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<span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detection_by_the_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection_by_the_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Detection by the West</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detection_by_the_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_in_the_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_in_the_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Response in the West</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_in_the_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_in_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Response in the Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_in_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A5%D8%B3_-_1" title="إر ده إس - 1 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إر ده إس - 1" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%94%D0%A1-1" title="РДС-1 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="РДС-1" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_1" title="Joe 1 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Joe 1" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDS-1" title="RDS-1 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="RDS-1" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDS-1" title="RDS-1 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="RDS-1" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDS-1" title="RDS-1 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="RDS-1" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDS-1" title="RDS-1 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="RDS-1" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3-%DB%B1" title="آردی‌اس-۱ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آردی‌اس-۱" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDS-1" title="RDS-1 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="RDS-1" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDS-1" title="RDS-1 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="RDS-1" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D4%B4%D5%8D-1" title="ՌԴՍ-1 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ՌԴՍ-1" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDS-1" title="RDS-1 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="RDS-1" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDS-1" title="RDS-1 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="RDS-1" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDS-1" title="RDS-1 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="RDS-1" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDSZ%E2%80%931" title="RDSZ–1 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="RDSZ–1" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDS-1" title="RDS-1 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="RDS-1" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDS-1" title="RDS-1 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="RDS-1" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDS-1" title="RDS-1 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="RDS-1" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDS-1" title="RDS-1 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="RDS-1" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDS-1" title="RDS-1 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="RDS-1" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%94%D0%A1-1" title="РДС-1 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="РДС-1" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe-1" title="Joe-1 – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Joe-1" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDS-1" title="RDS-1 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="RDS-1" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%94%D0%A1-1" title="РДС-1 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="РДС-1" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDS-1" title="RDS-1 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="RDS-1" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDS-1" title="RDS-1 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="RDS-1" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDS-1" title="RDS-1 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="RDS-1" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%94%D0%A1-1" title="РДС-1 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="РДС-1" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDS-1%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BD%88" title="RDS-1原子彈 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="RDS-1原子彈" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q586755#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=RDS-1&params=50_26_15_N_77_48_51_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°26′15″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°48′51″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.43750°N 77.81417°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.43750; 77.81417</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First Soviet nuclear bomb</div> <p> <span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=RDS-1&params=50_26_15_N_77_48_51_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°26′15″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°48′51″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.43750°N 77.81417°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.43750; 77.81417</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hproduct" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><span class="fn org"> RDS-1 </span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Casing_for_the_first_Soviet_atomic_bomb,_RDS-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/23/Casing_for_the_first_Soviet_atomic_bomb%2C_RDS-1.jpg/250px-Casing_for_the_first_Soviet_atomic_bomb%2C_RDS-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/23/Casing_for_the_first_Soviet_atomic_bomb%2C_RDS-1.jpg/375px-Casing_for_the_first_Soviet_atomic_bomb%2C_RDS-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/23/Casing_for_the_first_Soviet_atomic_bomb%2C_RDS-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="infobox-caption">The first Soviet atomic bomb, "RDS-1", was an implosion-type, like the U.S. "<a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a>" bomb, even in appearance; the front "eyes" are <a href="/wiki/Proximity_fuze" title="Proximity fuze">radar fuzes</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">Nuclear weapon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Place of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">Soviet Union</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data">4.6 tons</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Blast yield</th><td class="infobox-data">22 <a href="/wiki/TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">kt</a> (92 TJ)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>RDS-1</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">РДС-1</span>), also known as <b>Izdeliye 501</b> (device 501) and <b>First Lightning</b> (Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Пе́рвая мо́лния</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:</small> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Pyérvaya mólniya</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈpʲervəjə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmolnʲɪjə]</a></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the nuclear bomb used in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s first <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapon test">nuclear weapon test</a>. The United States assigned it the code-name <b>Joe-1</b>, in reference to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>. It was detonated on 29 August 1949 at 7:00 a.m.,<sup id="cite_ref-Theplace_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theplace-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="/wiki/Semipalatinsk_Test_Site" title="Semipalatinsk Test Site">Semipalatinsk Test Site</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh SSR</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after top-secret research and development as part of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_atomic_bomb_project" title="Soviet atomic bomb project">Soviet atomic bomb project</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RDS-1&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several explanations for the Soviet code-name of RDS-1, usually an arbitrary designation: a <a href="/wiki/Backronym" title="Backronym">backronym</a> "Special Jet Engine" (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Реактивный двигатель специальный</span></span>, <i>Reaktivnyi Dvigatel Spetsialnyi</i>), or "Stalin's Jet Engine" (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Реактивный двигатель Сталина</span></span>, <i>Reaktivnyi Dvigatel Stalina</i>), or "Russia does it herself" (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Россия делает сама</span></span>, <i>Rossiya Delayet Sama</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later weapons were also designated RDS but with different model numbers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RDS-1&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The weapon was designed at the <a href="/wiki/Kurchatov_Institute" title="Kurchatov Institute">Kurchatov Institute</a>, then at the time officially known as "Laboratory № 2" but designated as the "office" or "base" in internal documents, starting in April 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plutonium for the bomb was produced at the industrial complex <a href="/wiki/Mayak" title="Mayak">Chelyabinsk-40</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joe_one.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/Joe_one.jpg/250px-Joe_one.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e8/Joe_one.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="273" /></a><figcaption>The mushroom cloud from the first RDS-1 test (1949)</figcaption></figure> <p>The RDS-1 <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_yield" title="Nuclear weapon yield">explosive yield</a> was 22 kilotons <a href="/wiki/TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">TNT equivalent</a>, similar to the US <a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)#"The_Gadget"" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Gadget</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a> bombs.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a>'s insistence, the RDS-1 bomb was designed as an <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design#Implosion-type_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon design">implosion type weapon</a>, similar to the Fat Man bomb dropped on <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, Japan; RDS-1 also had a solid <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> core. The bomb designers had developed a more sophisticated design (tested later as <a href="/wiki/RDS-2" title="RDS-2">RDS-2</a>) but rejected it because of the known reliability of the Fat Man type design, the Soviets having received <a href="/wiki/Atomic_spies" title="Atomic spies">extensive intelligence</a> on the design of the Fat Man bomb during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, which was discovered in the espionage case of <a href="/wiki/Julius_and_Ethel_Rosenberg" title="Julius and Ethel Rosenberg">Julius and Ethel Rosenberg</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and during the <a href="/wiki/Venona_project" title="Venona project">Venona project</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To test the effects of the new weapon, workers constructed houses made of wood and bricks, along with a bridge, and a simulated <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">metro railway</a> in the vicinity of the test site. Armoured hardware and approximately 50 aircraft were also brought to the testing grounds as well as over 1,500 animals to test the bomb's effects on life.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In a sector of artillery about 100 guns and mortars were placed at distances ranging from 250 to 1,800 meters from ground zero. At distances 500 to 550 meters from ground zero artillery pieces were either totally destroyed or needed factory repair.<sup id="cite_ref-rds-1-1949_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rds-1-1949-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting data showed the RDS explosion to be 50% more destructive than originally estimated by its engineers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Pervukhin" title="Mikhail Pervukhin">Mikhail Pervukhin</a> served as the chairman of the commission in charge of the RDS-1 testing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Five RDS-1 weapons were completed as a pilot series by March 1950 with serial production of the weapon beginning in December 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detection_by_the_West">Detection by the West</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RDS-1&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Detection by the West"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joe-1_location_prediction_1949.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Joe-1_location_prediction_1949.jpg/250px-Joe-1_location_prediction_1949.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Joe-1_location_prediction_1949.jpg/330px-Joe-1_location_prediction_1949.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Joe-1_location_prediction_1949.jpg/500px-Joe-1_location_prediction_1949.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4332" data-file-height="3337" /></a><figcaption>This chart from September 1949 shows the United States Weather Bureau's prediction for where the Soviet Union first tested its atomic bomb in 1949. Each colored zone indicates the probability that the bomb was detonated within that area.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress_variants" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress variants">WB-29</a> weather reconnaissance aircraft were fitted with special filters to collect atmospheric radioactive debris. On 3 September 1949, the Air Force Office of Atomic Energy had a WB-29 fly from <a href="/wiki/Misawa_Air_Base" title="Misawa Air Base">Misawa Air Base</a> in Japan to <a href="/wiki/Eielson_Air_Force_Base" title="Eielson Air Force Base">Eielson Air Force Base</a> in Alaska. The plane collected some debris during this flight. This data was then cross-checked with data from later flights, and it was determined that the Soviet Union had effectively tested a nuclear weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Response_in_the_West">Response in the West</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RDS-1&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Response in the West"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The test surprised the Western powers. American intelligence had estimated that the Soviets would not produce an atomic weapon until 1953, while the British did not expect it until 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-aldrich199807_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aldrich199807-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">nuclear fission products</a> from the test were detected by the U.S. Air Force, the United States began to follow the trail of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">nuclear fallout</a> debris.<sup id="cite_ref-burr20090922_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burr20090922-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> notified the world of the situation on 23 September 1949: "We have evidence that within recent weeks an atomic explosion occurred in the U.S.S.R."<sup id="cite_ref-Truman_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Truman-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Truman's statement likely in turn surprised the Soviets, who had hoped to keep the test a secret to avoid encouraging the Americans to increase their atomic programs, and did not know that the United States had built a test-detection system using the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress_variants#WB-29" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress variants">WB-29 Superfortress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-burr20090922_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burr20090922-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The announcement was a turning point in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, that had just begun. Once the Soviet Union was confirmed to be in possession of the atomic bomb, pressure mounted to develop the first <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon" title="Thermonuclear weapon">hydrogen bomb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Truman_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Truman-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Response_in_the_Soviet_Union">Response in the Soviet Union</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RDS-1&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Response in the Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following Truman's announcement, Soviet state newspaper <a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a> released a report. It suggested the West had detected signatures from excavation works in the Soviet Union. Nonetheless it stated the Soviet Union possessed nuclear weapons, and noted the November 1947 claim by Minister of Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a>, that the Soviet Union understood the "secret" of nuclear weapons design. <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chairman_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union">Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers</a> Kliment Voroshilov internationally reiterated nuclear capability five months later in March 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-s693_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s693-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The RDS-1 device was put into weapons production from 1949 to 1951, stockpiling 29 bombs, compared to the US' 1947 to 1949 production of 120 first-generation <a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a> bombs.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RDS-1&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RDS-2" title="RDS-2">RDS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDS-3" title="RDS-3">RDS-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDS-4" title="RDS-4">RDS-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe 4">RDS-6s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDS-37" title="RDS-37">RDS-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar_Bomba" title="Tsar Bomba">AN602</a> (Tsar Bomba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Totality" title="Plan Totality">Plan Totality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_and_Ethel_Rosenberg" title="Julius and Ethel Rosenberg">Julius and Ethel Rosenberg</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RDS-1&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSublette1997" class="citation web cs1">Sublette, Carey (12 December 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Russia/Sovwpnprog.html">"The Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2016</span>. <q>Scientists succeeded in producing weapon-grade plutonium in April 1949 which was used in the first Soviet atomic bomb</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nuclear+weapon+production+at+Mayak&rft.pub=Closed+Nuclear+Cities+Partnership&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cncp.ru%2Fnew_site%2Feng%2Fparticipants%2Fozersk%2Fhistory.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDS-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBukharinPodvigHippel2004" class="citation book cs1">Bukharin, Oleg; Podvig, Pavel Leonardovich; Hippel, Frank Von (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CPRVbYDc-7kC&pg=PA441"><i>Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces</i></a>. 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"British Intelligence and the Anglo-American 'Special Relationship' during the Cold War". <i>Review of International Studies</i>. <b>24</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">331–</span>351. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0260210598003313">10.1017/S0260210598003313</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20097530">20097530</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146376661">146376661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+International+Studies&rft.atitle=British+Intelligence+and+the+Anglo-American+%27Special+Relationship%27+during+the+Cold+War&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E331-%3C%2Fspan%3E351&rft.date=1998-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146376661%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20097530%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0260210598003313&rft.aulast=Aldrich&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDS-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burr20090922-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-burr20090922_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burr20090922_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nukevault/ebb286/"><i>U.S. Intelligence and the Detection of the First Soviet Nuclear Test, September 1949</i></a>, William Burr, Washington, D.C., 22 September 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Truman-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Truman_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Truman_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeselbracht" class="citation web cs1">Geselbracht, Raymond H. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626220210/http://www.trumanlibrary.org/chron/49chron2.htm">"The Truman Administration During 1949: A Chronology"</a>. Harry S. Truman Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trumanlibrary.org/chron/49chron2.htm">the original</a> on 26 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Truman+Administration+During+1949%3A+A+Chronology&rft.place=Harry+S.+Truman+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.org%2Fchron%2F49chron2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDS-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s693-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-s693_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFЕмельяненков2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Емельяненков, Александр (8 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rg.ru/2020/03/08/70-let-nazad-moskva-obiavila-o-nalichii-sobstvennogo-iadernogo-oruzhiia.html">"70 лет назад Москва объявила о наличии собственного ядерного оружия"</a>. <i>Российская газета</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210830045313/https://rg.ru/2020/03/08/70-let-nazad-moskva-obiavila-o-nalichii-sobstvennogo-iadernogo-oruzhiia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.atitle=70+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B4+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.date=2020-03-08&rft.aulast=%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frg.ru%2F2020%2F03%2F08%2F70-let-nazad-moskva-obiavila-o-nalichii-sobstvennogo-iadernogo-oruzhiia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDS-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proatom.ru/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=2352">"Создание ядерного щита Отечества"</a>. proatom.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130620053419/http://www.proatom.ru/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=2352">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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