CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Turks in Algeria - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a78f01ed-ea61-44ca-bf8f-bf8c63d88420","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Turks_in_Algeria","wgTitle":"Turks in Algeria","wgCurRevisionId":1256426015,"wgRevisionId":1256426015,"wgArticleId":34960137,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 errors: generic name","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles containing Turkish-language text","Ethnic groups in Algeria","Ethnic Turkish people by country of citizenship","Algerian people of Turkish descent","Turkish diaspora by country","Turkish diaspora in Africa"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Turks_in_Algeria","wgRelevantArticleId":34960137, "wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticles":{"Turks in Tunisia":true,"Turkish diaspora":true,"Turkic peoples":true},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7855498","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList", "mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP", "ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8f/Turkish_women_of_Algeria_%281876-1888%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="798"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8f/Turkish_women_of_Algeria_%281876-1888%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="532"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="426"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Turks in Algeria - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Algeria"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Turks_in_Algeria&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Algeria"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Turks_in_Algeria rootpage-Turks_in_Algeria skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Turks+in+Algeria" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Turks+in+Algeria" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Turks+in+Algeria" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Turks+in+Algeria" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ottoman_era_(1515–1830)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_era_(1515–1830)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Ottoman era (1515–1830) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_era_(1515–1830)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recruiting_the_military-administrative_elite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recruiting_the_military-administrative_elite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Recruiting the military-administrative elite </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recruiting_the_military-administrative_elite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriages_to_local_women_and_the_Kuloğlus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages_to_local_women_and_the_Kuloğlus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Marriages to local women and the Kuloğlus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriages_to_local_women_and_the_Kuloğlus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_era_(1830–1962)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_era_(1830–1962)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 French era (1830–1962) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_era_(1830–1962)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Areas_of_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Areas_of_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Areas of settlement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Areas_of_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_surnames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_surnames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Common surnames </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Common_surnames-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Common surnames subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Common_surnames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_provenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_provenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 By provenance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_provenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 By occupation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_surnames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_surnames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Other surnames </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_surnames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Turks in Algeria</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 7 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" > 7 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="تركمان الجزائر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تركمان الجزائر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="الجزایر تورک‌‌‌لری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الجزایر تورک‌‌‌لری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ترک‌های الجزایر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترک‌های الجزایر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcs_en_Alg%C3%A9rie" title="Turcs en Algérie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Turcs en Algérie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%84%DB%95_%D8%AC%DB%95%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="تورک لە جەزائیر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تورک لە جەزائیر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cezayir_T%C3%BCrkleri" title="Cezayir Türkleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cezayir Türkleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E4%BA%BA" title="阿爾及利亞的土耳其人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿爾及利亞的土耳其人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7855498#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Algeria" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Turks_in_Algeria" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Algeria">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turks_in_Algeria&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turks_in_Algeria&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Algeria">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turks_in_Algeria&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turks_in_Algeria&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Turks_in_Algeria" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Turks_in_Algeria" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turks_in_Algeria&oldid=1256426015" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turks_in_Algeria&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Turks_in_Algeria&id=1256426015&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTurks_in_Algeria">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTurks_in_Algeria">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Turks_in_Algeria&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turks_in_Algeria&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7855498" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Community in Algeria</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_women_of_Algeria_(1876-1888).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/Turkish_women_of_Algeria_%281876-1888%29.jpg/220px-Turkish_women_of_Algeria_%281876-1888%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/Turkish_women_of_Algeria_%281876-1888%29.jpg/330px-Turkish_women_of_Algeria_%281876-1888%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8f/Turkish_women_of_Algeria_%281876-1888%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="258" /></a><figcaption>Turkish women of Algeria in their traditional dress (c. 1876–1888).</figcaption></figure> The Turks in Algeria, also commonly referred to as Algerian Turks,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Algerian-Turkish<a href="#cite_note-Knauss_1987_loc=19-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Algero-Turkish<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and Turkish-Algerians<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> were the ethnic <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> and renegades who emigrated to Algeria during the Ottoman period. A significant number of Turks intermarried with the native population, and the male offspring of these marriages were referred to as <a href="/wiki/Kouloughlis" title="Kouloughlis">Kouloughlis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: kuloğlu) due to their mixed Turkish and central <a href="/wiki/Maghrebis" title="Maghrebis">Maghrebi</a> heritage.<a href="#cite_note-Stone_1997_loc=29-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> However, in general, intermarriage was discouraged, in order to preserve the "Turkishness" of the community.<a href="#cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=330-12">[12]</a> Consequently, the terms "Turks" and "Kouloughlis" have traditionally been used to distinguish between those of full and partial Turkish ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-Miltoun-13">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turks_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_era_(1515–1830)">Ottoman era (1515–1830)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turks_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ottoman era (1515–1830)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbarossa_Hayreddin_Pasha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Barbarossa_Hayreddin_Pasha.jpg/220px-Barbarossa_Hayreddin_Pasha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Barbarossa_Hayreddin_Pasha.jpg/330px-Barbarossa_Hayreddin_Pasha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Barbarossa_Hayreddin_Pasha.jpg/440px-Barbarossa_Hayreddin_Pasha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">admiral</a>, was the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a> (Ottoman Algeria).</figcaption></figure> The foundation of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Ottoman Algeria</a> was directly linked to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> province (<a href="/wiki/Beylerbeylik_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beylerbeylik (Ottoman Empire)">beylerbeylik</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> at the beginning of the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=325-14">[14]</a> At the time, fearing that their city would fall into <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> hands, the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> called upon Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">corsairs</a> for help.<a href="#cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=325-14">[14]</a> Headed by <a href="/wiki/Oru%C3%A7_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruç Reis">Oruç Reis</a> and his brother <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a>, they took over the rule of the city and started to expand their territory into the surrounding areas. Sultan <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a> (r. 1512–20) agreed to assume control of the Maghreb regions ruled by Hayreddin as a province, granting the rank of governor-general (<a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">beylerbey</a>) to Hayreddin. In addition, the Sultan sent 2,000 janissaries, accompanied by about 4,000 volunteers to the newly established Ottoman province of the Maghreb, whose capital was to be the city of Algiers.<a href="#cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=325-14">[14]</a> These Turks, mainly from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, called each other "yoldaş" (a <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> word meaning "comrade") and called their sons born of unions with local women "<a href="/wiki/Kouloughlis" title="Kouloughlis">Kuloğlus</a>", which implied that they considered their children's status as that of the Sultan's servants.<a href="#cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=325-14">[14]</a> Likewise, to indicate in the registers that a certain person is an offspring of a Turk and a local woman, the note "ibn al-turki" (or "kuloglu") was added to his name.<a href="#cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=328-15">[15]</a> The exceptionally-high number of Turks greatly affected the character of the city of <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> and that of the province at large. In 1587, the province was divided into three different provinces, which were established where the modern states of <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> were to emerge. Each of the provinces was headed by a <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">Pasha</a> sent from <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> for a three-year term. The division of the Maghreb launched the process that led eventually to the janissary corps' rule over the province.<a href="#cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=326-16">[16]</a> From the end of the 16th century, Algiers's Ottoman elite chose to emphasise its Turkish identity and to nurture its Turkish character to a point at which it became an ideology.<a href="#cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=326-16">[16]</a> The lifestyle, language, religion, and area of origin of the Ottoman elite's members created remarkable differences between the Algerian Ottoman elite and the indigenous population.<a href="#cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=327-17">[17]</a> For example, members of the elite adhered to <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> law while the rest of the population subscribed to the <a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki school</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=327-17">[17]</a> Most of the elites originated from non-Arab regions of the Empire. Furthermore, most members of the elite spoke <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a> while the local population spoke <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Arabic" title="Algerian Arabic">Algerian Arabic</a> and even differed from the rest of the population in their dress.<a href="#cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=327-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recruiting_the_military-administrative_elite">Recruiting the military-administrative elite</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turks_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Recruiting the military-administrative elite">edit</a>]</div> From its establishment, the military-administrative elite worked to reinvigorate itself by enlisting volunteers from non-Arab regions of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, mainly from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=328-15">[15]</a> Hence, local recruiting of <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> was almost unheard of and during the 18th century a more or less permanent network of recruiting officers was kept in some coastal Anatolian cities and on some of the islands of the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=329-18">[18]</a> The recruitment policy was therefore one of the means employed to perpetuate the Turkishness of the Ottoman elite and was practiced until the fall of the province in 1830.<a href="#cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=329-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marriages_to_local_women_and_the_Kuloğlus">Marriages to local women and the Kuloğlus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turks_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Marriages to local women and the Kuloğlus">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadj_Ahmed_Bey_el_kolli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hadj_Ahmed_Bey_el_kolli.jpg/220px-Hadj_Ahmed_Bey_el_kolli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hadj_Ahmed_Bey_el_kolli.jpg/330px-Hadj_Ahmed_Bey_el_kolli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hadj_Ahmed_Bey_el_kolli.jpg/440px-Hadj_Ahmed_Bey_el_kolli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Contrary to all custom, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Bey_ben_Mohamed_Ch%C3%A9rif" title="Ahmed Bey ben Mohamed Chérif">Ahmed Bey ben Mohamed Chérif</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Kouloughli" class="mw-redirect" title="Kouloughli">kouloughli</a>, was the last Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Bey</a> of <a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a>, ruling from 1826 to 1848.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> </figcaption></figure> During the 18th century, the militia practiced a restrictive policy on marriages between its members and local women. A married soldier would lose his right of residence in one of the city's eight barracks and the daily ration of bread to which he was entitled. He would also lose his right to purchase a variety of products at a preferential price.<a href="#cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=329-18">[18]</a> Nonetheless, the militia's marriage policy made clear distinctions among holders of different ranks: the higher the rank, the more acceptable the marriage of its holder.<a href="#cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=330-12">[12]</a> This policy can be understood as part of the Ottoman elite's effort to perpetuate its Turkishness and to maintain its segregation from the rest of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=330-12">[12]</a> Furthermore, the militia's marriage policy, in part, emerged from fear of an increase in the number of the kuloğlus.<a href="#cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=331-20">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kouloughlis" title="Kouloughlis">kuloğlus</a> refer to the male offspring of members of the Ottoman elite and the local Algerian women.<a href="#cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=331-20">[20]</a> Due to their link to the local Algerian population via his maternal family, the kuloğlus' loyalty to the Ottoman elite was suspected because of the fear that they might develop another loyalty and so they were considered a potential danger to the elite.<a href="#cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=331-20">[20]</a> However, the son of a non-local woman, herself an "outsider" in the local population, represented no such danger to the Ottoman elite. Therefore, the Algerian Ottoman elite had a clear policy dictating the perpetuation of its character as a special social group, which was separated from the local population.<a href="#cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=331-20">[20]</a> Nonetheless, John Douglas Ruedy points out that the kuloğlus also sought to protect their Turkishness: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"Proud and distinctive appearing, Kouloughlis often pretended to speak only <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> and insisted on worshipping in <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> [i.e. Ottoman-built] mosques with men of their own ethnic background. In times of emergency they were called upon to supplement the forces of the ojaq."<a href="#cite_note-Ruedy_2005_loc=35-21">[21]</a></blockquote> In the neighbouring province of Tunisia, the maintenance of the Turkishness of the ruling group was not insisted upon, and the kuloğlus could reach the highest ranks of government. However, the janissary corps had lost its supremacy first to the <a href="/wiki/Muradid_dynasty" title="Muradid dynasty">Muradid dynasty</a> (Murad Bey's son was appointed bey), and then to the <a href="/wiki/Husainid_dynasty" title="Husainid dynasty">Husainid dynasty</a>. The Tunisian situation partly explains the continuation of the Algerian janissary corps' recruitment policy and the manifest will to distance the kuloğlus from the real centres of power.<a href="#cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=332-22">[22]</a> Nonetheless, high-ranking kuloğlus were in the service of the ocak, in military and in administrative capacities, occupying posts explicitly considered out of bounds for them; although there were no kuloğlus who was <a href="/wiki/Dey" title="Dey">dey</a> during the 18th century, this seems to be the only exception.<a href="#cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=333-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_era_(1830–1962)">French era (1830–1962)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turks_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: French era (1830–1962)">edit</a>]</div> Once Algeria came under French colonial rule in 1830, approximately 10,000 Turks were expelled and shipped off to <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a>; moreover, many Turks (alongside other natives) fled to other regions of the Ottoman realms, particularly to <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kateb_2001_loc=50-51-24">[24]</a> Nonetheless, by 1832, many Algerian-Turkish descended families, who had not left Algeria, joined a coalition with <a href="/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader" title="Emir Abdelkader">Emir Abdelkader</a> in order to forge the beginning of a powerful resistance movement against French colonial rule.<a href="#cite_note-Knauss_1987_loc=19-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turks_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ketchaoua_Mosque_restoration_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ketchaoua_Mosque_restoration_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Ketchaoua_Mosque_restoration_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ketchaoua_Mosque_restoration_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Ketchaoua_Mosque_restoration_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ketchaoua_Mosque_restoration_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Ketchaoua_Mosque_restoration_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="1281" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ketchaoua_Mosque" title="Ketchaoua Mosque">Ketchaoua Mosque</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Keçiova Camii<a href="#cite_note-Yenişehirlioğlu-25">[25]</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> was built in 1612 by the Ottoman Turks. It was recently restored by the Turkish government.</figcaption></figure> Due to the three centuries of Ottoman rule in Algeria, today many cultural (particularly in regards to food, religion, and dress - and to a lesser extent language), architectural, as well as musical elements of Algeria are of Turkish origin or influence. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turks_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> During the Ottoman era, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish language</a> was the official governing language in the region, and the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a> was spoken mostly by the Algerian Turkish community.<a href="#cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=327-17">[17]</a> However, today most Algerian Turks speak the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a> as their mother tongue. Nonetheless, the legacy of the Turkish language is still apparent and has influenced many words and vocabulary in Algeria. An estimated 634 Turkish words are still used in Algeria today.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Therefore, in <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Arabic" title="Algerian Arabic">Algerian Arabic</a> it is possible for a single sentence to include an Arabic subject, a French verb, and for the predicate to be in Berber or Turkish.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Moreover, families of Turkish origin have retained their Turkish family surnames; common names include Barbaros, Hayreddin, Osmanî, Stambouli, Torki, Turki, and Uluçali; job titles or functions have also become family names within the Algerian-Turkish community (such as Hazneci, Demirci, Başterzi, Silahtar).<a href="#cite_note-slateafrique-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-alturkiyya-29">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pasha_mosque_Oran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Pasha_mosque_Oran.jpg/220px-Pasha_mosque_Oran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Pasha_mosque_Oran.jpg/330px-Pasha_mosque_Oran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Pasha_mosque_Oran.jpg/440px-Pasha_mosque_Oran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Basha_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Basha Mosque">Hassan Pasha Mosque</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Paşa Camii<a href="#cite_note-Yenişehirlioğlu-25">[25]</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a> was built in 1797 by the Ottoman Turks.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turks_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> The Ottoman Turks brought the teaching of the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> law of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> to Algeria; consequently, their lifestyle created remarkable differences between the Ottoman Turks and the indigenous population because the ethnic Arabs and Berbers practiced the <a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki school</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=327-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gordon-30">[30]</a> Today, the Hanafi school is still practiced among the Turkish descended families. Moreover, the Ottoman mosques in Algeria - which are still used by the Turkish minority - are distinguishable by their octagonal minarets which were built in accordance with the traditions of the Hanafi rite.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turks_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> Today the Turkish heritage in Algeria is most notably present in their <a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">cuisine</a> which they have introduced to Algeria (such as <a href="/wiki/Turkish_coffee" title="Turkish coffee">Turkish coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahmacun" title="Lahmacun">Lahmacun</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6rek" title="Börek">Böreks</a>, desserts and pastries).<a href="#cite_note-slateafrique-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turks_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Areas_of_settlement">Areas of settlement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turks_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Areas of settlement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ain_turck,_Oran_Province_(Algeria).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ain_turck%2C_Oran_Province_%28Algeria%29.JPG/220px-Ain_turck%2C_Oran_Province_%28Algeria%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ain_turck%2C_Oran_Province_%28Algeria%29.JPG/330px-Ain_turck%2C_Oran_Province_%28Algeria%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ain_turck%2C_Oran_Province_%28Algeria%29.JPG/440px-Ain_turck%2C_Oran_Province_%28Algeria%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_El_Turk" title="Aïn El Turk">Aïn El Turk</a> (the "Fountain of the Turks") in <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a> is one of several regions in Algeria named after the Turks.</figcaption></figure> During the Ottoman era, urban society in the coastal cities of Algeria evolved into an ethnic mix of Arabs, Berbers, Turks and Kouloughlis as well as other ethnic groups (Moors, and Jews).<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Thus, the Turks settled mainly in the big cities of Algeria and formed their own Turkish quarters; remnants of these old Turkish quarters are still visible today,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> such as in <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> (particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Casbah_of_Algiers" title="Casbah of Algiers">Casbah</a>)<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shrader-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Annaba" title="Annaba">Annaba</a>,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Biskra" title="Biskra">Biskra</a>,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bou%C3%AFra" title="Bouïra">Bouïra</a>,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9d%C3%A9a" title="Médéa">Médéa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopaedia-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mostaganem" title="Mostaganem">Mostaganem</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopaedia-42">[42]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a> (such as in La Moune<a href="#cite_note-Shrader-37">[37]</a> and the areas near the <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Basha_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Basha Mosque">Hassan Basha Mosque</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a>). Indeed, today, the descendants of Ottoman-Turkish settlers continue to live in the big cities.<a href="#cite_note-OBG-44">[44]</a> In particular, the Turks have traditionally had a strong presence in the <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen_Province" title="Tlemcen Province">Tlemcen Province</a>; alongside the Moors, they continue to make up a significant portion of <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a>'s population and live within their own sectors of the city.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-46">[46]</a> The Turkish minority have traditionally also had notable populations in various other cities and towns; there is an established Turkish community in <a href="/wiki/Arzew" title="Arzew">Arzew</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Emile-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bougie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bougie">Bougie</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Britannica1926-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Berrouaghia" title="Berrouaghia">Berrouaghia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell">Cherchell</a>,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Britannica1926-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Djidjelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Djidjelli">Djidjelli</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Britannica1926-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mascara,_Algeria" title="Mascara, Algeria">Mascara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazagran,_Algeria" title="Mazagran, Algeria">Mazagran</a><a href="#cite_note-Emile-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oued_Zitoun" title="Oued Zitoun">Oued Zitoun</a>,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9bessa" title="Tébessa">Tebessa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica1926-48">[48]</a> There is also an established community in <a href="/wiki/Kabylie" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabylie">Kabylie</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Tizi_Ouzou" title="Tizi Ouzou">Tizi Ouzou</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> and Zammora). Moreover, several suburbs, towns and cities, which have been inhabited by the Turks for centuries, have been named after Ottoman rulers, Turkish families or the Turks in general, including: the <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_El_Turk" title="Aïn El Turk">Aïn El Turk</a> district (literally "Fountain of the Turks") in <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a>, the town of <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Torki" title="Aïn Torki">Aïn Torki</a> in the <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Defla_Province" title="Aïn Defla Province">Aïn Defla Province</a>, the <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Turk,_Bou%C3%AFra" title="Aïn Turk, Bouïra">Aïn Turk</a> commune in <a href="/wiki/Bou%C3%AFra" title="Bouïra">Bouïra</a>, the town of <a href="/wiki/Bir_Kasdali" title="Bir Kasdali">Bir Kasdali</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bir_Kasd_Ali_District" title="Bir Kasd Ali District">Bir Kasd Ali District</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bordj_Bou_Arr%C3%A9ridj_Province" title="Bordj Bou Arréridj Province">Bordj Bou Arréridj Province</a>,<a href="#cite_note-cheriguen-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=61-53">[53]</a> the town of <a href="/wiki/Bougara" title="Bougara">Bougara</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bougara_District" title="Bougara District">Bougara District</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Blida_Province" title="Blida Province">Blida Province</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=47-54">[54]</a> the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Dey_(commune)" title="Hussein Dey (commune)">Hussein Dey</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Dey_District" title="Hussein Dey District">Hussein Dey District</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Algiers_Province" title="Algiers Province">Algiers Province</a>, as well as the town of <a href="/wiki/Salah_Bey_(town)" title="Salah Bey (town)">Salah Bey</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Salah_Bey_District" title="Salah Bey District">Salah Bey District</a> in the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9tif_Province" title="Sétif Province">Sétif Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zemouli-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turks_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Diaspora">edit</a>]</div> There are many Algerian Turks who have emigrated to other countries and hence make up part of Algeria's diaspora. Initially, the first wave of migration occurred in 1830 when many Turks were forced to leave the region once the French took control over Algeria; approximately 10,000 were shipped off to <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> whilst many others migrated to other regions of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kateb_2001_loc=50-51-24">[24]</a> Furthermore, some Turkish/Kouloughli families also settled in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> (such as in <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a> and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9touan" title="Tétouan">Tétouan</a>).<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_surnames">Common surnames</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turks_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Common surnames">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_provenance">By provenance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turks_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: By provenance">edit</a>]</div> The following list are examples of Turkish origin surnames which express an ethnic and provenance origin from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Thrace">Eastern Thrace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> - regions which today form the modern borders of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a>: <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Surname used in Algeria</th> <th>Turkish</th> <th>English translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>Baghlali</td> <td>Bağlılı</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%9Fl%C4%B1,_Yenice" title="Bağlı, Yenice">Bağlı</a> (in <a href="/wiki/%C3%87anakkale" title="Çanakkale">Çanakkale</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=42-57">[57]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bayasli</td> <td>Payaslı</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Payas" title="Payas">Payas</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=44-58">[58]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Benkasdali Benkazdali</td> <td>Ben Kazdağılı</td> <td>I am from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida_(Turkey)" title="Mount Ida (Turkey)">Kazdağı</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=61-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=62-59">[59]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Benmarchali</td> <td>Ben Maraşlı</td> <td>I am from <a href="/wiki/Kahramanmara%C5%9F" title="Kahramanmaraş">Maraş</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=46-60">[60]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Benterki</td> <td>Ben Türk</td> <td>I am <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turk/Turkish</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=47-54">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bentiurki Benturki</td> <td>Ben Türk</td> <td>I am <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turk/Turkish</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=47-54">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ben Turkia Ben Turkiya</td> <td>Ben Türkiye</td> <td>I am [from] <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=47-54">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bersali Borsali Borsari Borsla</td> <td>Bursalı</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=47-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=48-61">[61]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Boubiasli</td> <td>Payaslı</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Payas" title="Payas">Payas</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=44-58">[58]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chatli</td> <td>Çatlı</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/%C3%87at" title="Çat">Çat</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=65-62">[62]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chilali</td> <td>Şileli</td> <td>from Şileli (in <a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n" title="Aydın">Aydın</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=66-63">[63]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cholli</td> <td>Çullu</td> <td>from Çullu (in <a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n" title="Aydın">Aydın</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=66-63">[63]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Coulourli</td> <td>Kuloğlu</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kouloughlis" title="Kouloughlis">Kouloughli</a> (mixed <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> and Algerian origin)<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=63-64">[64]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dengezli Denizli Denzeli</td> <td>Denizli</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Denizli" title="Denizli">Denizli</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=51-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dernali</td> <td>Edirneli</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=50-66">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Djabali</td> <td>Cebali</td> <td>from Cebali (a suburb in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=52-67">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Djeghdali</td> <td>Çağataylı</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a> (Turkic language)<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=54-68">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Djitli</td> <td>Çitli</td> <td>from Çit (in <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=55-69">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Douali</td> <td>Develi</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Develi" title="Develi">Develi</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Kayseri" title="Kayseri">Kayseri</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=50-66">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guellati</td> <td>Galatalı</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Galata" title="Galata">Galata</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=54-68">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kamen</td> <td>Kaman</td> <td>Kaman (in <a href="/wiki/Nev%C5%9Fehir" title="Nevşehir">Nevşehir</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=60-70">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Karabaghli</td> <td>Karabağlı</td> <td>from Karabağ (in <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=60-70">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Karadaniz</td> <td>Karadeniz</td> <td>from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> region<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=60-70">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Karaman</td> <td>Karaman</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Karaman" title="Karaman">Karaman</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=60-70">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kasdali Kasdarli</td> <td>Kazdağılı</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida_(Turkey)" title="Mount Ida (Turkey)">Kazdağı</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=61-53">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kaya Kayali</td> <td>Kayalı</td> <td>from Kaya (applies to the villages in <a href="/wiki/Mu%C4%9Fla" title="Muğla">Muğla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artvin" title="Artvin">Artvin</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=61-53">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kebzili</td> <td>Gebzeli</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Gebze" title="Gebze">Gebze</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Kocaeli_Province" title="Kocaeli Province">Kocaeli</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=61-53">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Keicerli</td> <td>Kayserili</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Kayseri" title="Kayseri">Kayseri</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=62-59">[59]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kermeli</td> <td>Kermeli</td> <td>from the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Kerme" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Kerme">Gulf of Kerme</a> (Gökova)<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=61-53">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kezdali</td> <td>Kazdağılı</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida_(Turkey)" title="Mount Ida (Turkey)">Kazdağı</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=62-59">[59]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kissarli Kisserli</td> <td>Kayserili</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Kayseri" title="Kayseri">Kayseri</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=62-59">[59]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Korghlu Korglu Koroghli Korogli</td> <td>Kuloğlu</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kouloughlis" title="Kouloughlis">Kouloughli</a> (mixed <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> and Algerian origin)<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=57-71">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Koudjali Kouddjali</td> <td>Kocaeli</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Kocaeli_Province" title="Kocaeli Province">Kocaeli</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=62-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=63-64">[64]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Koulali</td> <td>Kulalı</td> <td>from Kulalı (in <a href="/wiki/Manisa" title="Manisa">Manisa</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=63-64">[64]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kouloughli Koulougli Kouroughli Kouroughlou</td> <td>Kuloğlu</td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Kouloughlis" title="Kouloughlis">Kouloughli</a> (mixed <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> and Algerian origin)<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=63-64">[64]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kozlou</td> <td>Kozlu</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Kozlu,_Zonguldak" title="Kozlu, Zonguldak">Kozlu</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Zonguldak" title="Zonguldak">Zonguldak</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=62-59">[59]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manamani Manemeni Manemenni</td> <td>Menemenli</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Menemen" title="Menemen">Menemen</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Izmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Izmir">Izmir</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=58-72">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mansali</td> <td>Manisalı</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Manisa" title="Manisa">Manisa</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=58-72">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Meglali</td> <td>Muğlalı</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Mu%C4%9Fla" title="Muğla">Muğla</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=58-72">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Merchali Mersali</td> <td>Maraşlı</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Kahramanmara%C5%9F" title="Kahramanmaraş">Maraş</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=58-72">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Osmane Othmani</td> <td>Osman Osmanlı</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a><a href="#cite_note-slateafrique-28">[28]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ould Zemirli Ould Zmirli</td> <td>İzmirli</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Izmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Izmir">Izmir</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=69-73">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rizeli</td> <td>Rizeli</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rize</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=64-74">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Romeili Roumili</td> <td>Rumeli</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumelia</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=64-74">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sanderli</td> <td>Çandarli</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/%C3%87andarl%C4%B1" title="Çandarlı">Çandarlı</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=64-74">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sandjak Sangaq</td> <td>Sancak</td> <td>from [a] <a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">sanjak</a> (an administrative unit of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=65-62">[62]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Satli</td> <td>Çatlı</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/%C3%87at" title="Çat">Çat</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=65-62">[62]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sekelli</td> <td>İskeleli</td> <td>from Iskele (in <a href="/wiki/Mu%C4%9Fla" title="Muğla">Muğla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seyhan" title="Seyhan">Seyhan</a>, or the island of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=65-62">[62]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sekli</td> <td>Sekeli</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6ke" title="Söke">Söke</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n" title="Aydın">Aydın</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=65-62">[62]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Skoudarli</td> <td>Üsküdarlı</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar" title="Üsküdar">Üsküdar</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=66-63">[63]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stamboul Stambouli</td> <td>İstanbulu</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=67-75">[75]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tchambaz</td> <td>Cambaz</td> <td><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambaz,_Yenice" class="extiw" title="tr:Cambaz, Yenice">Cambaz</a> (in <a href="/wiki/%C3%87anakkale" title="Çanakkale">Çanakkale</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=49-76">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Takarli</td> <td>Taraklı</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Tarakl%C4%B1" title="Taraklı">Taraklı</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Adapazar%C4%B1" title="Adapazarı">Adapazarı</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=66-63">[63]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tchanderli Tchenderli</td> <td>Çandarlı</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/%C3%87andarl%C4%B1" title="Çandarlı">Çandarlı</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=50-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=64-74">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tekali</td> <td>Tekeeli</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Teke_Peninsula" title="Teke Peninsula">Teke Peninsula</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=67-75">[75]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Terki Terqui</td> <td>Türki</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish (language)</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=68-77">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Terkman Terkmani</td> <td>Türkmenli</td> <td>Turkmen (from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=68-77">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Torki</td> <td>Türk</td> <td>Turkish<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=68-77">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tourki Tourquie Turki</td> <td>Türk</td> <td>Turk/Turkish<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=68-77">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yarmali</td> <td>Yarmalı</td> <td>from Yarma (in <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=69-73">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zemerli Zemirli Zmerli Zmirli</td> <td>İzmirli</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Izmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Izmir">Izmir</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=69-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=70-78">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zemir Zmir</td> <td>İzmir</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Izmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Izmir">Izmir</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=70-78">[78]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The following list are examples of Turkish origin surnames which express a provenance settlement of Turkish families in regions of <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>: <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Surname used in Algeria</th> <th>Turkish</th> <th>Meaning in English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Tlemsanili Tilimsani</td> <td>Tilimsanılı</td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=68-77">[77]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The following list are examples of Turkish origin surnames traditionally used by Turkish families in <a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a>: Acheuk-Youcef,<a href="#cite_note-Zemouli-55">[55]</a> Ali Khodja,<a href="#cite_note-Zemouli-55">[55]</a> Bachtarzi,<a href="#cite_note-Zemouli-55">[55]</a> Benabdallah Khodja,<a href="#cite_note-Zemouli-55">[55]</a> Benelmadjat,<a href="#cite_note-Zemouli-55">[55]</a> Bestandji,<a href="#cite_note-Zemouli-55">[55]</a> Bendali Braham,<a href="#cite_note-Zemouli-55">[55]</a> Bentchakar,<a href="#cite_note-Zemouli-55">[55]</a> Bensakelbordj,<a href="#cite_note-Zemouli-55">[55]</a> Bentchikou,<a href="#cite_note-Zemouli-55">[55]</a> Khaznadar,<a href="#cite_note-Zemouli-55">[55]</a> Salah Bey,<a href="#cite_note-Zemouli-55">[55]</a> Tchanderli Braham.<a href="#cite_note-Zemouli-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_occupation">By occupation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turks_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: By occupation">edit</a>]</div> The following list are examples of some Turkish origin surnames which express the traditional occupation of Turkish families which settled in Algeria: <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Surname used in Algeria</th> <th>Turkish</th> <th>English translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>Agha</td> <td>ağa</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agha_(title)" title="Agha (title)">agha</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=41-79">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ahtchi</td> <td>ahçı, aşçı</td> <td>cook, keeper of restaurant<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=41-79">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Anberdji</td> <td>ambarcı</td> <td>storekeeper<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=41-79">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aoulak</td> <td>ulak</td> <td>messenger, courier<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=42-57">[57]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arbadji</td> <td>arabacı</td> <td>driver<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=41-79">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Atchi</td> <td>atçı</td> <td>horse breeder<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=41-79">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bacha</td> <td>paşa</td> <td>a <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">pasha</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=43-80">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bachagha</td> <td>başağa</td> <td>head <a href="/wiki/Agha_(title)" title="Agha (title)">agha</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=43-80">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bachchaouch</td> <td>başçavuş</td> <td>sergeant major<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=43-80">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bachesais</td> <td>başseyis</td> <td>head stableman<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=43-80">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bachtaftar</td> <td>başdefterdar</td> <td>treasurer<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=43-80">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bachtarzi</td> <td>baş terzi</td> <td>chief tailor<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=43-80">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bachtoubdji</td> <td>baştopçu</td> <td>chief <a href="/wiki/Cannoneer" title="Cannoneer">cannoneer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artilleryman" class="mw-redirect" title="Artilleryman">artilleryman</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=43-80">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Baldji</td> <td>balcı</td> <td>maker or seller of honey<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=43-80">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bazarbacha Bazarbarchi</td> <td>pazarbaşı</td> <td>head of <a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">bazaar</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=44-58">[58]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Benabadji</td> <td>ben abacı</td> <td>[I am a] maker or seller of garments<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=45-81">[81]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Benchauch</td> <td>ben çavuş</td> <td>[I am a] sergeant<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=46-60">[60]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Benchoubane</td> <td>ben çoban</td> <td>[I am a] shepherd<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=47-54">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bendamardji</td> <td>ben demirci</td> <td>[I am a] metalworker<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=45-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=50-66">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bendali</td> <td>ben deli</td> <td>[I am a] <a href="/wiki/Deli_(Ottoman_troops)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deli (Ottoman troops)">deli (Ottoman troops)</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=45-81">[81]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Benlagha</td> <td>ben ağa</td> <td>[I am a] <a href="/wiki/Agha_(title)" title="Agha (title)">agha</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=46-60">[60]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Benstaali</td> <td>ben usta</td> <td>[I am a] master, workman, craftsman<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=46-60">[60]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bentobdji</td> <td>ben topçu</td> <td>[I am a] cannoneer<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=47-54">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bestandji Bostandji</td> <td>bostancı</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bostandji" class="mw-redirect" title="Bostandji">bostandji</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=48-61">[61]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bouchakdji</td> <td>bıçakçı</td> <td>cutler<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=49-76">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Boudjakdji</td> <td>ocakçı</td> <td>chimney sweep<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=49-76">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Boyagi</td> <td>boyacı</td> <td>painter<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=48-61">[61]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chalabi Challabi</td> <td>çelebi</td> <td>educated person, gentlemen<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=49-76">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chaouche</td> <td>çavuş</td> <td>sergeant<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=65-62">[62]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chembaz Chembazi</td> <td>cambaz</td> <td>acrobat<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=66-63">[63]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Damardji Damerdji</td> <td>demirci</td> <td>metalworker<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=45-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=50-66">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Debladji</td> <td>tavlacı</td> <td>stable boy or backgammon player<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=51-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dey</td> <td>dayı</td> <td>officer or maternal uncle<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=51-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Djadouadji</td> <td>kahveci</td> <td>coffee maker or seller<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=53-82">[82]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Djaidji</td> <td>çaycı</td> <td>tea seller<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=53-82">[82]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Doumandji</td> <td>dümenci</td> <td>helmsman<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=53-82">[82]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Doumardji</td> <td>tımarcı</td> <td>stableman<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=52-67">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dumangi</td> <td>dümenci</td> <td>helmsman<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=53-82">[82]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dumargi</td> <td>tımarcı</td> <td>stableman<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=52-67">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fenardji</td> <td>fenerci</td> <td>lighthouse keeper<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=52-67">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fernakdji</td> <td>fırıncı</td> <td>baker<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=52-67">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hazerchi</td> <td>hazırcı</td> <td>seller of ready-made clothing<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=55-69">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kahouadji</td> <td>kahveci</td> <td>café owner or coffee maker/grower<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=55-69">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kalaidji</td> <td>kalaycı</td> <td>tinner<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=60-70">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kaouadji</td> <td>kahveci</td> <td>café owner or coffee maker/grower<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=55-69">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kasbadji</td> <td>kasapcı</td> <td>butcher<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=61-53">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kassab</td> <td>Kasap</td> <td>butcher<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=61-53">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kaznadji</td> <td>hazinedar</td> <td>keeper of a treasury<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=61-53">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kebabdji</td> <td>kebapçı</td> <td>kebab seller<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=56-83">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kehouadji</td> <td>kahveci</td> <td>café owner or coffee maker/grower<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=61-53">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ketrandji</td> <td>katrancı</td> <td>tar seller<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=62-59">[59]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Khandji</td> <td>hancı</td> <td>innkeeper<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=55-69">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Khaznadar</td> <td>hazinedar</td> <td>keeper of a treasury<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=55-69">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Khaznadji</td> <td>hazinedar</td> <td>keeper of a treasury<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=56-83">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Khedmadji</td> <td>hizmetçi</td> <td>maid, helper<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=56-83">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Khodja Khoudja</td> <td>hoca</td> <td>teacher<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=56-83">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Louldji</td> <td>lüleci</td> <td>maker or seller of pipes<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=58-72">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Koumdadji</td> <td>komando</td> <td>commando<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=63-64">[64]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Moumdji Moumedji</td> <td>mumcu</td> <td>candle maker<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=59-84">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ouldchakmadji</td> <td>çakmakçı</td> <td>maker or seller of flints/ maker or repairer of flintlock guns<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=59-84">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nefradji</td> <td>nüfreci</td> <td>prepares amulets<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=59-84">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pacha</td> <td>paşa</td> <td>a <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">pasha</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=59-84">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rabadji</td> <td>arabacı</td> <td>driver<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=63-64">[64]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rais</td> <td>reis</td> <td>chief, leader<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=63-64">[64]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saboudji Saboundji</td> <td>sabuncu</td> <td>maker or seller of soap<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=64-74">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Selmadji</td> <td>silmeci</td> <td>cleaner or to measure<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=66-63">[63]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Serkadji</td> <td>sirkeci</td> <td>maker or seller of vinegar<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=66-63">[63]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slahdji</td> <td>silahçı</td> <td>gunsmith<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=66-63">[63]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Staali</td> <td>usta</td> <td>master, workman, craftsman<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=67-75">[75]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tchambaz</td> <td>cambaz</td> <td>acrobat<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=49-76">[76]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_surnames">Other surnames</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turks_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other surnames">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Surname used in Algeria</th> <th>Turkish</th> <th>English translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>Arslan</td> <td>aslan</td> <td>a lion<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=41-79">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arzouli</td> <td>arzulu</td> <td>desirous, ambitious<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=41-79">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Baba Babali</td> <td>baba</td> <td>a father<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=42-57">[57]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Badji</td> <td>bacı</td> <td>elder sister<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=42-57">[57]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bektach</td> <td>bektaş</td> <td>member of the <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=44-58">[58]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belbey</td> <td>bey</td> <td>mister, gentlemen<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=44-58">[58]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belbiaz</td> <td>beyaz</td> <td>white<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=44-58">[58]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Benchicha</td> <td>ben şişe</td> <td>[I am] a bottle<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=46-60">[60]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Benhadji</td> <td>ben hacı</td> <td>[I am] a <a href="/wiki/Hajji" title="Hajji">Hadji</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=45-81">[81]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Benkara</td> <td>ben Qāra</td> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea Region">Black</a> Sea region in Anatolia <a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=46-60">[60]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bensari</td> <td>ben sarı</td> <td>[I am] blonde<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=46-60">[60]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bentobal Bentobbal</td> <td>ben topal</td> <td>[I am] crippled<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=47-54">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bermak</td> <td>parmak</td> <td>finger<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=47-54">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Beiram Biram</td> <td>bayram</td> <td>holiday, festival<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=48-61">[61]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Beyaz</td> <td>beyaz</td> <td>white<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=47-54">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bougara Boulkara</td> <td>bu kara</td> <td>[this is] dark<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=47-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=49-76">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Boukendjakdji</td> <td>kancık</td> <td>mean<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=49-76">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Caliqus</td> <td>çalıkuşu</td> <td>goldcrest<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=49-76">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chalabi Challabi</td> <td>çelebi</td> <td>educated person, gentlemen<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=64-74">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chelbi</td> <td>çelebi</td> <td>educated person, gentlemen<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=65-62">[62]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cherouk</td> <td>çürük</td> <td>rotten<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=66-63">[63]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dali Dalibey Dalisaus</td> <td>deli</td> <td>brave, crazy<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=50-66">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Damir</td> <td>demir</td> <td>metal<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=50-66">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Daouadji</td> <td>davacı</td> <td>litigant<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=50-66">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Deramchi</td> <td>diremci</td> <td>currency<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=51-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Djabali</td> <td>çelebi</td> <td>educated person, gentlemen<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=52-67">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Doumaz</td> <td>duymaz</td> <td>deaf<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=52-67">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eski</td> <td>eski</td> <td>old<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=52-67">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gaba</td> <td>kaba</td> <td>rough, heavy<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=52-67">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Goutchouk</td> <td>küçük</td> <td>small, little<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=55-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=57-71">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gueddjali</td> <td>gacal</td> <td>domestic<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=54-68">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guendez</td> <td>gündüz</td> <td>daytime<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=54-68">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guermezli</td> <td>görmezli</td> <td>blind<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=55-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=57-71">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guertali</td> <td>kartal</td> <td>eagle<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=55-69">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hadji</td> <td>hacı</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hajji" title="Hajji">Hadji</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=55-69">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hidouk</td> <td>haydut</td> <td>bandit<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=56-83">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ioldach</td> <td>yoldaş</td> <td>companion, comrade<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=59-84">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kara</td> <td>kara</td> <td>dark<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=59-84">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Karabadji</td> <td>kara bacı</td> <td>dark sister<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=60-70">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kardache</td> <td>kardeş</td> <td>brother<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=60-70">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Karkach</td> <td>karakaş</td> <td>dark eyebrows<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=59-84">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kermaz</td> <td>görmez</td> <td>blind<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=55-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=57-71">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kerroudji</td> <td>kurucu</td> <td>founder, builder, veteran<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=62-59">[59]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kertali</td> <td>kartal</td> <td>eagle<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=62-59">[59]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Koutchouk</td> <td>küçük</td> <td>small, little<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=55-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=57-71">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lalali Lalili</td> <td>laleli</td> <td>tulip<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=57-71">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maldji</td> <td>malcı</td> <td>cattle producer<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=59-84">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mestandji</td> <td>mestan</td> <td>drunk<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=59-84">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oldach</td> <td>yoldaş</td> <td>companion, comrade<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=59-84">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oualan</td> <td>oğlan</td> <td>boy<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=69-73">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ouksel</td> <td>yüksel</td> <td>to succeed, achieve<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=69-73">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ourak</td> <td>orak</td> <td>sickle<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=69-73">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Salakdji</td> <td>salakça</td> <td>silly<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=64-74">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Salaouatchi Salouatchi</td> <td>salavatçaı</td> <td>prayer<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=64-74">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sari</td> <td>sarı</td> <td>yellow or blond<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=65-62">[62]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sarmachek</td> <td>sarmaşık</td> <td>vine<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=65-62">[62]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sersar Sersoub</td> <td>serseri</td> <td>layabout, vagrant<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=66-63">[63]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tache</td> <td>taş</td> <td>stone, pebble<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=49-76">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tarakli</td> <td>taraklı</td> <td>having a comb, crested<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=49-76">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tchalabi</td> <td>çelebi</td> <td>educated person, gentlemen<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=49-76">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tchalikouche</td> <td>çalıkuşu</td> <td>goldcrest<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=49-76">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tenbel</td> <td>tembel</td> <td>lazy<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=68-77">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tobal Toubal</td> <td>topal</td> <td>cripple<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=68-77">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yataghan Yataghen</td> <td>yatağan</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yatagan" title="Yatagan">yatagan</a><a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=69-73">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yazli</td> <td>yazılı</td> <td>written<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=69-73">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yekkachedji</td> <td>yakışmak</td> <td>to suit<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=70-78">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yesli</td> <td>yaslı</td> <td>mourning<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=70-78">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yoldas</td> <td>yoldaş</td> <td>companion, comrade<a href="#cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=59-84">[84]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turks_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Algeria–Turkey relations">Algeria–Turkey relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Algerians_of_Turkish_origin" title="List of Algerians of Turkish origin">List of Algerians of Turkish origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kouloughli" class="mw-redirect" title="Kouloughli">Kouloughli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Ottoman Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_El_Turk" title="Aïn El Turk">Aïn El Turk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashas_and_Deys_of_Algiers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Pashas and Deys of Algiers">List of Pashas and Deys of Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_minorities_in_the_former_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish minorities in the former Ottoman Empire">Turkish minorities in the former Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisia" title="Turks in Tunisia">Turks in Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Libya" title="Turks in Libya">Turks in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Arab_world" title="Turks in the Arab world">Turks in the Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Balkans" title="Turks in the Balkans">Turks in the Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Turkish Cypriots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_France" title="Turks in France">Turks in France</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turks_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <a href="#ref_a">^</a> a: "Kouloughlis" refers to the offspring (or descendants) of Turkish fathers and Algerian mothers.<a href="#cite_note-Ruedy_2005_loc=35-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turks_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFde_Tocqueville2001" class="citation cs2">de Tocqueville, Alexis (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/writingsonempire00tocq/page/15">"Second Letter on Algeria"</a>, Writings on Empire and Slavery, <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/writingsonempire00tocq/page/15">15</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801865093" title="Special:BookSources/0801865093"><bdi>0801865093</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Second+Letter+on+Algeria&rft.btitle=Writings+on+Empire+and+Slavery&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0801865093&rft.aulast=de+Tocqueville&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwritingsonempire00tocq%2Fpage%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcés2005" class="citation cs2">Garcés, María Antonia (2005), Cervantes in Algiers: A Captive's Tale, <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University_Press" title="Vanderbilt University Press">Vanderbilt University Press</a>, p. 122, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0826514707" title="Special:BookSources/0826514707"><bdi>0826514707</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cervantes+in+Algiers%3A+A+Captive%27s+Tale&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0826514707&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+Antonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaques2007" class="citation cs2">Jaques, Tony (2007), Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E, <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>, p. 32, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313335372" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313335372"><bdi>978-0313335372</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Battles+and+Sieges%3A+A-E&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0313335372&rft.aulast=Jaques&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFumerton2006" class="citation cs2">Fumerton, Patricia (2006), Unsettled: The Culture of Mobility and the Working Poor in Early Modern England, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, p. 85, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226269558" title="Special:BookSources/0226269558"><bdi>0226269558</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unsettled%3A+The+Culture+of+Mobility+and+the+Working+Poor+in+Early+Modern+England&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0226269558&rft.aulast=Fumerton&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToday's_Zaman" class="citation web cs1">Today's Zaman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110313041415/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-222054-101-turks-in-northern-africa-yearn-for-ottoman-ancestors.html">"Turks in northern Africa yearn for Ottoman ancestors"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayszaman.com/news-222054-101-turks-in-northern-africa-yearn-for-ottoman-ancestors.html">the original</a> on 2011-03-13. Retrieved 2012-03-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turks+in+northern+Africa+yearn+for+Ottoman+ancestors&rft.au=Today%27s+Zaman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayszaman.com%2Fnews-222054-101-turks-in-northern-africa-yearn-for-ottoman-ancestors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knauss_1987_loc=19-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knauss_1987_loc=19_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knauss_1987_loc=19_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnauss1987" class="citation cs2">Knauss, Peter R. (1987), The Persistence of Patriarchy: Class, Gender, and Ideology in Twentieth Century Algeria, <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>, p. 19, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0275926923" title="Special:BookSources/0275926923"><bdi>0275926923</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persistence+of+Patriarchy%3A+Class%2C+Gender%2C+and+Ideology+in+Twentieth+Century+Algeria&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0275926923&rft.aulast=Knauss&rft.aufirst=Peter+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillian2006" class="citation cs2">Killian, Caitlin (2006), North African Women in France: Gender, Culture, and Identity, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>, p. 145, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804754209" title="Special:BookSources/0804754209"><bdi>0804754209</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+African+Women+in+France%3A+Gender%2C+Culture%2C+and+Identity&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0804754209&rft.aulast=Killian&rft.aufirst=Caitlin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayWengraf1963" class="citation cs2">Murray, Roger; Wengraf, Tom (1963), "The Algerian Revolution (Part 1)", <a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a>, 1 (22): 41</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=The+Algerian+Revolution+%28Part+1%29&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=41&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Wengraf%2C+Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMurray1992" class="citation cs2">McMurray, David Andrew (1992), "The Contemporary Culture of Nador, Morocco, and the Impact of International Labor Migration", <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas">University of Texas</a>: 390</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Texas&rft.atitle=The+Contemporary+Culture+of+Nador%2C+Morocco%2C+and+the+Impact+of+International+Labor+Migration&rft.pages=390&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McMurray&rft.aufirst=David+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone_1997_loc=29-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Stone_1997_loc=29_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1997" class="citation cs2">Stone, Martin (1997), The Agony of Algeria, <a href="/wiki/C._Hurst_%26_Co._Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Hurst & Co. Publishers">C. Hurst & Co. Publishers</a>, p. 29, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-177-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-177-9"><bdi>1-85065-177-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Agony+of+Algeria&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-85065-177-9&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilli_Gazete" class="citation web cs1">Milli Gazete. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100223132907/http://www.milligazete.com.tr/makale/levanten-turkler-153681.htm">"Levanten Türkler"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milligazete.com.tr/makale/levanten-turkler-153681.htm">the original</a> on 2010-02-23. Retrieved 2012-03-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Levanten+T%C3%BCrkler&rft.au=Milli+Gazete&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.milligazete.com.tr%2Fmakale%2Flevanten-turkler-153681.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=330-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shuval_2000_loc=330_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shuval_2000_loc=330_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shuval_2000_loc=330_12-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFShuval2000">Shuval 2000</a>, 330. </li> <li id="cite_note-Miltoun-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Miltoun_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiltoun1985" class="citation cs2">Miltoun, Francis (1985), The spell of Algeria and Tunisia, <a href="/wiki/Darf_Publishers" title="Darf Publishers">Darf Publishers</a>, p. 129, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1850770603" title="Special:BookSources/1850770603"><bdi>1850770603</bdi></a>, <q>Throughout North Africa, from Oran to Tunis, one encounters everywhere, in the town as in the country, the distinct traits which mark the seven races which make up the native population: the Moors, the Berbers, the Arabs, the Negreos, the Jews, the Turks and the Kouloughlis… descendants of Turks and Arab women.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+spell+of+Algeria+and+Tunisia&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Darf+Publishers&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=1850770603&rft.aulast=Miltoun&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=325-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shuval_2000_loc=325_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shuval_2000_loc=325_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shuval_2000_loc=325_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shuval_2000_loc=325_14-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFShuval2000">Shuval 2000</a>, 325. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=328-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shuval_2000_loc=328_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shuval_2000_loc=328_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShuval2000">Shuval 2000</a>, 328. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=326-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shuval_2000_loc=326_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shuval_2000_loc=326_16-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShuval2000">Shuval 2000</a>, 326. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=327-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shuval_2000_loc=327_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shuval_2000_loc=327_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shuval_2000_loc=327_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shuval_2000_loc=327_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shuval_2000_loc=327_17-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFShuval2000">Shuval 2000</a>, 327. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=329-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shuval_2000_loc=329_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shuval_2000_loc=329_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shuval_2000_loc=329_18-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFShuval2000">Shuval 2000</a>, 329. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Alexis Tocqueville, Second Letter on Algeria (August 22, 1837), Bronner, Stephen Eric; Thompson, Michael (eds.), The Logos Reader: Rational Radicalism and the Future of Politics, (University of Kentucky Press, 2006), 205;"This bey, contrary to all custom, was coulougli, meaning the son of a Turkish father and an Arab mother." </li> <li id="cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=331-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shuval_2000_loc=331_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shuval_2000_loc=331_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shuval_2000_loc=331_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shuval_2000_loc=331_20-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFShuval2000">Shuval 2000</a>, 331. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruedy_2005_loc=35-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ruedy_2005_loc=35_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruedy_2005_loc=35_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRuedy2005">Ruedy 2005</a>, 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=332-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Shuval_2000_loc=332_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShuval2000">Shuval 2000</a>, 332. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shuval_2000_loc=333-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Shuval_2000_loc=333_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShuval2000">Shuval 2000</a>, 333. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kateb_2001_loc=50-51-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kateb_2001_loc=50-51_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kateb_2001_loc=50-51_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKateb2001" class="citation cs2">Kateb, Kamel (2001), Européens: "Indigènes" et juifs en Algérie (1830-1962) : Représentations et Réalités des Populations, <a href="/wiki/INED" class="mw-redirect" title="INED">INED</a>, pp. 50–53, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/273320145X" title="Special:BookSources/273320145X"><bdi>273320145X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europ%C3%A9ens%3A+%22Indig%C3%A8nes%22+et+juifs+en+Alg%C3%A9rie+%281830-1962%29+%3A+Repr%C3%A9sentations+et+R%C3%A9alit%C3%A9s+des+Populations&rft.pages=50-53&rft.pub=INED&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=273320145X&rft.aulast=Kateb&rft.aufirst=Kamel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yenişehirlioğlu-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yenişehirlioğlu_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yenişehirlioğlu_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYenişehirlioğlu1989" class="citation cs2">Yenişehirlioğlu, Filiz (1989), Ottoman architectural works outside Turkey, T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı, p. 34, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9759550105" title="Special:BookSources/9759550105"><bdi>9759550105</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+architectural+works+outside+Turkey&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=T.C.+D%C4%B1%C5%9Fi%C5%9Fleri+Bakanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9759550105&rft.aulast=Yeni%C5%9Fehirlio%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=Filiz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenrabah2007" class="citation cs2">Benrabah, Mohamed (2007), "The Language Planning Situation in Algeria", Language Planning and Policy in Africa, Vol 2, Multilingual Matters, p. 49, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847690111" title="Special:BookSources/978-1847690111"><bdi>978-1847690111</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Language+Planning+Situation+in+Algeria&rft.btitle=Language+Planning+and+Policy+in+Africa%2C+Vol+2&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1847690111&rft.aulast=Benrabah&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2006/08/200841013358962576.html">Algerian patois delights and disturbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>, 2006</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algerian+patois+delights+and+disturbs&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Farchive%2F2006%2F08%2F200841013358962576.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-slateafrique-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-slateafrique_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-slateafrique_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-slateafrique_28-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlate_Afrique" class="citation web cs1">Slate Afrique. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slateafrique.com/81641/turcs-francais-algerie-colonisation-histoire">"Que reste-t-il des Turcs et des Français en Algérie?"</a>. Retrieved 2013-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Que+reste-t-il+des+Turcs+et+des+Fran%C3%A7ais+en+Alg%C3%A9rie%3F&rft.au=Slate+Afrique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slateafrique.com%2F81641%2Fturcs-francais-algerie-colonisation-histoire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-alturkiyya-29"><a href="#cite_ref-alturkiyya_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl_Turkiyya" class="citation web cs1">Al Turkiyya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927145548/http://www.alturkiyya.com/tr/detay_liste.asp?yazi=213">"Cezayir deki Türkiye"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alturkiyya.com/tr/detay_liste.asp?yazi=213">the original</a> on 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2013-09-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cezayir+deki+T%C3%BCrkiye&rft.au=Al+Turkiyya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alturkiyya.com%2Ftr%2Fdetay_liste.asp%3Fyazi%3D213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gordon-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Gordon_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordonOxnevad2016" class="citation cs2">Gordon, Louis A.; Oxnevad, Ian (2016), Middle East Politics for the New Millennium: A Constructivist Approach, <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Books">Lexington Books</a>, p. 72, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739196984" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739196984"><bdi>978-0739196984</bdi></a>, <q>An Ottoman military class that separated itself from the general Algerian population through language, dress and religious affiliation... Unlike the Maliki Algerian masses, the Ottoman-Algerians remained affiliated with the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence, and went to great lengths to replenish their ranks with Ottoman Turks from Anatolia...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+East+Politics+for+the+New+Millennium%3A+A+Constructivist+Approach&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0739196984&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Louis+A.&rft.au=Oxnevad%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantone2002" class="citation cs2">Cantone, Cleo (2002), Making and Remaking Mosques in Senegal, <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>, p. 174, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004203370" title="Special:BookSources/9004203370"><bdi>9004203370</bdi></a>, <q>Octagonal minarets are generally an anomaly in the Maliki world associated with the square tower. Algeria, on other hand had Ottoman influence...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+and+Remaking+Mosques+in+Senegal&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9004203370&rft.aulast=Cantone&rft.aufirst=Cleo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMigeonSaladin2012" class="citation cs2">Migeon, Gaston; Saladin, Henri (2012), Art of Islam, Parkstone International, p. 28, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780429939" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780429939"><bdi>978-1780429939</bdi></a>, <q>It was not until the 16th century, when the protectorate of the Grand Master appointed Turkish governors to the regencies of Algiers and Tunis, that some of them constructed mosques according to the Hanefit example. The resulting structures had octagonal minarets...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+Islam&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Parkstone+International&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1780429939&rft.aulast=Migeon&rft.aufirst=Gaston&rft.au=Saladin%2C+Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOakes2008">Oakes 2008</a>, 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1997" class="citation cs2">Stone, Martin (1997), The Agony of Algeria, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, p. 29, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-177-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-177-9"><bdi>1-85065-177-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Agony+of+Algeria&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-85065-177-9&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOakes2008">Oakes 2008</a>, 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOakes2008">Oakes 2008</a>, 5 and 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shrader-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shrader_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shrader_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShrader1999" class="citation cs2">Shrader, Charles R. (1999), The First Helicopter War: Logistics and Mobility in Algeria, 1954-1962, <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>, p. 23, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0275963888" title="Special:BookSources/0275963888"><bdi>0275963888</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Helicopter+War%3A+Logistics+and+Mobility+in+Algeria%2C+1954-1962&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0275963888&rft.aulast=Shrader&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOakes2008">Oakes 2008</a>, 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOakes2008">Oakes 2008</a>, 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOakes2008">Oakes 2008</a>, 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLes_Enfants_de_Médéa_et_du_Titteri" class="citation web cs1">Les Enfants de Médéa et du Titteri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.titteri.org/">"Médéa"</a>. Retrieved 2012-04-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9d%C3%A9a&rft.au=Les+Enfants+de+M%C3%A9d%C3%A9a+et+du+Titteri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.titteri.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopaedia-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworthDonzelLewisPellat1980" class="citation cs2">Bosworth, C.E; Donzel, E. Van; Lewis, B.; Pellat, C.H., eds. (1980), "Kul-Oghlu", The Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. 5, <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>, p. 366</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kul-Oghlu&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=366&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuebner2014" class="citation cs2">Huebner, Jeff (2014), "Oran", in Ring, Trudy (ed.), Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, p. 560, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134259861" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134259861"><bdi>978-1134259861</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oran&rft.btitle=Middle+East+and+Africa%3A+International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places&rft.pages=560&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1134259861&rft.aulast=Huebner&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OBG-44"><a href="#cite_ref-OBG_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOxford_Business_Group2008" class="citation cs2">Oxford Business Group (2008), The Report: Algeria 2008, Oxford Business Group, p. 10, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902339-09-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902339-09-2"><bdi>978-1-902339-09-2</bdi></a>, <q>...the Algerian population reached 34.8 million in January 2006...Algerians of Turkish descent still represent 5% of the population and live mainly in the big cities [accounting to 1.74 million]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Report%3A+Algeria+2008&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-902339-09-2&rft.au=Oxford+Business+Group&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppiahGates2010" class="citation cs2">Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (2010), Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, p. 475, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9"><bdi>978-0-19-533770-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Africa%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=475&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533770-9&rft.aulast=Appiah&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Gates%2C+Henry+Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritannica2012" class="citation cs2">Britannica (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/597513/Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tlemcen&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica.+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F597513%2FTlemcen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emile-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Emile_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emile_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstitut_des_hautes-études_marocaines1931" class="citation book cs1">Institut des hautes-études marocaines (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6fpAAAAAYAAJ">Hespéris: archives berbères et bulletin de l'Institut des hautes-études marocaines</a>. Vol. 13. Emile Larose. Retrieved 2015-04-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hesp%C3%A9ris%3A+archives+berb%C3%A8res+et+bulletin+de+l%27Institut+des+hautes-%C3%A9tudes+marocaines&rft.pub=Emile+Larose&rft.date=1931&rft.au=Institut+des+hautes-%C3%A9tudes+marocaines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6fpAAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica1926-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica1926_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica1926_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica1926_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica1926_48-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarvin1926" class="citation cs2">Garvin, James Louis (1926), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 1 (13 ed.), <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, p. 94</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=94&rft.edition=13&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Garvin&rft.aufirst=James+Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogelsang-Eastwood2016" class="citation cs2">Vogelsang-Eastwood, Gillian (2016), "Embroidery from Algeria", Encyclopedia of Embroidery from the Arab World, <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>, p. 226, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857853974" title="Special:BookSources/978-0857853974"><bdi>978-0857853974</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Embroidery+from+Algeria&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Embroidery+from+the+Arab+World&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0857853974&rft.aulast=Vogelsang-Eastwood&rft.aufirst=Gillian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRozet1850" class="citation cs2">Rozet, Claude (1850), Algérie, Firmin-Didot, p. 107</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alg%C3%A9rie&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Firmin-Didot&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Rozet&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmeur2007" class="citation cs2">Ameur, Kamel Nait (2007), "Histoire de Tizi Ouzou : L'indélébile présence turque", Racines-Izuran, 17 (5)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Racines-Izuran&rft.atitle=Histoire+de+Tizi+Ouzou+%3A+L%27ind%C3%A9l%C3%A9bile+pr%C3%A9sence+turque&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Ameur&rft.aufirst=Kamel+Nait&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cheriguen-52"><a href="#cite_ref-cheriguen_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheriguen1993" class="citation cs2">Cheriguen, Foudil (1993), Toponymie algérienne des lieux habités (les noms composés), Épigraphe, pp. 82–83</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toponymie+alg%C3%A9rienne+des+lieux+habit%C3%A9s+%28les+noms+compos%C3%A9s%29&rft.pages=82-83&rft.pub=%C3%89pigraphe&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Cheriguen&rft.aufirst=Foudil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=61-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=61_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=61_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=61_53-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=61_53-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=61_53-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=61_53-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=61_53-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=61_53-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=61_53-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=61_53-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFParzymies1985">Parzymies 1985</a>, 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=47-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=47_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=47_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=47_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=47_54-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=47_54-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=47_54-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=47_54-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=47_54-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=47_54-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=47_54-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=47_54-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFParzymies1985">Parzymies 1985</a>, 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zemouli-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zemouli_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zemouli_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zemouli_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zemouli_55-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zemouli_55-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zemouli_55-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zemouli_55-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zemouli_55-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zemouli_55-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zemouli_55-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zemouli_55-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zemouli_55-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zemouli_55-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zemouli_55-13">n</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZemouli2004" class="citation cs2">Zemouli, Yasmina (2004), "Le nom patronymique d'après l'état civil en Algérie", in Qashshī, Fāṭimah al-Zahrāʼ (ed.), Constantine: une ville, des heritages, Média-plus, p. 87, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/996192214X" title="Special:BookSources/996192214X"><bdi>996192214X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Le+nom+patronymique+d%27apr%C3%A8s+l%27%C3%A9tat+civil+en+Alg%C3%A9rie&rft.btitle=Constantine%3A+une+ville%2C+des+heritages&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=M%C3%A9dia-plus&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=996192214X&rft.aulast=Zemouli&rft.aufirst=Yasmina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoroghli2010" class="citation cs2">Koroghli, Ammar (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.setif.info/article4519.html">EL DJAZAÎR : De la Régence à l'Istiqlal</a>, Sétif Info</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EL+DJAZA%C3%8ER+%3A+De+la+R%C3%A9gence+%C3%A0+l%27Istiqlal&rft.pub=S%C3%A9tif+Info&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Koroghli&rft.aufirst=Ammar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.setif.info%2Farticle4519.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=42-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=42_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=42_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=42_57-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=42_57-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFParzymies1985">Parzymies 1985</a>, 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=44-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=44_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=44_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=44_58-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=44_58-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=44_58-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=44_58-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFParzymies1985">Parzymies 1985</a>, 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=62-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=62_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=62_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=62_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=62_59-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=62_59-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=62_59-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=62_59-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=62_59-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=62_59-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFParzymies1985">Parzymies 1985</a>, 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=46-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=46_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=46_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=46_60-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=46_60-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=46_60-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=46_60-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=46_60-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFParzymies1985">Parzymies 1985</a>, 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=48-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=48_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=48_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=48_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=48_61-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFParzymies1985">Parzymies 1985</a>, 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=65-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=65_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=65_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=65_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=65_62-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=65_62-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=65_62-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=65_62-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=65_62-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=65_62-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFParzymies1985">Parzymies 1985</a>, 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=66-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=66_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=66_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=66_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=66_63-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=66_63-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=66_63-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=66_63-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=66_63-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=66_63-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=66_63-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFParzymies1985">Parzymies 1985</a>, 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=63-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=63_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=63_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=63_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=63_64-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=63_64-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=63_64-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=63_64-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFParzymies1985">Parzymies 1985</a>, 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=51-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=51_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=51_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=51_65-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=51_65-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFParzymies1985">Parzymies 1985</a>, 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=50-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=50_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=50_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=50_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=50_66-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=50_66-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=50_66-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=50_66-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=50_66-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFParzymies1985">Parzymies 1985</a>, 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=52-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=52_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=52_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=52_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=52_67-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=52_67-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=52_67-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=52_67-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=52_67-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=52_67-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFParzymies1985">Parzymies 1985</a>, 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=54-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=54_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=54_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=54_68-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=54_68-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFParzymies1985">Parzymies 1985</a>, 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=55-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=55_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=55_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=55_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=55_69-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=55_69-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=55_69-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=55_69-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=55_69-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=55_69-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=55_69-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=55_69-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=55_69-11">l</a> <a href="#CITEREFParzymies1985">Parzymies 1985</a>, 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=60-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=60_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=60_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=60_70-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=60_70-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=60_70-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=60_70-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=60_70-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFParzymies1985">Parzymies 1985</a>, 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=57-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=57_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=57_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=57_71-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=57_71-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=57_71-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=57_71-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFParzymies1985">Parzymies 1985</a>, 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=58-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=58_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=58_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=58_72-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=58_72-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=58_72-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFParzymies1985">Parzymies 1985</a>, 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=69-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=69_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=69_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=69_73-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=69_73-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=69_73-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=69_73-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=69_73-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=69_73-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFParzymies1985">Parzymies 1985</a>, 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=64-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=64_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=64_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=64_74-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=64_74-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=64_74-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=64_74-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=64_74-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=64_74-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFParzymies1985">Parzymies 1985</a>, 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=67-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=67_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=67_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=67_75-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFParzymies1985">Parzymies 1985</a>, 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=49-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=49_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=49_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=49_76-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=49_76-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=49_76-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=49_76-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=49_76-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=49_76-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=49_76-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=49_76-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=49_76-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=49_76-11">l</a> <a href="#CITEREFParzymies1985">Parzymies 1985</a>, 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=68-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=68_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=68_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=68_77-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=68_77-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=68_77-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=68_77-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=68_77-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFParzymies1985">Parzymies 1985</a>, 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=70-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=70_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=70_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=70_78-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=70_78-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFParzymies1985">Parzymies 1985</a>, 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=41-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=41_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=41_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=41_79-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=41_79-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=41_79-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=41_79-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=41_79-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFParzymies1985">Parzymies 1985</a>, 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=43-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=43_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=43_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=43_80-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=43_80-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=43_80-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=43_80-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=43_80-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=43_80-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFParzymies1985">Parzymies 1985</a>, 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=45-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=45_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=45_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=45_81-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=45_81-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=45_81-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFParzymies1985">Parzymies 1985</a>, 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=53-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=53_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=53_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=53_82-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=53_82-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFParzymies1985">Parzymies 1985</a>, 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=56-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=56_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=56_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=56_83-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=56_83-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=56_83-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFParzymies1985">Parzymies 1985</a>, 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parzymies_1985_loc=59-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=59_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=59_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=59_84-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=59_84-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=59_84-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=59_84-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=59_84-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=59_84-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=59_84-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=59_84-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzymies_1985_loc=59_84-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFParzymies1985">Parzymies 1985</a>, 59. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turks_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamson2006" class="citation cs2">Adamson, Fiona (2006), The Constitutive Power of Political Ideology: Nationalism and the Emergence of Corporate Agency in World Politics, University College London</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitutive+Power+of+Political+Ideology%3A+Nationalism+and+the+Emergence+of+Corporate+Agency+in+World+Politics&rft.pub=University+College+London&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Adamson&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdem2004" class="citation cs2">Adem, Ismail (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121154248/http://www.ecoyatirim.com.tr/dosyalar/Ulke_Raporlari_Cezayir.pdf">Küçük ve Orta Ölçekli İşletmeleri Geliştirme ve Destekleme Başkanlığı Cezayir Ülke Raporu</a> (PDF), KOSGEB, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecoyatirim.com.tr/dosyalar/Ulke_Raporlari_Cezayir.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2008-11-21</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk+ve+Orta+%C3%96l%C3%A7ekli+%C4%B0%C5%9Fletmeleri+Geli%C5%9Ftirme+ve+Destekleme+Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1+Cezayir+%C3%9Clke+Raporu&rft.pub=KOSGEB&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Adem&rft.aufirst=Ismail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecoyatirim.com.tr%2Fdosyalar%2FUlke_Raporlari_Cezayir.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppiahGates2010" class="citation cs2">Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (2010), Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9"><bdi>978-0-19-533770-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Africa%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533770-9&rft.aulast=Appiah&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Gates%2C+Henry+Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBencheneb1971" class="citation cs2">Bencheneb, Rachid (1971), "Les mémoires de Mahieddine Bachtarzi ou vingt ans de théâtre algérien", Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée, 9 (9): 15–20, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fremmm.1971.1098">10.3406/remmm.1971.1098</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+de+l%27Occident+musulman+et+de+la+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e&rft.atitle=Les+m%C3%A9moires+de+Mahieddine+Bachtarzi+ou+vingt+ans+de+th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre+alg%C3%A9rien&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=15-20&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fremmm.1971.1098&rft.aulast=Bencheneb&rft.aufirst=Rachid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin2004" class="citation cs2">Benjamin, Roger (2004), "Orientalism, modernism and indigenous identity", in Edwards, Steve; Wood, Paul (eds.), Art of the Avant-Gardes, Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10230-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10230-5"><bdi>0-300-10230-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Orientalism%2C+modernism+and+indigenous+identity&rft.btitle=Art+of+the+Avant-Gardes&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-300-10230-5&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyer1970" class="citation cs2">Boyer, Pierre (1970), "Le problème Kouloughli dans la régence d'Alger", Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée, 8: 77–94, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fremmm.1970.1033">10.3406/remmm.1970.1033</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+de+l%27Occident+musulman+et+de+la+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e&rft.atitle=Le+probl%C3%A8me+Kouloughli+dans+la+r%C3%A9gence+d%27Alger&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=77-94&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fremmm.1970.1033&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheurfi2001" class="citation cs2">Cheurfi, Achour (2001), La Classe Politique Algérienne (de 1900 à nos jours): Dictionnaire Biographique, University of Michigan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9961-64-292-9" title="Special:BookSources/9961-64-292-9"><bdi>9961-64-292-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Classe+Politique+Alg%C3%A9rienne+%28de+1900+%C3%A0+nos+jours%29%3A+Dictionnaire+Biographique&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9961-64-292-9&rft.aulast=Cheurfi&rft.aufirst=Achour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommunities_and_Local_Government2009" class="citation cs2">Communities and Local Government (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120920001108/http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/1202966.pdf">The Algerian Muslim Community in England: Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities</a> (PDF), Communities and Local Government, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4098-1169-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4098-1169-5"><bdi>978-1-4098-1169-5</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/1202966.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2012-09-20</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Algerian+Muslim+Community+in+England%3A+Understanding+Muslim+Ethnic+Communities&rft.pub=Communities+and+Local+Government&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4098-1169-5&rft.au=Communities+and+Local+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.communities.gov.uk%2Fdocuments%2Fcommunities%2Fpdf%2F1202966.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDéjeux1984" class="citation cs2">Déjeux, Jean (1984), Dictionnaire des Auteurs Maghrébins de Langue Française, KARTHALA Editions, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-86537-085-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-86537-085-2"><bdi>2-86537-085-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+des+Auteurs+Maghr%C3%A9bins+de+Langue+Fran%C3%A7aise&rft.pub=KARTHALA+Editions&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=2-86537-085-2&rft.aulast=D%C3%A9jeux&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDokali1974" class="citation cs2">Dokali, Rachid (1974), Les mosquées de la période Turque à Alger, University of Michigan: SNED, <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000EA150">B0000EA150</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+mosqu%C3%A9es+de+la+p%C3%A9riode+Turque+%C3%A0+Alger&rft.place=University+of+Michigan&rft.pub=SNED&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0000EA150%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Dokali&rft.aufirst=Rachid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHizmetli1953" class="citation cs2">Hizmetli, Sabri (1953), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/37/776/9921.pdf">"Osmanlı Yönetimi Döneminde Tunus ve Cezayir'in Eğitim ve Kültür Tarihine Genel Bir Bakış"</a> (PDF), Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 32: 1–12</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ankara+%C3%9Cniversitesi+%C4%B0lahiyat+Fak%C3%BCltesi+Dergisi&rft.atitle=Osmanl%C4%B1+Y%C3%B6netimi+D%C3%B6neminde+Tunus+ve+Cezayir%27in+E%C4%9Fitim+ve+K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr+Tarihine+Genel+Bir+Bak%C4%B1%C5%9F&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Hizmetli&rft.aufirst=Sabri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdergiler.ankara.edu.tr%2Fdergiler%2F37%2F776%2F9921.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDougall2006" class="citation cs2">McDougall, James (2006), History and the Culture of Nationalism in Algeria, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-84373-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-84373-1"><bdi>0-521-84373-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+the+Culture+of+Nationalism+in+Algeria&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-521-84373-1&rft.aulast=McDougall&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakes2008" class="citation cs2">Oakes, Jonathan (2008), Bradt Travel Guide: Algeria, Bradt Travel Guides, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1841622323" title="Special:BookSources/978-1841622323"><bdi>978-1841622323</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bradt+Travel+Guide%3A+Algeria&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1841622323&rft.aulast=Oakes&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOxford_Business_Group2008" class="citation cs2">Oxford Business Group (2008), The Report: Algeria 2008, Oxford Business Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902339-09-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902339-09-2"><bdi>978-1-902339-09-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Report%3A+Algeria+2008&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-902339-09-2&rft.au=Oxford+Business+Group&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanzac2005" class="citation cs2">Panzac, Daniel (2005), Barbary Corsairs: The End of a Legend, 1800-1820, BRILL, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12594-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12594-9"><bdi>90-04-12594-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbary+Corsairs%3A+The+End+of+a+Legend%2C+1800-1820&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=90-04-12594-9&rft.aulast=Panzac&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParzymies1985" class="citation cs2">Parzymies, Anna (1985), Anthroponymie Algérienne: Noms de Famille Modernes d'origine Turque, Éditions scientifiques de Pologne, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-01-03434-3" title="Special:BookSources/83-01-03434-3"><bdi>83-01-03434-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthroponymie+Alg%C3%A9rienne%3A+Noms+de+Famille+Modernes+d%27origine+Turque&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+scientifiques+de+Pologne&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=83-01-03434-3&rft.aulast=Parzymies&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRozet1850" class="citation cs2">Rozet, Claude (1850), Algérie, Firmin-Didot</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alg%C3%A9rie&rft.pub=Firmin-Didot&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Rozet&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuedy2005" class="citation cs2">Ruedy, John Douglas (2005), Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation, Indiana University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-21782-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-21782-2"><bdi>0-253-21782-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Algeria%3A+The+Origins+and+Development+of+a+Nation&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-253-21782-2&rft.aulast=Ruedy&rft.aufirst=John+Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaoud2004" class="citation cs2">Saoud, R. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edusfax.com/sfaxreader/english/1850Saoud.pdf">The Impact of Islam on Urban Development in North Africa</a> (PDF), Foundation for Science Technology and Cilisation</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+Islam+on+Urban+Development+in+North+Africa&rft.pub=Foundation+for+Science+Technology+and+Cilisation&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Saoud&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edusfax.com%2Fsfaxreader%2Fenglish%2F1850Saoud.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShuval2000" class="citation cs2">Shuval, Tal (2000), "The Ottoman Algerian Elite and Its Ideology", International Journal of Middle East Studies, 32 (3), Cambridge University Press: 323–344, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0020743800021127">10.1017/s0020743800021127</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Ottoman+Algerian+Elite+and+Its+Ideology&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=323-344&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0020743800021127&rft.aulast=Shuval&rft.aufirst=Tal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShuval2002" class="citation cs2">Shuval, Tal (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://remmm.revues.org/244?&id=244">"Remettre l'Algérie à l'heure ottomane. Questions d'historiographie"</a>, Revue du monde musulman et de la Méditerranée (95–98): 423–448, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fremmm.244">10.4000/remmm.244</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+du+monde+musulman+et+de+la+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e&rft.atitle=Remettre+l%27Alg%C3%A9rie+%C3%A0+l%27heure+ottomane.+Questions+d%27historiographie&rft.issue=95%E2%80%9398&rft.pages=423-448&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fremmm.244&rft.aulast=Shuval&rft.aufirst=Tal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fremmm.revues.org%2F244%3F%26id%3D244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1997" class="citation cs2">Stone, Martin (1997), The Agony of Algeria, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-177-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-177-9"><bdi>1-85065-177-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Agony+of+Algeria&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-85065-177-9&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTocqueville2006" class="citation cs2">Tocqueville, Alexis de (2006), "Second Letter on Algeria (August 22, 1837)", in Bronner, Stephen Eric; Thompson, Michael (eds.), The Logos Reader: Rational Radicalism and the Future of Politics, University Press of Kentucky, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813191483" title="Special:BookSources/0813191483"><bdi>0813191483</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Second+Letter+on+Algeria+%28August+22%2C+1837%29&rft.btitle=The+Logos+Reader%3A+Rational+Radicalism+and+the+Future+of+Politics&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0813191483&rft.aulast=Tocqueville&rft.aufirst=Alexis+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToussaint-Samat2009" class="citation cs2">Toussaint-Samat, Maguelonne (2009), "Coffee and Politics", A History of Food, John Wiley & Sons, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-0514-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-0514-2"><bdi>978-1-4443-0514-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coffee+and+Politics&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Food&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-0514-2&rft.aulast=Toussaint-Samat&rft.aufirst=Maguelonne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurkish_Embassy_in_Algeria2008" class="citation cs2">Turkish Embassy in Algeria (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musavirlikler.gov.tr/altdetay.cfm?AltAlanID=368&dil=TR&ulke=DZ">Cezayir Ülke Raporu 2008</a>, Ministry of Foreign Affairs</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cezayir+%C3%9Clke+Raporu+2008&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Turkish+Embassy+in+Algeria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musavirlikler.gov.tr%2Faltdetay.cfm%3FAltAlanID%3D368%26dil%3DTR%26ulke%3DDZ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO2009" class="citation cs2">UNESCO (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130725111743/http://rabat.unesco.org/IMG/pdf/Diversite_InterculturalitAlgerie.pdf">Diversité et interculturalité en Algérie</a> (PDF), UNESCO, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rabat.unesco.org/IMG/pdf/Diversite_InterculturalitAlgerie.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2013-07-25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diversit%C3%A9+et+interculturalit%C3%A9+en+Alg%C3%A9rie&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2009&rft.au=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frabat.unesco.org%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2FDiversite_InterculturalitAlgerie.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurks+in+Algeria" class="Z3988">.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Turkish_people_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkish_people_by_country" title="Template:Turkish people by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkish_people_by_country" title="Template talk:Turkish people by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkish_people_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkish people by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkish_people_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_population" title="Turkish population">by country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional areas of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> settlement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkish majorities:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhacir" title="Muhacir">Muhacirs</a>), <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Northern Cyprus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_diaspora" title="Turkish Cypriot diaspora">Turkish Cypriot diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_settlers_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Turkish settlers in Northern Cyprus">Mainland Turks</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkish minorities <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Balkans" title="Turks in the Balkans">in the Balkans</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Croatia" title="Turks in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li>Greece <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan Turks">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo" title="Turks in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Montenegro" title="Turks in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Romania" title="Turks of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Serbia" title="Turks in Serbia">Serbia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkish minorities in the Caucasus:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Azerbaijan" title="Turks in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Abkhazia" title="Turks in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkish minorities in the Levant:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmeneli" title="Turkmeneli">Turkmeneli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Jews_in_Israel" title="Turkish Jews in Israel">Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Jordan" title="Turks in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Palestine" title="Turks in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Mountain" title="Turkmen Mountain">Turkmen Mountain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkish minorities in North Africa:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Algeria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kouloughlis" title="Kouloughlis">Kouloughlis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Egypt" title="Turks in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Libya" title="Turks in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisia" title="Turks in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Turks in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Yemen" title="Turks in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diaspora in Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_South_Africa" title="Turks in South Africa">South Africa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diaspora in <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Europe" title="Turks in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Austria" title="Turks in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Belgium" title="Turks in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Turks in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Denmark" title="Turks in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Finland" title="Turks in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_France" title="Turks in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Germany" title="Turks in Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Berlin" title="Turks in Berlin">Berlin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Hungary" title="Turks in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Ireland" title="Turks in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Italy" title="Turks in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Liechtenstein" title="Turks in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Netherlands" title="Turks in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Norway" title="Turks in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Poland" title="Turks in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Spain" title="Turks in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Sweden" title="Turks in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Switzerland" title="Turks in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Turks" title="British Turks">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_community_of_London" title="Turkish community of London">London</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diaspora in North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Canadians" title="Turkish Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Mexico" title="Turks in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Americans" title="Turkish Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_South_Carolina" title="Turks of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diaspora in the Persian Gulf</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kuwait" title="Turks in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Qatar" title="Turks in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diaspora in Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Australians" title="Turkish Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_New_Zealanders" title="Turkish New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diaspora in South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Argentines" title="Turkish Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turco-brasileiro" class="extiw" title="pt:Turco-brasileiro">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Venezuelan" title="Turkish Venezuelan">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diaspora in South Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_people_in_Afghanistan" title="Turkic people in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_India" title="Turks in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Pakistan" title="Turks in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diaspora in East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Japan" title="Turks in Japan">Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diaspora in Post-Soviet States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Azerbaijan" title="Turks in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kazakhstan" title="Turks in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Turks in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Russia" title="Turks in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Turkmenistan" title="Turks in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Ukraine" title="Turks in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Uzbekistan" title="Turks in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkophobia">Turkophobia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_Ottoman_contraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Muslims during Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during Ottoman contraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Muslims_from_Serbia_(1862)" title="Exodus of Muslims from Serbia (1862)">Exodus of Muslims from Serbia (1862)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_Massacre_of_1924" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirkuk Massacre of 1924">Kirkuk Massacre of 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Meskhetian_Turks" title="Deportation of the Meskhetian Turks">1944 Deportation of the Meskhetian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavurba%C4%9F%C4%B1_massacre" title="Gavurbağı massacre">Gavurbağı massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950-1951)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)">Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks#Assimilation_policy_(1956–1989)" title="Bulgarian Turks">1956–1989 Assimilation of Bulgarian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen#Kirkuk_massacre_of_1959" title="Iraqi Turkmen">1959 Kirkuk massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Christmas_(1963)" title="Bloody Christmas (1963)">Bloody Christmas (1963)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akritas_plan" title="Akritas plan">Akritas plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaanderwijk_riots" title="Afrikaanderwijk riots">Afrikaanderwijk riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_Process" title="Revival Process">Revival Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tochni_massacre" title="Tochni massacre">Tochni massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha,_Santalaris_and_Aloda_massacre" title="Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre">Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_diplomats_assassinated_by_Armenian_militant_organisations" title="List of Turkish diplomats assassinated by Armenian militant organisations">Turkish diplomats assassinated by Armenian militant organisations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Taha_Car%C4%B1m" title="Assassination of Taha Carım">Assassination of Taha Carım</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Orhan_G%C3%BCnd%C3%BCz" title="Assassination of Orhan Gündüz">Assassination of Orhan Gündüz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Erkut_Akbay" title="Assassination of Erkut Akbay">Assassination of Erkut Akbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Galip_Balkar" title="Assassination of Galip Balkar">Assassination of Galip Balkar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Orly_Airport_attack" title="1983 Orly Airport attack">1983 Orly Airport attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergana_massacre" title="Fergana massacre">1989 Fergana massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Komotini_events" title="1990 Komotini events">1990 Komotini events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Altun_Kupri_massacre" title="1991 Altun Kupri massacre">1991 Altun Kupri massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Solingen_arson_attack" title="1993 Solingen arson attack">1993 Solingen arson attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Underground_murders" title="National Socialist Underground murders">National Socialist Underground murders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Enver_%C5%9Eim%C5%9Fek" title="Murder of Enver Şimşek">Murder of Enver Şimşek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Cologne_bombing" title="2004 Cologne bombing">2004 Cologne bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banya_Bashi_Mosque_clashes" title="Banya Bashi Mosque clashes">Banya Bashi Mosque clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_communities_and_minorities_in_the_former_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish communities and minorities in the former Ottoman Empire">Turkish communities and minorities in the former Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_population" title="Turkish population">Turkish population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Europe" title="Turks in Europe">Turks in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Arab_world" title="Turks in the Arab world">Turks in the Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kouloughlis" title="Kouloughlis">Kouloughlis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Balkans" title="Turks in the Balkans">Turks in the Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_former_Soviet_Union" title="Turks in the former Soviet Union">Turks in the former Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_diaspora" title="Turkish diaspora">Turkish diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turks_in_Algeria&oldid=1256426015">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turks_in_Algeria&oldid=1256426015</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Algeria" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Algeria">Ethnic groups in Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_Turkish_people_by_country_of_citizenship" title="Category:Ethnic Turkish people by country of citizenship">Ethnic Turkish people by country of citizenship</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Algerian_people_of_Turkish_descent" title="Category:Algerian people of Turkish descent">Algerian people of Turkish descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkish_diaspora_by_country" title="Category:Turkish diaspora by country">Turkish diaspora by country</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkish_diaspora_in_Africa" title="Category:Turkish diaspora in Africa">Turkish diaspora in Africa</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name" title="Category:CS1 errors: generic name">CS1 errors: generic name</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Turkish-language text">Articles containing Turkish-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 November 2024, at 22:10 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turks_in_Algeria&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-4rhlw","wgBackendResponseTime":125,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.115","walltime":"1.252","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5896,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":134840,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1063,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":8,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":273367,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1031.767 1 -total"," 42.19% 435.346 1 Template:Reflist"," 35.42% 365.401 57 Template:Citation"," 12.23% 126.167 3 Template:Langx"," 9.36% 96.578 1 Template:Turkish_diaspora"," 8.99% 92.740 2 Template:Navbox"," 8.62% 88.929 46 Template:Harvnb"," 7.65% 78.963 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.99% 51.479 2 Template:Pagetype"," 2.60% 26.847 5 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.609","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":15412709,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdamson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdem2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl_Turkiyya\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmeur2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAppiahGates2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBencheneb1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenjamin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenrabah2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBosworthDonzelLewisPellat1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyer1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritannica2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCantone2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheriguen1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheurfi2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCommunities_and_Local_Government2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDokali1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDéjeux1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFumerton2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcés2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarvin1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordonOxnevad2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHizmetli1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuebner2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInstitut_des_hautes-études_marocaines1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaques2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKateb2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKillian2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnauss1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoroghli2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLes_Enfants_de_Médéa_et_du_Titteri\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDougall2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMurray1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMigeonSaladin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilli_Gazete\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiltoun1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurrayWengraf1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOakes2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOxford_Business_Group2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPanzac2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParzymies1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRozet1850\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRuedy2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaoud2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShrader1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShuval2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShuval2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlate_Afrique\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone1997\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFTocqueville2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToday\u0026#039;s_Zaman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToussaint-Samat2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurkish_Embassy_in_Algeria2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNESCO2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVogelsang-Eastwood2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYenişehirlioğlu1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZemouli2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Tocqueville2001\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 57,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 5,\n [\"Cnote\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 47,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Turkish diaspora\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-864bbfd546-jzvzr","timestamp":"20241130130647","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Turks in Algeria","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turks_in_Algeria","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7855498","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7855498","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2012-03-04T01:24:41Z","dateModified":"2024-11-09T22:10:02Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/8\/8f\/Turkish_women_of_Algeria_%281876-1888%29.jpg","headline":"community in Algeria"}</script> </body> </html>