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r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[R,_,_e,Ne,he,N,L,Pe,ke],loaderType:"pro"})})()})();</script><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <style type="text/css">li {list-style:inherit !important} </style> <p>CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell subsets exert diverse functions due to their expression of characteristic cytokines. T helper type 1 (Th1) cells constitute one subset of CD4<sup>+</sup> effector T cells that promote cell-mediated immune responses against intracellular viral and bacterial pathogens. Th1 cells are characterized by the secretion of IFN-gamma, IL-10, and TNF-alpha. Although Th1 cells are critical for the clearance of intracellular pathogens, exaggerated Th1 responses are associated with autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and type 1 diabetes.</p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="border" width="600"> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Related Information</strong><br /> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/pathways/th1-differentiation-pathway">Th1 Differentiation Interactive Pathway</a><br /> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/resources/posters/t-cell-subsets">T Cell Subsets Poster</a><br /> <a href="https://resources.rndsystems.com/images/site/br_cd4_t_cell_12.14_866.pdf">T Cell Subsets Poster</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>Differentiation of Th1 Cells</h3> <p><a class="click_more">See Details</a></p> <div class="more_info"> <p>The development of the Th1 subset of CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells is induced by distinct extracellular signals (<em>e.g.</em> IL-12 and IFN-gamma) and is controlled by distinct transcription factors (<em>e.g.</em> T-bet and STAT4). Th1 polarized cells are present in low abundance in normal human peripheral blood. In vitro differentiation of Th1 cells from the larger CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell population provides increased numbers of Th1 cells to facilitate research into their functions.</p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="border" width="600"> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Products for the Differentiation of Th1 Cells</strong><br /> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/search?keywords=ifn-gamma&category=Proteins%20and%20Enzymes&common_name=IFN-gamma">Recombinant IFN-gamma</a><br /> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/search?keywords=il-12&category=Proteins%20and%20Enzymes&common_name=IL-12">Recombinant IL-12</a><br /> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/search?keywords=il-27&category=Proteins%20and%20Enzymes">Recombinant IL-27</a><br /> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/search?keywords=cd3%20or%20cd3%20epsilon&category=Primary%20Antibodies&conjugate_form=Unconjugated&common_name=CD3">Anti-CD3 antibody</a><br /> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/search?keywords=cd28&category=Primary%20Antibodies&common_name=CD28&conjugate_form=Unconjugated">Anti-CD28 antibody</a><br /> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/search?keywords=il-4&category=Primary%20Antibodies&common_name=IL-4&conjugate_form=Unconjugated">Anti-IL-4 antibody</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h3>Flow Cytometric Analysis of Differentiated Th1 Cells</h3> <p><a class="click_more2">See Details</a></p> <div class="more_info2"> <p>Following cell differentiation, flow cytometry can be used to verify the expression of established cell surface or intracellular markers of CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell subsets. Intracellular markers include transcription factors that control CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell differentiation as well as signature cytokines as they traffic through secretory organelles.</p> <p>Determine the percentage of differentiated cells by flow cytometry using the suggested reagents shown in the table below. To prepare cells for flow cytometry, wash the cells once with RPMI and resuspend them in 1 mL of RPMI, 2 mM L-glutamine, 10 units/mL penicillin, 10 µg/mL streptomycin, 10% FBS, 50 ng/mL PMA, and 1 µg/mL calcium ionomycin. Incubate the cells in a 37 °C, 5% CO<sub>2</sub>, humidified incubator for 1 hour. Then add monesin to a final concentration of 3 µM and incubate for an additional 3 hours.</p> <p>Click here to view protocols for staining <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/resources/protocols/flow-cytometry-protocol-staining-membrane-associated-proteins-suspended-cells">membrane-associated</a> molecules or intracellular molecules (using either <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/resources/protocols/flow-cytometry-protocol-staining-intracellular-molecules-using-detergents">detergents</a> or <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/resources/protocols/flow-cytometry-protocol-staining-intracellular-molecules-using-alcohol">alcohol</a> to permeabilize the cell membrane), please visit <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/resources/protocols/flow-cytometry-protocols">Flow Cytometry Protocols</a>.</p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="border"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p><strong>Transcription Factor Antibodies</strong></p> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/search?keywords=stat1&category=Primary%20Antibodies&rnd_applications=Flow%20Cytometry">STAT1</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/search?keywords=t-bet&category=Primary%20Antibodies">T-bet</a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <p><strong>Cytokine Antibodies</strong></p> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/search?keywords=ifn-gamma&category=Primary%20Antibodies&common_name=IFN-gamma&rnd_applications=Flow%20Cytometry">IFN-gamma</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/search?keywords=il-2&category=Primary%20Antibodies&common_name=IL-2&rnd_applications=Flow%20Cytometry">IL-2</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/search?keywords=il-10&category=Primary%20Antibodies&common_name=IL-10&rnd_applications=Flow%20Cytometry">IL-10</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/search?keywords=lymphotoxin-alpha&category=Primary%20Antibodies&common_name=Lymphotoxin-alpha/TNF-beta&rnd_applications=Flow%20Cytometry">Lymphotoxin-alpha/TNF-beta</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/search?keywords=tnf-alpha&category=Primary%20Antibodies&common_name=TNF-alpha&rnd_applications=Flow%20Cytometry">TNF-alpha</a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <p><strong>Cell Surface Protein Antibodies</strong></p> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/search?keywords=ccr5&category=Primary%20Antibodies&rnd_applications=Flow%20Cytometry">CCR5</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/search?keywords=ccr6&category=Primary%20Antibodies&rnd_applications=Flow%20Cytometry">CCR6</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/search?keywords=cd3%20epsilon&category=Primary%20Antibodies&rnd_applications=Flow%20Cytometry">CD3 epsilon</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/search?keywords=cd4&category=Primary%20Antibodies&rnd_applications=Flow%20Cytometry">CD4</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/search?keywords=cxcr3&category=Primary%20Antibodies&rnd_applications=Flow%20Cytometry">CXCR3</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/search?keywords=gp130&category=Primary%20Antibodies&common_name=gp130&rnd_applications=Flow%20Cytometry">gp130</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/search?keywords=ifn-gamma%20r1&category=Primary%20Antibodies&rnd_applications=Flow%20Cytometry">IFN-gamma R1</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/search?keywords=ifn-gamma%20r2&category=Primary%20Antibodies&rnd_applications=Flow%20Cytometry">IFN-gamma R2</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/search?keywords=il-12%20r%20beta%201&category=Primary%20Antibodies&common_name=IL-12%20R%20beta%201&rnd_applications=Flow%20Cytometry">IL-12 R beta 1</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/search?keywords=il-12%20r%20beta%202&category=Primary%20Antibodies&rnd_applications=Flow%20Cytometry">IL-12 R beta 2</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/search?keywords=il-18%20r&category=Primary%20Antibodies&common_name=IL-18%20R%20alpha/IL-1%20R5&rnd_applications=Flow%20Cytometry">IL-18 R alpha</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/search?keywords=il-18%20r%20beta&category=Primary%20Antibodies&rnd_applications=Flow%20Cytometry">IL-18 R beta</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/search?keywords=il-27%20r%20alpha&category=Primary%20Antibodies&common_name=IL-27%20R%20alpha/WSX-1/TCCR&rnd_applications=Flow%20Cytometry">IL-27 R alpha</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/search?keywords=lymphotoxin%20alpha&category=Primary%20Antibodies&common_name=Lymphotoxin-alpha/TNF-beta&rnd_applications=Flow%20Cytometry">LT-alpha/TNF-beta (Membrane Form)</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/search?keywords=tnf-alpha%20membrane%20form&category=Primary%20Antibodies">TNF-alpha (Membrane Form)</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="border" width="700"> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Related Information</strong><br /> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/products/flow-cytometry-supplemental-reagents">Flow Cytometry Supplemental Reagents</a><br /> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/products/secondary-antibodies">Secondary Antibodies</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4>Sample Data for Th1 cells</h4> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="border"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top"><a class="rnd_image_popup" href="//resources.rndsystems.com/images/site/cdk001_data-fig1-540.png" title="Figure 1. Verification of Th1 Cell Identity using Flow Cytometry."><img alt="Figure 1. Verification of Th1 Cell Identity using Flow Cytometry." src="//resources.rndsystems.com/images/site/cdk001_data-fig1-540.png" title="Figure 1. Verification of Th1 Cell Identity using Flow Cytometry." width="232" /><br /> View Larger Image </a></td> <td><strong>Figure 1. Verification of Th1 Cell Identity using Flow Cytometry.</strong> Human peripheral blood naïve CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells before (A, C) and after (B, D) a 5 day differentiation using the reagents included in the Human Th1 Cell Differentiation Kit (Catalog # <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/Products/CDK001">CDK001</a>). (A, B) The cells were stained with an APC-conjugated Mouse Anti-Human IFN-gamma Monoclonal Antibody (Catalog # <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/products/human-ifn-gamma-apc-conjugated-antibody-25723_ic285a">IC285A</a>) and a PE-conjugated Mouse Anti-Human IL-4 Monoclonal Antibody (Catalog # <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/products/human-il-4-pe-conjugated-antibody-3007_ic204p">IC204P</a>). (C, D) The cells were stained with an APC-conjugated Mouse Anti-Human IFN-gamma Monoclonal Antibody (Catalog # <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/products/human-ifn-gamma-apc-conjugated-antibody-25723_ic285a">IC285A</a>) and a PerCP-conjugated Mouse Anti-Human IL-17 Monoclonal Antibody (Catalog # <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/products/human-il-17-il-17a-percp-conjugated-antibody-41802_ic3171c">IC3171C</a>). Quadrants were placed based on naïve CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells activated with anti-CD3 antibody but not treated with Th1 Reagents 1 or 2.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h3>Multi-analyte Assay of Cell Supernatants</h3> <p><a class="click_more3">See Details</a></p> <div class="more_info3"> <p>The culture medium from CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell differentiation procedures should be analyzed to confirm that the cells are secreting cytokines relevant to the desired cell subset. Multiplex detection techniques enable efficient screening for many cytokines simultaneously. Both Proteome Profiler™ Antibody Arrays and Luminex<sup>®</sup>-based Flow Cytometry Assays are optimized for maximum specificity and sensitivity of analyte detection.</p> <p><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/products/proteome-profiler-antibody-arrays">Proteome Profiler™ Antibody Arrays</a> allow for the measurement of up to 119 proteins in a single sample. These arrays require no specialized equipment and eliminate the need for multiple Western blot experiments. Antibody array kits contain buffers, detection antibodies, and membranes spotted in duplicate with high quality capture antibodies. The arrays utilize chemiluminescence for detection, and membranes can be assessed for protein levels in the same manner as traditional Western blots. Select arrays are also suitable for use with the LI-COR<sup>®</sup> detection system. Click here for a generalized <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/resources/technical/use-proteome-profiler-arrays-li-cor-detection">protocol</a> or <a class="rnd_image_popup" href="/profiling-changes-receptor-tyrosine-kinase-phosphorylation-using-antibody-arrays" title="Profiling Changes in Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Phosphorylation using Antibody Arrays - Proteome Profiler Antibody Arrays">video </a>on how to use these antibody arrays. Detailed array-specific instructions are provided in the booklet for each array kit.</p> <p>Click here for data examples of the analysis of secreted <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/resources/technical/li-cor-data-examples-human-cytokine-array-panel">human</a>, <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/resources/technical/li-cor-data-examples-mouse-cytokine-array-panel">mouse</a>, or <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/products/li-cor-data-examples-rat-cytokine-array-panel">rat</a> cytokines.</p> <p><a class="orange_button" href="https://www.rndsystems.com/search?keywords=cytokine+array+panel" style="background: rgb(0, 95, 159);">Proteome Profiler Antibody Arrays for Cytokine Detection</a></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="border" width="600"> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Related Information</strong><br /> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/resources/technical/troubleshooting-guide-human-proteome-profiler-array-kits">Proteome Profiler Array Kits Troubleshooting Guide</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <hr /> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/products/luminex-screening-and-performance-assays">Luminex Screening and Performance Assays</a> utilize color-coded polystyrene or superparamagnetic beads coated with analyte-specific antibodies. Beads recognizing different target analytes are mixed together and incubated with the sample. Captured analytes are subsequently detected using a cocktail of biotinylated detection antibodies and a streptavidin-phycoerythrin conjugate.</p> <p>The <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/luminex/analytes?wwwcatno=%2A">Luminex Assay Customization Tool</a> is designed to help you build the right Luminex assay for your research.</p> <p><strong>Polystyrene beads</strong> are designed for use with the Luminex 100™, Luminex 200, or Bio-Rad<sup>®</sup> Bio-Plex<sup>®</sup> dual-laser analyzers. One laser in the instrument determines the color of each bead while the second laser determines the magnitude of the phycoerythrin-derived signal, which is directly proportional to the amount of analyte bound.</p> <p><strong>Magnetic beads</strong> are compatible with Luminex MAGPIX<sup>®</sup>, Luminex 100, Luminex 200, and Bio-Rad<sup>®</sup> Bio-Plex<sup>®</sup> analyzers. The Luminex MAGPIX analyzer utilizes a magnet to hold the superparamagnetic microparticles in a monolayer while light emitting diodes illuminate and a CCD camera images each well.</p> <p><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/products/luminex-screening-assays">Luminex Screening Assays</a> from R&D Systems are designed to maximize multiplexing capacity and flexibility while maintaining assay specificity.</p> <ul> <li>Largest luminex multiplex available: simultaneously analyze up to 100 analytes</li> <li>Flexible analyte selection: choose from over 175 analytes</li> <li>Unique analytes offered: over 50 analytes are exclusively available from R&D Systems</li> <li>Rapidly expanding menu: new analytes are released monthly</li> <li>Polystyrene or magnetic options: all analytes are available in either the polystyrene or magnetic microparticle format</li> </ul> <p><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/products/luminex-performance-assays">Luminex Performance Assays</a> from R&D Systems are designed to maximize assay accuracy and precision while preserving the benefits of multiplexing.</p> <ul> <li>Accurate and reproducible results: panel development and validation testing are similar to R&D Systems gold-standard Quantikine<sup>®</sup> ELISA assays</li> <li>Polystyrene or magnetic options: select panels are available in either the polystyrene or magnetic microparticle format</li> <li>User-defined analyte selection: choose analytes from established panels and select “premixed” or “end-user mixed” options</li> <li>User-selected combinations of analytes can be assembled with our Luminex Assay Ordering Tool. The ordering tool walks you step-by-step through choices of screening or performance assays, polystyrene or magnetic bead formats, species options, and target analytes of interest.</li> <li>Our list of analytes for Screening Assays numbers more than 200 and is continuously growing. Please see our <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/ordering_tool.aspx?wwwcatno=*">Luminex Assay Customization Tool</a> for the current selection.</li> </ul> <p>Data from the measurement of 158 analytes secreted by unstimulated and stimulated NK cells.</p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="border"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top"><a class="rnd_image_popup" href="//resources.rndsystems.com/images/site/1_700.jpg" title="TNF-alpha induced chemokine secretion is inhibited by TPCA-1 and MLN4924"><img alt="TNF-alpha induced chemokine secretion is inhibited by TPCA-1 and MLN4924" src="//resources.rndsystems.com/images/site/1_232.jpg" title="TNF-alpha induced chemokine secretion is inhibited by TPCA-1 and MLN4924" width="232" /><br /> View Larger Image </a></td> <td><strong>Figure 1</strong>. A) Heat map showing the tested biomarkers. Colors correspond to high, mid, and low abundance. B) Quantitative comparison of biomarker concentrations between stimulated and unstimulated NK cells.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <h4>Figure 2</h4> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="border"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top"><a class="rnd_image_popup" href="//resources.rndsystems.com/images/site/2.1_700.jpg" title="Confirmation of Antibody Array Data Using ELISAs"><img alt="Confirmation of Antibody Array Data Using ELISAs" src="//resources.rndsystems.com/images/site/2.1_232.jpg" title="Confirmation of Antibody Array Data Using ELISAs" width="232" /><br /> View Larger Image </a></td> <td><strong>Figure 2</strong>. A) Heat map showing the tested biomarkers. Colors correspond to high, mid, and low abundance. B) Quantitative comparison of biomarker concentrations between stimulated and unstimulated NK cells. *The increased IL-12 levels in stimulated cells was due to addition of IL-12 during the stimulation procedure.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <h4>Figure 3</h4> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="border"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top"><a class="rnd_image_popup" href="//resources.rndsystems.com/images/site/2.2_700.jpg" title="Confirmation of Antibody Array Data Using ELISAs"><img alt="Confirmation of Antibody Array Data Using ELISAs" src="//resources.rndsystems.com/images/site/2.2_232.jpg" title="Confirmation of Antibody Array Data Using ELISAs" width="232" /><br /> View Larger Image </a></td> <td><strong>Figure 3</strong>. A) Heat map showing the tested biomarkers. Colors correspond to high, mid, and low abundance. B) Quantitative comparison of biomarker concentrations between stimulated and unstimulated NK cells.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p><a class="orange_button" href="https://www.rndsystems.com/search?keywords=luminex%20performance%20cytokine%20panel&common_name=Cytokine%20Assay%20Kits" style="background: rgb(0, 95, 159);">Luminex Performance Assay Panels</a></p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="border" width="600"> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Related Information</strong><br /> <a href="https://resources.rndsystems.com/images/site/ca_luminex_may%202015_1488_pr.pdf">Luminex Screening and Performance Assays Specialty Catalog</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h3>Single Analyte Assay of Cell Supernatants</h3> <p><a class="click_more4">See Details</a></p> <div class="more_info4"> <p>R&D Systems offers a wide variety of sandwich ELISA kits that are designed to provide high levels of specificity, accuracy, precision, and sensitivity in analyte quantification. They are available in a range of formats including colorimetric, fluorescence, and chemiluminescence-based kits for measuring intracellular and extracellular proteins.</p> <p><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/products/elisa-kits">Quantikine<sup>®</sup> ELISA kits</a> have been exhaustively tested for superior quality and reproducibility. Kit performance relies heavily on the selection of high quality antibody pairs and rigorous in-house testing throughout the development process. This includes component and kit stability, sensitivity, linearity, recovery, intra- and inter-assay precision, as well as cross-reactivity and interference testing with related analytes to confirm assay specificity. This stringent validation testing is used to optimize assay performance and verify that each kit will provide reproducible results both well-to-well and lot-to-lot.</p> <p><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/products/duoset-elisa-development-systems">DuoSet<sup>®</sup> ELISA Development Systems</a> contain the basic components required to develop an immunoassay. They offer an economical alternative to buying separate antibodies and proteins.</p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="border" width="600"> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>ELISA Immunoassays for Th1 Cells</strong><br /> <a href="/target/ifn-gamma?category=ELISAs">IFN-gamma</a><br /> <a href="/target/il-2?category=ELISAs">IL-2</a><br /> <a href="/target/il-10?category=ELISAs">IL-10</a><br /> <a href="/target/lymphotoxin-alpha-tnf-beta?category=ELISAs">Lymphotoxin-alpha/TNF-beta</a><br /> <a href="/target/tnf-alpha?category=ELISAs">TNF-alpha</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="border" width="600"> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Related Information</strong><br /> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/resources/troubleshooting-guide-elisa-development">ELISA Development Troubleshooting Guide</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-category field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/protocol-types/immunology" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel">Immunology</a></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-block-26" class="block block-block"> <div class="content">  <div class="embeddedServiceInvitation" id="snapins_invite" aria-live="assertive" role="dialog" aria-atomic="true" style="display: none;"> <div class="embeddedServiceInvitationHeader" aria-labelledby="snapins_titletext" aria-describedby="snapins_bodytext" style="height: 48px;"> <img id="embeddedServiceAvatar" /> <span class="embeddedServiceTitleText" id="snapins_titletext">Need help?</span> <button type="button" id="closeInvite" class="embeddedServiceCloseIcon" aria-label="Exit invitation">×</button> </div> <div class="embeddedServiceInvitationBody"> <p id="snapins_bodytext">How can we help you?</p> </div> <div class="embeddedServiceInvitationFooter" aria-describedby="snapins_bodytext"> <button type="button" class="embeddedServiceActionButton" id="rejectInvite">Close</button> <button type="button" class="embeddedServiceActionButton" id="acceptInvite">Start Chat</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid_3"> <div class="column_menu"> <a href="/resources/literature" class="parent">Literature</a><div class="right_menu_contents hide"><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/resources/articles" title="" id="menu-literature-29336">Articles</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/resources/literature" title="" id="menu-literature-29341">Literature</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/resources/posters" title="" id="menu-literature-29346">Posters</a></li> </ul></div><a href="/Products" class="parent">Product Categories</a><div class="right_menu_contents hide"><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed"><a href="/products/proteins" id="menu-products-12696">Recombinant Proteins</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/products/good-manufacturing-practices-gmp-grade-proteins" id="menu-products-112931">GMP Proteins</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/products/enzymes" id="menu-products-121111">Enzymes</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/products/small-molecules-peptides" id="menu-products-112711">Small Molecules & Peptides</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/products/immunotherapy" id="menu-products-121081">Immunotherapy</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/products/elispot-kits-fluorospot-kits" id="menu-products-12681">ELISpots</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/products/cdna-clones" title="R&D Systems offers large selections of cDNA Clones and expression-ready vectors. 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