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dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bilateral relations</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><caption class="infobox-title">Germany–Liberia relations</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_Liberia_Locator.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating locations of Germany and Liberia"><img alt="Map indicating locations of Germany and Liberia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Germany_Liberia_Locator.png/250px-Germany_Liberia_Locator.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="424" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Germany_Liberia_Locator.png/375px-Germany_Liberia_Locator.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Germany_Liberia_Locator.png/500px-Germany_Liberia_Locator.png 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="1064" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey"></th></tr><tr style="height:0.6em"> <td style="background:#339933;"></td> <td style="background:#E08020;"></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/50px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/75px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/100px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/57px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="57" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/86px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/114px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberian</a> independence, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and Liberia become connected economically. The economic ties were broken during the World Wars. The two countries re-established connections following the World Wars. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Liberia_relations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">German unification</a>, Liberia's independence was recognized by the Hanseatic Republics of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremen_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bremen (city)">Bremen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> in 1855.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesley1917378_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesley1917378-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamburg merchant Carl Woermann established the first trading venture with Liberia. In 1858, Carl Goedelt, who was Woermann's representative, was appointed as the Hamburg Consul in Monrovia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShmockel197727_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShmockel197727-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-World_War_I_relations">Pre-World War I relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Liberia_relations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-World War I relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to World War I, Liberia and Germany had extensive trading ties. In 1906, the British estimated that Germany had over three-fourths of Liberia's trade. These ties came in the form of imports, exports, and by the early 1900s, German retailing in Liberia. It was through German shipping that Liberia maintained a majority of its connection with international trade. German shipping also relied on the labor of <a href="/wiki/Kru_people" title="Kru people">Kru</a> deck workers and stevedores from Liberia. The Liberian government accrued a significant amount of debt to German firms. Between 1898 and 1916, a number of indigenous uprisings against the Liberian government resulted in the damaging of German property, which caused the German government to make claims against the Liberian government for damages. In 1912, these unresolved claims resulted in a display of <a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">gunboat diplomacy</a> by the German government, but there was ultimately a peaceful resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShmockel197727–28_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShmockel197727–28-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While there was a large amount of trade between Germany and Liberia, the German government largely neglected to provide large amounts of capital investment into Liberia, unlike the United Kingdom, which had provided Liberia with loans which had compromised much of Liberia's sovereignty and gave the British government much influence over Liberian affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShmockel197729_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShmockel197729-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuva2002_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuva2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major loan between the United Kingdom, along with other Western powers including Germany, the United States, and <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, was negotiated in 1911, under Liberian President <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Barclay" title="Arthur Barclay">Arthur Barclay</a>, and ratified in 1912, under Liberian President <a href="/wiki/Daniel_E._Howard" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel E. Howard">Daniel E. Howard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-van_der_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_der-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the third, in a series of two other major, uneven loans taken out by the Liberian government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuva2002_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuva2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The loan borrowed $1,700,000 for Liberia, with the conditions including that the four countries would be able to each appoint General Receivers of Customs, which limited the powers of the Liberian Secretary of the Treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-van_der_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_der-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1912 loan was paid off in 1926, with a loan from the Finance Corporation of America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunnBeyanBurrowes2000216_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunnBeyanBurrowes2000216-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary beneficiaries of the 1912 loan were British banks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShmockel197731_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShmockel197731-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_and_Interwar_period_relations">World War I and Interwar period relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Liberia_relations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War I and Interwar period relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initially, Liberia was neutral in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. President Daniel E. Howard was wary of going to war against Germany due to their economic ties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunnBeyanBurrowes2000168_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunnBeyanBurrowes2000168-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1915 to 1916, Britain and France used their influence over Liberia to pressure it into adopting policies to lower the amount of trade between it and Germany. The United Kingdom also denied Germany sea lines, which also had an effect over Germany's ability to facilitate trade with Liberia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShmockel197734–36_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShmockel197734–36-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1917, Liberia declared war against Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunnBeyanBurrowes2000216_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunnBeyanBurrowes2000216-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in the crippling of the Liberian economy.<sup id="cite_ref-pbstimeline_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbstimeline-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1918, Germany bombarded <a href="/wiki/Monrovia" title="Monrovia">Monrovia</a> with one of its <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunnBeyanBurrowes2000216_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunnBeyanBurrowes2000216-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following World War I, trade between Liberia and Germany resumed, though it would never reach the same prominence as it did pre-war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShmockel197738_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShmockel197738-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1922, <a href="/wiki/Momulu_Massaquoi" title="Momulu Massaquoi">Momulu Massaquoi</a> became consul-general in Hamburg. Massaquoi was one of the first indigenous African resident diplomats in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerridgeLloyd2012239_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerridgeLloyd2012239-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_and_post-war_relations">World War II and post-war relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Liberia_relations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War II and post-war relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Liberia again remained neutral initially in World War II. In the 1940s, the United Kingdom used its influence to again restrict German trade in Liberia. It did this, in 1941, by ordering the Bank of Monrovia to stop handling German accounts, as well as denying safe passage to vessels from Germany to Liberia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkingbade198526_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkingbade198526-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 January 1944, Liberia declared war against Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-pbstimeline_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbstimeline-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the war, Liberia established relations with <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> on 23 July 1953, and established relations with <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> on 28 September 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1982, West Germany made up 28% of trade with Liberia, it making up 40% of the market for Liberian iron ore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunnBeyanBurrowes2000172,_328_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunnBeyanBurrowes2000172,_328-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990, due to the <a href="/wiki/First_Liberian_Civil_War" title="First Liberian Civil War">First Liberian Civil War</a>, Germany suspended relations with Liberia. In 2005, upon the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Liberian_Civil_War" title="Second Liberian Civil War">Second Liberian Civil War</a>, Germany re-established relations with Liberia. In 2007, Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> made a state visit to Liberia. In 2008 and 2015, President <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a> made state visits to Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Liberia_relations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany">Foreign relations of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Liberia" title="Foreign relations of Liberia">Foreign relations of Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_I" title="Liberia in World War I">Liberia in World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia in World War II</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Liberia_relations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Liberia_relations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesley1917378-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesley1917378_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWesley1917">Wesley 1917</a>, p. 378.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShmockel197727-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShmockel197727_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShmockel1977">Shmockel 1977</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShmockel197727–28-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShmockel197727–28_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShmockel1977">Shmockel 1977</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShmockel197729-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShmockel197729_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShmockel1977">Shmockel 1977</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuva2002-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuva2002_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuva2002_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuva2002">Duva 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-van_der-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-van_der_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_der_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVan_Der_Kraaij" class="citation web cs1">Van Der Kraaij, Fred P.M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liberiapastandpresent.org/BarclayArthur5.htm">"President Arthur Barclay (1904–1912) The 1912 Loan: More foreigners appointed"</a>. <i>Liberia Past and Present</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Liberia+Past+and+Present&rft.atitle=President+Arthur+Barclay+%281904%E2%80%931912%29+The+1912+Loan%3A+More+foreigners+appointed&rft.aulast=Van+Der+Kraaij&rft.aufirst=Fred+P.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliberiapastandpresent.org%2FBarclayArthur5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany%E2%80%93Liberia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunnBeyanBurrowes2000216-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunnBeyanBurrowes2000216_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunnBeyanBurrowes2000216_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunnBeyanBurrowes2000216_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunnBeyanBurrowes2000">Dunn, Beyan & Burrowes 2000</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShmockel197731-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShmockel197731_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShmockel1977">Shmockel 1977</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunnBeyanBurrowes2000168-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunnBeyanBurrowes2000168_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunnBeyanBurrowes2000">Dunn, Beyan & Burrowes 2000</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShmockel197734–36-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShmockel197734–36_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShmockel1977">Shmockel 1977</a>, pp. 34–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbstimeline-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pbstimeline_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pbstimeline_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/liberia/timeline/time3.html">"Events 1901–1970"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Events+1901%E2%80%931970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fglobalconnections%2Fliberia%2Ftimeline%2Ftime3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany%E2%80%93Liberia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShmockel197738-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShmockel197738_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShmockel1977">Shmockel 1977</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerridgeLloyd2012239-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerridgeLloyd2012239_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerridgeLloyd2012">Berridge & Lloyd 2012</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkingbade198526-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkingbade198526_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkingbade1985">Akingbade 1985</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/aussenpolitik/laender/liberia-node/steckbrief/222360">"Liberia: Steckbrief"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Foreign_Office" title="Federal Foreign Office">Federal Foreign Office</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Foreign+Office&rft.atitle=Liberia%3A+Steckbrief&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.auswaertiges-amt.de%2Fde%2Faussenpolitik%2Flaender%2Fliberia-node%2Fsteckbrief%2F222360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany%E2%80%93Liberia+relations" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunnBeyanBurrowes2000172,_328-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunnBeyanBurrowes2000172,_328_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunnBeyanBurrowes2000">Dunn, Beyan & Burrowes 2000</a>, pp. 172, 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/aussenpolitik/liberia/235414">"Germany and Liberia: Bilateral relations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Foreign_Office" title="Federal Foreign Office">Federal Foreign Office</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Foreign+Office&rft.atitle=Germany+and+Liberia%3A+Bilateral+relations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.auswaertiges-amt.de%2Fen%2Faussenpolitik%2Fliberia%2F235414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany%E2%80%93Liberia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Liberia_relations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkingbade1985" class="citation journal cs1">Akingbade, Harrison (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/274943">"U.S. Liberian Relations during World War II"</a>. <i>Phylon</i>. <b>46</b> (1). Atlanta, Georgia: <a href="/wiki/Clark_Atlanta_University" title="Clark Atlanta University">Clark Atlanta University</a>: 25–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F274943">10.2307/274943</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/274943">274943</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phylon&rft.atitle=U.S.+Liberian+Relations+during+World+War+II&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-36&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F274943&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F274943%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Akingbade&rft.aufirst=Harrison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F274943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany%E2%80%93Liberia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerridgeLloyd2012" class="citation book cs1">Berridge, G.R.; Lloyd, Lorna (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-VgmlhwxZVgC&pg=PA239"><i>The Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Diplomacy</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-01761-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-01761-1"><bdi>978-1-137-01761-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Macmillan+Dictionary+of+Diplomacy&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-137-01761-1&rft.aulast=Berridge&rft.aufirst=G.R.&rft.au=Lloyd%2C+Lorna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-VgmlhwxZVgC%26pg%3DPA239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany%E2%80%93Liberia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnBeyanBurrowes2000" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, Elwood D.; Beyan, Amos J.; Burrowes, Carl Patrick (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qt0_RrW8ghkC"><i>Historical Dictionary of Liberia</i></a>. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461659310" title="Special:BookSources/9781461659310"><bdi>9781461659310</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Liberia&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781461659310&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Elwood+D.&rft.au=Beyan%2C+Amos+J.&rft.au=Burrowes%2C+Carl+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqt0_RrW8ghkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany%E2%80%93Liberia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuva2002" class="citation web cs1">Duva, Anjali Mitter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/liberia/essays/history/">"The Lone Star: The Story of Liberia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lone+Star%3A+The+Story+of+Liberia&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Duva&rft.aufirst=Anjali+Mitter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fglobalconnections%2Fliberia%2Fessays%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany%E2%80%93Liberia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShmockel1977" class="citation journal cs1">Shmockel, Wolfe W. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/lsj/article/view/4108/3735">"The German Factor in Liberia's Foreign Relations"</a>. <i>Liberian Studies Journal</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 27–42<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liberian+Studies+Journal&rft.atitle=The+German+Factor+in+Liberia%27s+Foreign+Relations&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-42&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Shmockel&rft.aufirst=Wolfe+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.iu.edu%2Fjournals%2Findex.php%2Flsj%2Farticle%2Fview%2F4108%2F3735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany%E2%80%93Liberia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Der_Kraaij" class="citation web cs1">Van Der Kraaij, Fred P.M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liberiapastandpresent.org/BarclayArthur4.htm">"President Arthur Barclay (1904–1912) The 1912 Loan: More foreigners appointed"</a>. <i>Liberia Past and Present</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Liberia+Past+and+Present&rft.atitle=President+Arthur+Barclay+%281904%E2%80%931912%29+The+1912+Loan%3A+More+foreigners+appointed&rft.aulast=Van+Der+Kraaij&rft.aufirst=Fred+P.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliberiapastandpresent.org%2FBarclayArthur4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany%E2%80%93Liberia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesley1917" class="citation journal cs1">Wesley, Charles H. (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20752/20752-h/20752-h.htm#No4_a2">"The Struggle for the Recognition of Haiti and Liberia as Independent Republics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_African_American_History" title="The Journal of African American History">The Journal of African American History</a></i>. <b>2</b>: 369–383<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+American+History&rft.atitle=The+Struggle+for+the+Recognition+of+Haiti+and+Liberia+as+Independent+Republics&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=369-383&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Wesley&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F20752%2F20752-h%2F20752-h.htm%23No4_a2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany%E2%80%93Liberia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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African Republic–Germany relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Germany relations">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Egypt–Germany relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Eritrea–Germany relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Ethiopia–Germany relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Ghana_relations" title="Germany–Ghana relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Guinea_relations" title="Germany–Guinea relations">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Ivory_Coast_relations" title="Germany–Ivory Coast relations">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Kenya_relations" title="Germany–Kenya relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Libya_relations" title="Germany–Libya relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Madagascar_relations" title="Germany–Madagascar relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Mali_relations" title="Germany–Mali relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Mauritania_relations" title="Germany–Mauritania relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="Germany–Morocco relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations" title="Germany–Mozambique relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Namibia_relations" title="Germany–Namibia relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Niger_relations" title="Germany–Niger relations">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Nigeria_relations" title="Germany–Nigeria relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Germany–Rwanda relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="Germany–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Somalia_relations" title="Germany–Somalia relations">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Somaliland_relations" title="Germany–Somaliland relations">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Germany–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93South_Sudan_relations" title="Germany–South Sudan relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Germany–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="Germany–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Togo_relations" title="Germany–Togo relations">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Uganda_relations" title="Germany–Uganda relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany-Zimbabwe_relations" title="Germany-Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deutscher Bundesadler"><img alt="Deutscher Bundesadler" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Argentina–Germany relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Barbados–Germany relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Bolivia–Germany relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Brazil–Germany relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Canada–Germany relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Chile–Germany relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Colombia–Germany relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Cuba–Germany relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Ecuador–Germany relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Guyana_relations" title="Germany–Guyana relations">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Haiti_relations" title="Germany–Haiti relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Jamaica_relations" title="Germany–Jamaica relations">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Germany–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Nicaragua_relations" title="Germany–Nicaragua relations">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Paraguay_relations" title="Germany–Paraguay relations">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="Germany–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Germany–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Germany–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Germany–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Afghanistan–Germany relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Bahrain–Germany relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Bangladesh–Germany relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Bhutan_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Germany–Bhutan relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Brunei–Germany relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Cambodia–Germany relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="China–Germany relations">China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_relations" title="Germany–Hong Kong relations">Hong Kong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Germany–India relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Indonesia_relations" title="Germany–Indonesia relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Germany–Iran relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Iraq_relations" title="Germany–Iraq relations">Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Kurdistan_Region_relations" title="Germany–Kurdistan Region relations">Kurdistan Region</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Germany–Israel relations">Israel</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_German_consuls_in_Jerusalem,_Jaffa,_Haifa_and_Eilat" title="List of German consuls in Jerusalem, Jaffa, Haifa and Eilat">Consuls in Haifa and Eilat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Germany–Japan relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Jordan_relations" title="Germany–Jordan relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="Germany–Kazakhstan relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Kuwait_relations" title="Germany–Kuwait relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Laos_relations" title="Germany–Laos relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations" title="Germany–Lebanon relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="Germany–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Maldives_relations" title="Germany–Maldives relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Mongolia_relations" title="Germany–Mongolia relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Myanmar_relations" title="Germany–Myanmar relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Nepal_relations" title="Germany–Nepal relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Germany–North Korea relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Oman_relations" title="Germany–Oman relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Germany–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Germany–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Germany–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Germany–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Germany–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Germany–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Germany–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Germany–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Germany–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Germany–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="Germany–Tajikistan relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Germany–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Germany–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Germany–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="Germany–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Germany–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="Germany–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Albania–Germany relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Armenia–Germany relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Germany relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Austria–Germany relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Belarus–Germany relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Belgium–Germany relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–Germany relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Bulgaria–Germany relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Croatia–Germany relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Cyprus–Germany relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Czech Republic–Germany relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Denmark–Germany relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Estonia–Germany relations">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Finland–Germany relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="France–Germany relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Georgia–Germany relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Greece_relations" title="Germany–Greece relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Holy_See_relations" title="Germany–Holy See relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Hungary_relations" title="Germany–Hungary relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Iceland_relations" title="Germany–Iceland relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Ireland_relations" title="Germany–Ireland relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Germany–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Germany–Kosovo relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Lithuania_relations" title="Germany–Lithuania relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Liechtenstein_relations" title="Germany–Liechtenstein relations">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Luxembourg_relations" title="Germany–Luxembourg relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Malta_relations" title="Germany–Malta relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Moldova_relations" title="Germany–Moldova relations">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Montenegro_relations" title="Germany–Montenegro relations">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Germany–Netherlands relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Norway_relations" title="Germany–Norway relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93North_Macedonia_relations" title="Germany–North Macedonia relations">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Germany–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="Germany–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="Germany–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Germany–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Germany–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Slovakia_relations" title="Germany–Slovakia relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Slovenia_relations" title="Germany–Slovenia relations">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Germany–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Germany–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="Germany–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Germany–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Germany–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Australia–Germany relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Germany–New Zealand relations">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Tonga_relations" title="Germany–Tonga relations">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_Nazi_Germany_and_the_Arab_world" title="Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">German entry into World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nazi_Germany_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Nazi Germany relations">China before 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations,_1918%E2%80%931941" title="Germany–Soviet Union relations, 1918–1941">Soviet Union before 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_German_relations" title="Inner German relations">Inner German relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="East Germany–United States relations">East Germany–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Germany–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambassadors_of_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambassadors of Nazi Germany">Ambassadors of Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Nazi Germany">Foreign relations of Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_East_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of East Germany">Foreign relations of East Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Foreign_Office" title="Federal Foreign Office">Federal Foreign Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Germany)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)">Foreign ministers of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Germany" title="List of diplomatic missions of Germany">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Germany" title="List of diplomatic missions in Germany">in Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ambassadors_of_Germany" title="Lists of ambassadors of Germany">Ambassadors of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany_and_the_United_Nations" title="Germany and the United Nations">Germany and the United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Liberia&#124;link=Liberia_Foreign_relations_of_Liberia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Liberia" title="Template:Foreign relations of Liberia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Liberia" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Liberia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Liberia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Liberia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Liberia&#124;link=Liberia_Foreign_relations_of_Liberia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia"><img alt="Liberia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Liberia" title="Foreign relations of Liberia">Foreign relations of Liberia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Liberia_relations" title="Kenya–Liberia relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia%E2%80%93Libya_relations" title="Liberia–Libya relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia%E2%80%93Sierra_Leone_relations" title="Liberia–Sierra Leone relations">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Liberia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of Liberia"><img alt="Coat of Arms of Liberia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Coat_of_arms_of_Liberia.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Coat_of_arms_of_Liberia.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Coat_of_arms_of_Liberia.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="737" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Liberia–United States relations">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Liberia_relations" title="Bangladesh–Liberia relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Liberia_relations" title="China–Liberia relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Liberia_relations" title="India–Liberia relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Liberia_relations" title="Indonesia–Liberia relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Liberia_relations" title="Israel–Liberia relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Liberia–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Liberia_relations" title="France–Liberia relations">France</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Liberia–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Liberia–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberia%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Liberia–Soviet Union relations">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomatic missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Liberia" title="List of diplomatic missions of Liberia">Diplomatic missions of Liberia</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Liberia" title="List of diplomatic missions in Liberia">in Liberia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Liberia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Liberia)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Liberia)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Liberia)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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