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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%99dii_film" title="Bədii film – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bədii film" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Мастацкі фільм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мастацкі фільм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Мастацкі фільм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мастацкі фільм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%C4%95_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Илемлĕ фильм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Илемлĕ фильм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillefilm" title="Spillefilm – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spillefilm" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spielfilm" title="Spielfilm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spielfilm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4ngufilm" title="Mängufilm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mängufilm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktorfilmo" title="Aktorfilmo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aktorfilmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="فیلم داستانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیلم داستانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_narratif" title="Film narratif – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Film narratif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B4" title="Գեղարվեստական ֆիլմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գեղարվեստական ֆիլմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_fiksi" title="Film fiksi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Film fiksi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%99" title="סרט עלילתי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרט עלילתי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filem_fiksi" title="Filem fiksi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Filem fiksi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Көркем фильм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көркем фильм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81kslas_filma" title="Mākslas filma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mākslas filma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1t%C3%A9kfilm" title="Játékfilm – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Játékfilm" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filem_cereka" title="Filem cereka – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Filem cereka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%87%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB" title="劇映画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="劇映画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Исбаьхьаллин фильм – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Исбаьхьаллин фильм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillefilm" title="Spillefilm – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spillefilm" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_fabularny" title="Film fabularny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Film fabularny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_de_fic%C8%9Biune" title="Film de ficțiune – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Film de ficțiune" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Художественный фильм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Художественный фильм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmi_tregimtar" title="Filmi tregimtar – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Filmi tregimtar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4ytelm%C3%A4elokuva" title="Näytelmäelokuva – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Näytelmäelokuva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelfilm" title="Spelfilm – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spelfilm" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D3%A3" title="Филми бадеӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Филми бадеӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Художній фільм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Художній фільм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12912091#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Narrative_film" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Tells a fictional or fictionalized story, event or narrative</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Fictional film" redirects here. For films that only exist in fiction, see <a href="/wiki/Story_within_a_story" title="Story within a story">Story within a story</a>.</div> <p><b>Narrative film</b>, <b>fictional film</b> or <b>fiction film</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">motion picture</a> that tells a <a href="/wiki/Fictional" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional">fictional</a> or fictionalized story, event or <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narrative</a>. Commercial narrative films with running times of over an hour are often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">feature films</a>, or feature-length films. The earliest narrative films, around the turn of the 20th century, were essentially filmed <a href="/wiki/Stage_plays" class="mw-redirect" title="Stage plays">stage plays</a> and for the first three or four decades these commercial productions drew heavily upon the centuries-old <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatrical tradition</a>. </p><p>In this style of film, believable narratives and characters help convince the audience that the unfolding fiction is real. Lighting and camera movement, among other cinematic elements, have become increasingly important in these films.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Great detail goes into the <a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">screenplays</a> of narratives, as these films rarely deviate from the predetermined behaviours and lines of the classical style of <a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">screenplay</a> writing to maintain a sense of realism. Actors must deliver dialogue and action in a believable way, so as to persuade the audience that the film is real life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General">General</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative_film&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Probably the first fictional film ever made was the <a href="/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Auguste and Louis Lumière">Lumières</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Arroseur_Arros%C3%A9" title="L'Arroseur Arrosé">The Waterer Watered</a></i> (<i>L'Arroseur Arrosé</i>), which was first screened at the Grand Café Capucines on December 28, 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later in 1896, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Guy-Blach%C3%A9" title="Alice Guy-Blaché">Alice Guy-Blaché</a> directed the fictional film <i><a href="/wiki/La_F%C3%A9e_aux_Choux" title="La Fée aux Choux">The Fairy of the Cabbages</a></i> (<i>La Fée aux Choux</i>). Perhaps the best known of early fictional films is <a href="/wiki/Georges_M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s" title="Georges Méliès">Georges Méliès</a>’s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Trip_to_the_Moon" title="A Trip to the Moon">A Trip to the Moon</a></i> from 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most films previous to this had been merely moving images of everyday occurrences, such as <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Arriv%C3%A9e_d%27un_train_en_gare_de_La_Ciotat" title="L'Arrivée d'un train en gare de La Ciotat">The Arrival of a Train at The City Station</a></i> (<i>L'Arrivée d'un train en gare de La Ciotat</i>) by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Auguste and Louis Lumière">Auguste and Louis Lumière</a>. Méliès was one of the first directors to progress cinematic technology, which paved the way for narratives as style of film.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Narrative films have come so far since their introduction that <a href="/wiki/Film_genres" class="mw-redirect" title="Film genres">film genres</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Western</a> films, were, and continue to be introduced as a way to further categorize these films.<sup id="cite_ref-LookMoviesBRMM_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LookMoviesBRMM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Narrative cinema is usually contrasted to films that present information, such as a nature <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary</a>, as well as to some <a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">experimental films</a> (works such as <a href="/wiki/Wavelength_(1966_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wavelength (1966 film)"><i>Wavelength</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Snow" title="Michael Snow">Michael Snow</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Man_with_a_Movie_Camera" title="Man with a Movie Camera">Man with a Movie Camera</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Dziga_Vertov" title="Dziga Vertov">Dziga Vertov</a>, or films by <a href="/wiki/Chantal_Akerman" title="Chantal Akerman">Chantal Akerman</a>). In some instances pure documentary films, while <a href="/wiki/Nonfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonfiction">nonfiction</a>, may nonetheless recount a story. As genres evolve, from fiction film and <a href="/wiki/Documentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Documentary">documentary</a> a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hybrid" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:hybrid">hybrid</a> one emerged, <a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">docufiction</a>. </p><p>Many films are based on real occurrences, however these too fall under the category of a "narrative film" rather than a <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary</a>. This is because films based on real occurrences are not simply footage of the occurrence, but rather hired actors portraying an adjusted, often more dramatic, retelling of the occurrence (such as <i><a href="/wiki/21_(2008_film)" title="21 (2008 film)">21</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Luketic" title="Robert Luketic">Robert Luketic</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-LookMoviesBRMM_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LookMoviesBRMM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike literary fiction, which is typically based on characters, situations and events that are entirely imaginary/fictional/hypothetical, cinema always has a real referent, called the "pro-filmic", which encompasses everything existing and done in front of the camera. </p><p>Since the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">classical Hollywood</a> style in the early 20th century, during which films were selected to be made based on the popularity of the genre, stars, producers, and directors involved, narrative, usually in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">feature film</a>, has held dominance in commercial cinema and has become popularly synonymous with "the movies."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classical, invisible film making (what is often called <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realist</a> fiction) is central to this popular definition. This key element of this invisible film making lies in <a href="/wiki/Continuity_editing" title="Continuity editing">continuity editing</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative_film&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">Cinematography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">Film genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-narrative_film" title="Non-narrative film">Non-narrative film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a>, which deals mainly with film.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative_film&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, Blain, Lighting as story telling, Cinematography: Theory & Practice, Focal Press(2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://booksite.elsevier.com/samplechapters/9780240805009/9780240805009.PDF">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alison McMahan, <i>Alice Guy Blaché, Lost Visionary of the Cinema</i> (New York: Continuum, 2002) p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosalind Leveridge, "Fantastic voyages of the cinematic imagination: George Méliès’s Trip to the Moon" <i>Early Popular Visual Culture</i> (May 2012), 10 (2), pg. 197–199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosalind Leveridge, "Fantastic voyages of the cinematic imagination: George Méliès’s Trip to the Moon" <i>Early Popular Visual Culture</i> (May 2012), 10 (2), pg. 197–199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LookMoviesBRMM-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LookMoviesBRMM_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LookMoviesBRMM_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barsam, Richard Meran and Dave Monahan. <i>Looking at Movies: An Introduction to Film</i>. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaplan, E. Ann. <i>Women and Film: Both Sides of the Camera</i>. New York: Methuen, 1988</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Bordwell" title="David Bordwell">David Bordwell</a>, Mark Dherrick Cuevas, and <a href="/wiki/Kristin_Thompson" title="Kristin Thompson">Kristin Thompson</a>. 1997. <i>Film Art: An Introduction</i>. Fifth ed. 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