFKPOF-041-023.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_BurrLeopoldo_Nuti2023" class="citation web cs1">William Burr; Leopoldo Nuti (16 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230520062820/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/jupiter-missiles-and-endgame-cuban-missile-crisis-matter-great-secrecy">"The Jupiter Missiles and the Endgame of the Cuban Missile Crisis: A Matter of 'Great Secrecy' – Part I: Demarches to Italy and Turkey and Their Reactions"</a>. wilsoncenter.org. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/jupiter-missiles-and-endgame-cuban-missile-crisis-matter-great-secrecy">the original</a> on 20 May 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2023. <q>Only nine US officials knew of the deal at the time: President Kennedy, his brother, Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert Kennedy</a>, national security adviser <a href="/wiki/McGeorge_Bundy" title="McGeorge Bundy">McGeorge Bundy</a>, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Dean Rusk</a>, Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a>, Deputy Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Roswell_Gilpatric" title="Roswell Gilpatric">Roswell Gilpatric</a>, Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Llewellyn_Thompson" title="Llewellyn Thompson">Llewellyn Thompson</a>, Deputy Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/George_Ball_(diplomat)" title="George Ball (diplomat)">George Ball</a>, and White House adviser <a href="/wiki/Ted_Sorensen" title="Ted Sorensen">Theodore Sorensen</a>. Of that group, those who lived past the 1960s and 1970s—Bundy, Rusk, Sorensen and McNamara, for example—kept the secret for years, not fully acknowledging the official status of the deal until 1989, when former Soviet ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin disclosed the details of his October 27, 1962, meeting with Robert Kennedy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wilsoncenter.org&rft.atitle=The+Jupiter+Missiles+and+the+Endgame+of+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis%3A+A+Matter+of+%27Great+Secrecy%27+%E2%80%93+Part+I%3A+Demarches+to+Italy+and+Turkey+and+Their+Reactions&rft.date=2023-02-16&rft.au=William+Burr&rft.au=Leopoldo+Nuti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fblog-post%2Fjupiter-missiles-and-endgame-cuban-missile-crisis-matter-great-secrecy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_BurrLeopoldo_Nuti2023" class="citation web cs1">William Burr; Leopoldo Nuti (16 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230520071706/https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/cuban-missile-crisis-nuclear-vault/2023-02-16/jupiter-missiles-and-endgame-cuban">"The Jupiter Missiles and the Endgame of the Cuban Missile Crisis, 60 Years Ago – Part I: U.S. Demarches to Italy and Turkey and Their Reactions"</a>. nsarchive.gwu.edu. The <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a> at <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/cuban-missile-crisis-nuclear-vault/2023-02-16/jupiter-missiles-and-endgame-cuban">the original</a> on 20 May 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2023. <q>Only nine US officials knew of the deal at the time: President Kennedy, his brother, Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert Kennedy</a>, national security adviser <a href="/wiki/McGeorge_Bundy" title="McGeorge Bundy">McGeorge Bundy</a>, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Dean Rusk</a>, Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a>, Deputy Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Roswell_Gilpatric" title="Roswell Gilpatric">Roswell Gilpatric</a>, Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Llewellyn_Thompson" title="Llewellyn Thompson">Llewellyn Thompson</a>, Deputy Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/George_Ball_(diplomat)" title="George Ball (diplomat)">George Ball</a>, and White House adviser <a href="/wiki/Ted_Sorensen" title="Ted Sorensen">Theodore Sorensen</a>. Of that group, those who lived past the 1960s and 1970s—Bundy, Rusk, Sorensen and McNamara, for example—kept the secret for years, not fully acknowledging the official status of the deal until 1989, when former Soviet ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin disclosed the details of his October 27, 1962, meeting with Robert Kennedy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nsarchive.gwu.edu&rft.atitle=The+Jupiter+Missiles+and+the+Endgame+of+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis%2C+60+Years+Ago+%E2%80%93+Part+I%3A+U.S.+Demarches+to+Italy+and+Turkey+and+Their+Reactions&rft.date=2023-02-16&rft.au=William+Burr&rft.au=Leopoldo+Nuti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2Fbriefing-book%2Fcuban-missile-crisis-nuclear-vault%2F2023-02-16%2Fjupiter-missiles-and-endgame-cuban&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20210730HershbergAnatomyofaControversy-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-20210730HershbergAnatomyofaControversy_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-20210730HershbergAnatomyofaControversy_175-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-20210730HershbergAnatomyofaControversy_175-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHershberg" class="citation web cs1">Hershberg, Jim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/moment.htm">"Anatomy of a Controversy: Anatoly F. Dobrynin's Meeting With Robert F. Kennedy, Saturday, 27 October 1962. Reproduced with permission from The Cold War International History Project Bulletin Issue 5, Spring 1995"</a>. The National Security Archive at George Washington University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210730071109/https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/moment.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+a+Controversy%3A+Anatoly+F.+Dobrynin%27s+Meeting+With+Robert+F.+Kennedy%2C+Saturday%2C+27+October+1962.+Reproduced+with+permission+from+The+Cold+War+International+History+Project+Bulletin+Issue+5%2C+Spring+1995.&rft.pub=The+National+Security+Archive+at+George+Washington+University&rft.aulast=Hershberg&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive2.gwu.edu%2Fnsa%2Fcuba_mis_cri%2Fmoment.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlover2000" class="citation book cs1">Glover, Jonathan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xtqFJVhmuowC">Humanity: a moral history of the twentieth century</a>. Yale University Press. p. 464 [222]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08700-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08700-0"><bdi>978-0-300-08700-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727165249/https://books.google.com/books?id=xtqFJVhmuowC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanity%3A+a+moral+history+of+the+twentieth+century&rft.pages=464+222&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-300-08700-0&rft.aulast=Glover&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxtqFJVhmuowC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash1997" class="citation book cs1">Nash, Philip (1997). "Chapter 6: A Very Tidy Job – Taking Them Out 1962–1963.". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204014323/https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/cold-war/Pot-Pie-Withdrawal.pdf">The Other Missiles of October: Eisenhower, Kennedy and the Jupiters 1957–1963</a> (PDF). Chapel Hill, North Carolina.: The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 150–171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4647-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4647-6"><bdi>978-0-8078-4647-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/cold-war/Pot-Pie-Withdrawal.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%3A+A+Very+Tidy+Job+%E2%80%93+Taking+Them+Out+1962%E2%80%931963.&rft.btitle=The+Other+Missiles+of+October%3A+Eisenhower%2C+Kennedy+and+the+Jupiters+1957%E2%80%931963&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+North+Carolina.&rft.pages=150-171&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4647-6&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latinamericanstudies.org%2Fcold-war%2FPot-Pie-Withdrawal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Nash, P. (1997). The Other Missiles of October: Eisenhower, Kennedy, and the Jupiters, 1957–1963. pp. 164–165. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger2002" class="citation book cs1">Schlesinger, Arthur (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0xqrU5lnD7AC&q=robert+kennedy+ambassador++cuban+missile&pg=PA528">Robert Kennedy and his times</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 1088. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-21928-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-21928-5"><bdi>978-0-618-21928-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727181306/https://books.google.com/books?id=0xqrU5lnD7AC&pg=PA528&dq=robert+kennedy+ambassador++cuban+missile">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Kennedy+and+his+times&rft.pages=1088&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-618-21928-5&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0xqrU5lnD7AC%26q%3Drobert%2Bkennedy%2Bambassador%2B%2Bcuban%2Bmissile%26pg%3DPA528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/10/08/the-myth-that-screwed-up-50-years-of-u-s-foreign-policy/">"The Myth That Screwed up 50 Years of U.S. Foreign Policy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604091324/https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/10/08/the-myth-that-screwed-up-50-years-of-u-s-foreign-policy/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Myth+That+Screwed+up+50+Years+of+U.S.+Foreign+Policy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2012%2F10%2F08%2Fthe-myth-that-screwed-up-50-years-of-u-s-foreign-policy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarthoff1988" class="citation web cs1">Garthoff, Raymond L. (July 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sAYAAAAAMBAJ&q=Khrushchev%20only%20placed%20the%20missiles%20in%20Cuba%20to%20get%20Kennedy%20to%20remove%20the%20missiles%20from%20Italy%20and%20Turkey&pg=PA40">"Did Khrushchev Bluff in Cuba? No"</a>. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. pp. 40–43. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130607141621/http://books.google.com/books?id=sAYAAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA40&dq=Khrushchev%20only%20placed%20the%20missiles%20in%20Cuba%20to%20get%20Kennedy%20to%20remove%20the%20missiles%20from%20Italy%20and%20Turkey&pg=PA40">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=Did+Khrushchev+Bluff+in+Cuba%3F+No&rft.pages=40-43&rft.date=1988-07&rft.aulast=Garthoff&rft.aufirst=Raymond+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsAYAAAAAMBAJ%26q%3DKhrushchev%2520only%2520placed%2520the%2520missiles%2520in%2520Cuba%2520to%2520get%2520Kennedy%2520to%2520remove%2520the%2520missiles%2520from%2520Italy%2520and%2520Turkey%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230520160045/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/hotline-established-between-washington-and-moscow">"This Day in History – August 30, 1963: Hotline established between Washington and Moscow"</a>. History.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/hotline-established-between-washington-and-moscow">the original</a> on 20 May 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=This+Day+in+History+%E2%80%93+August+30%2C+1963%3A+Hotline+established+between+Washington+and+Moscow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fhotline-established-between-washington-and-moscow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris2012" class="citation cs2">Norris, Robert S. (24 October 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181020025851/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/2012_10_24_Norris_Cuban_Missile_Crisis_Nuclear_Order_of_Battle.pdf">The Cuban Missile Crisis: A Nuclear Order of Battle October/November 1962</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars" title="Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars">Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/event/2012_10_24_Norris_Cuban_Missile_Crisis_Nuclear_Order_of_Battle.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 October 2018, retrieved 1 December 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cuban+Missile+Crisis%3A+A+Nuclear+Order+of+Battle+October%2FNovember+1962&rft.pub=Woodrow+Wilson+International+Center+for+Scholars&rft.date=2012-10-24&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmedia%2Fdocuments%2Fevent%2F2012_10_24_Norris_Cuban_Missile_Crisis_Nuclear_Order_of_Battle.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristensenNorris2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kristensen, Hans M.; Norris, Robert S. (20 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0096340212464364">"The Cuban Missile Crisis: A nuclear order of battle, October and November 1962"</a>. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 68 (6): 85–91. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012BuAtS..68f..85N">2012BuAtS..68f..85N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0096340212464364">10.1177/0096340212464364</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146411502">146411502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=The+Cuban+Missile+Crisis%3A+A+nuclear+order+of+battle%2C+October+and+November+1962&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=85-91&rft.date=2012-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146411502%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0096340212464364&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012BuAtS..68f..85N&rft.aulast=Kristensen&rft.aufirst=Hans+M.&rft.au=Norris%2C+Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0096340212464364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2017" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, Len (April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raf.mod.uk/what-we-do/centre-for-air-and-space-power-studies/aspr/apr-vol20-iss2-8-pdf/">"Bomber Command and the Cuban Missile Crisis: At the Brink of Armageddon?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Centre_for_Air_Power_Studies" title="Royal Air Force Centre for Air Power Studies">Air Power Review</a>. 20 (2). Swindon: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>: 142–153. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240911172654/https://raf.mod.uk/what-we-do/centre-for-air-and-space-power-studies/aspr/apr-vol20-iss2-8-pdf/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Power+Review&rft.atitle=Bomber+Command+and+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis%3A+At+the+Brink+of+Armageddon%3F&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=142-153&rft.date=2017-04&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Len&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fraf.mod.uk%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fcentre-for-air-and-space-power-studies%2Faspr%2Fapr-vol20-iss2-8-pdf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson_1997_p_545-187"><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_1997_p_545_187-0">^</a> <a href="#refAnderson1997">Anderson 1997</a>, p. 545. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a href="#refGuevaraDeutschmann1997">Guevara 1997</a>, p 304 </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a href="#refKellner1989">Kellner 1989</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.ro-190"><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.ro_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltsmarkNeumannWestad2016" class="citation book cs1">Holtsmark, Sven G.; Neumann, Iver B.; Westad, Odd Arne (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EgK_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA99">The Soviet Union in Eastern Europe, 1945–89</a>. Springer. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-23234-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-23234-5"><bdi>978-1-349-23234-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Union+in+Eastern+Europe%2C+1945%E2%80%9389&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-349-23234-5&rft.aulast=Holtsmark&rft.aufirst=Sven+G.&rft.au=Neumann%2C+Iver+B.&rft.au=Westad%2C+Odd+Arne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEgK_DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Stone, Oliver and Peter Kuznick, "The Untold History of the United States" (Gallery Books, 2012), p. 313 </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Stone, Oliver and Peter Kuznick, "The Untold History of the United States" (Gallery Books, 2012), pp. 313–314, citing Message from Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy, October 30, 1962, in Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, vol. 11, (Washington, DC, US Government Printing Office, 1997), pp. 309–317 </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Stone, Oliver and Peter Kuznick, "The Untold History of the United States" (Gallery Books, 2012), pp. 313–314 </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/airforce/p/lemay.htm">"Militaryhistory.about.com"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110822010243/http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/airforce/p/lemay.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Militaryhistory.about.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilitaryhistory.about.com%2Fod%2Fairforce%2Fp%2Flemay.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/161188">"It's Time to Stop Saying that JFK Inherited the Bay of Pigs Operation from Ike"</a>. History News Network. 12 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It%27s+Time+to+Stop+Saying+that+JFK+Inherited+the+Bay+of+Pigs+Operation+from+Ike&rft.pub=History+News+Network&rft.date=2015-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorynewsnetwork.org%2Farticle%2F161188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karnow-196"><a href="#cite_ref-Karnow_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarnow1997">Karnow 1997</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/goldzwig.htm">The case of John F. Kennedy and Vietnam Presidential Studies Quarterly</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Mann, Robert. A Grand Delusion, Basic Books, 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTillmanNichols1986" class="citation journal cs1">Tillman, Barrett; Nichols, John B. III (April 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1986/april-supplement/fighting-unwinnable-wars">"Fighting Unwinnable Wars"</a>. Proceedings. 112 (4/998). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute" title="United States Naval Institute">United States Naval Institute</a>: 78–86. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200325083918/https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1986/april-supplement/fighting-unwinnable-wars">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings&rft.atitle=Fighting+Unwinnable+Wars&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=4%2F998&rft.pages=78-86&rft.date=1986-04&rft.aulast=Tillman&rft.aufirst=Barrett&rft.au=Nichols%2C+John+B.+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usni.org%2Fmagazines%2Fproceedings%2F1986%2Fapril-supplement%2Ffighting-unwinnable-wars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> (Supplement April 1986 | A Salute: The Diamond Jubilee of Naval Aviation) </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelman1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Melman" title="Seymour Melman">Melman, Seymour</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/demilitarizedsoc0000melm">The Demilitarized Society: Disarmament and Conversion</a>. Montreal: Harvest House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Demilitarized+Society%3A+Disarmament+and+Conversion&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=Harvest+House&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Melman&rft.aufirst=Seymour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdemilitarizedsoc0000melm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHersh1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Hersch" class="mw-redirect" title="Seymour Hersch">Hersh, Seymour</a> (1997). <a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Side_of_Camelot" title="The Dark Side of Camelot">The Dark Side of Camelot</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dark+Side+of+Camelot&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Hersh&rft.aufirst=Seymour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorraine_Bayard_de_Volo2022" class="citation journal cs1">Lorraine Bayard de Volo (5 July 2022). "Masculinity and the Cuban Missile Crisis: gender as pre-emptive deterren". International Affairs. 98 (4): 1227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fia%2Fiiac121">10.1093/ia/iiac121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Masculinity+and+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis%3A+gender+as+pre-emptive+deterren&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1227&rft.date=2022-07-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fia%2Fiiac121&rft.au=Lorraine+Bayard+de+Volo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Michael Dobbs, '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/16/opinion/the-eyeball-to-eyeball-myth-and-the-cuban-missile-crisiss-legacy.html">The price of a 50-year myth</a>', The New York Times, 15 Oct. 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> Lloyd, Alwyn T., "Boeing's B-47 Stratojet", Specialty Press, North Branch, Minnesota, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58007-071-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58007-071-3">978-1-58007-071-3</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19621023-1">"Aviation Safety"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006070919/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19621023-1">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 19 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aviation+Safety&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fdatabase%2Frecord.php%3Fid%3D19621023-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-latinamericanstudies-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-latinamericanstudies_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-latinamericanstudies_206-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/cold-war/sovietsbomb.htm">SOVIETS CLOSE TO USING A-BOMB IN 1962 CRISIS, FORUM IS TOLD</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>, 13 October 2002 </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_J._Sherwin" title="Martin J. Sherwin">Martin J. Sherwin</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chss.gmu.edu/articles/4198">The Cuban Missile Crisis Revisited: Nuclear Deterrence? Good Luck!</a>, 16 July 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans" class="citation web cs1">Evans, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB75/">"The Submarines of October"</a>. nsarchive.gwu.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161031210839/http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB75/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nsarchive.gwu.edu&rft.atitle=The+Submarines+of+October&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB75%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobbs2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dobbs_(American_author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Dobbs (American author)">Dobbs, Michael</a> (2008). One Minute to Midnight: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 303, 317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4358-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4358-3"><bdi>978-1-4000-4358-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Minute+to+Midnight%3A+Kennedy%2C+Khrushchev%2C+and+Castro+on+the+Brink+of+Nuclear+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=303%2C+317&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-4358-3&rft.aulast=Dobbs&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aca-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aca_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aca_210-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040218031020/http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2002_11/cubanmissile.asp">"Arms Control Today"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arms_Control_Association" title="Arms Control Association">Arms Control Association</a>. 1 November 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2002_11/cubanmissile.asp">the original</a> on 18 February 2004. Retrieved 14 February 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arms+Control+Today&rft.pub=Arms+Control+Association&rft.date=2002-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armscontrol.org%2Fact%2F2002_11%2Fcubanmissile.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison2012" class="citation journal cs1">Allison, Graham (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137679/graham-allison/the-cuban-missile-crisis-at-50">"The Cuban Missile Crisis at 50"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>. 91 (4). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210215142211/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/cuba/2012-07-01/cuban-missile-crisis-50">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Cuban+Missile+Crisis+at+50&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2F137679%2Fgraham-allison%2Fthe-cuban-missile-crisis-at-50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vzglyad.ru/opinions/2013/11/22/660828.html">"ВЗГЛЯД / "США и Россия: кризис 1962–го""</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214084315/http://www.vzglyad.ru/opinions/2013/11/22/660828.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%97%D0%93%D0%9B%D0%AF%D0%94+%2F+%22%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90+%D0%B8+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%3A+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81+1962%E2%80%93%D0%B3%D0%BE%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vzglyad.ru%2Fopinions%2F2013%2F11%2F22%2F660828.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MatthewsBBC20121013-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MatthewsBBC20121013_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MatthewsBBC20121013_213-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MatthewsBBC20121013_213-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2012" class="citation news cs1">Matthews, Joe (13 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19930260">"Cuban missile crisis: The other, secret one"</a>. BBC News Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121013025211/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19930260">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Magazine&rft.atitle=Cuban+missile+crisis%3A+The+other%2C+secret+one&rft.date=2012-10-13&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-19930260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2012" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Priscilla (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3-WoO0V6rRMC&pg=PA267">Cuban Missile Crisis: The Essential Reference Guide</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-066-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-066-9"><bdi>978-1-61069-066-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424204723/https://books.google.com/books?id=3-WoO0V6rRMC&pg=PA267">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuban+Missile+Crisis%3A+The+Essential+Reference+Guide&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-066-9&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Priscilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3-WoO0V6rRMC%26pg%3DPA267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis2010" class="citation book cs1">Willis, Jim (2010). 100 Media Moments that Changed America. ABC-CLIO. pp. 97–99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Media+Moments+that+Changed+America&rft.pages=97-99&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Willis&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern2012" class="citation book cs1">Stern, Sheldon (2012). The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory: Myths versus Reality. Stanford University Press. p. viii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cuban+Missile+Crisis+in+American+Memory%3A+Myths+versus+Reality&rft.pages=viii&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn1976" class="citation journal cs1">Cohn, William H. (1976). "History for the masses: Television portrays the past". Journal of Popular Culture. 10 (2): 280–289. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0022-3840.1976.1002_280.x">10.1111/j.0022-3840.1976.1002_280.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Popular+Culture&rft.atitle=History+for+the+masses%3A+Television+portrays+the+past&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=280-289&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0022-3840.1976.1002_280.x&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKozovoi2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kozovoi, Andrei (2014). "Dissonant Voices". Journal of Cold War Studies. 16 (3): 29–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2FJCWS_a_00470">10.1162/JCWS_a_00470</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57567035">57567035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cold+War+Studies&rft.atitle=Dissonant+Voices&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=29-61&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2FJCWS_a_00470&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57567035%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kozovoi&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> Haruya Anami, "'Thirteen Days' Thirty Years After: Robert Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis Revisited," Journal of American & Canadian Studies (1994) Issue 12, pp 69–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Albert Auster, "The Missiles of October: A Case Study of Television Docudrama and Modern Memory." Journal of Popular Film and Television 17.4 (1990): 164–172. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> James G. Blight, Janet M. Lang, The Fog of War: Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara (Rowman & Littlefield, 2005), ch 1, </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Michael Walker, "'Topaz' and Cold War Politics." Hitchcock Annual 13 (2004): 127–153. </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> Ronald Briley, "Reel history and the cold war." OAH Magazine of History 8.2 (1994): 19–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Aoki Inoue, Cristina Yumie, and Matthew Krain. "One World, Two Classrooms, 'Thirteen Days': Film as an Active-teaching and Learning Tool in Cross-national Perspective." Journal of Political Science Education 10.4 (2014): 424–442. </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> Rocky Wood, Stephen King: A Literary Companion (McFarland, 2017), p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> Holger Pötzsch, and Vít Šisler, "Playing Cultural Memory: Framing History in Call of Duty: Black Ops and Czechoslovakia 38–89: Assassination." Games and Culture 14.1 (2019): 3–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> Gregory Frame, "The Myth of John F. Kennedy in Film and Television." Film & History: An Interdisciplinary Journal 46.2 (2016): 21–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> Martin Lund, "The mutant problem: X-Men, confirmation bias, and the methodology of comics and identity." European journal of American studies 10.10-2 (2015), document 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-Announcement-229"><a href="#cite_ref-Announcement_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiseman2018" class="citation web cs1">Wiseman, Andreas (3 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deadline.com/2018/05/benedict-cumberbatch-to-star-as-cold-war-spy-greville-wynne-in-filmnation-thriller-ironbark-hot-cannes-pic-1202381812/">"Benedict Cumberbatch To Star As Cold War Spy Greville Wynne In FilmNation Thriller 'Ironbark' – Hot Cannes Pic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood" title="Deadline Hollywood">Deadline Hollywood</a>. Retrieved 3 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deadline+Hollywood&rft.atitle=Benedict+Cumberbatch+To+Star+As+Cold+War+Spy+Greville+Wynne+In+FilmNation+Thriller+%27Ironbark%27+%E2%80%93+Hot+Cannes+Pic&rft.date=2018-05-03&rft.aulast=Wiseman&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2018%2F05%2Fbenedict-cumberbatch-to-star-as-cold-war-spy-greville-wynne-in-filmnation-thriller-ironbark-hot-cannes-pic-1202381812%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllisonZelikow,_Philip1999" class="citation book cs1">Allison, Graham; Zelikow, Philip (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essenceofdecisio00alli_0">Essence of Decision, Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis</a>. New York: Addison Wesley Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-01349-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-01349-1"><bdi>978-0-321-01349-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essence+of+Decision%2C+Explaining+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley+Longman&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-321-01349-1&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft.au=Zelikow%2C+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessenceofdecisio00alli_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Barrett, David M. and Max Holland (2012). Blind Over Cuba: The Photo Gap and the Missile Crisis. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2012.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeschloss1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Beschloss, Michael R.</a> (1991). The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khruschev, 1960–1963. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-060-16454-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-060-16454-6"><bdi>978-0-060-16454-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crisis+Years%3A+Kennedy+and+Khruschev%2C+1960%E2%80%931963&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-060-16454-6&rft.aulast=Beschloss&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Campus, Leonardo (2014). I sei giorni che sconvolsero il mondo. La crisi dei missili di Cuba e le sue percezioni internazionali [=Six Days that Shook the World. The Cuban Missile Crisis and Its International Perceptions]. Florence: Le Monnier. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788800745321" title="Special:BookSources/9788800745321">9788800745321</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChayes1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abram_Chayes" title="Abram Chayes">Chayes, Abram</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cubanmissilecris00chay">The Cuban Missile Crisis</a>. International crises and the role of law. London: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-825320-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-825320-4"><bdi>978-0-19-825320-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.place=London&rft.series=International+crises+and+the+role+of+law&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-19-825320-4&rft.aulast=Chayes&rft.aufirst=Abram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcubanmissilecris00chay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cockburn" title="Andrew Cockburn">Cockburn, Andrew</a>, "Defensive, Not Aggressive" (review of Theodore Voorhees, The Silent Guns of Two Octobers: Kennedy and Khrushchev Play the Double Game, Michigan, September 2021, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B0%2B472%2B03871%2B8" title="Special:BookSources/978+0+472+03871+8">978 0 472 03871 8</a>, 384 pp.; and <a href="/wiki/Serhii_Plokhy" title="Serhii Plokhy">Serhii Plokhy</a>, Nuclear Folly: A New History of the Cuban Missile Crisis, Allen Lane, April 2021, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B0%2B241%2B45473%2B2" title="Special:BookSources/978+0+241+45473+2">978 0 241 45473 2</a>, 464 pp.), <a href="/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a>, vol. 43, no. 17 (9 September 2021), pp. 9–10. "[F]or Kennedy, the [Cuban Missile] crisis was entirely about [internal US] politics." [...] Voorhees argues convincingly that there was never any real danger of war, since Kennedy and Khrushchev were equally determined to avoid one..." (p. 10.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiez_Acosta2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Diez_Acosta" title="Tomás Diez Acosta">Diez Acosta, Tomás</a> (2002). October 1962: The "Missile" Crisis As Seen from Cuba. New York: Pathfinder. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87348-956-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87348-956-0"><bdi>978-0-87348-956-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=October+1962%3A+The+%22Missile%22+Crisis+As+Seen+from+Cuba&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pathfinder&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-87348-956-0&rft.aulast=Diez+Acosta&rft.aufirst=Tom%C3%A1s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDivine1988" class="citation book cs1">Divine, Robert A. (1988). The Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: M. Wiener Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-910129-15-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-910129-15-2"><bdi>978-0-910129-15-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=M.+Wiener+Pub&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-910129-15-2&rft.aulast=Divine&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobbs2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dobbs_(American_author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Dobbs (American author)">Dobbs, Michael</a> (2008). One Minute to Midnight: Kennedy, Khrushchev and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-7891-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-7891-2"><bdi>978-1-4000-7891-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Minute+to+Midnight%3A+Kennedy%2C+Khrushchev+and+Castro+on+the+Brink+of+Nuclear+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-7891-2&rft.aulast=Dobbs&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeklisovKostin,_Sergueï2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Feklisov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Feklisov">Feklisov, Aleksandr</a>; Kostin, Sergueï (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manbehindrosenbe00fekl">The Man Behind the Rosenbergs: By the KGB Spymaster Who Was the Case Officer of Julius Rosenberg, Klaus Fuchs, and Helped Resolve the Cuban Missile Crisis</a>. New York: Enigma Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929631-08-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929631-08-7"><bdi>978-1-929631-08-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+Behind+the+Rosenbergs%3A+By+the+KGB+Spymaster+Who+Was+the+Case+Officer+of+Julius+Rosenberg%2C+Klaus+Fuchs%2C+and+Helped+Resolve+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Enigma+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-929631-08-7&rft.aulast=Feklisov&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr&rft.au=Kostin%2C+Sergue%C3%AF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanbehindrosenbe00fekl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankel2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Frankel" title="Max Frankel">Frankel, Max</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/highnoonincoldwa00fran">High Noon in the Cold War: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Cuban Missile Crisis</a>. New York: Ballantine Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-46505-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-46505-4"><bdi>978-0-345-46505-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Noon+in+the+Cold+War%3A+Kennedy%2C+Khrushchev%2C+and+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-345-46505-4&rft.aulast=Frankel&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhighnoonincoldwa00fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFursenkoNaftali,_Timothy_J.1998" class="citation book cs1">Fursenko, Aleksandr; Naftali, Timothy J. (1998). One Hell of a Gamble: Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, 1958–1964. New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31790-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31790-9"><bdi>978-0-393-31790-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Hell+of+a+Gamble%3A+Khrushchev%2C+Castro%2C+and+Kennedy%2C+1958%E2%80%931964&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-393-31790-9&rft.aulast=Fursenko&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr&rft.au=Naftali%2C+Timothy+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFursenko2006" class="citation journal cs1">Fursenko, Aleksandr (Summer 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111006075238/http://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/022a95fa-5ac0-40ad-8fe6-d332b30b5a3e/Night-Session-of-the-Presidium-of-the-Central-Comm">"Night Session of the Presidium of the Central Committee, 22–23 October 1962"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Naval_War_College_Review" title="Naval War College Review">Naval War College Review</a>. 59 (3). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/022a95fa-5ac0-40ad-8fe6-d332b30b5a3e/Night-Session-of-the-Presidium-of-the-Central-Comm">the original</a> on 6 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+War+College+Review&rft.atitle=Night+Session+of+the+Presidium+of+the+Central+Committee%2C+22%E2%80%9323+October+1962&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Fursenko&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnwc.edu%2Fgetattachment%2F022a95fa-5ac0-40ad-8fe6-d332b30b5a3e%2FNight-Session-of-the-Presidium-of-the-Central-Comm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge2003" class="citation book cs1">George, Alice L. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/awaitingarmagedd0000geor">Awaiting Armageddon: How Americans Faced the Cuban Missile Crisis</a>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-2828-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-2828-1"><bdi>978-0-8078-2828-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Awaiting+Armageddon%3A+How+Americans+Faced+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-2828-1&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Alice+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fawaitingarmagedd0000geor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2012" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, David R. (2012). Talk at the Brink: Deliberation and Decision during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15131-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15131-1"><bdi>978-0-691-15131-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talk+at+the+Brink%3A+Deliberation+and+Decision+during+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15131-1&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornsby,_R.2023" class="citation book cs1">Hornsby, R. (2023). The Soviet Sixties. Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Sixties&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.au=Hornsby%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesSilberzahn2013" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Milo; Silberzahn, Philppe (2013). Constructing Cassandra, Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA, 1947–2001. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9336-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9336-0"><bdi>978-0-8047-9336-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+Cassandra%2C+Reframing+Intelligence+Failure+at+the+CIA%2C+1947%E2%80%932001&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-9336-0&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Milo&rft.au=Silberzahn%2C+Philppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhrushchev2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Khrushchev" title="Sergei Khrushchev">Khrushchev, Sergei</a> (October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/content/how-my-father-and-president-kenedy-saved-world">"How My Father And President Kennedy Saved The World"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_(magazine)" title="American Heritage (magazine)">American Heritage</a>. 53 (5).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage&rft.atitle=How+My+Father+And+President+Kennedy+Saved+The+World&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2002-10&rft.aulast=Khrushchev&rft.aufirst=Sergei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Fcontent%2Fhow-my-father-and-president-kenedy-saved-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Kolbert" title="Elizabeth Kolbert">Kolbert, Elizabeth</a>, "This Close: The day the Cuban missile crisis almost went nuclear" (a review of <a href="/wiki/Martin_J._Sherwin" title="Martin J. Sherwin">Martin J. Sherwin</a>'s Gambling with Armageddon: Nuclear Roulette from Hiroshima to the Cuban Missile Crisis, New York, Knopf, 2020), <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>, 12 October 2020, pp. 70–73. Article includes information from recently declassified sources.</li> <li>Plokhy, Serhii. Nuclear Folly: A History of the Cuban Missile Crisis (W.W. Norton & Company, 2021).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolmarGresham,_John_D.2006" class="citation book cs1">Polmar, Norman; Gresham, John D. (2006). DEFCON-2: Standing on the Brink of Nuclear War During the Cuban Missile Crisis. Foreword by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Clancy" title="Tom Clancy">Tom Clancy</a>. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-67022-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-67022-3"><bdi>978-0-471-67022-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DEFCON-2%3A+Standing+on+the+Brink+of+Nuclear+War+During+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-471-67022-3&rft.aulast=Polmar&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Gresham%2C+John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope1982" class="citation book cs1">Pope, Ronald R. (1982). Soviet Views on the Cuban Missile Crisis: Myth and Reality in Foreign Policy Analysis. Washington, DC: Univ. Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-2584-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-2584-2"><bdi>978-0-8191-2584-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Views+on+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis%3A+Myth+and+Reality+in+Foreign+Policy+Analysis&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Univ.+Press+of+America&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-8191-2584-2&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=Ronald+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Powers" title="Thomas Powers">Powers, Thomas</a>, "The Nuclear Worrier" (review of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg" title="Daniel Ellsberg">Daniel Ellsberg</a>, The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner, New York, Bloomsbury, 2017, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781608196708" title="Special:BookSources/9781608196708">9781608196708</a>, 420 pp.), <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>, vol. LXV, no. 1 (January 18, 2018), pp. 13–15.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPressman2001" class="citation journal cs1">Pressman, Jeremy (2001). "September Statements, October Missiles, November Elections: Domestic Politics, Foreign-Policy Making, and the Cuban Missile Crisis". <a href="/wiki/Security_Studies_(journal)" title="Security Studies (journal)">Security Studies</a>. 10 (3): 80–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09636410108429438">10.1080/09636410108429438</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154854331">154854331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Security+Studies&rft.atitle=September+Statements%2C+October+Missiles%2C+November+Elections%3A+Domestic+Politics%2C+Foreign-Policy+Making%2C+and+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=80-114&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09636410108429438&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154854331%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pressman&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadchenkoZubok2023" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Radchenko" title="Sergey Radchenko">Radchenko, Sergey</a>; <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Zubok" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladislav Zubok">Zubok, Vladislav</a> (May–June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/cuba/missile-crisis-secret-history-soviet-union-russia-ukraine-lessons">"Blundering on the Brink: The Secret History and Unlearned Lessons of the Cuban Missile Crisis"</a>. Foreign Affairs. 102 (3): 44–63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Blundering+on+the+Brink%3A+The+Secret+History+and+Unlearned+Lessons+of+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=44-63&rft.date=2023-05%2F2023-06&rft.aulast=Radchenko&rft.aufirst=Sergey&rft.au=Zubok%2C+Vladislav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Fcuba%2Fmissile-crisis-secret-history-soviet-union-russia-ukraine-lessons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell, Bertrand</a> (1963). Unarmed Victory. London: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-327024-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-327024-0"><bdi>978-0-04-327024-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unarmed+Victory&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-04-327024-0&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Bertrand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Seydi, SÜleyman. "Turkish–American Relations and the Cuban Missile Crisis, 1957–63." Middle Eastern Studies 46#3 (2010), pp. 433–455. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20720681">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern2003" class="citation book cs1">Stern, Sheldon M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/avertingthefinal00ster">Averting 'the Final Failure': John F. Kennedy and the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings</a>. Stanford nuclear age series. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4846-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4846-9"><bdi>978-0-8047-4846-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Averting+%27the+Final+Failure%27%3A+John+F.+Kennedy+and+the+Secret+Cuban+Missile+Crisis+Meetings&rft.place=Stanford%2C+Calif&rft.series=Stanford+nuclear+age+series&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-4846-9&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Sheldon+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Favertingthefinal00ster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern2005" class="citation book cs1">Stern, Sheldon M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111014144108/http://sup.org/book.cgi?id=7994">The Week the World Stood Still: Inside the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis</a>. Stanford nuclear age series. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5077-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5077-6"><bdi>978-0-8047-5077-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sup.org/book.cgi?id=7994">the original</a> on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Week+the+World+Stood+Still%3A+Inside+the+Secret+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.place=Stanford%2C+Calif&rft.series=Stanford+nuclear+age+series&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5077-6&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Sheldon+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sup.org%2Fbook.cgi%3Fid%3D7994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern2012" class="citation book cs1">Stern, Sheldon M. (2012). The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory: Myths versus Reality. Stanford nuclear age series. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cuban+Missile+Crisis+in+American+Memory%3A+Myths+versus+Reality&rft.place=Stanford%2C+Calif&rft.series=Stanford+nuclear+age+series&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Sheldon+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrahairMiller,_Robert_L.2009" class="citation book cs1">Trahair, Richard C. S.; Miller, Robert L. (2009). Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations. New York: Enigma Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929631-75-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929631-75-9"><bdi>978-1-929631-75-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Cold+War+Espionage%2C+Spies%2C+and+Secret+Operations&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Enigma+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-929631-75-9&rft.aulast=Trahair&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.+S.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2012" class="citation news cs1">Matthews, Joe (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-19930260">"Cuban missile crisis: The other, secret one"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cuban+missile+crisis%3A+The+other%2C+secret+one&rft.date=2012-10&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-19930260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Weaver, Michael E. The Relationship between Diplomacy and Military Force: An Example from the Cuban Missile Crisis, Diplomatic History, January 2014, Volume 38, Number 1, pp. 137–81. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dht070">The Relationship between Diplomacy and Military Force: An Example from the Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li>White, Mark. "The Other Missiles of October: Eisenhower, Kennedy, and the Jupiters, 1957–1963." Diplomatic History (2002) 26#1 pp 147–153.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison1969" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Graham_T._Allison" class="mw-redirect" title="Graham T. Allison">Allison, Graham T.</a> (September 1969). "Conceptual Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis". <a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Review" title="American Political Science Review">American Political Science Review</a>. 63 (3): 689–718. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1954423">10.2307/1954423</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1954423">1954423</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251094337">251094337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Conceptual+Models+and+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=689-718&rft.date=1969-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251094337%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1954423%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1954423&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Graham+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDornPauk,_Robert2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Dorn" title="Walter Dorn">Dorn, A. Walter</a>; Pauk, Robert (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://walterdorn.org/pub/144">"Unsung Mediator: U Thant and the Cuban Missile Crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_History_(journal)" title="Diplomatic History (journal)">Diplomatic History</a>. 33 (2): 261–292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2008.00762.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.2008.00762.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=Unsung+Mediator%3A+U+Thant+and+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=261-292&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2008.00762.x&rft.aulast=Dorn&rft.aufirst=A.+Walter&rft.au=Pauk%2C+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwalterdorn.org%2Fpub%2F144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarthoff2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_L._Garthoff" title="Raymond L. Garthoff">Garthoff, Raymond L.</a> (Spring 2004). "Foreign Intelligence and the Historiography of the Cold War". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Cold_War_Studies" title="Journal of Cold War Studies">Journal of Cold War Studies</a>. 6 (2): 21–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F152039704773254759">10.1162/152039704773254759</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1520-3972">1520-3972</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57563600">57563600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cold+War+Studies&rft.atitle=Foreign+Intelligence+and+the+Historiography+of+the+Cold+War&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=21-56&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57563600%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1520-3972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F152039704773254759&rft.aulast=Garthoff&rft.aufirst=Raymond+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Gibson, David R. (2011). "Avoiding Catastrophe: The Interactional Production of Possibility during the Cuban Missile Crisis". <a href="/wiki/The_American_Journal_of_Sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Journal of Sociology">The American Journal of Sociology</a>. 117 (2): 361–419. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.374.2005">10.1.1.374.2005</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F661761">10.1086/661761</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/661761">10.1086/661761</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143717875">143717875</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Avoiding+Catastrophe%3A+The+Interactional+Production+of+Possibility+during+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=361-419&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.374.2005%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143717875%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F661761%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F661761&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesJones2005" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, John A.; Jones, Virginia H. (Spring 2005). "Through the Eye of the Needle: Five Perspectives on the Cuban Missile Crisis". Rhetoric & Public Affairs. 8 (1): 133–144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Frap.2005.0044">10.1353/rap.2005.0044</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154894890">154894890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rhetoric+%26+Public+Affairs&rft.atitle=Through+the+Eye+of+the+Needle%3A+Five+Perspectives+on+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=133-144&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Frap.2005.0044&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154894890%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Virginia+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesSilberzahn2013" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Milo; Silberzahn, Philppe (2013). Constructing Cassandra, Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA, 1947–2001. Stanford University Press. pp. 135–191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9336-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9336-0"><bdi>978-0-8047-9336-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+Cassandra%2C+Reframing+Intelligence+Failure+at+the+CIA%2C+1947%E2%80%932001&rft.pages=135-191&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-9336-0&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Milo&rft.au=Silberzahn%2C+Philppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLebow1990" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ned_Lebow" title="Richard Ned Lebow">Lebow, Richard Ned</a> (October 1990). "Domestic Politics and the Cuban Missile Crisis: The Traditional and Revisionist Interpretations Reevaluated". <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_History_(journal)" title="Diplomatic History (journal)">Diplomatic History</a>. 14 (4): 471–492. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1990.tb00103.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.1990.tb00103.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=Domestic+Politics+and+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis%3A+The+Traditional+and+Revisionist+Interpretations+Reevaluated&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=471-492&rft.date=1990-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1990.tb00103.x&rft.aulast=Lebow&rft.aufirst=Richard+Ned&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bayard de Volo, Lorraine (July 2022) "Masculinity and the Cuban Missile Crisis: gender as pre-emptive deterrent", International Affairs, 98 (4): 1211–1229. <a href="//doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiac121" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1093/ia/iiac121">doi:10.1093/ia/iiac121</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Getchell, Michelle. Cuban Missile Crisis and the Cold War: A Short History with Documents(Hackett Publishing, 2018) 200 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=53509">online review</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChangKornbluh1998" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Laurence; Kornbluh, Peter, eds. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/declass.htm">"Introduction"</a>. The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962: A National Security Archive Documents Reader (2nd ed.). New York: New Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56584-474-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56584-474-2"><bdi>978-1-56584-474-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Cuban+Missile+Crisis%2C+1962%3A+A+National+Security+Archive+Documents+Reader&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=New+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56584-474-2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2Fnsa%2Fcuba_mis_cri%2Fdeclass.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/Cuban-Missile-Crisis.aspx">"Cuban Missile Crisis"</a>. JFK in History. <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy Library">John F. Kennedy Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JFK+in+History&rft.atitle=Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2FJFK%2FJFK-in-History%2FCuban-Missile-Crisis.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110816232325/http://whitehousetapes.net/foreign-policy/cuba/cuban-missile-crisis-1962">"Cuban Missile Crisis 1962"</a>. Presidential Recordings Program. <a href="/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs" title="Miller Center of Public Affairs">Miller Center of Public Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whitehousetapes.net/foreign-policy/cuba/cuban-missile-crisis-1962">the original</a> on 16 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Recordings+Program&rft.atitle=Cuban+Missile+Crisis+1962&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhitehousetapes.net%2Fforeign-policy%2Fcuba%2Fcuban-missile-crisis-1962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150629204417/https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/collection/31/cuban-missile-crisis">"Cuban Missile Crisis"</a>. Wilson Center Digital Archive. <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars" title="Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars">Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/collection/31/cuban-missile-crisis">the original</a> on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wilson+Center+Digital+Archive&rft.atitle=Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org%2Fcollection%2F31%2Fcuban-missile-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarnow1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Karnow" title="Stanley Karnow">Karnow, Stanley</a> (1997). Vietnam: A History (2nd ed.). New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-026547-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-026547-7"><bdi>978-0-14-026547-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-14-026547-7&rft.aulast=Karnow&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeferSampsonSmith1996" class="citation book cs1">Keefer, Edward C.; Sampson, Charles S.; Smith, Louis J., eds. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161223230125/https://1997-2001.state.gov/www/about_state/history/frusXI/index.html">Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath</a>. Foreign relations of the United States, 1961–1963. Vol. XI. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-045210-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-045210-9"><bdi>978-0-16-045210-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://1997-2001.state.gov/www/about_state/history/frusXI/index.html">the original</a> on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuban+Missile+Crisis+and+Aftermath&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Foreign+relations+of+the+United+States%2C+1961%E2%80%931963&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-16-045210-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1997-2001.state.gov%2Fwww%2Fabout_state%2Fhistory%2FfrusXI%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1969" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Robert F. (1969). <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Days_(book)" title="Thirteen Days (book)">Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis</a>. New York: W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31834-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31834-0"><bdi>978-0-393-31834-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thirteen+Days%3A+A+Memoir+of+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-393-31834-0&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayZelikow2002" class="citation book cs1">May, Ernest R.; Zelikow, Philip D., eds. (2002) [1997]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/audio.htm">The Kennedy Tapes: Inside the White House During the Cuban Missile Crisis</a> (2nd ed.). New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32259-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32259-0"><bdi>978-0-393-32259-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kennedy+Tapes%3A+Inside+the+White+House+During+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32259-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2Fnsa%2Fcuba_mis_cri%2Faudio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAuliffe1992" class="citation web cs1">McAuliffe, Mary S., ed. (October 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111224040013/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/Cuban%20Missile%20Crisis1962.pdf">"CIA Documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962"</a> (PDF). Historical Review Program. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/Cuban%20Missile%20Crisis1962.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 December 2011. Retrieved 11 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Review+Program&rft.atitle=CIA+Documents+on+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis%2C+1962&rft.date=1992-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fcenter-for-the-study-of-intelligence%2Fcsi-publications%2Fbooks-and-monographs%2FCuban%2520Missile%2520Crisis1962.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/index.htm">"The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962: The 40th Anniversary"</a>. National Security Archive: Special Exhibits. Gelman Library: George Washington University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Security+Archive%3A+Special+Exhibits&rft.atitle=The+Cuban+Missile+Crisis%2C+1962%3A+The+40th+Anniversary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2Fnsa%2Fcuba_mis_cri%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110118233020/http://microsites.jfklibrary.org/cmc/">"The World On the Brink: John F. Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis"</a>. Interactive Exhibits. John F. Kennedy Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://microsites.jfklibrary.org/cmc/">the original</a> on 18 January 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Interactive+Exhibits&rft.atitle=The+World+On+the+Brink%3A+John+F.+Kennedy+and+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmicrosites.jfklibrary.org%2Fcmc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavrov,_Sergei2013" class="citation web cs1">Gavrov, Sergei, ed. (November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161017103210/http://watchingamerica.com/WA/2014/07/22/america-and-russia-the-crisis-of-1962/">"America and Russia: The Crisis of 1962. On the 50th anniversary of the missile crisis"</a>. Moscow: Vzglyad (Russia). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://watchingamerica.com/WA/2014/07/22/america-and-russia-the-crisis-of-1962/">the original</a> on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=America+and+Russia%3A+The+Crisis+of+1962.+On+the+50th+anniversary+of+the+missile+crisis&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Vzglyad+%28Russia%29&rft.date=2013-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwatchingamerica.com%2FWA%2F2014%2F07%2F22%2Famerica-and-russia-the-crisis-of-1962%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Dallek, Robert. "If We Listen to Them, None of Us Will Be Alive." In Camelot's Court, 279–334. New York: HarperCollins, 2013.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lesson_plans">Lesson plans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Lesson plans">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110105090250/http://future.state.gov/educators/slideshow/cuba.html">"Cuban Missile Crisis"</a>. Slideshows for Educators. Bureau of Public Affairs, U.S. Department of State. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://future.state.gov/educators/slideshow/cuba.html">the original</a> on 5 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slideshows+for+Educators&rft.atitle=Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffuture.state.gov%2Feducators%2Fslideshow%2Fcuba.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoserHahn,_Lori2010" class="citation web cs1">Moser, John; Hahn, Lori (15 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110116165321/http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/missiles-october-cuban-missile-crisis-1962">"The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962: 'The Missiles of October'"</a>. EDSITEment: Lesson Plans. National Endowment for the Humanities. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/missiles-october-cuban-missile-crisis-1962">the original</a> on 16 January 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EDSITEment%3A+Lesson+Plans&rft.atitle=The+Cuban+Missile+Crisis%2C+1962%3A+%27The+Missiles+of+October%27&rft.date=2010-07-15&rft.aulast=Moser&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Hahn%2C+Lori&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedsitement.neh.gov%2Flesson-plan%2Fmissiles-october-cuban-missile-crisis-1962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>.</div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Cuban Missile Crisis <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Cuban+Missile+Crisis">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Cuban+Missile+Crisis&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cuban_Missile_Crisis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/martintrolle/sets/72157621696357587/with/3683916412">Cuban Missile Crisis: Операция Анадырь (Operation Anadyr)</a> on <a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515031807/http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552532">Cuban Missile Crisis and the Fallout</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160115205405/https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494">Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/cuban-missile-crisis">"Cuban Missile Crisis"</a>. Topics. <a href="/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (U.S. TV channel)">History Channel</a>. 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Topics&rft.atitle=Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fcuban-missile-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005072339/http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/history/cold-war/cuban-missile-crisis/index.htm">"Cuban Missile Crisis"</a>. Nuclear Weapons History: Cold War. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Age_Peace_Foundation" title="Nuclear Age Peace Foundation">Nuclear Age Peace Foundation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/history/cold-war/cuban-missile-crisis/index.htm">the original</a> on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Weapons+History%3A+Cold+War&rft.atitle=Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nuclearfiles.org%2Fmenu%2Fkey-issues%2Fnuclear-weapons%2Fhistory%2Fcold-war%2Fcuban-missile-crisis%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807045818/http://alsos.wlu.edu/adv_rst.aspx?keyword=Cuban*Missile*Crisis&results=10">"Cuban Missile Crisis Bibliography"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alsos_Digital_Library_for_Nuclear_Issues" title="Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues">Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alsos.wlu.edu/adv_rst.aspx?keyword=Cuban*Missile*Crisis&results=10">the original</a> on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 11 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cuban+Missile+Crisis+Bibliography&rft.pub=Alsos+Digital+Library+for+Nuclear+Issues&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falsos.wlu.edu%2Fadv_rst.aspx%3Fkeyword%3DCuban%2AMissile%2ACrisis%26results%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+Missile+Crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/c/cuban-missile-crisis-1962.html">Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usarmygermany.com/Units/HqUSAREUR/USAREUR_HqUSAREUR%201.htm">October 1962: DEFCON 4, DEFCON 3</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus-educational.com/COLDcubanmissile.htm">Spartacus Educational(UK): Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00dkzlz">Document – Britain's Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121224553/http://www.october1962.com/">No Time to Talk: The Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li>Patrick J. Kiger (7 June 2019): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20220329151645/https://www.history.com/news/cuban-missile-crisis-timeline-jfk-khrushchev">Key Moments in the Cuban Missile Crisis</a>. A Timeline of the Cuban Missile Crisis with the links to the correspondence between John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev during the crisis. In: <a href="/wiki/History_(American_TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (American TV network)">History.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20220329151645/https://www.history.com/news/cuban-missile-crisis-timeline-jfk-khrushchev">Archived</a> 29 March 2022 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airforce.ru/history/cold_war/cuba/index_en.htm">The 32nd Guards Air Fighter Regiment in Cuba (1962–1963)</a> S.Isaev.</li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.ntis.PB94780186">Symposium on Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 (1992)</a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150629204417/https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/collection/31/cuban-missile-crisis">The Woodrow Wilson Center's Digital Archive</a> has a collection of primary source archival documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110116165321/http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/missiles-october-cuban-missile-crisis-1962">EDSITEment lesson plan Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edsitement.neh.gov/student-resource/cuban-missile-crisis-interactive">EDSITEment Cuban Missile Crisis Interactive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/video/2286029131/">Cuban Missile Crisis: Three Men Go To War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170210045316/http://www.pbs.org/video/2286029131//">Archived</a> 10 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Documentary produced by <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191203091802/http://www.armageddonletters.com/">The Armageddon Letters</a>, a transmedia storytelling of the crisis with animated short films and other digital content</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/the-man-who-saved-the-world-watch-the-full-episode/905/">The Man Who Saved the World</a> Documentary produced by <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> series <a href="/wiki/Secrets_of_the_Dead" title="Secrets of the Dead">Secrets of the Dead</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/c/cuban_missile_crisis/index.html">Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation Priboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation Masterdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation Beleaguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation Blacklist Forty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the Tuapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation Gladio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS Pueblo incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Cuba&#124;link=Cuba_Cuba–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template:Cuba–United States relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template talk:Cuba–United States relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cuba–United States relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Cuba&#124;link=Cuba_Cuba–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba"><img alt="Cuba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cuba–United States relations">Cuba–United States relations</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Cuba,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Cuba, Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Cuba, Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Cuba_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Cuba to the United States">Ambassadors of Cuba to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Havana" title="Embassy of the United States, Havana">Embassy of the United States, Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Cuba" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Cuba">Ambassadors of the United States to Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Interests_Section_in_Havana" title="United States Interests Section in Havana">United States Interests Section in Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Western_Hemisphere_Affairs" title="Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs">Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban%E2%80%93American_Treaty_of_Relations_(1903)" title="Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1903)">Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1903)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hay-Quesada_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Hay-Quesada Treaty">Hay-Quesada Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban%E2%80%93American_Treaty_of_Relations_(1934)" title="Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1934)">Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbor policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Di%C3%A1logo" title="El Diálogo">El Diálogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_Maritime_Boundary_Agreement" title="Cuba–United States Maritime Boundary Agreement">Cuba–United States Maritime Boundary Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Accord_(1988)" title="Tripartite Accord (1988)">Tripartite Accord (1988)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_thaw" title="Cuban thaw">Cuban thaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JetBlue_Flight_387" title="JetBlue Flight 387">JetBlue Flight 387</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ostend_Manifesto" title="Ostend Manifesto">Ostend Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)" title="USS Maine (1889)">USS Maine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Victims_of_the_USS_Maine_(Havana)" title="Monument to the Victims of the USS Maine (Havana)">Monument to the Victims of the USS Maine (Havana)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Cuban_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Cuban Relations">United States Senate Committee on Cuban Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Paquete_Habana" title="The Paquete Habana">The Paquete Habana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Cuban_Occupation_Medal" title="Army of Cuban Occupation Medal">Army of Cuban Occupation Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda of the Spanish–American War">Propaganda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government in Cuba">United States Military Government in Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Occupation_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Occupation of Cuba">Second Occupation of Cuba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Pacification_Medal_(Army)" title="Cuban Pacification Medal (Army)">Cuban Pacification Medal (Army)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Negro Rebellion">Negro Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Intervention" title="Sugar Intervention">Sugar Intervention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Aftermath of the Cuban Revolution">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Coubre_explosion" title="La Coubre explosion">La Coubre explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_exodus" title="Cuban exodus">Cuban exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_exile" title="Cuban exile">Cuban exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_exile" title="Golden exile">Golden exile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigade_2506" title="Brigade 2506">Brigade 2506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Democratic_Revolutionary_Front" title="Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front">Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Council" title="Cuban Revolutionary Council">Cuban Revolutionary Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_40" title="Operation 40">Operation 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mongoose" title="Operation Mongoose">Operation Mongoose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northwoods" title="Operation Northwoods">Operation Northwoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ortsac" title="Operation Ortsac">Operation Ortsac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peter_Pan" title="Operation Peter Pan">Operation Peter Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JMWAVE" title="JMWAVE">JMWAVE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polita_Grau" title="Polita Grau">Polita Grau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Llama" title="José Antonio Llama">José Antonio Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Monument" title="Bay of Pigs Monument">Bay of Pigs Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Museum" title="Bay of Pigs Museum">Bay of Pigs Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba" title="United States embargo against Cuba">United States embargo against Cuba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubana_de_Aviaci%C3%B3n_Flight_493" title="Cubana de Aviación Flight 493">Cubana de Aviación Flight 493</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Edward_Duke" title="Matthew Edward Duke">Matthew Edward Duke</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crateology" title="Crateology">Crateology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_Nacional_de_Cuba_v._Sabbatino" title="Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino">Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemel_v._Rusk" title="Zemel v. Rusk">Zemel v. Rusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_aircraft_hijackings" title="List of Cuba–United States aircraft hijackings">Cuba–United States aircraft hijackings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_281" title="Pan Am Flight 281">Pan Am Flight 281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_World_Airlines_Flight_106" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans World Airlines Flight 106">Trans World Airlines Flight 106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Airways_Flight_49" title="Southern Airways Flight 49">Southern Airways Flight 49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubana_de_Aviaci%C3%B3n_Flight_455" title="Cubana de Aviación Flight 455">Cubana de Aviación Flight 455</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyla_Express_and_Johnny_Express_incidents" title="Leyla Express and Johnny Express incidents">Leyla Express and Johnny Express incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariel_boatlift" title="Mariel boatlift">Mariel boatlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garcia-Mir_v._Meese" title="Garcia-Mir v. Meese">Garcia-Mir v. Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_boat_people" title="Cuban boat people">Cuban boat people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Pollack" title="Sandy Pollack">Sandy Pollack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regan_v._Wald" title="Regan v. Wald">Regan v. Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Cuban_rafter_crisis" title="1994 Cuban rafter crisis">1994 Cuban rafter crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operations_Safe_Haven_and_Safe_Passage" title="Operations Safe Haven and Safe Passage">Operations Safe Haven and Safe Passage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gaede" title="Bill Gaede">Bill Gaede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_shootdown_of_Brothers_to_the_Rescue_aircraft" title="1996 shootdown of Brothers to the Rescue aircraft">1996 shootdown of Brothers to the Rescue aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Five" title="Cuban Five">Cuban Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli%C3%A1n_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Elián González">Elián González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Montes" title="Ana Montes">Ana Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Alvarez_(professor)" title="Carlos Alvarez (professor)">Carlos Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsa_Alvarez" title="Elsa Alvarez">Elsa Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendall_Myers" title="Kendall Myers">Kendall Myers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Gross" title="Alan Gross">Alan Gross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana_syndrome" title="Havana syndrome">Havana syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_fugitives_in_Cuba" title="American fugitives in Cuba">American fugitives in Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_attempts_on_Fidel_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination attempts on Fidel Castro">Assassination attempts on Fidel Castro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teller_Amendment" title="Teller Amendment">Teller Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platt_Amendment" title="Platt Amendment">Platt Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Assets_Control_Regulations" title="Cuban Assets Control Regulations">Cuban Assets Control Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Adjustment_Act" title="Cuban Adjustment Act">Cuban Adjustment Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wet_feet,_dry_feet_policy" title="Wet feet, dry feet policy">Wet feet, dry feet policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helms%E2%80%93Burton_Act" title="Helms–Burton Act">Helms–Burton Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_to_Travel_to_Cuba_Act" title="Freedom to Travel to Cuba Act">Freedom to Travel to Cuba Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Democracy_Act" title="Cuban Democracy Act">Cuban Democracy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Sanction_Reform_and_Export_Enhancement_Act" title="Trade Sanction Reform and Export Enhancement Act">Trade Sanction Reform and Export Enhancement Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Cuba" title="Americans in Cuba">Americans in Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Havana" title="Little Havana">Little Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_migration_to_Miami" title="Cuban migration to Miami">Cuban migration to Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana_on_the_Hudson" title="Havana on the Hudson">Havana on the Hudson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban%E2%80%93American_lobby" title="Cuban–American lobby">Cuban–American lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay" title="Guantánamo Bay">Guantánamo Bay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay" title="Timeline of Guantánamo Bay">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantanamo Bay Naval Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Baltimore_Orioles%E2%80%93Cuba_national_baseball_team_exhibition_series" title="1999 Baltimore Orioles–Cuba national baseball team exhibition series">1999 Baltimore Orioles–Cuba national baseball team exhibition series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_66" title="Alpha 66">Alpha 66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Maceo_Brigade" title="Antonio Maceo Brigade">Antonio Maceo Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_to_the_Rescue" title="Brothers to the Rescue">Brothers to the Rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balseros" title="Balseros">Balseros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Assistance_to_a_Free_Cuba" title="Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba">Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Cuba_Democracy_Caucus" title="Congressional Cuba Democracy Caucus">Congressional Cuba Democracy Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordination_of_United_Revolutionary_Organizations" title="Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations">Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_American_National_Foundation" title="Cuban American National Foundation">Cuban American National Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_dissident_movement" title="Cuban dissident movement">Cuban dissident movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Liberty_Council" title="Cuban Liberty Council">Cuban Liberty Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CubaOne_Foundation" title="CubaOne Foundation">CubaOne Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Power" title="Cuban Power">Cuban Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorio_Revolucionario_Estudiantil" title="Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil">Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engage_Cuba" title="Engage Cuba">Engage Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Play_for_Cuba_Committee" title="Fair Play for Cuba Committee">Fair Play for Cuba Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Democratic_Cuba" title="Friends of Democratic Cuba">Friends of Democratic Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana_Jam" title="Havana Jam">Havana Jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_7" title="Omega 7">Omega 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Dixie" title="Radio Free Dixie">Radio Free Dixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_y_Televisi%C3%B3n_Mart%C3%AD" title="Radio y Televisión Martí">Radio y Televisión Martí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US-Cuba_Democracy_PAC" title="US-Cuba Democracy PAC">US-Cuba Democracy PAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varela_Project" title="Varela Project">Varela Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venceremos_Brigade" title="Venceremos Brigade">Venceremos Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZunZuneo" title="ZunZuneo">ZunZuneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_football_players_who_have_defected_to_the_United_States" title="List of Cuban football players who have defected to the United States">Cuban football players who defected to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filibuster_(military)" title="Filibuster (military)">Filibuster (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAAS_Oregon_II_(R_332)" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAAS Oregon II (R 332)">NOAAS Oregon II (R 332)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_certificate_(Cuba)" title="Silver certificate (Cuba)">Silver certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troika_of_tyranny" title="Troika of tyranny">Troika of tyranny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame" title="Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame">Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boquer%C3%B3n,_Cuba" title="Boquerón, Cuba">Boquerón, Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Florida" title="Straits of Florida">Straits of Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Border_Initiative" title="Third Border Initiative">Third Border Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list)" title="State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)">State Sponsors of Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="United States and state-sponsored terrorism">United States and state-sponsored terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Posada_Carriles" title="Luis Posada Carriles">Luis Posada Carriles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Bosch" title="Orlando Bosch">Orlando Bosch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93OAS_relations" title="Cuba–OAS relations">Cuba–OAS relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_144" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 144">United Nations Security Council Resolution 144</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_(book)" title="Overthrow (book)">Overthrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cuba_Wars" title="The Cuba Wars">The Cuba Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balseros_(film)" title="Balseros (film)">Balseros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/638_Ways_to_Kill_Castro" title="638 Ways to Kill Castro">638 Ways to Kill Castro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Cuba–United States relations">Category:Cuba–United States relations</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_F._Kennedy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_F._Kennedy" title="Template:John F. Kennedy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_F._Kennedy" title="Template talk:John F. Kennedy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_F._Kennedy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John F. Kennedy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_F._Kennedy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">35th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">U.S. Senator from Massachusetts</a> (1953–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 11th congressional district">MA–11</a> (1947–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Presidency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Inauguration of John F. Kennedy">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy#Administration,_Cabinet,_and_judicial_appointments_1961–63" title="John F. Kennedy">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of federal judges appointed by John F. Kennedy">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="John F. Kennedy Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:John Fitzgerald Kennedy/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:John Fitzgerald Kennedy/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_or_granted_clemency_by_the_President_of_the_United_States#John_F._Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the President of the United States">Presidential pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-100-X" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-100-X">Presidential limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/Y_Manitou" class="mw-redirect" title="S/Y Manitou">Presidential yacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolute_desk" title="Resolute desk">Resolute desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room" title="Situation Room">Situation Room</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_administration" title="Foreign policy of the John F. Kennedy administration">Foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Progress" title="Alliance for Progress">Alliance for Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_Control_and_Disarmament_Agency" title="Arms Control and Disarmament Agency">Arms Control and Disarmament Agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_response" title="Flexible response">Flexible response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Expansion_Act" title="Trade Expansion Act">Trade Expansion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_and_Refugee_Assistance_Act" title="Migration and Refugee Assistance Act">Migration and Refugee Assistance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">USAID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War#The_Kennedy_years,_1961–63" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li>Cuba: <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Project">Cuban Project</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXCOMM" title="EXCOMM">ExComm</a></li></ul></li> <li>Soviet Union: <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow%E2%80%93Washington_hotline" title="Moscow–Washington hotline">Moscow–Washington hotline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_summit" title="Vienna summit">Vienna summit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Frontier" title="New Frontier">New Frontier</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Satellite_Act_of_1962" title="Communications Satellite Act of 1962">Communications Satellite Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Mental_Health_Act" title="Community Mental Health Act">Community Mental Health Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Pay_Act_of_1963" title="Equal Pay Act of 1963">Equal Pay Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11110" title="Executive Order 11110">Executive Order 11110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_10925" title="Executive Order 10925">Federal affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11063" title="Executive Order 11063">Federal housing segregation ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_march" title="Kennedy march">Fifty-mile hikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_for_Peace" title="Food for Peace">Food for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program#Pilot_Food_Stamp_Program_(1961–1964)" title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program">Pilot Food Stamp Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Kennedy_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Space policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" title="Presidential Commission on the Status of Women">Status of Women (Presidential Commission)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">University of Alabama integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Channel_Receiver_Act" title="All-Channel Receiver Act">All-Channel Receiver Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1961" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1961">Oil Pollution Act of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1962" title="Revenue Act of 1962">Revenue Act of 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Farm_and_Rural_Development_Act_of_1961" title="Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961">Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_Loan_Act" title="Wetlands Loan Act">Wetlands Loan Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/90px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/135px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/180px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="970" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy#The_inaugural_address" title="Inauguration of John F. Kennedy">Inaugural address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_University_speech" title="American University speech">American University speech</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">Report to the American People on Civil Rights</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ich_bin_ein_Berliner" title="Ich bin ein Berliner">Ich bin ein Berliner</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_rising_tide_lifts_all_boats" title="A rising tide lifts all boats">A rising tide lifts all boats</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remarks_at_Amherst_College_on_the_Arts" title="Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts">Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_30,_1961_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="January 30, 1961 State of the Union Address">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1962 State of the Union Address">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1963 State of the Union Address">1963</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Electoral history of John F. Kennedy">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>U.S. House of Representatives elections: <a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1950 United States House of Representatives elections">1950</a></li> <li>U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1958 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1960 presidential primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_1960_presidential_campaign" title="John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign">1960 presidential campaign</a></li> <li>Democratic National Conventions: <a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">U.S. presidential election 1960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1960 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_National_Historic_Site" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site">Birthplace and childhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Compound" title="Kennedy Compound">Kennedy Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Hill_(McLean,_Virginia)" title="Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)">Hickory Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Querida_(mansion)" title="La Querida (mansion)">La Querida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wexford_(Marshall,_Virginia)" title="Wexford (Marshall, Virginia)">Wexford</a></li> <li>Navy service: <a href="/wiki/Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109" title="Patrol torpedo boat PT-109">PT-109</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biuku_Gasa_and_Eroni_Kumana" title="Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana">Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Reginald_Evans" title="Arthur Reginald Evans">Arthur Evans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-59" title="Patrol torpedo boat PT-59">PT-59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hot_Springs_(Arizona)" title="Castle Hot Springs (Arizona)">Castle Hot Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammersmith_Farm" title="Hammersmith Farm">Hammersmith Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King#John_F._Kennedy_phone_call" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King phone call</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Happy_Birthday,_Mr._President" title="Happy Birthday, Mr. President">Happy Birthday, Mr. President</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_document_hoax" title="John F. Kennedy document hoax">John F. Kennedy document hoax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Why_England_Slept" title="Why England Slept">Why England Slept (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage" title="Profiles in Courage">Profiles in Courage (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Nation_of_Immigrants" title="A Nation of Immigrants">A Nation of Immigrants (1958)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_assassination" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Media coverage of the assassination of John F. Kennedy">media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Reactions to the assassination of John F. Kennedy">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_in_popular_culture" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy in popular culture">in popular culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">State funeral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Jack_(horse)" title="Black Jack (horse)">Riderless horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dignitaries_at_the_state_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of dignitaries at the state funeral of John F. Kennedy">attending dignitaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Eternal_Flame" title="John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame">Gravesite and Eternal Flame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Bibliography of John F. Kennedy">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Profile_in_Courage_Award" title="Profile in Courage Award">Profile in Courage Award</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fourth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11 Moon landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Round" title="Kennedy Round">Kennedy Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmeriCorps_VISTA" title="AmeriCorps VISTA">VISTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Cultural depictions of John F. Kennedy">Cultural depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:Films about John F. Kennedy">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_half_dollar" title="Kennedy half dollar">Kennedy half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_cents_John_Kennedy" title="Five cents John Kennedy">U.S. five cent stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Kennedy_coincidences_urban_legend" title="Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences urban legend">Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sail" title="Operation Sail">Operation Sail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of things named after John F. Kennedy">Memorials, namesakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School">Harvard Kennedy School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts">Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Federal_Building" title="John F. Kennedy Federal Building">John F. Kennedy Federal Building (Boston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_John_F._Kennedy_(Boston)" title="Statue of John F. Kennedy (Boston)">Boston statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_(Brooklyn)" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial (Brooklyn)">Brooklyn bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_Memorial" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial">Dallas memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_(Hyannis,_Massachusetts)" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial (Hyannis, Massachusetts)">Hyannis memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial,_London" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial, London">London bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_John_F._Kennedy_(Nashua,_New_Hampshire)" title="Bust of John F. Kennedy (Nashua, New Hampshire)">Nashua bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_Memorial_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial (Portland, Oregon)">Portland memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runnymede#John_F._Kennedy_Memorial" title="Runnymede">Runnymede memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Arboretum" title="John F. Kennedy Arboretum">John F. Kennedy Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_Bridge" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge">John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Special_Warfare_Center_and_School" title="John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School">John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_University" title="John F. Kennedy University">John F. Kennedy University (defunct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Stadium_(Philadelphia)" title="John F. Kennedy Stadium (Philadelphia)">John F. Kennedy Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Expressway" title="Kennedy Expressway">Kennedy Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kennedy" title="Mount Kennedy">Mount Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_John_F._Kennedy" title="MV John F. Kennedy">MV John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_F._Kennedy_(CV-67)" title="USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)">USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_F._Kennedy_(CVN-79)" title="USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79)">USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Kennedy" title="Yad Kennedy">Yad Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Bouvier</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Kennedy" title="Caroline Kennedy">Caroline Kennedy</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="John F. Kennedy Jr.">John F. Kennedy Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bouvier_Kennedy" title="Patrick Bouvier Kennedy">Patrick Bouvier Kennedy</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Schlossberg" title="Rose Schlossberg">Rose Schlossberg</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatiana_Schlossberg" title="Tatiana Schlossberg">Tatiana Schlossberg</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Schlossberg" title="Jack Schlossberg">Jack Schlossberg</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Fitzgerald</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy">Rosemary Kennedy</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cavendish,_Marchioness_of_Hartington" title="Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington">Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy_Lawford" title="Patricia Kennedy Lawford">Patricia Kennedy Lawford</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kennedy_Smith" title="Jean Kennedy Smith">Jean Kennedy Smith</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._J._Kennedy" title="P. J. Kennedy">P. J. Kennedy</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Fitzgerald" title="John F. Fitzgerald">John F. Fitzgerald</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushinka" title="Pushinka">Pushinka</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_and_Debbie" title="Billie and Debbie">Billie and Debbie</a> (hamsters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_(horse)" title="Sardar (horse)">Sardar</a> (horse)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">← Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:John F. Kennedy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Robert_F._Kennedy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Template:Robert F. Kennedy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Template talk:Robert F. Kennedy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Robert F. Kennedy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Robert_F._Kennedy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968 <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">64th United States Attorney General, 1961–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">United States senator from New York, 1965–1968</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_1948_visit_to_Palestine" title="Robert F. Kennedy's 1948 visit to Palestine">1948 Palestine visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Improper_Activities_in_Labor_and_Management" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management">Senate Committee investigation of Labor and Management</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXCOMM" title="EXCOMM">ExComm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy#Civil_rights" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Civil rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin%E2%80%93Kennedy_meeting" title="Baldwin–Kennedy meeting">Baldwin–Kennedy meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_Stuyvesant_Restoration_Corporation" title="Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation">Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._Clark%27s_and_Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_tour_of_the_Mississippi_Delta" title="Joseph S. Clark's and Robert F. Kennedy's tour of the Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Compound" title="Kennedy Compound">Kennedy Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Hill_(McLean,_Virginia)" title="Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)">Hickory Hill home</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg/90px-Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg/135px-Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg/180px-Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="470" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electoral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1964 United States Senate election in New York">1964 U.S. Senate election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Robert F. Kennedy 1968 presidential campaign">1968 presidential campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler_Room_Girls" title="Boiler Room Girls">Boiler Room Girls</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_Day_Address" title="Law Day Address">Law Day Address</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Affirmation_Address" title="Day of Affirmation Address">Day of Affirmation Address</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_Vietnam_and_at_Home" title="Conflict in Vietnam and at Home">Conflict in Vietnam and at Home</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_remarks_at_the_University_of_Kansas" title="Robert F. Kennedy's remarks at the University of Kansas">University of Kansas</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_speech_at_Ball_State_University" title="Robert F. Kennedy's speech at Ball State University">Ball State</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_speech_on_the_assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy's speech on the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">On the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Mindless_Menace_of_Violence" title="On the Mindless Menace of Violence">"On the Mindless Menace of Violence"</a> (1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Enemy_Within_(Kennedy_book)" title="The Enemy Within (Kennedy book)">The Enemy Within</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pursuit_of_Justice" title="The Pursuit of Justice">The Pursuit of Justice</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Seek_a_Newer_World" title="To Seek a Newer World">To Seek a Newer World</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Days_(book)" title="Thirteen Days (book)">Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis</a> (1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy">Assassination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sirhan_Sirhan" title="Sirhan Sirhan">Sirhan Sirhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Hotel_(Los_Angeles)" title="Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)">Ambassador Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Robert F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_of_Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Grave of Robert F. Kennedy">Gravesite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Department_of_Justice_Building" title="Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building">Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_silver_dollar" title="Robert F. Kennedy silver dollar">Robert F. Kennedy silver dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights" title="Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights">Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights_Award" title="Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award">Human Rights Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Journalism_Award" title="Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award">Journalism Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Center_for_Justice_and_Human_Rights#Book_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights">Book Award</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Memorial_Stadium" title="Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium">Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Memorial_(Brooklyn)" title="Robert F. Kennedy Memorial (Brooklyn)">Brooklyn Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landmark_for_Peace_Memorial" title="Landmark for Peace Memorial">Landmark for Peace Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Dignity,_Equality,_and_Justice" title="Arch of Dignity, Equality, and Justice">Arch of Dignity, Equality, and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy%E2%80%93King_College" title="Kennedy–King College">Kennedy–King College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Community_Schools" title="Robert F. Kennedy Community Schools">Robert F. Kennedy Community Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Bridge" title="Robert F. Kennedy Bridge">Robert F. Kennedy Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_in_media" title="Robert F. Kennedy in media">Robert F. Kennedy in media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis:_Behind_a_Presidential_Commitment" title="Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment">Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment</a> (1963 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kennedy_Remembered" title="Robert Kennedy Remembered">Robert Kennedy Remembered</a> (1968 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham,_Martin_and_John" title="Abraham, Martin and John">"Abraham, Martin and John"</a> (1968 song)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Missiles_of_October" title="The Missiles of October">The Missiles of October</a> (1974 docudrama)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_(1983_miniseries)" title="Kennedy (1983 miniseries)">Kennedy</a> (1983 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Feud_(1983_film)" title="Blood Feud (1983 film)">Blood Feud</a> (1983 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Jack" title="Prince Jack">Prince Jack</a> (1985 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kennedy_and_His_Times" title="Robert Kennedy and His Times">Robert Kennedy and His Times</a> (1985 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_vs._The_Kennedys" title="Hoover vs. The Kennedys">Hoover vs. The Kennedys</a> (1987 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Days_(film)" title="Thirteen Days (film)">Thirteen Days</a> (2000 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFK_(film)" title="RFK (film)">RFK</a> (2002 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_(2006_film)" title="Bobby (2006 film)">Bobby</a> (2006 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFK_Must_Die" title="RFK Must Die">RFK Must Die</a> (2007 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kennedys_(miniseries)" title="The Kennedys (miniseries)">The Kennedys</a> (2011 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_(film)" title="Ethel (film)">Ethel</a> (2012 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_Kennedy_(film)" title="Killing Kennedy (film)">Killing Kennedy</a> (2013 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_(2016_film)" title="Jackie (2016 film)">Jackie</a> (2016 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Kennedy_for_President" title="Bobby Kennedy for President">Bobby Kennedy for President</a> (2018 miniseries)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Family,</a> <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family#Genealogy" title="Kennedy family">family tree</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Kennedy" title="Ethel Kennedy">Ethel Skakel</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Kennedy_Townsend" title="Kathleen Kennedy Townsend">Kathleen Kennedy</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_II" title="Joseph P. Kennedy II">Joseph Patrick Kennedy</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_LeMoyne_Kennedy" title="Michael LeMoyne Kennedy">Michael LeMoyne Kennedy</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Kennedy" title="Kerry Kennedy">Kerry Kennedy</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_G._Kennedy" title="Christopher G. Kennedy">Christopher G. Kennedy</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Kennedy" title="Max Kennedy">Max Kennedy</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Harriman_Kennedy" title="Douglas Harriman Kennedy">Douglas Harriman Kennedy</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rory_Kennedy" title="Rory Kennedy">Rory Kennedy</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maeve_Kennedy_McKean" title="Maeve Kennedy McKean">Maeve Kennedy McKean</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Kennedy_III" title="Joe Kennedy III">Joseph P. Kennedy III</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Kennedy_Jr." title="Max Kennedy Jr.">Max Kennedy Jr.</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Kennedy</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (brother</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">presidency</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy">Rosemary Kennedy</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cavendish,_Marchioness_of_Hartington" title="Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington">Kathleen Kennedy Cavendish</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy_Lawford" title="Patricia Kennedy Lawford">Patricia Kennedy Lawford</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kennedy_Smith" title="Jean Kennedy Smith">Jean Kennedy Smith</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._J._Kennedy" title="P. J. Kennedy">Patrick J. Kennedy</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Augusta_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Augusta Kennedy">Mary Augusta Kennedy</a> (grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Fitzgerald" title="John F. Fitzgerald">John F. Fitzgerald</a> (grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Category:Robert F. Kennedy">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Che_Guevara" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Che_Guevara" title="Template:Che Guevara"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Che_Guevara" title="Template talk:Che Guevara"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Che_Guevara" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Che Guevara"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Che_Guevara" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">Guatemalan Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landing_of_the_Granma" title="Landing of the Granma">Landing of the Granma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alegr%C3%ADa_de_P%C3%ADo" title="Battle of Alegría de Pío">Battle of Alegría de Pío</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Plata_(1957)" title="Battle of La Plata (1957)">Battle of La Plata (1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santa_Clara" title="Battle of Santa Clara">Battle of Santa Clara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Coubre_explosion" title="La Coubre explosion">La Coubre explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanahacabibes_camp" title="Guanahacabibes camp">Guanahacabibes camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Debate_(Cuba)" title="Great Debate (Cuba)">Great Debate (Cuba)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivian Campaign">Bolivian Campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Che_por_Jim_Fitzpatrick.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Che_por_Jim_Fitzpatrick.svg/100px-Che_por_Jim_Fitzpatrick.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Che_por_Jim_Fitzpatrick.svg/150px-Che_por_Jim_Fitzpatrick.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Che_por_Jim_Fitzpatrick.svg/200px-Che_por_Jim_Fitzpatrick.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="776" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Granado" title="Alberto Granado">Alberto Granado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Gadea" title="Hilda Gadea">Hilda Gadea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleida_March" title="Aleida March">Aleida March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleida_Guevara" title="Aleida Guevara">Aleida Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro">Raúl Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Cienfuegos" title="Camilo Cienfuegos">Camilo Cienfuegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Bunke" title="Tamara Bunke">Tamara Bunke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Cuba_Sarabia" title="Simeon Cuba Sarabia">Simeon Cuba Sarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_%22Pombo%22_Villegas" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry "Pombo" Villegas">Harry "Pombo" Villegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gis_Debray" title="Régis Debray">Régis Debray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(soldier)" title="Félix Rodríguez (soldier)">Félix Rodríguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Borrego" title="Orlando Borrego">Orlando Borrego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canek_S%C3%A1nchez_Guevara" title="Canek Sánchez Guevara">Canek Sánchez Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Ter%C3%A1n" title="Mario Terán">Mario Terán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_works_on_Che_Guevara" title="Bibliography of works on Che Guevara">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Motorcycle_Diaries_(book)" title="The Motorcycle Diaries (book)">The Motorcycle Diaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_Warfare_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla Warfare (book)">Guerrilla Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episodes_of_the_Cuban_Revolutionary_War" title="Episodes of the Cuban Revolutionary War">Episodes of the Cuban Revolutionary War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Motorcycle_Diaries_(film)" title="The Motorcycle Diaries (film)">The Motorcycle Diaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_(2008_film)" title="Che (2008 film)">Che (Part 1 & Part 2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che!" title="Che!">Che!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hands_of_Che_Guevara" title="The Hands of Che Guevara">The Hands of Che Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che:_Rise_and_Fall" title="Che: Rise and Fall">Che: Rise and Fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevolution" title="Chevolution">Chevolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Che%27r_Cycle" title="Che'r Cycle">Che'r Cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iconography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrillero_Heroico" title="Guerrillero Heroico">Guerrillero Heroico photo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Che_Guevara" title="Legacy of Che Guevara">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara_in_popular_culture" title="Che Guevara in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara_in_fashion" title="Che Guevara in fashion">In fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foco" title="Foco">Foco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara_Mausoleum" title="Che Guevara Mausoleum">Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Korda" title="Alberto Korda">Alberto Korda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Fitzpatrick_(artist)" title="Jim Fitzpatrick (artist)">Jim Fitzpatrick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vida_del_Che" title="Vida del Che">Vida del Che</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Che_Guevara" title="Category:Che Guevara">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fidel_Castro" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fidel_Castro" title="Template:Fidel Castro"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fidel_Castro" title="Template talk:Fidel Castro"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fidel_Castro" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fidel Castro"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fidel_Castro" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Timeline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Early life of Fidel Castro">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro_in_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Fidel Castro in the Cuban Revolution">Participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26th_of_July_Movement" title="26th of July Movement">26th of July Movement</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/History_Will_Absolve_Me" title="History Will Absolve Me">History Will Absolve Me</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_under_Fidel_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuba under Fidel Castro">Primacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_career_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Political career of Fidel Castro">Premiership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Land reform in Cuba">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machurucuto_raid" title="Machurucuto raid">Machurucuto raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_intervention_in_Angola" title="Cuban intervention in Angola">Intervention in Angola</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_under_Fidel_Castro#Presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuba under Fidel Castro">Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%932008_Cuban_transfer_of_presidential_duties" title="2006–2008 Cuban transfer of presidential duties">Transfer of duties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Death and state funeral of Fidel Castro">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Castro_y_Argiz" title="Ángel Castro y Argiz">Ángel Castro y Argiz</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Castro_Ruz" title="Ramón Castro Ruz">Ramón Castro Ruz</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro">Raúl Castro</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juanita_Castro" title="Juanita Castro">Juanita Castro</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirta_D%C3%ADaz-Balart" title="Mirta Díaz-Balart">Mirta Díaz-Balart</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Revuelta_Clews" title="Natalia Revuelta Clews">Natalia Revuelta Clews</a> (lover)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilma_Esp%C3%ADn" title="Vilma Espín">Vilma Espín</a> (sister-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alina_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Alina Fernández">Alina Fernández</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro_D%C3%ADaz-Balart" title="Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart">Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariela_Castro" title="Mariela Castro">Mariela Castro</a> (niece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Castro_Esp%C3%ADn" title="Alejandro Castro Espín">Alejandro Castro Espín</a> (nephew)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fidel:_The_Untold_Story" title="Fidel: The Untold Story">Fidel: The Untold Story</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_(2002_film)" title="Fidel (2002 film)">Fidel</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comandante_(2003_film)" title="Comandante (2003 film)">Comandante</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looking_for_Fidel" title="Looking for Fidel">Looking for Fidel</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/638_Ways_to_Kill_Castro" title="638 Ways to Kill Castro">638 Ways to Kill Castro</a> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_War_(video_game)" title="Guerrilla War (video game)">Guerrilla War</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Real_Fidel_Castro" title="The Real Fidel Castro">The Real Fidel Castro</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro_Handbook" title="Fidel Castro Handbook">Fidel Castro Handbook</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro%27s_Beard" title="Castro's Beard">Castro's Beard</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cuba_Wars" title="The Cuba Wars">The Cuba Wars</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_attempts_on_Fidel_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination attempts on Fidel Castro">Assassination attempts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Maheu" title="Robert Maheu">Robert Maheu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honours_bestowed_upon_Fidel_Castro" title="List of awards and honours bestowed upon Fidel Castro">Awards and honours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir%C3%A1n" title="Birán">Birán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Fidel_Castro" title="List of things named after Fidel Castro">Eponymous things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Religious views of Fidel Castro">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro_and_dairy" title="Fidel Castro and dairy">Relationship with dairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Life:_A_Spoken_Autobiography" title="My Life: A Spoken Autobiography">My Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granma_(yacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="Granma (yacht)">Granma (yacht)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_intervention_in_Latin_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_intervention_in_Latin_America" title="Template:United States intervention in Latin America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_intervention_in_Latin_America" title="Template talk:United States intervention in Latin America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_intervention_in_Latin_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States intervention in Latin America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_intervention_in_Latin_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latin America–United States relations">United States intervention in Latin America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a> (1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platt_Amendment" title="Platt Amendment">Platt Amendment</a> (1901–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Corollary" title="Roosevelt Corollary">Roosevelt Corollary</a>/<a href="/wiki/Big_Stick_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Stick ideology">Big Stick ideology</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbor policy</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_diplomacy" title="Dollar diplomacy">Dollar diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> (1846–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Border_War_(1910%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Border War (1910–1919)">Mexican Border War</a> (1910–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_the_Mexican_Revolution" title="United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution">United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution</a> (1916–1919)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overt actions and occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay_expedition" title="Paraguay expedition">Paraguay expedition</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government in Cuba">First Occupation of Cuba</a> (1899–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Panama_from_Colombia" title="Separation of Panama from Colombia">Separation of Panama from Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Bunau-Varilla_Treaty" title="Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty">Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Honduras#The_internationalization_of_the_north,_1899–1932" title="History of Honduras">Occupations of Honduras</a> (1903–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Cuba" title="Provisional Government of Cuba">Second Occupation of Cuba</a> (1906–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">Occupation of Nicaragua</a> (1912–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of Veracruz">Occupation of Veracruz</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">Occupation of Haiti</a> (1915–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1916%E2%80%931924)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924)">Occupation of the Dominican Republic</a> (1916–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1965%E2%80%931966)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965–1966)">Occupation of the Dominican Republic</a> (1965–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert actions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Paraguayan coup d'état">1954 Paraguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mongoose" title="Operation Mongoose">Operation Mongoose</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Bolivian coup d'état">1964 Bolivian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a> (1968–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_FUBELT" title="Project FUBELT">Project FUBELT</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Bolivian coup d'état">1971 Bolivian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limazo" title="Limazo">Limazo</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1979 Salvadoran coup d'état">1979 Salvadoran coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1989 Paraguayan coup d'état">1989 Paraguayan coup d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change_in_Latin_America" title="United States involvement in regime change in Latin America">United States involvement in regime change in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a> (1979–1990)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._United_States" title="Nicaragua v. United States">Nicaragua's case against the United States</a> (1986)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">Foreign policy of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latin America–United States relations">Latin America–United States relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:US history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:US history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of United States history">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">Native American epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamestown,_Virginia_(1607%E2%80%931699)" title="History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–1699)">Settlement of Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution#Origin" title="American Revolution">Prelude to Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">and Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification of the Constitution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner's slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Westward expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Prelude to War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">Election of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#Secession" title="Confederate States of America">Secession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Wealth" title="The Gospel of Wealth">The Gospel of Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">Assassination of James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">Assassination of William McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)#American_approach" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan#Second_Klan:_1915–1944" title="Ku Klux Klan">Second Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_School_disaster" title="Bath School disaster">Bath School disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_strike_wave_of_1945%E2%80%931946" title="United States strike wave of 1945–1946">Strike wave of 1945–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931948)" title="Cold War (1947–1948)">Start of Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1948%E2%80%931953)" title="Cold War (1948–1953)">Early Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post-war boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)" title="Cold War (1953–1962)">Early–mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Crack epidemic in the United States">Crack epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">Late Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">End of the Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots"> Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">WTC bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="List of mass shootings in the United States">Rise in mass shootings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Tucson_shooting" title="2011 Tucson shooting">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aurora_theater_shooting" title="2012 Aurora theater shooting">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Las_Vegas_shooting" title="2017 Las Vegas shooting">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkland_high_school_shooting" title="Parkland high school shooting">Parkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvalde_school_shooting" title="Uvalde school shooting">Uvalde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">recession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_US_troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Support of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump#Investigations,_criminal_charges,_civil_lawsuits" title="Donald Trump">Indictments of Donald Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="History of the United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian-American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian-American history">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Places" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal District</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlying islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_Cuba" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cuban_conflicts" title="Template:Cuban conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cuban_conflicts" title="Template talk:Cuban conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuban_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cuban conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_Cuba" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed conflicts involving <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External and international</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Years%27_War" title="Ten Years' War">Ten Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuban War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Cuban_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1952 Cuban coup d'état">1952 Cuban coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escambray_rebellion" title="Escambray rebellion">Escambray rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%91ancahuaz%C3%BA_Guerrilla" title="Ñancahuazú Guerrilla">Ñancahuazú Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_intervention_in_Angola" title="Cuban intervention in Angola">intervention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethio-Somali_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethio-Somali War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Cuba" title="Military history of Cuba">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_interventions_by_Cuba" title="Foreign interventions by Cuba">Foreign interventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_military_internationalism" title="Cuban military internationalism">Military internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces" title="Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces">FAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_(Cuba)" title="Ministry of the Revolutionary Armed Forces (Cuba)">MINFAR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">Sphere of influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128160#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128160#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128160#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4136402-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85034624">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114872&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536075905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10639962">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&oldid=1258681057">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&oldid=1258681057</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Category:Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aftermath_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Category:Aftermath of the Cuban Revolution">Aftermath of the Cuban Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War_conflicts" title="Category:Cold War conflicts">Cold War conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1962" title="Category:Conflicts in 1962">Conflicts in 1962</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1962_in_international_relations" title="Category:1962 in international relations">1962 in international relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War_history_of_Cuba" title="Category:Cold War history of Cuba">Cold War history of Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War_history_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Cold War history of the Soviet Union">Cold War history of the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War_history_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Cold War history of the United States">Cold War history of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1962_in_Cuba" title="Category:1962 in Cuba">1962 in Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1962_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:1962 in the Soviet Union">1962 in the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1962_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1962 in the United States">1962 in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Blockades" title="Category:Blockades">Blockades</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War_military_history_of_Cuba" title="Category:Cold War military history of Cuba">Cold War military history of Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Key_West,_Florida" title="Category:History of Key West, Florida">History of Key West, Florida</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_history_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Nuclear history of the Soviet Union">Nuclear history of the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_history_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Nuclear history of the United States">Nuclear history of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fidel_Castro" title="Category:Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Category:Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Presidency of John F. Kennedy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cuba%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Category:Cuba–Soviet Union relations">Cuba–Soviet Union relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Cuba–United States relations">Cuba–United States relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_military_relations" title="Category:Soviet Union–United States military relations">Soviet Union–United States military relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1962_establishments_in_Cuba" title="Category:1962 establishments in Cuba">1962 establishments in Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1962_disestablishments_in_Cuba" title="Category:1962 disestablishments in Cuba">1962 disestablishments in Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1960s_in_Cuba" title="Category:1960s in Cuba">1960s in Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1960s_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:1960s in the Soviet Union">1960s in the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1960s_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1960s in the United States">1960s in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:October_1962_events_in_North_America" title="Category:October 1962 events in North America">October 1962 events in North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_crisis" title="Category:Political crisis">Political crisis</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_March_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from March 2018">Articles with dead external links from March 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Albanian-language_sources_(sq)" title="Category:CS1 Albanian-language sources (sq)">CS1 Albanian-language sources (sq)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pending_changes_protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia pending changes protected pages">Wikipedia pending changes protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2023">Use dmy dates from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_November_2023" title="Category:Use American English from November 2023">Use American English from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_October_2013" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from October 2013">Articles lacking reliable references from October 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_May_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2022">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_October_2017" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2017">Articles needing additional references from October 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from June 2024">Articles lacking reliable references from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_April_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2023">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_April_2023" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from April 2023">Articles with failed verification from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_March_2020" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from March 2020">Articles with dead external links from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links" title="Category:Webarchive template archiveis links">Webarchive template archiveis links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 00:31 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-84779d6bf6-psplp","wgBackendResponseTime":211,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.722","walltime":"4.363","ppvisitednodes":{"value":27232,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":906806,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":29006,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":32,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":929997,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3498.543 1 -total"," 43.94% 1537.090 2 Template:Reflist"," 15.56% 544.388 82 Template:Cite_book"," 14.33% 501.409 94 Template:Cite_web"," 5.60% 195.800 30 Template:Cite_journal"," 4.91% 171.605 1 Template:Harvnb"," 3.76% 131.705 2 Template:Langx"," 3.60% 125.877 11 Template:Fix"," 3.36% 117.620 12 Template:Rp"," 3.21% 112.175 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.169","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22039669,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbrams2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbsher2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexeyev\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllison1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllison1999\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFAllison2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllisonZelikow,_Philip1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllisonZelikow,_Philip_D.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAxelrod2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaggins\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeschloss1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlight2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlightAllynWelch2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlightWelch1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBolender2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoylandNowlin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyle1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrandon1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrenner1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrenner2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuffetTouze,_Vincent\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCIA1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaddell2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChangKornbluh1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChayes1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristopher1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohn1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorera2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorrell2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Von_Pein\u0026#039;s_JFK_Channel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiez_Acosta2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDivine1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDobbs2008\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFDomínguez2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDomínguez_LópezYaffe2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDornPauk,_Robert2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEdward_Wilson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllsbergGoodmanGonzález2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEricHenken2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErlich2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErnest_R_May2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFaria2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeklisovKostin,_Sergueï2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFontova2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrankel2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranklin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrey2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFursenko2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFursenkoNaftali,_Timothy_J.1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarthoff1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarthoff2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGavrov,_Sergei2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGetchell2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibson2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGlover2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldmanStein1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayes2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelms,_Richard1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenning2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHersh1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHershberg\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHershberg1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoltsmarkNeumannWestad2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHornsby,_R.2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIgnacio2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJFK_Library2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffery_D._Shields2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesJones2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesSilberzahn2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKapstein2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarnow1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeeferSampsonSmith1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKempe2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy,_J.1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhrushchev2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohnHarahan1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKozovoi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristensenNorris2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLansdale1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaurence_ChangPeter_Kornbluh1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLebow1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorraine_Bayard_de_Volo2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthews2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMayZelikow2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcAuliffe1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelman1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMikoyan2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoserHahn,_Lori2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNash1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNathan1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorris2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrnstein1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters,_GerhardWoolley,_John_T\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPicconeMiller2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPocock2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolmarGresham,_John_D.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPradosJimenez-Bacardi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPressman2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadchenkoZubok2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReynolds\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitter2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodriguezWeisman1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSabato2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSampson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSampson1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlesinger2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoenherr2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoultz2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScottHughes2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSociety2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSowa2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStern2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStern2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStern2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTaubman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTed_Sorensen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTillmanNichols1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrahairMiller,_Robert_L.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeldes1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_BurrLeopoldo_Nuti2023\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFWillis2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWingrove2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiseman2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYaffe2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFZak2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZubok1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFrmm413c2008\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 10,\n [\"Che Guevara\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 82,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 30,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite video\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 94,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 3,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Cold War\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 4,\n [\"Cuba-United States relations\"] = 1,\n [\"Cuban conflicts\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Endplainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Fidel Castro\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 6,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 26,\n [\"Flickr-inline2\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 8,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive short film\"] = 1,\n [\"John F. Kennedy\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"NYTtopic\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 2,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-pc\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"R\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 4,\n [\"Robert F. Kennedy\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 12,\n [\"Sclass\"] = 2,\n [\"Sclass2\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Ship\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"US history\"] = 1,\n [\"USS\"] = 6,\n [\"United States intervention in Latin America\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 7,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","580","24.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","13.7"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","140","6.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","5.1"],["type","100","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","80","3.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","3.4"],["[main chunk] \u003Cpackage.lua\u003E","60","2.6"],["[others]","700","29.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-gxw57","timestamp":"20241123135732","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Cuban Missile Crisis","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cuban_Missile_Crisis","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q128160","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q128160","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-17T20:46:02Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/9e\/Cuban_crisis_map_missile_range.jpg","headline":"October 1962 confrontation between the Soviet Union, Cuba and the United States"}</script> </body> </html>