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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Edict of Gülhane</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9" title="فرمان الكلخانة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرمان الكلخانة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Гюлхански хатишериф – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гюлхански хатишериф" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A1%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Διάταγμα του Ροδώνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διάταγμα του Ροδώνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edicto_de_G%C3%BClhane" title="Edicto de Gülhane – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edicto de Gülhane" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatti-ch%C3%A9rif" title="Hatti-chérif – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hatti-chérif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%ED%8B%B0_%EC%83%A4%EB%A6%AC%ED%94%84_%EC%B9%99%EB%A0%B9" title="하티 샤리프 칙령 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하티 샤리프 칙령" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A9%D5%A8_%D5%87%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D6%86" title="Հաթթը Շերիֆ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հաթթը Շերիֆ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editto_di_G%C3%BClhane" title="Editto di Gülhane – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Editto di Gülhane" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Ѓулхански хатишериф – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ѓулхански хатишериф" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%8D%E5%8B%85%E4%BB%A4" title="ギュルハネ勅令 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ギュルハネ勅令" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BClhaneediktet" title="Gülhaneediktet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gülhaneediktet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat_farmoni" title="Tanzimat farmoni – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tanzimat farmoni" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatt-i_Sharif" title="Hatt-i Sharif – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hatt-i Sharif" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89dito_de_G%C3%BClhane" title="Édito de Gülhane – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Édito de Gülhane" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edictul_de_la_G%C3%BClhane" title="Edictul de la Gülhane – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Edictul de la Gülhane" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjylhane" title="Gjylhane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjylhane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat_Ferman%C4%B1" title="Tanzimat Fermanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tanzimat Fermanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferman%C3%AA_Tanzimati" title="Fermanê Tanzimati – 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Tanzimât period</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tanzimat Edict" redirects here. For the 1856 edict, often referred to as "Tanzimat Reform Edict", see <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Reform_Edict_of_1856" title="Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856">Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional history of Turkey">Constitutional history of<br />Turkey</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_Parliament_1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ottoman_Parliament_1877.jpg/225px-Ottoman_Parliament_1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ottoman_Parliament_1877.jpg/338px-Ottoman_Parliament_1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ottoman_Parliament_1877.jpg/450px-Ottoman_Parliament_1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="505" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">First Ottoman Parliament at the <a href="/wiki/Old_Dar%C3%BClf%C3%BCnun_building" title="Old Darülfünun building">Old Darülfünun building</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Constitutional documents</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Alliance" title="Charter of Alliance">Charter of Alliance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edict of Gülhane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Reform_Edict_of_1856" title="Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856">Edict of 1856</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Constitutions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman constitution of 1876">1876</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1921" title="Turkish Constitution of 1921">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1924" title="Turkish Constitution of 1924">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1961" title="Turkish Constitution of 1961">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">1982</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Referendums</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1961_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="1961 Turkish constitutional referendum">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="1982 Turkish constitutional referendum">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="1987 Turkish constitutional referendum">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="1988 Turkish constitutional referendum">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2007 Turkish constitutional referendum">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2010 Turkish constitutional referendum">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2017 Turkish constitutional referendum">2017</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edict_of_G%C3%BClhane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Edict_of_G%C3%BClhane.jpg/200px-Edict_of_G%C3%BClhane.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="475" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Edict_of_G%C3%BClhane.jpg/300px-Edict_of_G%C3%BClhane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Edict_of_G%C3%BClhane.jpg/400px-Edict_of_G%C3%BClhane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="1429" /></a><figcaption>Edict of Gülhane in Ottoman Turkish</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:L%C3%A9gislation_ottomane_ou_Recueil_des_Aristarchi-Bey_Gr%C3%A9goire_Tome2.pdf&page=5" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/L%C3%A9gislation_ottomane_ou_Recueil_des_Aristarchi-Bey_Gr%C3%A9goire_Tome2.pdf/page5-220px-L%C3%A9gislation_ottomane_ou_Recueil_des_Aristarchi-Bey_Gr%C3%A9goire_Tome2.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/L%C3%A9gislation_ottomane_ou_Recueil_des_Aristarchi-Bey_Gr%C3%A9goire_Tome2.pdf/page5-330px-L%C3%A9gislation_ottomane_ou_Recueil_des_Aristarchi-Bey_Gr%C3%A9goire_Tome2.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/L%C3%A9gislation_ottomane_ou_Recueil_des_Aristarchi-Bey_Gr%C3%A9goire_Tome2.pdf/page5-440px-L%C3%A9gislation_ottomane_ou_Recueil_des_Aristarchi-Bey_Gr%C3%A9goire_Tome2.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2133" data-file-height="3118" /></a><figcaption>French translation of the edict, in <i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gislation_ottomane" title="Législation ottomane">Législation ottomane</a></i> Volume 2, which originated from <i>Manuale di diritto publico e privato ottomano</i> (1865) by Domenico Gatteschi</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustafa-resid-pasa-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mustafa-resid-pasa-1.jpg/220px-Mustafa-resid-pasa-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mustafa-resid-pasa-1.jpg/330px-Mustafa-resid-pasa-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mustafa-resid-pasa-1.jpg/440px-Mustafa-resid-pasa-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Re%C5%9Fid_Pasha" title="Mustafa Reşid Pasha">Mustafa Reşid Pasha</a>, the principal architect of the <b>Edict of Gülhane</b><br /><i>(The Ottoman Imperial Edict of Reorganization, proclaimed on 3 November 1839)</i></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmed_muhtar_bey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ahmed_muhtar_bey.jpg/220px-Ahmed_muhtar_bey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ahmed_muhtar_bey.jpg/330px-Ahmed_muhtar_bey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ahmed_muhtar_bey.jpg/440px-Ahmed_muhtar_bey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Muhtar_Bey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmed Muhtar Bey (page does not exist)">Ahmed Muhtar Bey</a> contributed to the secularization of the state</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClhane_Park" title="Gülhane Park">Gülhane</a> Hatt-ı Şerif</b> ("Supreme Edict of the Rosehouse") or <b><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimât</a> Fermânı</b> ("Imperial Edict of Reorganization") was a proclamation by <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Sultan">Ottoman Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClmecid_I" title="Abdülmecid I">Abdülmecid I</a> in 1839 that launched the <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimât</a> period of reforms and reorganization in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. The 125th anniversary of the edict was depicted on a former Turkish postcard stamp.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The proclamation was issued at the behest of reformist <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire">Grand Vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Re%C5%9Fid_Pasha" title="Mustafa Reşid Pasha">Mustafa Reşid Pasha</a>. It promised reforms such as the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Tax_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax farming">tax farming</a>, reform of <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a>, and guarantee of rights to all Ottoman citizens regardless of religion or ethnic group.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goal of the decree was to help modernize the empire militarily and socially so that it could compete with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Power">Great Powers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. It also was hoped the reforms would win over the disaffected parts of the empire, especially in the Ottoman controlled parts of Europe, which were largely <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>. At the time of the edict, <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">millets</a> (independent communal law-courts) had gained a large amount of religious autonomy within the empire, threatening the central government. This edict, along with the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Reform_Edict" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Reform Edict">Imperial Reform Edict</a> of 1856, was therefore an early step towards the empire's goal of <a href="/wiki/Ottomanism" title="Ottomanism">Ottomanism</a>, or a unified national and legal Ottoman identity.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Tekvim-i_Vekayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tekvim-i Vekayi">Tekvim-i Vekayi</a></i> in Ottoman Turkish. In addition, it was published in Greek and French, the latter in <i><a href="/wiki/Moniteur_ottoman" title="Moniteur ottoman">Moniteur ottoman</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-StraussConstp22_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StraussConstp22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Alphonse_Belin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Alphonse Belin (page does not exist)">François Alphonse Belin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Dragoman" title="Dragoman">dragoman</a>, created his own French version, published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_Asiatique" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal Asiatique">Journal Asiatique</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-StraussConstp23_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StraussConstp23-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Edict of Gülhane did not enact any official legal changes but merely made royal promises to the empire's subjects, and they were never fully implemented due to Christian nationalism and resentment among Muslim populations in these areas.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, the Western powers pressured Turkey to undertake further reforms, mainly to deprive the Russians, with whom peace negotiations were then under way, of any further pretense for intervention in the internal affairs of the Ottoman Empire. The result of these pressures was the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Reform_Edict_of_1856" title="Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856"><i>Hatt-ı Hümâyûn</i> (Imperial Rescript) of 18 February 1856</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edict_of_G%C3%BClhane&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the Edict of Gülhane was more complex, it consisted mainly of three demands. The first was a guaranteed insurance of the security of life of every subject. The direction of thought here being that if a subject's life is endangered, he/she can become a danger to others and the sultan, since people do many things out of fear in order to protect their health. If there is an absence of security to fortune, everyone is insensible to the government and public good. The second proposed a regular system of assessing and levying taxes, troops, and duration of service. Subjects would be taxed a quota determined by their means and a reduced military term would lessen the blow that occurred to industries when the men were away. This collection of demands can be summed up under the title of governmental impositions on subjects. This new system of taxing ended tax-farming and introduced taxing based on means rather than a flat rate. Finally, the third dealt with reformation in the area of human rights and the justice system. The accused were to be granted public trials; individuals could possess and dispose of property in freedom; and punishments were to fit the deed regardless of rank. Reward by merit was presented in this edict. Additionally, the edict emancipated minorities, which granted them the opportunity to be conscripted. However, conscription could be avoided by minorities if they paid the <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a>. This allowed minorities of means to avoid conscription and it allowed for the military to mostly maintain its purity of minorities. Below are some of the important clauses in detail:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clauses">Clauses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edict_of_G%C3%BClhane&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Clauses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the most important clauses are as follows: </p> <ul><li>In the future, the case of every accused party will be tried publicly, in <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">conformity</a> with our divine law. Until a regular sentence has been pronounced, no one can put another to death, secretly or publicly, by poison or any other form of punishment.</li> <li>No one will be permitted to assail the honor of any one, whosoever he may be.</li> <li>Every person will enjoy the possession of his property of every nature, and dispose of it with the most perfect liberty, without any one being able to impede him. Thus, for example, the innocent heirs of a criminal will not be deprived of their legal rights, and the property of the criminal will not be confiscated.</li> <li>These imperial concessions extend to all our subjects, whatever religion or sect they may belong to; and they will enjoy them without any exception.</li> <li>Perfect security is, therefore, granted by us to the inhabitants of the empire, with regard to their life, their honor, and their fortune, as the sacred text of our law demands.</li> <li>With reference to the other points, as they must be regulated the concurrence of enlightened opinions, our Council of Justice (augmented by as many new members as may deemed necessary), to whom will be adjoined, on certain days which we shall appoint our Ministers and the Notables of the Empire, will meet for the purpose of establishing the fundamental laws on those points relating to the security of life and property, and the imposition of the taxes. Every one in these assemblies will state his ideas freely, and "give his advice freely."</li> <li>The laws relating to the regulations of the military service will be discussed by the Military Council, holding its meetings at the Place of the <a href="/wiki/Serasker" title="Serasker">Serasker</a>. As soon as a law is decided upon, it will be presented to us, and in order that it may be eternally valid and applicable will confirm it by our sanction, written above it with our imperial hand.</li> <li>As these present institutions are solely intended for the regeneration of religion, government, the nation, and the Empire, we to do nothing which may be opposed to them.</li> <li>In testimony of our promise we will, after having deposited these presents in the hall containing the glorious mantle of the Prophet, in the presence of all the <i>ulama</i> and the grandees of the Empire, make oath thereto in the name of God, and shall afterwards cause the oath to be taken by the <i>ulama</i> and grandees of the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>After that, those from among the <i>ulama</i> or the grandees of the Empire, or any other person whatsoever who shall infringe these institutions, shall undergo, without respect of rank, position, and influence, the punishment corresponding to his crime, after the latter has been fully established. A penal code shall be compiled for that purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>As all the public servants of the Empire receive a suitable salary, and as the salaries of those whose duties have not up to the present time been sufficiently remunerated are to be fixed, a rigorous law shall be enacted against the traffic in favoritism and offices, which the divine law disapproves and which is one of the principal cause of the decay of the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Changes_and_effects_of_the_Edict_of_Gülhane"><span id="Changes_and_effects_of_the_Edict_of_G.C3.BClhane"></span>Changes and effects of the Edict of Gülhane</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edict_of_G%C3%BClhane&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Changes and effects of the Edict of Gülhane"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the changes instituted by the Edict of Gülhane:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Reformed how the state related to its subjects; a more modern and unmediated relationship was developed. This helped the state run more efficiently.</li> <li>Began secularization of the state through which a new legal system of the state emerged. A state, criminal law, with less stringent rules for prosecution, was introduced to supplement the <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a>, Sacred Law.</li> <li>Explosion in the bureaucracy which transformed the efficiency of the state. While in the old system bureaucrats had no salary and were paid fees by individuals, the changes brought on by the Edict of Gülhane established a state salary and gave them education.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edict_of_G%C3%BClhane&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimât Era</a> (3 November 1839 – 22 November 1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatt-%C4%B1_H%C3%BCmayun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatt-ı Hümayun">Hatt-ı Hümayun</a> (18 February 1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Confiscation in the Ottoman Empire">Confiscation in the Ottoman Empire</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edict_of_G%C3%BClhane&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edict_of_G%C3%BClhane&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Incorporates text from <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Ottoman_Turks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Ottoman Turks (page does not exist)">History of the Ottoman Turks</a></i> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Shepherd_Creasy" title="Edward Shepherd Creasy">Edward Shepherd Creasy</a>, <i>History of the Ottoman Turks; From the beginning of their empire to the present time,</i> 2 vols., London, Richard Bentley (1854–6); (1878); Beirut, Khayats (1961).</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAbu-Manneh2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Abu-Manneh, Butrus (2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_27541">"Gülhane, Edict of"</a></span>. In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (3rd ed.). Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=G%C3%BClhane%2C+Edict+of&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Abu-Manneh&rft.aufirst=Butrus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2F%2A-COM_27541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdict+of+G%C3%BClhane" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edict_of_G%C3%BClhane&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cfile227.uf.daum.net/image/1716B10C49BBD10B14279F">Postcard stamp</a> cfile227.uf.daum.net</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClevelandBunton2009" class="citation book cs1">Cleveland, William L; Bunton, Martin (2009). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historymodernmid00clev"><i>A History of the Modern Middle East</i></a></span> (4th ed.). Westview Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historymodernmid00clev/page/n105">83</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813343747" title="Special:BookSources/9780813343747"><bdi>9780813343747</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=83&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780813343747&rft.aulast=Cleveland&rft.aufirst=William+L&rft.au=Bunton%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorymodernmid00clev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdict+of+G%C3%BClhane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William L. Cleveland, A History of the Modern Middle East (Boulder: Westview Press, 2013), 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StraussConstp22-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StraussConstp22_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauss2010" class="citation book cs1">Strauss, Johann (2010). "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the <i>Kanun-ı Esasi</i> and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages". In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/menalib/download/pdf/2734659?originalFilename=true"><i>The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Wurzburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Wurzburg">Wurzburg</a>. pp. 21–51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Constitution+for+a+Multilingual+Empire%3A+Translations+of+the+Kanun-%C4%B1+Esasi+and+Other+Official+Texts+into+Minority+Languages&rft.btitle=The+First+Ottoman+Experiment+in+Democracy&rft.place=Wurzburg&rft.pages=21-51&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Johann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmenadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de%2Fmenalib%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F2734659%3ForiginalFilename%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdict+of+G%C3%BClhane" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/urn/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:5-91645">info page on book</a> at <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther University">Martin Luther University</a>) - Cited: p. 22 (PDF p. 24)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StraussConstp23-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StraussConstp23_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauss2010" class="citation book cs1">Strauss, Johann (2010). "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the <i>Kanun-ı Esasi</i> and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages". In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/menalib/download/pdf/2734659?originalFilename=true"><i>The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Wurzburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Wurzburg">Wurzburg</a>. pp. 21–51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Constitution+for+a+Multilingual+Empire%3A+Translations+of+the+Kanun-%C4%B1+Esasi+and+Other+Official+Texts+into+Minority+Languages&rft.btitle=The+First+Ottoman+Experiment+in+Democracy&rft.place=Wurzburg&rft.pages=21-51&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Johann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmenadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de%2Fmenalib%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F2734659%3ForiginalFilename%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdict+of+G%C3%BClhane" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/urn/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:5-91645">info page on book</a> at <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther University">Martin Luther University</a>) - Cited: p. 23 (PDF p. 25)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cleveland 76–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert J. Liebesny <i>The law of the Near and Middle East readings, cases, and materials</i>, Albany: State University of New York Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebesny1975" class="citation book cs1">Liebesny, Herbert (1975). <i>The law of the Near and Middle East readings, cases, and materials</i>. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 49–52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+law+of+the+Near+and+Middle+East+readings%2C+cases%2C+and+materials&rft.pages=49-52&rft.pub=Albany%3A+State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Liebesny&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdict+of+G%C3%BClhane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edict_of_G%C3%BClhane&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Greek version: D. Gkines and V. Mexas, Ελληνική Βιβλιογραφία 1800-1863 (Athens, Grapheion Dēmosieumatōn tēs Akadēmias Athēnōn, 1939-1957), vol. 1, no. 3165.</li> <li>Earlier French version: <i><a href="/wiki/Moniteur_Ottoman" class="mw-redirect" title="Moniteur Ottoman">Moniteur Ottoman</a></i> (27 November 1839, p. 2065).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edict_of_G%C3%BClhane&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anayasa.gen.tr/gulhane.htm">The Rescript of Gülhane – Gülhane Hatt-ı Hümayunu (3 November 1839)</a> - Translated into English, posted by the Atatürk Institute of Modern Turkish History of <a href="/wiki/Bo%C4%9Fazi%C3%A7i_University" title="Boğaziçi University">Boğaziçi University</a> - The translator's name is not stated. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040421065847/https://www.ata.boun.edu.tr/Department%20Webpages/ATA_517/The%20Edict%20of%20Gulhane,%203%20November%201839.doc">Alternate link</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/tr1839.htm">French version</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Perpignan" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Perpignan">University of Perpignan</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edict_of_Gülhane&oldid=1258227670">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edict_of_Gülhane&oldid=1258227670</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tanzimat" title="Category:Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Law of the Ottoman Empire">Law of the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1839_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:1839 in the Ottoman Empire">1839 in the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edicts" title="Category:Edicts">Edicts</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2023">Use dmy dates from April 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 20:51<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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