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li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional history of Turkey">Constitutional history of<br />Turkey</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_Parliament_1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ottoman_Parliament_1877.jpg/225px-Ottoman_Parliament_1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ottoman_Parliament_1877.jpg/338px-Ottoman_Parliament_1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ottoman_Parliament_1877.jpg/450px-Ottoman_Parliament_1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="505" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">First Ottoman Parliament at the <a href="/wiki/Old_Dar%C3%BClf%C3%BCnun_building" title="Old Darülfünun building">Old Darülfünun building</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Constitutional documents</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charter of Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_G%C3%BClhane" title="Edict of Gülhane">Edict of Gülhane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Reform_Edict_of_1856" title="Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856">Edict of 1856</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Constitutions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman constitution of 1876">1876</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1921" title="Turkish Constitution of 1921">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1924" title="Turkish Constitution of 1924">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1961" title="Turkish Constitution of 1961">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">1982</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Referendums</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1961_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="1961 Turkish constitutional referendum">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="1982 Turkish constitutional referendum">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="1987 Turkish constitutional referendum">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="1988 Turkish constitutional referendum">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2007 Turkish constitutional referendum">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2010 Turkish constitutional referendum">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2017 Turkish constitutional referendum">2017</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MahmutII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/MahmutII.jpg/220px-MahmutII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/MahmutII.jpg/330px-MahmutII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/MahmutII.jpg/440px-MahmutII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>Mahmut II</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustafa_bairakdar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mustafa_bairakdar.jpg/220px-Mustafa_bairakdar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mustafa_bairakdar.jpg/330px-Mustafa_bairakdar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mustafa_bairakdar.jpg/440px-Mustafa_bairakdar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption>Alemdar Mustafa Pasha</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Charter of Alliance</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: <span lang="ota" dir="rtl">سند إتّفاق</span>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Sened-i İttifak</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>Deed of Agreement</b> was a treaty between the <a href="/wiki/Grand_vizier" title="Grand vizier">grand vizier</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and a number of powerful local rulers signed in 1808, in an attempt to regulate their power and relations with the central Ottoman government. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charter_of_Alliance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Ottoman Empire, agricultural land was considered to be the sultan's private estate. These estates (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">dirlik</i>) were granted to cavalrymen (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">tımarlı sipahi</i>, "<a href="/wiki/Timariot" class="mw-redirect" title="Timariot">timariot</a> <a href="/wiki/Sipahi" title="Sipahi">sipahis</a>") in return for their military services during war. The system was similar to the <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a> system of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a>, except that the land was non-inheritable, precluding the rise of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> in the Ottoman Empire. However, during the <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of the Ottoman Empire">Empire's decline</a> in the 18th century, two factors provoked a kind of feudalism: </p> <ul><li>The advance in military technology, which rendered the Ottoman cavalry far less effective.</li> <li>Loss of profitable land and almost continuous wars forced the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Porte" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Porte">Ottoman Porte</a> to collect more tax and to appoint tax collectors to provinces.</li></ul> <p>The cavalrymen were replaced by the tax collectors and local military rulers who were called <a href="/wiki/Derebey" title="Derebey">derebeys</a> ("river lords") or <b>ayan</b>. These powerful local leaders formed de facto local dynasties supported by considerable military power. By the end of the 18th century, the authority of the sultan had become almost non-existent outside the capital <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, and the empire had become highly decentralized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alemdar_Mustafa's_rise_to_Grand_Vizier"><span id="Alemdar_Mustafa.27s_rise_to_Grand_Vizier"></span>Alemdar Mustafa's rise to Grand Vizier</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charter_of_Alliance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Alemdar Mustafa's rise to Grand Vizier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alemdar_Mustafa_Pasha" title="Alemdar Mustafa Pasha">Alemdar Mustafa Pasha</a> an ayan in <a href="/wiki/Rus%C3%A7uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusçuk">Rusçuk</a> (Ruse, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>) was supporting the reformist Sultan <a href="/wiki/Selim_III" title="Selim III">Selim III</a> (reigned 1789–1807). After Selim III was dethroned, Alemdar marched to Istanbul to reenthrone Selim III. However Selim had been killed by the new Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_IV" title="Mustafa IV">Mustafa IV</a> (reigned 1807-1808). Alemdar dethroned Mustafa IV and enthroned his brother <a href="/wiki/Mahmut_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmut II">Mahmut II</a> (reigned 1808–1839). To show gratitude, Mahmut II appointed Alemdar as his <a href="/wiki/Grand_vizier" title="Grand vizier">grand vizier</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Charter_of_Alliance">The Charter of Alliance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charter_of_Alliance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Charter of Alliance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number of notables who participated in the negotiations is not known. However, the sources mention <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Bey_Capano%C4%9Flu" class="mw-redirect" title="Süleyman Bey Capanoğlu">Çapanoğlu Süleyman Bey</a> from Bozok (Yozgat), <a href="/wiki/Karaosmano%C4%9Flu_family" title="Karaosmanoğlu family">Karaosmanoğlu</a> Ömer Ağa from Manisa, <a href="/wiki/Isfendiyarids" class="mw-redirect" title="Isfendiyarids">İsmâil Bey</a> from Siroz, Ahmed Ağa from <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eile" title="Şile">Şile</a>, Bolu Voivode Hacıahmedoğlu Seyyid İbrâhim Ağa, Bilecik notable Kalyoncu Mustafa Bey and Çirmen governor.<sup id="cite_ref-tdv2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tdv2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally one of the ayans himself, Alemdar tried to end the chaos in the empire by a treaty. He invited other ayans to <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>. Although only four of them showed up, Alemdar and they signed a document called the "Charter of Alliance" (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Sened’i İttifak</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 29 September 1808. The terms were </p> <ol><li>The ayans promised to show respect to the Sultan.</li> <li>The ayans agreed to assign their military units in the Sultan's army.</li> <li>The ayans promised to help to protect the Sultan's treasury.</li> <li>The ayans promised to obey the orders given by the Grand Vizier under the condition that the orders were not illegal. The ayans also agreed not to interfere in other ayans' sphere of influence.</li> <li>The Sublime Porte legitimised the ayans and their estates. Furthermore, the estates were declared inheritable.</li> <li>The ayans promised to support the Sultan against revolts.</li> <li>The Grand Vizier promised to consult with the ayans to solve taxation problems, while ayans promised not to oppress the poor.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_Magna_Carta">Comparison with Magna Carta</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charter_of_Alliance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Comparison with Magna Carta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to some historians,<sup id="cite_ref-Aksin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aksin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Charter of Alliance was a form of Turkish <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>. Others, however;<sup id="cite_ref-Aksin_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aksin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> point out that the Charter, signed in the first half of the 19th century, can't be compared to Magna Carta of the 13th century. Overall Magna Carta was a more detailed and developed document geared toward resolving certain power conflicts, especially its first clause guaranteeing the liberty of the English church, and others involving taxation. The similarities, according to Sina Akşin, are mainly in the clauses about taxation and the spiritual power. Akşin notes some significant differences in Magna Carta like trial by jury not found in the Sened-i İttifak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charter_of_Alliance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In any case, the Charter was short-lived. According to the treaty, Alemdar's successors would also sign the treaty. But after Alemdar's death no Grand Vizier ratified the treaty, probably due to the sultan's only half-hearted support to it.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sultan saw this treaty as a challenge to his prestige.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following years however the energetic Sultan fought against the ayans and was able to subdue most of them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charter_of_Alliance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>İnalcık, H. (1964). Sened-i İttifak ve Gülhane Hatt-ı Hümayunu. Belleten Dergisi, C.128, S.112, 603-622.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Cevdet_Pa%C5%9Fa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmet Cevdet Paşa">Ahmet Cevdet Paşa</a> (1861). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tarihicevdet0001ah/page/n9/mode/2up?q=%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF+%D8%A5%D8%AA%D9%91%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82">Tarih-i Cevdet</a></i>. C.9, Dersaadet: Matbaa-i Osmaniye</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charter_of_Alliance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiflik_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiflik (Ottoman Empire)">Chiflik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_process_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional process in Turkey">Constitutional process in Turkey</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charter_of_Alliance&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/sened-i-ittifak">"Sened-i ittifak"</a>. <i>Islam Ansikopedisi</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Islam+Ansikopedisi&rft.atitle=Sened-i+ittifak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamansiklopedisi.org.tr%2Fsened-i-ittifak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharter+of+Alliance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tdv2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tdv2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFALİ_AKYILDIZ" class="citation web cs1">ALİ AKYILDIZ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210831122254/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/sened-i-ittifak">"SENED-i İTTİFAK سند إتّفاق"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m_Ansiklopedisi" title="İslâm Ansiklopedisi">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/sened-i-ittifak">the original</a> on 31 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m+Ansiklopedisi&rft.atitle=SENED-i+%C4%B0TT%C4%B0FAK+%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF+%D8%A5%D8%AA%D9%91%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82&rft.au=AL%C4%B0+AKYILDIZ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamansiklopedisi.org.tr%2Fsened-i-ittifak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharter+of+Alliance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anayasa.gen.tr/senediittifak.htm">Constitution page <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aksin-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aksin_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aksin_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sina Akşin: <i>Türkiye Tarihi</i>, Cem yayınevi,İstanbul, 2009, vol 3 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-406-565-9" title="Special:BookSources/975-406-565-9">975-406-565-9</a>, p 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lord Kinross: <i>The Ottoman centuries</i> (trans:Meral Gaspıralı) Altın Kitaplar,İstanbul, 2008,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-21-0955-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-21-0955-1">978-975-21-0955-1</a>, p 438</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: <i>Türkiye tarihi Cilt IV</i>, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 p 173</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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