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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsch-niederl%C3%A4ndische_Beziehungen" title="Deutsch-niederländische Beziehungen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutsch-niederländische Beziehungen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaciones_Alemania-Pa%C3%ADses_Bajos" title="Relaciones Alemania-Países Bajos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Relaciones Alemania-Países Bajos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations_entre_l%27Allemagne_et_les_Pays-Bas" title="Relations entre l'Allemagne et les Pays-Bas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Relations entre l'Allemagne et les Pays-Bas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94%E2%80%93%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="יחסי גרמניה–הולנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יחסי גרמניה–הולנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duits-Nederlandse_betrekkingen" title="Duits-Nederlandse betrekkingen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duits-Nederlandse betrekkingen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya_%E2%80%94_Niderlandiya_munosabatlari" title="Germaniya — Niderlandiya munosabatlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Germaniya — Niderlandiya munosabatlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германско-нидерландские отношения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Германско-нидерландские отношения" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><caption class="infobox-title">German–Dutch relations</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_Netherlands_Locator.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating locations of Germany and Netherlands"><img alt="Map indicating locations of Germany and Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Germany_Netherlands_Locator.png/250px-Germany_Netherlands_Locator.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Germany_Netherlands_Locator.png/375px-Germany_Netherlands_Locator.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Germany_Netherlands_Locator.png/500px-Germany_Netherlands_Locator.png 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="1245" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey"></th></tr><tr style="height:0.6em"> <td style="background:#339933;"></td> <td style="background:#E08020;"></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/50px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/75px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/100px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/68px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey">Diplomatic mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center">Embassy of Germany, The Hague</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_Netherlands,_Berlin" title="Embassy of the Netherlands, Berlin">Embassy of the Netherlands, Berlin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey">Envoy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center">Ambassador Franz Josef Kremp<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;">Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Monique_van_Daalen" title="Monique van Daalen">Monique van Daalen</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_embassy_den_haag2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/German_embassy_den_haag2010.jpg/220px-German_embassy_den_haag2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/German_embassy_den_haag2010.jpg/330px-German_embassy_den_haag2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/German_embassy_den_haag2010.jpg/440px-German_embassy_den_haag2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Embassy of Germany in The Hague</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Be_Dutch_Embassy_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Be_Dutch_Embassy_02.JPG/220px-Be_Dutch_Embassy_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Be_Dutch_Embassy_02.JPG/330px-Be_Dutch_Embassy_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Be_Dutch_Embassy_02.JPG/440px-Be_Dutch_Embassy_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2589" data-file-height="1923" /></a><figcaption>Embassy of the Netherlands in Berlin</figcaption></figure> <p><b>German–Dutch relations</b> are diplomatic, military and cultural ties between the <a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Netherlands_border" title="Germany–Netherlands border">bordering nations</a> of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. Relations between the modern states started after Germany became united in 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before that the Netherlands had relations with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> and other, smaller German-speaking nations. Both countries are full members of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary of Burgundy</a>, titular <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Duchess of Burgundy</a>, reigned over the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_State" title="Burgundian State">Burgundian State</a> before she married with <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Archduke Maximilian of Austria</a>, the future <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> Maximilian I in 1477.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a> arose from the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a>, a number of fiefs held by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois-Burgundy" title="House of Valois-Burgundy">House of Valois-Burgundy</a> and inherited by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg dynasty</a> in 1482. Starting in 1512, the Provinces formed the major part of the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Circle" title="Burgundian Circle">Burgundian Circle</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Charles V</a>, who secularized <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Utrecht" title="Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht">Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht</a>, began the gradual abdication of his several crowns in October 1555, his son <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> took over as overlord of the conglomerate of duchies, counties and other feudal <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fiefs</a> known as the Habsburg Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1566, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a> and the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty Years War">Eighty Years War</a> have started, and a number of incidents and frictions had accumulated between the Dutch provinces and their <a href="/wiki/Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburgs">Habsburg</a> overlord. In 1648, the Seven United Provinces became independent and seceded to form the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a> continued in peacetime, during which the Dutch government worked with well-known Germans such as <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Franz_von_Siebold" title="Philipp Franz von Siebold">Philipp Franz von Siebold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Schamberger" title="Caspar Schamberger">Caspar Schamberger</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, or the Governor <a href="/wiki/Peter_Minuit" title="Peter Minuit">Peter Minuit</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a>. </p><p>From the mid-<a href="/wiki/17th_century" title="17th century">17th century</a>, the costly conflicts, including the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Wars" title="Anglo-Dutch Wars">Anglo-Dutch Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">Franco-Dutch War</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> fuelled economic decline, including heavy dependence on the French during the period in the Netherlands known as the <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a>. The Netherlands became independent again in 1813. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial German army">Imperial German army</a> refrained from attacking the Netherlands, and thus relations between the two states were preserved. The 1914 <i><a href="/wiki/Septemberprogramm" title="Septemberprogramm">Septemberprogramm</a></i> authorized by German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg" title="Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg">Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg</a> proposed the creation of a Central European Economic Union, comprising a number of European countries, including Germany and the Netherlands, in which, as the Chancellor secretly stressed, there was to be <i>a semblance of equality among the member states,</i> but in fact it was to be under German leadership to <i>stabilize Germany's economic predominance in Central Europe</i>, with co-author <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Riezler" title="Kurt Riezler">Kurt Riezler</a> admitting that the union would be a veiled form of German domination in Europe (see also: <i><a href="/wiki/Mitteleuropa" title="Mitteleuropa">Mitteleuropa</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan failed amid Germany's defeat in the war. At war's end in 1918, the former <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Kaiser Wilhelm II</a> fled to the Netherlands, where he lived until his death in 1941. </p><p>The German army <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands_(1939%E2%80%931945)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Netherlands (1939–1945)">occupied the Netherlands during World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Niederlande" title="Reichskommissariat Niederlande">kept the country under occupation</a> in 1940–1945. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> had considered the Netherlands suitable for annexation within the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Greater Germanic Reich</a>, viewing the Dutch as a related Germanic people. During this period, nearly three-quarters of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Dutch Jewish population</a> was murdered in the Holocaust. <a href="/wiki/Anne_Frank" title="Anne Frank">Anne Frank</a> was the most famous victim, as her diary survived and was published after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%9345" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch famine of 1944–45">Dutch famine of 1944–45</a>, known in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> as the <i>Hongerwinter</i> (literal translation: hunger winter), was a <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> that took place in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands_(1939%E2%80%931945)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Netherlands (1939–1945)">German-occupied Netherlands</a>, especially in the densely populated western provinces north of the great rivers, during the winter of 1944–45, near the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. A German blockade cut off food and fuel shipments from farm towns. Some 4.5 million were affected and survived thanks to soup kitchens. At least 18–22,000 deaths occurred due to the famine.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vanderzee_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanderzee-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The famine was alleviated by the liberation of the provinces by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Allies (World War II)">Allies</a> in May 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-vanderzee_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanderzee-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Netherlands launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Black_Tulip" title="Operation Black Tulip">Operation Black Tulip</a> in 1946 and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_annexation_of_German_territory_after_the_Second_World_War" title="Dutch annexation of German territory after the Second World War">annexed some German territories</a>. The Netherlands and the Federal Republic of Germany officially remained in a state of war with each other until 26 July 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present">Present</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Germany has an <a href="/wiki/Embassy" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy">embassy</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> and consuls in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eindhoven" title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enschede" title="Enschede">Enschede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groningen (city)">Groningen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden" title="Leeuwarden">Leeuwarden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noord-Beveland" title="Noord-Beveland">Noord-Beveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, while the Netherlands has an embassy in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and consuls in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>. Both nations are members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>. </p><p>According to the official website of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Netherlands">Dutch government</a>, relations between the two are currently "excellent", enjoying "close political, economic, social, cultural, administrative and personal ties". Germany is also by far the Netherlands’ main trading partner, both in imports and exports.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emigration">Emigration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Emigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, around 164,000 people with a Dutch migration background resided in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 77,000 Germans resided in the Netherlands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Embassies">Embassies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Embassies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Embassy of Germany is located in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague, the Netherlands</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_Netherlands,_Berlin" title="Embassy of the Netherlands, Berlin">Embassy of the Netherlands is located in Berlin, Germany</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Netherlands_border" title="Germany–Netherlands border">Germany–Netherlands border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Netherlands_football_rivalry" title="Germany–Netherlands football rivalry">Germany–Netherlands football rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_diaspora" title="German diaspora">Germans in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_diaspora#List_of_countries_by_population_of_Dutch_heritage" title="Dutch diaspora">Dutch people in Germany</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niederlande.diplo.de/Vertretung/niederlande/nl/02__Bo__GK/Botschafter__und__Abteilungen/0__Behoerdenleiter-NL.html">Ambassadeur</a> (in Dutch), Embassy of Germany, The Hague. Retrieved 30 December 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://duitsland.nlambassade.org/organization/de-ambassade/ambassadeur">Ambassadeur</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130203075144/http://duitsland.nlambassade.org/organization/de-ambassade/ambassadeur">Archived</a> 2013-02-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Dutch), <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_Netherlands,_Berlin" title="Embassy of the Netherlands, Berlin">Embassy of the Netherlands, Berlin</a>. Retrieved 30 December 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amry Vandenbosch, <i>Dutch Foreign Policy since 1815</i> (1959).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKendall1971" class="citation book cs1">Kendall, Paul Murray (1971). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/louisxi00paul"><i>Louis XI</i></a></span>. W.W. Norton Co. Inc. p. 319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393302608" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393302608"><bdi>978-0393302608</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+XI&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+Co.+Inc&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0393302608&rft.aulast=Kendall&rft.aufirst=Paul+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flouisxi00paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany%E2%80%93Netherlands+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Technically they formed the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Circle" title="Burgundian Circle">Burgundian Circle</a> that, under the <a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_1549" title="Pragmatic Sanction of 1549">Pragmatic Sanction of 1549</a>, was to be transferred as a unit in hereditary succession in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosiarski2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kosiarski, Jacek (2018). "Cesarstwo Niemieckie a odbudowa państwa polskiego". <i>Stosunki Międzynarodowe – International Relations</i> (in Polish). <b>54</b> (1): 178–179. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0209-0961">0209-0961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stosunki+Mi%C4%99dzynarodowe+%E2%80%93+International+Relations&rft.atitle=Cesarstwo+Niemieckie+a+odbudowa+pa%C5%84stwa+polskiego&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=178-179&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=0209-0961&rft.aulast=Kosiarski&rft.aufirst=Jacek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany%E2%80%93Netherlands+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghdi.ghi-dc.org/docpage.cfm?docpage_id=1811">"The September Memorandum (September 9, 1914)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+September+Memorandum+%28September+9%2C+1914%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fghdi.ghi-dc.org%2Fdocpage.cfm%3Fdocpage_id%3D1811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany%E2%80%93Netherlands+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/diary/">"The diary"</a>. 25 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+diary&rft.date=2018-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.annefrank.org%2Fen%2Fanne-frank%2Fdiary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany%E2%80%93Netherlands+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uitzendinggemist.nl/afleveringen/1261703">"Uitzending Gemist – Vroeger & Zo De hongerwinter – 1944"</a> (video) (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uitzending+Gemist+%E2%80%93+Vroeger+%26+Zo+De+hongerwinter+%E2%80%93+1944&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uitzendinggemist.nl%2Fafleveringen%2F1261703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany%E2%80%93Netherlands+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vanderzee-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vanderzee_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanderzee_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Zee1998" class="citation book cs1">van der Zee, Henri A. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_eNGEV_QL64C&pg=PA305"><i>The Hunger Winter: Occupied Holland 1944–1945</i></a>. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 304–05. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803296183" title="Special:BookSources/9780803296183"><bdi>9780803296183</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hunger+Winter%3A+Occupied+Holland+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=304-05&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780803296183&rft.aulast=van+der+Zee&rft.aufirst=Henri+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_eNGEV_QL64C%26pg%3DPA305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany%E2%80%93Netherlands+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnouw1999" class="citation cs2">Barnouw, David (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rjHBeeBACkAC&pg=PA52"><i>De hongerwinter</i></a>, Uitgeverij Verloren, p. 52, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789065504463" title="Special:BookSources/9789065504463"><bdi>9789065504463</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+hongerwinter&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Verloren&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9789065504463&rft.aulast=Barnouw&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrjHBeeBACkAC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany%E2%80%93Netherlands+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oorlogsslachtoffers.nl/en/german-military-cemetery-ysselsteyn/">"German Military Cemetery Ysselsteyn | War Victims Foundation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=German+Military+Cemetery+Ysselsteyn+%26%23124%3B+War+Victims+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oorlogsslachtoffers.nl%2Fen%2Fgerman-military-cemetery-ysselsteyn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany%E2%80%93Netherlands+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zuidfront-holland1940.nl/index.php?page=begraafplaats-ijsselsteijn">"Begraafplaats Ysselsteyn [Zuidfront Holland - Mei 1940]"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Begraafplaats+Ysselsteyn+%26%2391%3BZuidfront+Holland+-+Mei+1940%26%2393%3B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zuidfront-holland1940.nl%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dbegraafplaats-ijsselsteijn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany%E2%80%93Netherlands+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160203213809/https://www.government.nl/topics/international-relations/contents/germany">"Relations between the Netherlands and Germany | International relations | Government.nl"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.government.nl/topics/international-relations/contents/germany">the original</a> on 2016-02-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Relations+between+the+Netherlands+and+Germany+%26%23124%3B+International+relations+%26%23124%3B+Government.nl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.government.nl%2Ftopics%2Finternational-relations%2Fcontents%2Fgermany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany%E2%80%93Netherlands+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Tabellen/migrationshintergrund-staatsangehoerigkeit-staaten.html">"Bevölkerung in Privathaushalten nach Migrationshintergrund im engeren Sinne nach ausgewählten Herkunftsländern"</a>. <i>Statistisches Bundesamt</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistisches+Bundesamt&rft.atitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerung+in+Privathaushalten+nach+Migrationshintergrund+im+engeren+Sinne+nach+ausgew%C3%A4hlten+Herkunftsl%C3%A4ndern&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FDE%2FThemen%2FGesellschaft-Umwelt%2FBevoelkerung%2FMigration-Integration%2FTabellen%2Fmigrationshintergrund-staatsangehoerigkeit-staaten.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany%E2%80%93Netherlands+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jensen, Mette Bastholm. <i>Solidarity in action: A comparative analysis of collective rescue efforts in Nazi-occupied Denmark and the Netherlands</i> (Yale University Press, 2007).</li> <li>Kennedy, John R. "Dutch defensive preparations, 1933-1940" (DTIC, Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth Ks, 1989) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831195102/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a214159.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Leurdijk, J.H. ed. <i>The Foreign Policy of the Netherlands</i> (Alphen aan den Rijn, 1978).</li> <li>Maass, Walter B. <i>The Netherlands at War: 1940-1945</i> (London: Abelard-Schuman, 1970),</li> <li>Mason, Henry L. "War Comes to the Netherlands: September 1939-May 1940." <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> 78.4 (1963): 548–580. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2146355">Online</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>Moore, R. <i>Refugees from Nazi Germany in the Netherlands 1933–1940</i> (Springer, 2012).</li> <li>Moore, Bob. "Jewish Refugees in the Netherlands 1933–1940: The Structure and Pattern of Immigration from Nazi Germany." <i>Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook</i> 29.1 (1984): 73-101.</li> <li>Pearson, Frederic S. <i>Weak State in International Crisis: The Case of the Netherlands in the German Invasion Crisis of 1939-40</i> (1981).</li> <li>Steinberg, Jonathan. "A German Plan for the Invasion of Holland and Belgium, 1897." <i>Historical Journal</i> 6.1 (1963): 107–119. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020553">Online</a></li> <li>Tammes, Peter. "Jewish immigrants in the Netherlands during the Nazi occupation." <i>Journal of Interdisciplinary History</i> 37.4 (2007): 543–562. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Peter_Tammes/publication/249561482_Jewish_Immigrants_in_the_Netherlands_during_the_Nazi_Occupation/links/5c58c3c4a6fdccd6b5e27296/Jewish-Immigrants-in-the-Netherlands-during-the-Nazi-Occupation.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Tuyll van Serooskerken, Hubert P. van. <i>Netherlands & World War I: Espionage, Diplomacy & Survival</i> (2001) 381p.</li> <li>Vandenbosch, Anry. <i> Dutch Foreign Policy Since 1815</i> (Hyperion Press, 1959) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dutchforeignpoli0000vand/mode/2up">online free to borrow</a></li> <li>Van Der Zee, Henri A., ed. <i>The Hunger Winter: Occupied Holland, 1944-1945</i> (U of Nebraska Press, 1998).</li> <li>Van Kleffens, Eelco Nicolaas. <i>Juggernaut over Holland : the Dutch foreign minister's personal story of the invasion of the Netherlands</i> (Columbia University Press, 1942)</li> <li>Warmbrunn, Werner <i>The Dutch Under German Occupation, 1940-1945</i> (Stanford University Press, 1963)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/ups-and-downs-between-germany-and-the-netherlands/a-15926992">"Ups and downs between Germany and the Netherlands" (Deutsche Welle DW)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Template:Foreign relations of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Germany&#124;link=Germany_Foreign_relations_of_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany">Foreign relations of Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Algeria–Germany relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Angola–Germany relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Cameroon–Germany relations">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Central African Republic–Germany relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Germany relations">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Egypt–Germany relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Eritrea–Germany relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Ethiopia–Germany relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Ghana_relations" title="Germany–Ghana relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Guinea_relations" title="Germany–Guinea relations">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Ivory_Coast_relations" title="Germany–Ivory Coast relations">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Kenya_relations" title="Germany–Kenya relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Liberia_relations" title="Germany–Liberia relations">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Libya_relations" title="Germany–Libya relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Madagascar_relations" title="Germany–Madagascar relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Mali_relations" title="Germany–Mali relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Mauritania_relations" title="Germany–Mauritania relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="Germany–Morocco relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations" title="Germany–Mozambique relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Namibia_relations" title="Germany–Namibia relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Niger_relations" title="Germany–Niger relations">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Nigeria_relations" title="Germany–Nigeria relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Germany–Rwanda relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="Germany–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Somalia_relations" title="Germany–Somalia relations">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Somaliland_relations" title="Germany–Somaliland relations">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Germany–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93South_Sudan_relations" title="Germany–South Sudan relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Germany–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="Germany–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Togo_relations" title="Germany–Togo relations">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Uganda_relations" title="Germany–Uganda relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany-Zimbabwe_relations" title="Germany-Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deutscher Bundesadler"><img alt="Deutscher Bundesadler" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Argentina–Germany relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Barbados–Germany relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Bolivia–Germany relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Brazil–Germany relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Canada–Germany relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Chile–Germany relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Colombia–Germany relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Cuba–Germany relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Ecuador–Germany relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Guyana_relations" title="Germany–Guyana relations">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Haiti_relations" title="Germany–Haiti relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Jamaica_relations" title="Germany–Jamaica relations">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Germany–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Nicaragua_relations" title="Germany–Nicaragua relations">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Paraguay_relations" title="Germany–Paraguay relations">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="Germany–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Germany–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Germany–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Germany–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Afghanistan–Germany relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Bahrain–Germany relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Bangladesh–Germany relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Bhutan_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Germany–Bhutan relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Brunei–Germany relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Cambodia–Germany relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="China–Germany relations">China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_relations" title="Germany–Hong Kong relations">Hong Kong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Germany–India relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Indonesia_relations" title="Germany–Indonesia relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Germany–Iran relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Iraq_relations" title="Germany–Iraq relations">Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Kurdistan_Region_relations" title="Germany–Kurdistan Region relations">Kurdistan Region</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Germany–Israel relations">Israel</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_German_consuls_in_Jerusalem,_Jaffa,_Haifa_and_Eilat" title="List of German consuls in Jerusalem, Jaffa, Haifa and Eilat">Consuls in Haifa and Eilat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Germany–Japan relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Jordan_relations" title="Germany–Jordan relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="Germany–Kazakhstan relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Kuwait_relations" title="Germany–Kuwait relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Laos_relations" title="Germany–Laos relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations" title="Germany–Lebanon relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="Germany–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Maldives_relations" title="Germany–Maldives relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Mongolia_relations" title="Germany–Mongolia relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Myanmar_relations" title="Germany–Myanmar relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Nepal_relations" title="Germany–Nepal relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Germany–North Korea relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Oman_relations" title="Germany–Oman relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Germany–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Germany–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Germany–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Germany–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Germany–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Germany–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Germany–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Germany–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Germany–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Germany–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="Germany–Tajikistan relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Germany–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Germany–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Germany–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="Germany–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Germany–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="Germany–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Albania–Germany relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Armenia–Germany relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Germany relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Austria–Germany relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Belarus–Germany relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Belgium–Germany relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–Germany relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Bulgaria–Germany relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Croatia–Germany relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Cyprus–Germany relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Czech Republic–Germany relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Denmark–Germany relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Estonia–Germany relations">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Finland–Germany relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="France–Germany relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Georgia–Germany relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Greece_relations" title="Germany–Greece relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Holy_See_relations" title="Germany–Holy See relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Hungary_relations" title="Germany–Hungary relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Iceland_relations" title="Germany–Iceland relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Ireland_relations" title="Germany–Ireland relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Germany–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Germany–Kosovo relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Lithuania_relations" title="Germany–Lithuania relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Liechtenstein_relations" title="Germany–Liechtenstein relations">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Luxembourg_relations" title="Germany–Luxembourg relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Malta_relations" title="Germany–Malta relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Moldova_relations" title="Germany–Moldova relations">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Montenegro_relations" title="Germany–Montenegro relations">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Norway_relations" title="Germany–Norway relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93North_Macedonia_relations" title="Germany–North Macedonia relations">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Germany–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="Germany–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="Germany–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Germany–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Germany–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Slovakia_relations" title="Germany–Slovakia relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Slovenia_relations" title="Germany–Slovenia relations">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Germany–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Germany–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="Germany–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Germany–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Germany–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Australia–Germany relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Germany–New Zealand relations">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Tonga_relations" title="Germany–Tonga relations">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_Nazi_Germany_and_the_Arab_world" title="Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">German entry into World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nazi_Germany_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Nazi Germany relations">China before 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations,_1918%E2%80%931941" title="Germany–Soviet Union relations, 1918–1941">Soviet Union before 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_German_relations" title="Inner German relations">Inner German relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="East Germany–United States relations">East Germany–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Germany–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambassadors_of_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambassadors of Nazi Germany">Ambassadors of Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Nazi Germany">Foreign relations of Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_East_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of East Germany">Foreign relations of East Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Foreign_Office" title="Federal Foreign Office">Federal Foreign Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Germany)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)">Foreign ministers of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Germany" title="List of diplomatic missions of Germany">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Germany" title="List of diplomatic missions in Germany">in Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ambassadors_of_Germany" title="Lists of ambassadors of Germany">Ambassadors of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany_and_the_United_Nations" title="Germany and the United Nations">Germany and the United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Netherlands&#124;link=Netherlands_Foreign_relations_of_the_Netherlands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template:Foreign relations of the Netherlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_the_Netherlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Netherlands&#124;link=Netherlands_Foreign_relations_of_the_Netherlands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Netherlands" title="Foreign relations of the Netherlands">Foreign relations of the Netherlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Kenya–Netherlands relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Mali–Netherlands relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Morocco–Netherlands relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Netherlands–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg/90px-State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg/135px-State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg/180px-State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="595" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%94Netherlands_relations" title="Brazil—Netherlands relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Canada–Netherlands relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Colombia–Netherlands relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Mexico–Netherlands relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="Netherlands–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Suriname_relations" title="Netherlands–Suriname relations">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Netherlands–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Netherlands–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Netherlands–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Netherlands relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Bangladesh–Netherlands relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="China–Netherlands relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Georgia–Netherlands relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="India–Netherlands relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Indonesia–Netherlands relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Iran–Netherlands relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Israel–Netherlands relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Japan–Netherlands relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Kazakhstan–Netherlands relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Kurdistan Region–Netherlands relations">Kurdistan Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Malaysia–Netherlands relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Netherlands–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Netherlands–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Netherlands–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Netherlands–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Netherlands–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Netherlands–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Netherlands–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Netherlands–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Albania–Netherlands relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Austria–Netherlands relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Belarus–Netherlands relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Belgium–Netherlands relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Bulgaria–Netherlands relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Croatia–Netherlands relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Denmark–Netherlands relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Finland–Netherlands relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="France–Netherlands relations">France</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Greece–Netherlands relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Hungary–Netherlands relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Italy–Netherlands relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Kosovo–Netherlands relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Netherlands–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="Netherlands–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="Netherlands–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Netherlands–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Netherlands–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Slovenia_relations" title="Netherlands–Slovenia relations">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Netherlands–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Netherlands–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Netherlands–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Netherlands–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Australia–Netherlands relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Netherlands–New Zealand relations">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Netherlands">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of diplomatic missions in the Netherlands">in the Netherlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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