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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Communist Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Communist_Bulgaria-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Communist Bulgaria subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Communist_Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1947" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1947"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1947</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1947-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1949" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1949"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1949</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1949-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1950</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exodus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exodus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Exodus</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exodus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Exodus subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Exodus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_wave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_wave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>First wave</span> </div> </a> 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950-1951)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)">Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Expulsion by Bulgarian government</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">Exodus of Turks from the People's Republic of Bulgaria</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, the Eastern Bloc</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">1950-1951 <br />10 August – 7 October 1950 (First Wave) 2 December 1950 – 17 October (Second Wave)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Victims</th><td class="infobox-data">154,393 Turks</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data">Bulgarian Communist Government</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motive</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Anti-Turkish sentiment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian nationalism">Bulgarian nationalism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> in 1950–1951, hundreds of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> left the territory of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a>. The expulsion was planned by the Bulgarian government before it began, and the reason was to secure its national borders and expel the Turkish population. Immigration of <a href="/wiki/Pomaks" title="Pomaks">Pomaks</a> was not allowed, as Bulgaria saw them as Muslim Bulgarians. The expulsion affected the economy of both countries, and according to some sources, it was caused because <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> supported the US during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. An unknown number of <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Romani_people" title="Muslim Romani people">Muslim Roma</a> also wanted to leave <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, but Turkey did not allow them to cross the border. Although the Bulgarian government's first plan was to expel at least 250,000 Turks, they failed, and only 154,393 Turks left the country, which equaled 3% of the country's entire population. The reason for the end of the exodus was that Turkey closed its borders, as Bulgaria was giving visas not only to Turks, but also to people of Roma origin, and – according to Turkey – secret agents as well.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American historian Mary C. Neuburger described the exodus as "hurried, unorganized, and destructive both for the Turkish community and the Bulgarian economy."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950%E2%80%931951)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bulgaria gained independence from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1878 with <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a>. The Turks were between fifth and quarter of the population, which made them a minority.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rights of the Turkish minority, as well as the Muslim minority was protected with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a>, which gave basic rights like freedom of worship. Later the <a href="/wiki/Tarnovo_Constitution" title="Tarnovo Constitution">Turnovo Constitution of 1879</a> and the Bulgarian-Ottoman Convention of 1909 also protected and guaranteed the rights of the Muslim minority.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Bulgarian government never paid attention to the education and economic situation of minorities in the country. For example, education in Turkish was tolerated, but these schools did not receive any support from the government, unlike their Bulgarian counterparts. This caused a very low level of education among the Turkish minority, and there was no way for them to participate in politics. Religious education was not only allowed, but also encouraged to prevent the minority from integrating into the new society.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The situation of the Turkish minority worsened especially after 1934. Examples of this were the <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razgrad_Olaylar%C4%B1" class="extiw" title="tr:Razgrad Olayları">incident in Razgrad</a>, the pogrom in Kesarevo<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the renaming of villages in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A report from 1934 states: <i>"we cannot have the illusion that we will ever melt the Turks living in the country and make them Bulgarians [...] we should do everything possible to keep the Turks in ignorance, to keep their cultural level as low as possible, and not to allow them to get firmly on their feet materially and economically."</i> Since the assimilation campaign was rejected in the 1930s, therefore the idea of emigration was launched, which the Bulgarian state did not give up until 1989. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communist_Bulgaria">Communist Bulgaria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950%E2%80%931951)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Communist Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After WWII Bulgaria became a communist country, and her opinion of Turkey changed since Turkey was not part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>. <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a> wanted to give rights to all the minorities in the country, but he was of the opinion that one must be careful with the Turks, in order not to create a Turkish influence on communist Bulgaria. Since the two neighboring countries belonged to rival blocs, migration was banned.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1947">1947</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950%E2%80%931951)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1947"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> As Turkey and Bulgaria were under rival political systems, the borders were closed and emigration was practically impossible. A commission created in 1947 toured various Turkish settlements and concluded that the Turks would never be loyal and that there was no point in stopping them if they wanted to emigrate. According to Georgi Dimitrov:</p><blockquote><p>"I have to tell you, let it remain between us, that there is one big issue that has not existed since yesterday, it is that on our southern border we have, in fact, a non-Bulgarian population, which represents a permanent <a href="/wiki/Ulcer" title="Ulcer">ulcer</a> for our country. Before us, as a party and government, is the question of finding a way to remove it from there and settle it in another place, and to settle our own Bulgarian population there... We cannot leave the People's Republic of Bulgaria in such a situation as it existed on <a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Bulgaria">September 9</a>".</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1949">1949</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950%E2%80%931951)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1949"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Actions for emigration began in 1949, when the expulsion of the Turks was associated with national security. Although the state wanted the Turks to leave, this did not apply to the Pomaks – according to the Bulgarian authorities, they were of Bulgarian origin and they had to stay in their homeland. </p><p>After the death of Georgi Dimitrov in 1949, an inquiry was made to the Soviet Union and Stalin, and a decision was made to expel 30–40% of the Turkish population of the country. The reason given was that the Turks would never be integrated as they had no faith in the government, also they were a hostile group, and had direct ties to capitalist Turkey. Particular attention was paid to the Turks living in the <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" title="Rhodope Mountains">Rhodopes</a>, near the Turkish border. Apart from the fact that the Bulgarian government was looking for people to replace the Turks in the tobacco industry flourishing in the region, it was also believed that their expulsion would eventually protect the southern Bulgarian border. Depending on the Turkish reaction, two options were indicated: if Turkey agrees to accept a <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">mass exodus</a>, it should be carried out and Bulgarians would settle in the places of the Turks who left, and if Turkey refuses – there should be internal deportation. </p><p>Bulgarian politicians were of the opinion that although Turkey would want the emigration of Turks from Bulgaria, she would not be able to accommodate a large scale mass emigration, and this would create a negative effect on Turkey's image as a capitalist country and the capitalist West in general. Also, Turkey experienced severe unemployment and financial crisis at that time, and was not as economically strong as most other countries of the West. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950">1950</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950%E2%80%931951)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1950"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Craiova" title="Treaty of Craiova">Bulgarian retake of Southern Dobruja</a>, the percentage of the Turkish population increased significantly, as many Turks live in the area itself, in addition to Bulgarians. The opinion about emigration of the Turks did not change, but one more reason for exodus was added: the large number of Turks in Bulgaria.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the beginning of 1950, the Bulgarian government began to forcibly seize the lands of the Turks, especially in the North-Eastern part of the country - <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludogorie" title="Ludogorie">Deliorman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, attention was paid to the financial implications of a possible merger. The argument that Bulgaria "will give 100,000 manpower and soldiers to Turkey" began to emerge, but on the other hand it was argued that the Turkish government will not be able to take many people.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Cel%C3%A2l_Bayar" title="Celâl Bayar">Celal Bayar</a> maintained that no matter how many emigrants come, Turkey will accept all of them. <a href="/wiki/Adnan_Menderes" title="Adnan Menderes">Adnan Menderes</a> was also of the opinion that in the short term this may have a negative impact on the Turkish economy, but in the long term it would have a positive impact and he gave <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Greek-Turkish population exchange</a> as an example.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exodus">Exodus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950%E2%80%931951)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Exodus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_wave">First wave</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950%E2%80%931951)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First wave"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 10 August 1950, Bulgaria sent a note to Turkey to accept 250,000 Turks within three months, but Turkey quickly rejected this note, claiming that it was impossible to accept so many people in such a short period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Bulgaria began to issue passports to those wishing to leave, and Turkey was very slow in approving refugees;<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in fact Sofia willingly gave passports to everyone who wished to emigrate, but Ankara refused to accept those with a passport and wanted visas.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a large displacement of population was considered to be a violation of the Ankara Agreement 1925, according to which all migrants had the right to take with them all their moveable property and savings.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kapıkule-Edirne road was being run on foot by the immigrants brought to the border by the Bulgarians with military trucks. The number of immigrants coming to Turkey was increasing day by day. Turkey was not well prepared to accommodate such a large number of refugees, yet the reaction was fast; Kızılay established 50-bed hospitals in <a href="/wiki/%C3%87orlu" title="Çorlu">Çorlu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>, Edirne Migrant House admitted 1000 people under poor conditions despite its 360-person capacity. Some of the refugees were accommodated at the <a href="/wiki/Karaa%C4%9Fa%C3%A7,_Edirne" title="Karaağaç, Edirne">Karaağaç</a> Guest House since it had sufficient shelter. Houses in <a href="/wiki/Tekirda%C4%9F" title="Tekirdağ">Tekirdağ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirkeci" title="Sirkeci">Sirkeci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuzla,_Istanbul" title="Tuzla, Istanbul">Tuzla</a> were repaired, in Mudanya refugees were settled in the station buildings, farms belonging to the state in Dalaman and Koçarteke were given to the immigrant Turks from Bulgaria. The Ministry of Agriculture also offered financial support. The Council of Ministers sent an instruction to governors, and an aid committee was requested to act in a planned manner in the care and accommodation of Turks migrating from Bulgaria. </p><p>At the time, while Turkey was accommodating refugees, the two countries exchanged notes and blamed each other: Bulgaria claimed that Turkey was not treating immigrants well, and Turkey claimed that Bulgaria was asking for the impossible by wanting to send 250,000 Turks within three months. </p><p>At that time, Bulgaria began giving visas or fake visas to Muslim Roma people as well, and according to the Turkish constitution only persons of Turkish origin could immigrate to the country, and Roma people in Bulgaria were not of Turkish origin. They were considered "useless" by Bulgaria, and tried to get rid of them. Turkey also had suspicions that together with the Turkish refugees there was also Bulgarian spies among them.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All these made Turkey to close its borders on 7 October 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ankara protested to the United Nations and the Council of Europe, but these bodies have not taken any further actions. Refugees waiting for the border to reopen again began to lead demonstrations. As thousands of refugees were waiting at the border, the Bulgarian Red Cross was forced to send aid and provide shelter.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roma_people">Roma people</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950%E2%80%931951)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Roma people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Roma people and suspicions of Bulgarian agents became the reason for Turkey to close its borders. A decision was made to send them back to Bulgaria, and those who had not yet crossed the border were not allowed to enter Turkey. But not long after, Bulgaria granted Roma people the right to return within 48 hours. On 1 October, Celal Bayar made a statement that if Bulgaria continued with the same policy, the case would be brought to the UN. And if Bulgaria stops sending Roma people, Turkey would open its borders again. This statement by Bayar caused the Bulgarian authorities to soften their positions, and on 2 December 1950, the border was opened again. The fact that Turkey then supported the US during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> relatively helped to enforce its opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_wave">Second wave</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950%E2%80%931951)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Second wave"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turkey was comparatively better prepared for the second wave, although it also had to deal with the emigration of Turks from other countries: Yemen, Pakistan, Jordan, India, Turkestan, Yugoslavia, etc. However, due to suspicions that Sofia was again giving visas to Roma people, Turkey closed its borders again. Both countries blamed each other: Turkey accused Sofia of issuing fake visas and Sofia accused Ankara of forging them. On the other hand, Bulgaria's economy began to focus even more on agriculture, which made the Turks an important economic factor, in fact 83% of refugees were farmers, foresters, fishermans, and hunters.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bulgaria also supported the communist movement in Korea,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Ankara captured 126 Bulgarian spies. In this way, the Bulgarian-Turkish border was once again closed on 17 October 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forced_resettlement_of_Pomaks">Forced resettlement of Pomaks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950%E2%80%931951)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Forced resettlement of Pomaks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The forced resettlement of the Pomaks during the communist era in Bulgaria has its roots before 1950. For example, in 1948, 2,319 Pomaks from the <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" title="Rhodope Mountains">Rhodopes</a> were resettled in Northeastern Bulgaria; during the resettlement , one person was injured by the soldiers and another killed. In 1951, many Pomak families from <a href="/wiki/Gotse_Delchev,_Blagoevgrad_Province" title="Gotse Delchev, Blagoevgrad Province">Nevrokop</a> were deported to places where the Turks traditionally live. They were housed in the houses Turks left behind during the exodus.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment_of_refugees">Treatment of refugees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950%E2%80%931951)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Treatment of refugees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950%E2%80%931951)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The refugees were given a 15-day deadline to sell all their belongings. Many of them failed to do so. Refugees boarded different trains and their belongings were placed on others – leaving many Turks without their most important belongings while waiting to cross the border. Also, they paid fees to have their belongings brought to them at the border. Although they had the right to take their animals and property with them, that right was taken away. All groups in the different settlements were given a total of 20 minutes to board the train to travel to the border. Due to the failure of Bulgaria to send 800 migrants per day, various diseases have appeared among many Bulgarian Turks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950%E2%80%931951)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The refugees were accommodated in Thrace and then in the settlements where they were supposed to live. Turkey chose their residence and gave preference to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia Region">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Anatolia Region">South-East</a> regions as they did not have much population and ethnic Turks were a minority there. <a href="/wiki/Marmara_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmara Region">Thrace</a> was also an important place because the population density was low and it was a frontier region. Then came the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean Region">Aegean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Region,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Region, Turkey">Mediterranean</a> regions, and finally <a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Anatolia Region">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" title="West Anatolia Region (statistical)">Western Anatolia</a>. </p><p>Many of them were allocated to places where there is a strong need for the given refugee's occupation. For example, gardeners were mostly directed to <a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a>, and those involved in arts to <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>. The Turks who were engaged in tobacco production in Bulgaria were directed to <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Eskişehir">Eskişehir</a>, and those who knew how to cultivate the land were placed in regions where cotton is produced. </p><p>The personal belongings, goods and animals of the immigrants were exempted from all customs duties for a one time only. Farmers' farm animals up to 6,000 liras, cars and all kinds of agricultural vehicles were excluded from the tax, and tradesmen and self-employed people also benefited from the same practice. The tax exemption rate for traders was determined as 12,000 liras, and official taxes on passports, visas, population, transportation, title deeds and stamps were not collected from these immigrants. While the settlers did not pay building and land tax for 5 years, male immigrants over the age of 22 were also exempted from military service. </p><p>Various organizations and intellectuals took part in collecting funds for the refugees. In various places, new districts and settlements were created, intended only for the Turks from Bulgaria.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950%E2%80%931951)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bulgarian reports used the term <i>izselvane [изселване]</i>, meaning exodus, and a report from August 1949 called it <i>izgonvane [изгонване]</i>, meaning to expel.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_autonomy">Cultural autonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950%E2%80%931951)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cultural autonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The process of <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">de-Stalinisation</a> gave more freedom to Bulgarian politicians who for the next 25 years tried to integrate and finally assimilate the Turkish minority. Their goal was to make the Turks part of the Bulgarian communist nation. According to Veselin Dimitrov: <i>"since the process [of integration] was based on unequal terms, the implicit assumption being that the Turks would be expected to merge into an already existing Bulgarian national identity, it can best be described as assimilation rather than integration, regardless of the official terminology used."</i> Efforts to raise the standard of the Turks were made. Since Turks were active in agricultural labour force, soon they became an important part of the Bulgarian economy. The younger generation spoke Bulgarian better but this did not made them to abandon using Turkish at home.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The communist propaganda described the Turks as "equal participants in building a glorious socialist state". Their accomplishments were highlighted. The idea of another expulsion was not completely rejected, but it was now viewed in a different way: Turks played a role in the country's economy.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However beneath these changes lied the motive to assimilate the Turkish minority into the Bulgarian majority.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, similar ideas led to another emigration between 1968–78, and finally the official <a href="/wiki/Revival_Process" title="Revival Process">assimilation campaign of the Turkish minority in 1984</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950%E2%80%931951)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Excursion" title="Big Excursion">Big Excursion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_Process" title="Revival Process">Revival Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komotini_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Komotini pogrom">Komotini pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_K%C3%BCp%C3%A7%C3%BC" title="Recep Küpçü">Recep Küpçü</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950%E2%80%931951)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFÖzgür2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Özgür, Ulvi (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nek.istanbul.edu.tr:4444/ekos/TEZ/42824.pdf"><i>Bulgaristan Türkleri'nin 1950–1951 yıllarında Türkiye'ye göçleri</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Turkish). Istanbul.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulgaristan+T%C3%BCrkleri%27nin+1950%E2%80%931951+y%C4%B1llar%C4%B1nda+T%C3%BCrkiye%27ye+g%C3%B6%C3%A7leri&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=%C3%96zg%C3%BCr&rft.aufirst=Ulvi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnek.istanbul.edu.tr%3A4444%2Fekos%2FTEZ%2F42824.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExodus+of+Turks+from+Bulgaria+%281950%E2%80%931951%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuburger2004" class="citation book cs1">Neuburger, Mary (2004). <i>The Orient Within: Muslim Minorities and the Negotiation of Nationhood in Modern Bulgaria</i>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501720239" title="Special:BookSources/9781501720239"><bdi>9781501720239</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orient+Within%3A+Muslim+Minorities+and+the+Negotiation+of+Nationhood+in+Modern+Bulgaria&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781501720239&rft.aulast=Neuburger&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExodus+of+Turks+from+Bulgaria+%281950%E2%80%931951%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimitrov2000" class="citation journal cs1">Dimitrov, Veselin (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecmi.de/fileadmin/redakteure/publications/JEMIE_Datens%C3%A4tze/JEMIE01Dimitrov10-07-01.pdf">"In Search of a Homogeneous Nation: The Assimilation of Bulgaria's Turkish Minority, 1984–1985"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnopolitics+and+Minority+Issues+in+Europe&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+a+Homogeneous+Nation%3A+The+Assimilation+of+Bulgaria%27s+Turkish+Minority%2C+1984%E2%80%931985&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Dimitrov&rft.aufirst=Veselin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecmi.de%2Ffileadmin%2Fredakteure%2Fpublications%2FJEMIE_Datens%25C3%25A4tze%2FJEMIE01Dimitrov10-07-01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExodus+of+Turks+from+Bulgaria+%281950%E2%80%931951%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavovaBorden2001" class="citation book cs1">Savova, Milena; Borden, Mahom (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1317549/1/248046.pdf"><i>The politics of Nationalism under Communism in Bulgaria: Myths, Memories, and Minorities</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+Nationalism+under+Communism+in+Bulgaria%3A+Myths%2C+Memories%2C+and+Minorities&rft.pub=University+of+London&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Savova&rft.aufirst=Milena&rft.au=Borden%2C+Mahom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F1317549%2F1%2F248046.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExodus+of+Turks+from+Bulgaria+%281950%E2%80%931951%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolat" class="citation journal cs1">Bolat, Bengül. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/235746">"1932 Kessarevo/Kesarevo/Kesenova olayı/faciası/hadisesi"</a>. <i>Çağdaş 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href="https://geoproblems.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/2014_34/12_pmihaylov_2014_34.pdf">"80 години от най-масовото селищно преименуване в България"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Българска академия на науките</i>: 154–164 – via GeoProblems.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5&rft.atitle=80+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pages=154-164&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeoproblems.eu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F01%2F2014_34%2F12_pmihaylov_2014_34.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExodus+of+Turks+from+Bulgaria+%281950%E2%80%931951%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPınar2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pınar, Mehmet (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/675862"><i>1950–1951 Bulgaristan'dan Türkiye'ye göç ve Demokrat Parti'nin göçmen politikası</i></a> (in Turkish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1950%E2%80%931951+Bulgaristan%27dan+T%C3%BCrkiye%27ye+g%C3%B6%C3%A7+ve+Demokrat+Parti%27nin+g%C3%B6%C3%A7men+politikas%C4%B1&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=P%C4%B1nar&rft.aufirst=Mehmet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Ftr%2Fdownload%2Farticle-file%2F675862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExodus+of+Turks+from+Bulgaria+%281950%E2%80%931951%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFАврамов2016" class="citation 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Sofia: Center for Advanced Study.</cite><span 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEminov" class="citation book cs1">Eminov, Ali. <i>Turkish and Other Muslim minorities in Bulgaria</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415919760" title="Special:BookSources/9780415919760"><bdi>9780415919760</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+and+Other+Muslim+minorities+in+Bulgaria&rft.isbn=9780415919760&rft.aulast=Eminov&rft.aufirst=Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExodus+of+Turks+from+Bulgaria+%281950%E2%80%931951%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlszowska2019" class="citation journal cs1">Olszowska, Karolina (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40958886">"Refugees of Bulgaria Turks 1950-1953"</a>. <i>Polonya ve Türk Dünyası</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polonya+ve+T%C3%BCrk+D%C3%BCnyas%C4%B1&rft.atitle=Refugees+of+Bulgaria+Turks+1950-1953&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Olszowska&rft.aufirst=Karolina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F40958886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExodus+of+Turks+from+Bulgaria+%281950%E2%80%931951%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyaşlı" class="citation book cs1">Ayaşlı, Enes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://osf.io/preprints/thesiscommons/9jg4a"><i>Mass Migration movements to Turkey: The cases of Turks of Bulgaria, Northern Iraqis, and Syrians</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mass+Migration+movements+to+Turkey%3A+The+cases+of+Turks+of+Bulgaria%2C+Northern+Iraqis%2C+and+Syrians&rft.aulast=Aya%C5%9Fl%C4%B1&rft.aufirst=Enes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fosf.io%2Fpreprints%2Fthesiscommons%2F9jg4a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExodus+of+Turks+from+Bulgaria+%281950%E2%80%931951%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBULGARIAN_HELSINKI_COMMITTEE" class="citation book cs1">BULGARIAN HELSINKI COMMITTEE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miris.eurac.edu/mugs2/do/blob.pdf%3Ftype=pdf&serial=1075393805246"><i>The Human Rights of Muslims in Bulgaria in Law and Politics since 1878</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Human+Rights+of+Muslims+in+Bulgaria+in+Law+and+Politics+since+1878&rft.au=BULGARIAN+HELSINKI+COMMITTEE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmiris.eurac.edu%2Fmugs2%2Fdo%2Fblob.pdf%253Ftype%3Dpdf%26serial%3D1075393805246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExodus+of+Turks+from+Bulgaria+%281950%E2%80%931951%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEminov1986" class="citation journal cs1">Eminov, Ali (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4676138">"Are Turkish speakers in Bulgaria of Bulgarian origin?"</a>. <i>Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 503. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13602008608715999">10.1080/13602008608715999</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+Institute+of+Muslim+Minority+Affairs&rft.atitle=Are+Turkish+speakers+in+Bulgaria+of+Bulgarian+origin%3F&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=503&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13602008608715999&rft.aulast=Eminov&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4676138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExodus+of+Turks+from+Bulgaria+%281950%E2%80%931951%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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