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BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vedic_period_(semi-legendary)(ca._1700_BCE-6th_cent._BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kikata_kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kikata_kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Kikata kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kikata_kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brihadratha_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brihadratha_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Brihadratha dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brihadratha_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mahajanapada_(6th-4th_cent._BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahajanapada_(6th-4th_cent._BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mahajanapada (6th-4th cent. BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahajanapada_(6th-4th_cent._BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Second_urbanisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_urbanisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Second urbanisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_urbanisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haryanka_dynasty_(544_BCE–413_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haryanka_dynasty_(544_BCE–413_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Haryanka dynasty (544 BCE–413 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haryanka_dynasty_(544_BCE–413_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_(413_BCE-28_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_(413_BCE-28_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Expansion (413 BCE-28 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_(413_BCE-28_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shaishunaga_dynasty_(413_BCE–345_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shaishunaga_dynasty_(413_BCE–345_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Shaishunaga dynasty (413 BCE–345 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shaishunaga_dynasty_(413_BCE–345_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nanda_dynasty_(c._345_BCE–c._322_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nanda_dynasty_(c._345_BCE–c._322_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Nanda dynasty (c. 345 BCE–c. 322 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nanda_dynasty_(c._345_BCE–c._322_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maurya_Empire_(322_BCE_–_185_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maurya_Empire_(322_BCE_–_185_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Maurya Empire (322 BCE – 185 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maurya_Empire_(322_BCE_–_185_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shunga_Empire_(185_BCE–73_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shunga_Empire_(185_BCE–73_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Shunga Empire (185 BCE–73 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shunga_Empire_(185_BCE–73_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanva_dynasty_(73_BCE–28_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanva_dynasty_(73_BCE–28_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5</span> <span>Kanva dynasty (73 BCE–28 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanva_dynasty_(73_BCE–28_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraneous_rule_(28_BCE-c.240_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraneous_rule_(28_BCE-c.240_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Extraneous rule (28 BCE-c.240 CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraneous_rule_(28_BCE-c.240_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mitra_dynasty_(Kosambi)_(_1st_cent._BCE_-_2nd_cent._CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitra_dynasty_(Kosambi)_(_1st_cent._BCE_-_2nd_cent._CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Mitra dynasty (Kosambi) ( 1st cent. BCE - 2nd cent. CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitra_dynasty_(Kosambi)_(_1st_cent._BCE_-_2nd_cent._CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mahameghavahana_dynasty_(2nd-3rd_cent._CE?)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahameghavahana_dynasty_(2nd-3rd_cent._CE?)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Mahameghavahana dynasty (2nd-3rd cent. CE?)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahameghavahana_dynasty_(2nd-3rd_cent._CE?)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gupta's" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gupta's"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Gupta's</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gupta's-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gupta_Empire_(c._240–c._579)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gupta_Empire_(c._240–c._579)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Gupta Empire (c. 240–c. 579)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gupta_Empire_(c._240–c._579)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_Guptas_(c._6th_century_CE–c._8th_century_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Guptas_(c._6th_century_CE–c._8th_century_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Later Guptas (c. 6th century CE–c. 8th century CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_Guptas_(c._6th_century_CE–c._8th_century_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Later history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism_and_Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism_and_Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Buddhism and Jainism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism_and_Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_figures_from_Magadha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_figures_from_Magadha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Historical figures from Magadha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_figures_from_Magadha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Magadha</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Magadha" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7" title="مملكة ماجادها – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة ماجادها" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Magadha" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7" title="ماگدها – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماگدها" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A7" title="মগধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মগধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Magadha" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Магадха – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Магадха" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Магадха – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Магадха" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A7" title="मगध – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मगध" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Магадха – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Магадха" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BE%B7%E0%BC%8B" title="མ་ག་དྷ་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མ་ག་དྷ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Magadha" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Magadha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Magadha" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Magadha" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magado" title="Magado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Magado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Magadha" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7" title="امپراتوری ماگدها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری ماگدها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Magadha" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EA%B0%80%EB%8B%A4" title="마가다 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마가다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6" title="मगध महाजनपद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मगध महाजनपद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Magadha" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Magadha" title="Kerajaan Magadha – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Magadha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Magadha" title="Impero Magadha – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero Magadha" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%93%D7%94%D7%94" title="מגדהה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מגדהה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A7" title="ಮಗಧ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಗಧ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90" title="მაგადჰა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაგადჰა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Magadha" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Magadha" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A7" title="मगध – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मगध" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A7" title="മഗധ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മഗധ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A7_(%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6)" title="मगध (महाजनपद) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मगध (महाजनपद)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90" title="მაგადჰა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მაგადჰა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Magadha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%82%E1%80%93%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မဂဓတိုင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မဂဓတိုင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Magadha" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A7" title="मगध – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मगध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A7" title="मगध – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मगध" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AC%E3%83%80%E5%9B%BD" title="マガダ国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マガダ国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Магадха – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Магадха" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Magadha" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Magadha" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A7" title="ਮਗਧ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਗਧ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%AF%D8%AF%DA%BE_%D9%85%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%BE%D8%AF" title="مگدھ مہاجنپد – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مگدھ مہاجنپد" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Magadha" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A1gada" title="Reino de Mágada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino de Mágada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Magadha" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Магадха – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Магадха" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%83" title="मगधः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मगधः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B0" title="මගධ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මගධ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Magadha" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Магада – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Магада" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Magadha" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Magadha" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Magadha" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="மகத நாடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மகத நாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A7_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="మగధ సామ్రాజ్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మగధ సామ్రాజ్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%98" title="แคว้นมคธ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แคว้นมคธ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Magadha Krallığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Magadha Krallığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Маґадга – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маґадга" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%AF%D8%AF%DA%BE_%D9%85%DB%81%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%AF" title="مگدھ مہا جن پد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مگدھ مہا جن پد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Magadha" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%8F%AD%E9%99%80" title="摩揭陀 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="摩揭陀" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%8F%AD%E9%99%80" title="摩揭陀 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="摩揭陀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%8F%AD%E9%99%80" title="摩揭陀 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="摩揭陀" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q234009#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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href="/w/index.php?title=Magadha_(Mahajanapada)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha (Mahajanapada)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region and Mahajanapada in ancient eastern India</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Magadha (disambiguation)">Magadha (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Magadha</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1700 BCE – 550 CE</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahajanapadas_(c._500_BCE).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingdom of Magadha and other Mahajanapadas during the second urbanization"><img alt="Kingdom of Magadha and other Mahajanapadas during the second urbanization" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png/250px-Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png/375px-Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png/500px-Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="771" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Kingdom of Magadha and other Mahajanapadas during the second urbanization</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Magadha_Expansion_1.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Magadha_Expansion_1.gif/250px-Magadha_Expansion_1.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Magadha_Expansion_1.gif/375px-Magadha_Expansion_1.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Magadha_Expansion_1.gif/500px-Magadha_Expansion_1.gif 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="593" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none" data-switcher-default="">Expansion and decline of Magadha-based rule <br />between 6th and 2nd century BCE</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Magadha_Expansion_(6th-4th_centuries_BCE).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Magadha_Expansion_%286th-4th_centuries_BCE%29.png/250px-Magadha_Expansion_%286th-4th_centuries_BCE%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Magadha_Expansion_%286th-4th_centuries_BCE%29.png/375px-Magadha_Expansion_%286th-4th_centuries_BCE%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Magadha_Expansion_%286th-4th_centuries_BCE%29.png/500px-Magadha_Expansion_%286th-4th_centuries_BCE%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="771" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Magadha-based rule under Haryanka and<span class="nowrap">      </span><br />Shaisunga dynasties</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nanda_Empire,_c.325_BCE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Nanda_Empire%2C_c.325_BCE.png/250px-Nanda_Empire%2C_c.325_BCE.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Nanda_Empire%2C_c.325_BCE.png/375px-Nanda_Empire%2C_c.325_BCE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Nanda_Empire%2C_c.325_BCE.png/500px-Nanda_Empire%2C_c.325_BCE.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1121" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Magadha-based rule under Nanda dynasty <span class="nowrap">    </span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Maurya_Empire,_c.250_BCE_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Maurya_Empire%2C_c.250_BCE_2.png/250px-Maurya_Empire%2C_c.250_BCE_2.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Maurya_Empire%2C_c.250_BCE_2.png/375px-Maurya_Empire%2C_c.250_BCE_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Maurya_Empire%2C_c.250_BCE_2.png/500px-Maurya_Empire%2C_c.250_BCE_2.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1121" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Magadha-based rule under Maurya dynasty<span class="nowrap">   </span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Shungas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_the_Shungas.png/250px-Map_of_the_Shungas.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_the_Shungas.png/375px-Map_of_the_Shungas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_the_Shungas.png/500px-Map_of_the_Shungas.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Magadha-based rule under Shunga dynasty<span class="nowrap">   </span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:India_in_50_bc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/India_in_50_bc.jpg/250px-India_in_50_bc.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/India_in_50_bc.jpg/375px-India_in_50_bc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/India_in_50_bc.jpg/500px-India_in_50_bc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="555" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Magadha-based rule under Kanva dynasty<span class="nowrap">     </span></span></div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Territorial expansion of Magadha-based rulers 6th century BCE onwards</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rajgir" title="Rajgir">Rajagriha</a> (Girivraj)<br />Later, <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a><sup id="cite_ref-JainCardona2007-script1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JainCardona2007-script1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi Prakrit</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Ardhamagadhi Prakrit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brahmanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmanism">Brahmanism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gadh%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Māgadhī">Māgadhī</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Magadha-based dynsties and empires</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 544</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 413 BCE</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka dynasty</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 413</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 345 BCE</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga dynasty</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 345</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 322 BCE</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nanda_dynasty" title="Nanda dynasty">Nanda dynasty</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 322</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 185 BCE</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 185</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 73 BCE</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 73</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 28 BCE</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva dynasty</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1st cent. BCE</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2nd cent. BCE</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Extraneous rule by <a href="/wiki/Mitra_dynasty_(Kosambi)" title="Mitra dynasty (Kosambi)">Mitra dynasty (Kosambi)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2nd</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3rd CE?</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Extraneous rule by <a href="/wiki/Mahameghavahana_dynasty" title="Mahameghavahana dynasty">Mahameghavahana dynasty</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 240</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 579 BCE</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 6th</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 8th cent. CE</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Later_Guptas" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Guptas">Later Guptas</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_India" title="Iron Age in India">Iron Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Panas</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png/20px-Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png/30px-Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png/40px-Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="771" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kikata_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kikata kingdom">Kikata kingdom</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Satavahana Empire">Satavahana Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Map_of_the_Satavahanas.png/20px-Map_of_the_Satavahanas.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Map_of_the_Satavahanas.png/30px-Map_of_the_Satavahanas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Map_of_the_Satavahanas.png/40px-Map_of_the_Satavahanas.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Mahameghavahana_dynasty" title="Mahameghavahana dynasty">Kalinga (Mahameghavanas)</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Map_of_the_Maha-Meghavahanas.png/20px-Map_of_the_Maha-Meghavahanas.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Map_of_the_Maha-Meghavahanas.png/30px-Map_of_the_Maha-Meghavahanas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Map_of_the_Maha-Meghavahanas.png/40px-Map_of_the_Maha-Meghavahanas.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Vidarbha_kingdom_(Mauryan_era)" title="Vidarbha kingdom (Mauryan era)">Vidarbha kingdom</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/India_Vidarbha_locator_map.svg/20px-India_Vidarbha_locator_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/India_Vidarbha_locator_map.svg/30px-India_Vidarbha_locator_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/India_Vidarbha_locator_map.svg/40px-India_Vidarbha_locator_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="1852" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Magadha</b> was a region in ancient India, named after the ancient <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a> kingdom of Magadha, which was one of the sixteen <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Urbanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Urbanization">Second Urbanization</a> period, based in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">eastern Ganges Plain</a>. The region was ruled by several dynasties, which overshadowed and incorporated the other Mahajanapadas. Magadha played an important role in the development of <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Keown2004_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keown2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magadha&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The territory of the Magadha kingdom proper before its expansion was bounded to the north, west, and east respectively by the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Gaṅgā</a>, <a href="/wiki/Son_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Son River">Son</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chandan_River" title="Chandan River">Campā</a> rivers, and the eastern spurs of the <a href="/wiki/Vindhya_Range" title="Vindhya Range">Vindhya mountains</a> formed its southern border. The territory of the initial Magadha kingdom thus corresponded to the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Patna_district" title="Patna district">Patna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaya_district" title="Gaya district">Gaya</a> districts of the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Magadha" title="Greater Magadha">Greater Magadha</a> also included neighbouring regions in the eastern Gangetic plains and had a distinct culture and belief. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magadha&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vedic_period_(semi-legendary)(ca._1700_BCE-6th_cent._BCE)"><span id="Vedic_period_.28semi-legendary.29.28ca._1700_BCE-6th_cent._BCE.29"></span>Vedic period (semi-legendary)(ca. 1700 BCE-6th cent. BCE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magadha&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vedic period (semi-legendary)(ca. 1700 BCE-6th cent. BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kikata_kingdom">Kikata kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magadha&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kikata kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyclopian_wall,_Rajgir._(5457385482)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Cyclopian_wall%2C_Rajgir._%285457385482%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Cyclopian_wall%2C_Rajgir._%285457385482%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Cyclopian_wall%2C_Rajgir._%285457385482%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Cyclopian_wall%2C_Rajgir._%285457385482%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Cyclopian_wall%2C_Rajgir._%285457385482%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Cyclopian_wall%2C_Rajgir._%285457385482%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1916" data-file-height="1278" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Cyclopean_Wall_of_Rajgir" title="Cyclopean Wall of Rajgir">Cyclopean Wall of Rajgir</a> which encircled the former capital of Magadha, Rajgir. Amongst the oldest pieces of cyclopean masonry in the world</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kikata_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kikata kingdom">Kikata kingdom</a></div> <p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i> the Maghadas are listed along with the <a href="/wiki/Anga" title="Anga">Angas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandharis</a> and Mujavats.<sup id="cite_ref-Majumdar_1977_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Majumdar_1977-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars have identified the Kīkaṭa tribe—mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> (3.53.14) with their ruler Pramaganda—as the forefathers of Magadhas because Kikata is used as synonym for Magadha in the later texts.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the Magadhas in the Atharvaveda, the Rigveda speaks of the Kikatas as a hostile tribe, living on the borders of Brahmanical India, who did not perform Vedic rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-Witzel1995_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witzel1995-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brihadratha_dynasty">Brihadratha dynasty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magadha&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Brihadratha dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_dynasty" title="Brihadratha dynasty">Brihadratha dynasty</a></div> <p>According to the Puranas, the Brihadratha dynasty was the first ruling dynasty of Magadha. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mahajanapada_(6th-4th_cent._BCE)"><span id="Mahajanapada_.286th-4th_cent._BCE.29"></span>Mahajanapada (6th-4th cent. BCE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magadha&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mahajanapada (6th-4th cent. BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_urbanisation">Second urbanisation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magadha&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Second urbanisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Urbanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Urbanisation">Second Urbanisation</a> took place in Greater Magadha from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500 BCE</span> onwards, and it was here that <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> and Buddhism arose.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2007p.4:_Bronkhorst_''"It_is_also_in_this_area_that_a_number_of_religious_and_spiritual_movements_arose,_most_famous_among_them_Buddhism_and_Jainism."''_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2007p.4:_Bronkhorst_''"It_is_also_in_this_area_that_a_number_of_religious_and_spiritual_movements_arose,_most_famous_among_them_Buddhism_and_Jainism."''-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Haryanka_dynasty_(544_BCE–413_BCE)"><span id="Haryanka_dynasty_.28544_BCE.E2.80.93413_BCE.29"></span>Haryanka dynasty (544 BCE–413 BCE)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magadha&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Haryanka dynasty (544 BCE–413 BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka dynasty</a></div> <p>There is little certain information available on the early rulers of Magadha. The most important sources are the Buddhist <i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas">Jain Agamas</a></i> and the Hindu <i><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></i>. The ancient kingdom of Magadha is also mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>. Based on Jain and Buddhist sources, it appears that Magadha was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka dynasty</a> for some 130 years, c. 543 to 413 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The core of the kingdom<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> was the area of Bihar south of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>; its first capital was Rajagriha (modern <a href="/wiki/Rajgir" title="Rajgir">day Rajgir</a>), then <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Majumdar_1977_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Majumdar_1977-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rajagriha was initially known as 'Girivrijja' and later came to be known as so during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ajatashatru" title="Ajatashatru">Ajatashatru</a>. Magadha expanded to include most of Bihar and <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> with the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Vajjika_League" title="Vajjika League">Vajjika League</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anga" title="Anga">Anga</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_(413_BCE-28_BCE)"><span id="Expansion_.28413_BCE-28_BCE.29"></span>Expansion (413 BCE-28 BCE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magadha&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Expansion (413 BCE-28 BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shaishunaga_dynasty_(413_BCE–345_BCE)"><span id="Shaishunaga_dynasty_.28413_BCE.E2.80.93345_BCE.29"></span>Shaishunaga dynasty (413 BCE–345 BCE)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magadha&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Shaishunaga dynasty (413 BCE–345 BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magadha_Expansion_(6th-4th_centuries_BCE).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Magadha_Expansion_%286th-4th_centuries_BCE%29.png/220px-Magadha_Expansion_%286th-4th_centuries_BCE%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Magadha_Expansion_%286th-4th_centuries_BCE%29.png/330px-Magadha_Expansion_%286th-4th_centuries_BCE%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Magadha_Expansion_%286th-4th_centuries_BCE%29.png/440px-Magadha_Expansion_%286th-4th_centuries_BCE%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>The approximate extent of the Haryanka dynasty and the Shaisunaga dynasty between the 6th and 5th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga dynasty</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nanda_dynasty_(c._345_BCE–c._322_BCE)"><span id="Nanda_dynasty_.28c._345_BCE.E2.80.93c._322_BCE.29"></span>Nanda dynasty (c. 345 BCE–c. 322 BCE)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magadha&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nanda dynasty (c. 345 BCE–c. 322 BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nanda_dynasty" title="Nanda dynasty">Nanda dynasty</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maurya_Empire_(322_BCE_–_185_BCE)"><span id="Maurya_Empire_.28322_BCE_.E2.80.93_185_BCE.29"></span>Maurya Empire (322 BCE – 185 BCE)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magadha&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Maurya Empire (322 BCE – 185 BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shunga_Empire_(185_BCE–73_BCE)"><span id="Shunga_Empire_.28185_BCE.E2.80.9373_BCE.29"></span>Shunga Empire (185 BCE–73 BCE)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magadha&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Shunga Empire (185 BCE–73 BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kanva_dynasty_(73_BCE–28_BCE)"><span id="Kanva_dynasty_.2873_BCE.E2.80.9328_BCE.29"></span>Kanva dynasty (73 BCE–28 BCE)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magadha&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Kanva dynasty (73 BCE–28 BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva dynasty</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extraneous_rule_(28_BCE-c.240_CE)"><span id="Extraneous_rule_.2828_BCE-c.240_CE.29"></span>Extraneous rule (28 BCE-c.240 CE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magadha&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Extraneous rule (28 BCE-c.240 CE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mitra_dynasty_(Kosambi)_(_1st_cent._BCE_-_2nd_cent._CE)"><span id="Mitra_dynasty_.28Kosambi.29_.28_1st_cent._BCE_-_2nd_cent._CE.29"></span>Mitra dynasty (Kosambi) ( 1st cent. BCE - 2nd cent. CE)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magadha&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mitra dynasty (Kosambi) ( 1st cent. BCE - 2nd cent. CE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mitra_dynasty_(Kosambi)" title="Mitra dynasty (Kosambi)">Mitra dynasty (Kosambi)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mahameghavahana_dynasty_(2nd-3rd_cent._CE?)"><span id="Mahameghavahana_dynasty_.282nd-3rd_cent._CE.3F.29"></span>Mahameghavahana dynasty (2nd-3rd cent. CE?)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magadha&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mahameghavahana dynasty (2nd-3rd cent. CE?)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mahameghavahana_dynasty" title="Mahameghavahana dynasty">Mahameghavahana dynasty</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gupta's"><span id="Gupta.27s"></span>Gupta's</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magadha&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Gupta's"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gupta_Empire_(c._240–c._579)"><span id="Gupta_Empire_.28c._240.E2.80.93c._579.29"></span>Gupta Empire (c. 240–c. 579)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magadha&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gupta Empire (c. 240–c. 579)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_Guptas_(c._6th_century_CE–c._8th_century_CE)"><span id="Later_Guptas_.28c._6th_century_CE.E2.80.93c._8th_century_CE.29"></span>Later Guptas (c. 6th century CE–c. 8th century CE)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magadha&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Later Guptas (c. 6th century CE–c. 8th century CE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Later_Guptas" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Guptas">Later Guptas</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_history">Later history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magadha&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Later history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pithipatis_of_Bodh_Gaya" title="Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya">Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya</a></div> <p>From the 11th century until the late 13th century, a group of Buddhist kings known as the <a href="/wiki/Pithipatis_of_Bodh_Gaya" title="Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya">Pithipatis</a> ruled parts of the Magadha region. These kings referred to themselves as <i>Magadhādipati</i> which translates to "Lords of Magadha".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhism_and_Jainism">Buddhism and Jainism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magadha&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Buddhism and Jainism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, lived much of his life in the kingdom of Magadha. He attained <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">enlightenment</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a>, gave his first sermon in <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">first Buddhist council</a> was held in <a href="/wiki/Rajgriha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajgriha">Rajgriha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇic movements</a> had existed before the 6th century BCE, and these influenced both the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">āstika and nāstika</a> traditions of Indian philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-reginaldray247_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reginaldray247-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa movement</a> gave rise to diverse range of heterodox beliefs, ranging from accepting or denying the concept of soul, atomism, antinomian ethics, materialism, atheism, agnosticism, fatalism to free will, idealization of extreme asceticism to that of family life, strict <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a> (non-violence) and vegetarianism to the permissibility of violence and meat-eating.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magadha kingdom was the nerve centre of this revolution. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> was revived and re-established after <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>, the last and the 24th <i><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a></i>, who synthesised and revived the philosophies and promulgations of the ancient Śramaṇic traditions laid down by the first Jain tirthankara <a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabhanatha</a> millions of years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> which received royal patronage in the kingdom. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magadha_kingdom_Circa_430-320s_BC_AR_Karshapana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Magadha_kingdom_Circa_430-320s_BC_AR_Karshapana.jpg/220px-Magadha_kingdom_Circa_430-320s_BC_AR_Karshapana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Magadha_kingdom_Circa_430-320s_BC_AR_Karshapana.jpg/330px-Magadha_kingdom_Circa_430-320s_BC_AR_Karshapana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Magadha_kingdom_Circa_430-320s_BC_AR_Karshapana.jpg/440px-Magadha_kingdom_Circa_430-320s_BC_AR_Karshapana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="242" /></a><figcaption>Magadha kingdom coin, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 430</span>–320 BCE, Karshapana</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magadha_kingdom_coin_Circa_350_BC_AR_Karshapana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Magadha_kingdom_coin_Circa_350_BC_AR_Karshapana.jpg/220px-Magadha_kingdom_coin_Circa_350_BC_AR_Karshapana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Magadha_kingdom_coin_Circa_350_BC_AR_Karshapana.jpg/330px-Magadha_kingdom_coin_Circa_350_BC_AR_Karshapana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Magadha_kingdom_coin_Circa_350_BC_AR_Karshapana.jpg/440px-Magadha_kingdom_coin_Circa_350_BC_AR_Karshapana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>Magadha kingdom coin, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 350 BCE</span>, Karshapana</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauryan_Empire._Circa_late_4th-2nd_century_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mauryan_Empire._Circa_late_4th-2nd_century_BC.jpg/220px-Mauryan_Empire._Circa_late_4th-2nd_century_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mauryan_Empire._Circa_late_4th-2nd_century_BC.jpg/330px-Mauryan_Empire._Circa_late_4th-2nd_century_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mauryan_Empire._Circa_late_4th-2nd_century_BC.jpg/440px-Mauryan_Empire._Circa_late_4th-2nd_century_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Chandragupta Maurya period <a href="/wiki/Karshapana" title="Karshapana">Karshapana coin</a>, circa 315-310 B.C.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to Indologist <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bronkhorst" title="Johannes Bronkhorst">Johannes Bronkhorst</a>, the culture of Magadha was in fundamental ways different from the Vedic kingdoms of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryans">Indo-Aryans</a>. According to Bronkhorst, the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">śramana</a> culture arose in "<a href="/wiki/Greater_Magadha" title="Greater Magadha">Greater Magadha</a>," which was Indo-Aryan, but not <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a>. In this culture, <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriyas</a> were placed higher than <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a>, and it rejected <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> authority and rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues for a cultural area termed "<a href="/wiki/Greater_Magadha" title="Greater Magadha">Greater Magadha</a>", defined as roughly the geographical area in which the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a> lived and taught.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Witzel_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witzel-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With regard to the Buddha, this area stretched by and large from <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vast%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Śrāvastī">Śrāvastī</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Kosala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosala">Kosala</a>, in the north-west to <a href="/wiki/Rajgir" title="Rajgir">Rājagṛha</a>, the capital of Magadha, in the south-east".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2007xi,_4_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2007xi,_4-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Bronkhorst, "there was indeed a culture of Greater Magadha which remained recognizably distinct from Vedic culture until the time of the grammarian Patañjali (ca. 150 BCE) and beyond".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2007265_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2007265-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Buddhologist Alexander Wynne writes that there is an "overwhelming amount of evidence" to suggest that this rival culture to the Vedic Aryans dominated the eastern <a href="/wiki/Gangetic_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangetic plain">Gangetic plain</a> during the early Buddhist period. Orthodox Vedic Brahmins were, therefore, a minority in Magadha during this early period.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Magadhan religions are termed the <a href="/wiki/Sramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sramana">sramana</a> traditions and include <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a>. Buddhism and Jainism were the religions promoted by the early Magadhan kings, such as Srenika, <a href="/wiki/Bimbisara" title="Bimbisara">Bimbisara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ajatashatru" title="Ajatashatru">Ajatashatru</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Dynasty">Nanda Dynasty</a> (345–321 BCE) that followed was mostly Jain. These Sramana religions did not worship the <a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Vedic deities</a>, instead of practicing some form of <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhana">jhana</a>) and tending to construct round burial mounds (called <a href="/wiki/Stupas" class="mw-redirect" title="Stupas">stupas</a> in Buddhism).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2007265_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2007265-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These religions also sought some type of liberation from the cyclic rounds of rebirth and karmic retribution through spiritual knowledge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magadha&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi Prakrit</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Ardhamagadhi Prakrit</a></div> <p>Beginning in the Theravada commentaries, the <a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali language</a> has been identified with <a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi</a>, the language of the kingdom of Magadha, and this was taken to also be the language that the Buddha used during his life. In the 19th century, the British <a href="/wiki/Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">Orientalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Caesar_Childers" title="Robert Caesar Childers">Robert Caesar Childers</a> argued that the true or geographical name of the Pali language was <a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi Prakrit</a>, and that because <i>pāḷi</i> means "line, row, series", the early Buddhists extended the meaning of the term to mean "a series of books", so <i>pāḷibhāsā</i> means "language of the texts".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Pali does retain some eastern features that have been referred to as <i>Māgadhisms</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gethin2008_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gethin2008-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Magadhi Prakrit was one of the three dramatic prakrits to emerge following the decline of Sanskrit. It was spoken in Magadha and neighbouring regions and later evolved into modern eastern <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a> like <a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_figures_from_Magadha">Historical figures from Magadha</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magadha&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Historical figures from Magadha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahavir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mahavir.jpg/170px-Mahavir.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mahavir.jpg/255px-Mahavir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mahavir.jpg/340px-Mahavir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="1264" /></a><figcaption>The 24th Tirthankara of Jainism, <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>, who was born in Magadha to a royal family </figcaption></figure> <p>Important people from the region of Magadha include: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Śāriputra</a></b> – born to a wealthy <i><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></i> in a village located near <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81jagaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rājagaha">Rājagaha</a> in Magadha. He is considered the first of the Buddha's two chief male disciples, together with <a href="/wiki/Maudgaly%C4%81yana" class="mw-redirect" title="Maudgalyāyana">Maudgalyāyana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maudgaly%C4%81yana" class="mw-redirect" title="Maudgalyāyana">Maudgalyāyana</a></b> – born in the village of Kolita in Magadha. He was one of the Buddha's two main disciples. In his youth, he was a spiritual wanderer before meeting the Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-Malalasekera2007_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malalasekera2007-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></b> – the 24th <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>. Born into a royal <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">kshatriya</a> family in what is now <a href="/wiki/Vaishali_district" title="Vaishali district">Vaishali district</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>. He abandoned all worldly possessions at the age of 30 and became an ascetic. He is considered a slightly older contemporary of the Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-Dutt2013_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutt2013-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magadha&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Magadha" title="Greater Magadha">Greater Magadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadha%E2%80%93Vajji_war" title="Magadha–Vajji war">Magadha–Vajji war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadha%E2%80%93Anga_war" title="Magadha–Anga war">Magadha–Anga war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avanti%E2%80%93Magadhan_War" title="Avanti–Magadhan War">Avanti–Magadhan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_monarchs" title="List of Indian monarchs">List of Indian monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline of Indian history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_culture" title="Magahi culture">Magahi culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magadha&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magadha&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-JainCardona2007-script1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JainCardona2007-script1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJain2007" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Dhanesh (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51">"Sociolinguistics of the Indo-Aryan languages"</a>. In George Cardona; Dhanesh Jain (eds.). <i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i>. Routledge. pp. 47–66, 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79711-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79711-9"><bdi>978-1-135-79711-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sociolinguistics+of+the+Indo-Aryan+languages&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=47-66%2C+51&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79711-9&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Dhanesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOtCPAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keown2004-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Keown2004_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamien_Keown2004" class="citation book cs1">Damien Keown (26 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198605607.001.0001/acref-9780198605607-e-1054?rskey=6R59Bf&result=1"><i>A Dictionary of Buddhism</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-157917-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-157917-2"><bdi>978-0-19-157917-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2004-08-26&rft.isbn=978-0-19-157917-2&rft.au=Damien+Keown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198605607.001.0001%2Facref-9780198605607-e-1054%3Frskey%3D6R59Bf%26result%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaychaudhuri1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hem_Chandra_Raychaudhuri" title="Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri">Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra</a> (1953). <i>Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a>. pp. 110–118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+History+of+Ancient+India%3A+From+the+Accession+of+Parikshit+to+the+Extinction+of+Gupta+Dynasty&rft.pages=110-118&rft.pub=University+of+Calcutta&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Raychaudhuri&rft.aufirst=Hemchandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Majumdar_1977-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Majumdar_1977_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Majumdar_1977_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1977). <i>Ancient India</i>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0436-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0436-8">81-208-0436-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonellKeith1995" class="citation book cs1">Macdonell, Arthur Anthony; Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t6TVLlPvuMAC&pg=PA159"><i>Vedic Index of Names and Subjects</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120813328" title="Special:BookSources/9788120813328"><bdi>9788120813328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vedic+Index+of+Names+and+Subjects&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9788120813328&rft.aulast=Macdonell&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Anthony&rft.au=Keith%2C+Arthur+Berriedale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt6TVLlPvuMAC%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Witzel1995-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Witzel1995_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Witzel. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OZ0gAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA333">Rigvedic history: poets, chieftains, and polities</a>," in <i>The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity.</i> ed. G. Erdosy (Walter de Gruyer, 1995), p. 333</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2007p.4:_Bronkhorst_''"It_is_also_in_this_area_that_a_number_of_religious_and_spiritual_movements_arose,_most_famous_among_them_Buddhism_and_Jainism."''-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2007p.4:_Bronkhorst_''"It_is_also_in_this_area_that_a_number_of_religious_and_spiritual_movements_arose,_most_famous_among_them_Buddhism_and_Jainism."''_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2007">Bronkhorst 2007</a>, p.4: Bronkhorst <i>"It is also in this area that a number of religious and spiritual movements arose, most famous among them Buddhism and Jainism."</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra1958" class="citation journal cs1">Chandra, Jnan (1958). "Some Unknown Facts About Bimbisāra". <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>21</b>: 215–217. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145194">44145194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Some+Unknown+Facts+About+Bimbis%C4%81ra&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=215-217&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44145194%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Jnan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1977). <i>Ancient India</i>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0436-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0436-8">81-208-0436-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182"><i>A Historical Atlas of South Asia</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1 (a). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210" title="Special:BookSources/0226742210"><bdi>0226742210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+Atlas+of+South+Asia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=145%2C+map+XIV.1+%28a%29&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0226742210&rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Fpager.html%3Fobject%3D182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSircar1978" class="citation journal cs1">Sircar, D. C. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/edcollchap/book/9789004646476/B9789004646476_s033.xml">"Bodhgayā Inscription of Pithipati Ācārya Buddhasena"</a>. <i>Senarat Paranavitana Commemoration Volume</i>: 255–256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004646476_033">10.1163/9789004646476_033</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-64647-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-64647-6"><bdi>978-90-04-64647-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Senarat+Paranavitana+Commemoration+Volume&rft.atitle=Bodhgay%C4%81+Inscription+of+Pithipati+%C4%80c%C4%81rya+Buddhasena&rft.pages=255-256&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004646476_033&rft.isbn=978-90-04-64647-6&rft.aulast=Sircar&rft.aufirst=D.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fedcollchap%2Fbook%2F9789004646476%2FB9789004646476_s033.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140306041858/http://www.lumbinitrust.org/articles/view/214">"Lumbini Development Trust: Restoring the Lumbini Garden"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lumbinitrust.org/articles/view/214">the original</a> on 6 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lumbini+Development+Trust%3A+Restoring+the+Lumbini+Garden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lumbinitrust.org%2Farticles%2Fview%2F214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reginaldray247-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reginaldray247_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay1999" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Reginald (1999). <i>Buddhist Saints in India</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 237–240, 247–249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195134834" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195134834"><bdi>978-0195134834</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Saints+in+India&rft.pages=237-240%2C+247-249&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0195134834&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Reginald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaini2001" class="citation book cs1">Jaini, Padmanabh S. (2001). <i>Collected papers on Buddhist Studies</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 57–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120817760" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120817760"><bdi>978-8120817760</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+papers+on+Buddhist+Studies&rft.pages=57-77&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-8120817760&rft.aulast=Jaini&rft.aufirst=Padmanabh+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatel2009" class="citation book cs1">Patel, Haresh (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SXgEfiNY46sC&pg=PA271"><i>Thoughts from the Cosmic Field in the Life of a Thinking Insect [A Latter-Day Saint]</i></a>. Strategic Book Publishing. p. 271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60693-846-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60693-846-1"><bdi>978-1-60693-846-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thoughts+from+the+Cosmic+Field+in+the+Life+of+a+Thinking+Insect+%26%2391%3BA+Latter-Day+Saint%26%2393%3B&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=Strategic+Book+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60693-846-1&rft.aulast=Patel&rft.aufirst=Haresh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSXgEfiNY46sC%26pg%3DPA271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=335378">"Auction 396. INDIA, Mauryan Empire , Karshapana (14mm, 3.32 g). circa 315-310 BC"</a>. <i>www.cngcoins.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cngcoins.com&rft.atitle=Auction+396.+INDIA%2C+Mauryan+Empire+%2C+Karshapana+%2814mm%2C+3.32+g%29.+circa+315-310+BC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cngcoins.com%2FCoin.aspx%3FCoinID%3D335378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2007">Bronkhorst 2007</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2009" class="citation book cs1">Long, Jeffery D. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/608555139"><i>Jainism : an introduction</i></a>. London: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4416-3839-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4416-3839-7"><bdi>978-1-4416-3839-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/608555139">608555139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism+%3A+an+introduction&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F608555139&rft.isbn=978-1-4416-3839-7&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Jeffery+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F608555139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Witzel-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Witzel_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitzel1997" class="citation journal cs1">Witzel, Michael (1997). "Macrocosm, Mesocosm, and Microcosm: The Persistent Nature of 'Hindu' Beliefs and Symbolic Forms". <i>International Journal of Hindu Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (3): 501–539. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11407-997-0021-x">10.1007/s11407-997-0021-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20106493">20106493</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144673508">144673508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Hindu+Studies&rft.atitle=Macrocosm%2C+Mesocosm%2C+and+Microcosm%3A+The+Persistent+Nature+of+%27Hindu%27+Beliefs+and+Symbolic+Forms&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=501-539&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144673508%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20106493%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11407-997-0021-x&rft.aulast=Witzel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2007xi,_4-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2007xi,_4_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2007">Bronkhorst 2007</a>, pp. xi, 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2007265-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2007265_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2007265_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2007">Bronkhorst 2007</a>, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWynne2011" class="citation web cs1">Wynne, Alexander (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=31537">"Review of Bronkhorst, Johannes, Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India"</a>. <i>H-Buddhism</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H-Buddhism&rft.atitle=Review+of+Bronkhorst%2C+Johannes%2C+Greater+Magadha%3A+Studies+in+the+Culture+of+Early+India&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Wynne&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.h-net.org%2Freviews%2Fshowrev.php%3Fid%3D31537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Dictionary of the Pali Language</i> By Robert Cæsar Childers</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gethin2008-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gethin2008_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRupert_Gethin2008" class="citation book cs1">Rupert Gethin (9 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AvogpRk9-5wC"><i>Sayings of the Buddha: New Translations from the Pali Nikayas</i></a>. OUP Oxford. pp. xxiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283925-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283925-1"><bdi>978-0-19-283925-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sayings+of+the+Buddha%3A+New+Translations+from+the+Pali+Nikayas&rft.pages=xxiv&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2008-10-09&rft.isbn=978-0-19-283925-1&rft.au=Rupert+Gethin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAvogpRk9-5wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeames2012" class="citation book cs1">Beames, John (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9781139208871"><i>Comparative Grammar of the Modern Aryan Languages of India: To Wit, Hindi, Panjabi, Sindhi, Gujarati, Marathi, Oriya, and Bangali</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9781139208871.003">10.1017/cbo9781139208871.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-20887-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-20887-1"><bdi>978-1-139-20887-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Grammar+of+the+Modern+Aryan+Languages+of+India%3A+To+Wit%2C+Hindi%2C+Panjabi%2C+Sindhi%2C+Gujarati%2C+Marathi%2C+Oriya%2C+and+Bangali&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9781139208871.003&rft.isbn=978-1-139-20887-1&rft.aulast=Beames&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febooks.cambridge.org%2Fref%2Fid%2FCBO9781139208871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasad1988" class="citation journal cs1">Prasad, Chandra Shekhar (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29756860">"Nalanda vis-à-vis the Birthplace of Śāriputra"</a>. <i>East and West</i>. <b>38</b> (1/4): 175–188. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29756860">29756860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+and+West&rft.atitle=Nalanda+vis-%C3%A0-vis+the+Birthplace+of+%C5%9A%C4%81riputra&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=175-188&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29756860%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Prasad&rft.aufirst=Chandra+Shekhar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29756860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malalasekera2007-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Malalasekera2007_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunapala_Piyasena_Malalasekera2007" class="citation book cs1">Gunapala Piyasena Malalasekera (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Au_lIP1ZnQC&pg=PA403"><i>Dictionary of Pāli Proper Names</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. pp. 403–404. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3022-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3022-6"><bdi>978-81-208-3022-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+P%C4%81li+Proper+Names&rft.pages=403-404&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3022-6&rft.au=Gunapala+Piyasena+Malalasekera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Au_lIP1ZnQC%26pg%3DPA403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dutt2013-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dutt2013_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomesh_Chunder_Dutt2013" class="citation book cs1">Romesh Chunder Dutt (5 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=udv7AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA382"><i>A History of Civilisation in Ancient India: Based on Sanscrit Literature: Volume I</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 382–383. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-38189-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-38189-8"><bdi>978-1-136-38189-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Civilisation+in+Ancient+India%3A+Based+on+Sanscrit+Literature%3A+Volume+I&rft.pages=382-383&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft.isbn=978-1-136-38189-8&rft.au=Romesh+Chunder+Dutt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dudv7AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magadha&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaychaudhuri1972" class="citation book cs1">Raychaudhuri, H.C. (1972). <i>Political History of Ancient India</i>. Calcutta: University of Calcutta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+History+of+Ancient+India&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=University+of+Calcutta&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Raychaudhuri&rft.aufirst=H.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagadha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw1926" class="citation book cs1">Law, Bimala Churn (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ancientindiantri032697mbp#page/n111/mode/2up">"4. The Magadhas"</a>. <i>Ancient Indian Tribes</i>. Lahore: Motilal Banarsidas.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4.+The+Magadhas&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+Tribes&rft.place=Lahore&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidas&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Law&rft.aufirst=Bimala+Churn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fancientindiantri032697mbp%23page%2Fn111%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagadha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronkhorst2007" class="citation book cs1">Bronkhorst, Johannes (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150911082421/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Greater%20Magadha%20Studies%20in%20the%20Culture%20of%20Early%20India_Bronkhorst.pdf"><i>Greater Magadha: studies in the culture of early India</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Handbook of oriental studies. Section two, India. Vol. 19. Leiden; Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15719-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15719-4"><bdi>978-90-04-15719-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0169-9377">0169-9377</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/608455986">608455986</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Greater%20Magadha%20Studies%20in%20the%20Culture%20of%20Early%20India_Bronkhorst.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greater+Magadha%3A+studies+in+the+culture+of+early+India&rft.place=Leiden%3B+Boston&rft.series=Handbook+of+oriental+studies.+Section+two%2C+India&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F608455986&rft.issn=0169-9377&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15719-4&rft.aulast=Bronkhorst&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahandfulofleaves.org%2Fdocuments%2FGreater%2520Magadha%2520Studies%2520in%2520the%2520Culture%2520of%2520Early%2520India_Bronkhorst.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagadha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpinder_Singh2016" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Upinder_Singh" title="Upinder Singh">Singh, Upinder</a> (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ"><i>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearson_PLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson PLC">Pearson</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1677-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1677-9"><bdi>978-81-317-1677-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1677-9&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPq2iCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagadha" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tribes_and_kingdoms_mentioned_in_the_Mahabharata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:orange;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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title="Template talk:Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tribes_and_kingdoms_of_the_Mahabharata" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tribes_and_kingdoms_mentioned_in_the_Mahabharata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tribes and kingdoms mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhira_kingdom" title="Abhira kingdom">Abhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Andhra kingdom">Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarta_kingdom" title="Anarta kingdom">Anarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anga_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Anga kingdom">Anga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anupa_kingdom" title="Anupa kingdom">Anupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaka">Assaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmaka_kingdom" title="Asmaka kingdom">Asmaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avanti_kingdom_(Mahabharata)" title="Avanti kingdom (Mahabharata)">Avanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ay_dynasty" title="Ay dynasty">Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahlikas" title="Bahlikas">Bahlika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatas_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatas (tribe)">Bhārata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chedi_kingdom" title="Chedi kingdom">Chedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola kingdom">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinas" title="Chinas">Chinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kosala" title="Dakshina Kosala">Dakshina Kosala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakshinatya_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dakshinatya kingdom (page does not exist)">Dakshinatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danda_kingdom" title="Danda kingdom">Danda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasarna_kingdom" title="Dasarna kingdom">Dasarna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasharna" title="Dasharna">Dasharna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dasherka_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dasherka kingdom (page does not exist)">Dasherka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dv%C4%81rak%C4%81" title="Dvārakā">Dwaraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garga_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garga kingdom (page does not exist)">Garga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomanta_kingdom" title="Gomanta kingdom">Gomanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopa_Rashtra" title="Gopa Rashtra">Gopa Rashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hara_Huna_kingdom" title="Hara Huna kingdom">Hara Huna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haihaya_kingdom" title="Haihaya kingdom">Haihaya kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalaya_kingdom" title="Himalaya kingdom">Himalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huna_kingdom" title="Huna kingdom">Huna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanchi_kingdom" title="Kanchi kingdom">Kanchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasmira_kingdom" title="Kasmira kingdom">Kasmira</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalakuta_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalakuta kingdom (page does not exist)">Kalakuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(Mahabharata)" title="Kalinga (Mahabharata)">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kamboja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnata_kingdom" title="Karnata kingdom">Karnata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karusha_kingdom" title="Karusha kingdom">Karusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashi_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashi kingdom">Kashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekeya_kingdom" title="Kekeya kingdom">Kekeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_kingdom" title="Kerala kingdom">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasas_(Mahabharata)" title="Khasas (Mahabharata)">Khasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikata_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kikata kingdom">Kikata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimpurusha_kingdom" title="Kimpurusha kingdom">Kimpurusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnara_kingdom" title="Kinnara kingdom">Kinnara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirata" title="Kirata">Kirata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirata_kingdom" title="Kirata kingdom">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishkindha" title="Kishkindha">Kishkindha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkana_kingdom" title="Konkana kingdom">Konkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosala_kingdom" title="Kosala kingdom">Kosala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuninda_kingdom" title="Kuninda kingdom">Kuninda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunti_kingdom" title="Kunti kingdom">Kunti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuru_kingdom" title="Kuru kingdom">Kuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanka" title="Lanka">Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madra_kingdom" title="Madra kingdom">Madra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madraka_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Madraka kingdom">Madraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maha_Chinas_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maha Chinas kingdom (page does not exist)">Maha Chinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahisha_kingdom" title="Mahisha kingdom">Mahisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malla_kingdom" title="Malla kingdom">Malla </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malava_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Malava kingdom">Malava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur_(Mahabharata)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manipur (Mahabharata)">Manipura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_kingdom" title="Matsya kingdom">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mekhalas_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mekhalas kingdom (page does not exist)">Mekhalas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mleccha" title="Mleccha">Mleccha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudgala_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudgala kingdom">Mudgala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushika_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mushika kingdom">Mushika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasikya_kingdom" title="Nasikya kingdom">Nasikya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepa_kingdom" title="Nepa kingdom">Nepa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niharas_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niharas kingdom (page does not exist)">Niharas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishadas" title="Nishadas">Nishadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odra_kingdom" title="Odra kingdom">Odra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchala_Kingdom_(Mahabharata)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala Kingdom (Mahabharata)">Panchala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty">Pandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parada_kingdom" title="Parada kingdom">Parada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parama_Kamboja_kingdom" title="Parama Kamboja kingdom">Parama Kamboja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasika_kingdom" title="Parasika kingdom">Parasika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parvartaka_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parvartaka kingdom (page does not exist)">Parvartaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvata_kingdom" title="Parvata kingdom">Parvata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauravas" title="Pauravas">Paurava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pishacha_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pishacha kingdom">Pishacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragjyotisha_kingdom" title="Pragjyotisha kingdom">Pragjyotisha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pratyagratha_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pratyagratha kingdom (page does not exist)">Pratyagratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasthala" title="Prasthala">Prasthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundra_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pundra kingdom">Pundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulinda" title="Pulinda">Pulinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakas_in_the_Mahabharata" title="Sakas in the Mahabharata">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salva_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Salva kingdom">Salva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salveya_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salveya kingdom (page does not exist)">Salveya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salwa_kingdom" title="Salwa kingdom">Salwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswata_kingdom" title="Saraswata kingdom">Saraswata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_kingdom" title="Saurashtra kingdom">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauvira_kingdom" title="Sauvira kingdom">Sauvira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhu_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhu kingdom">Sindhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_kingdom" title="Sinhala kingdom">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivi_kingdom" title="Sivi kingdom">Sivi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonita_kingdom" title="Sonita kingdom">Sonita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudra_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudra kingdom">Sudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhma_kingdom" title="Suhma kingdom">Suhma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surparaka_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Surparaka kingdom">Surparaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surasena" title="Surasena">Surasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamraparni" title="Tamraparni">Tamraparni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangana_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tangana kingdom (page does not exist)">Tangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigarta_kingdom" title="Trigarta kingdom">Trigarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulu kingdom">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tushara" title="Tushara">Tushara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ursa_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ursa kingdom (page does not exist)">Ursa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kuru_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttara Kuru kingdom">Uttara Kuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttara_Madra_kingdom" title="Uttara Madra kingdom">Uttara Madra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utkala_kingdom" title="Utkala kingdom">Utkala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Vanga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vatadhana_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vatadhana kingdom (page does not exist)">Vatadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatsa" title="Vatsa">Vatsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videha" title="Videha">Videha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidarbha_kingdom" title="Vidarbha kingdom">Vidarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavana_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana kingdom">Yavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaudheya_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaudheya kingdom">Yaudheya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li>Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_attempts_by_Poland" title="Colonization attempts by Poland">attempts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mahajanapadas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:orange;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mahajanapada" title="Template:Mahajanapada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mahajanapada" title="Template talk:Mahajanapada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mahajanapada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mahajanapada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mahajanapadas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapada" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahajanapada">Mahajanapadas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:orange;text-align:center;">Great Indian Kingdoms<br />(c. 600 BCE–c. 300 BCE)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anga" title="Anga">Anga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmaka" title="Asmaka">Asmaka (Assaka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avanti_(Ancient_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avanti (Ancient India)">Avanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ced%C4%AB_(tribe)" title="Cedī (tribe)">Chedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ra_(kingdom)" title="Gandhāra (kingdom)">Gandhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81s%C4%AB_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāsī (kingdom)">Kashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kamboja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosala">Kosala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuru_kingdom" title="Kuru kingdom">Kuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malla_(tribe)" title="Malla (tribe)">Malla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_(tribe)" title="Matsya (tribe)">Maccha (Matsya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchala" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala">Panchala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surasena" title="Surasena">Surasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajjika_League" title="Vajjika League">Vajji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatsa" title="Vatsa">Vatsa (Vamsa)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle_kingdoms_of_India" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Template:Middle kingdoms of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Template talk:Middle kingdoms of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle kingdoms of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle_kingdoms_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0; font-size:100%;"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2">Timeline and<br />cultural period </td> <td rowspan="2">Northwestern India<br />(<a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sapta_Sindhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapta Sindhu">Sapta Sindhu</a>) </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Central India </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">Southern India</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cdcdcd"> <td>Upper Gangetic Plain <br />(<a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Ganga-Yamuna doab</a>) </td> <td>Middle Gangetic Plain </td> <td>Lower Gangetic Plain </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;background-color:#CED4F2"> <td colspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age India">IRON AGE</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="1"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Srauta" class="mw-redirect" title="Srauta">Srauta</a> culture)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware culture</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Shramanic culture</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Prehistoric_era" title="History of India">Pre-history</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 6th century BCE</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuru_kingdom" title="Kuru kingdom">Kuru</a>-<a href="/wiki/Panchala" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala">Panchala</a> </td> <td>Magadha </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaka">Assaka</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Persian_and_Greek_conquests" title="History of India">Persian-Greek influences</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><b>"<a href="/wiki/History_of_India#"Second_urbanisation"_(800-200_BCE)" title="History of India">Second Urbanisation</a>"</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Shramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shramana">Rise of Shramana movements</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> - <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> - <a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a> - <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Prehistoric_era" title="History of India">Pre-history</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 5th century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="1">(<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Persian conquests</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga dynasty</a> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaka">Assaka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 4th century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="1">(<a href="/wiki/Greek_conquests_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek conquests in India">Greek conquests</a>) </td> <td colspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Dynasty">Nanda empire</a></b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CED4F2"> <td colspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">HISTORICAL AGE</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="4"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">Spread of Buddhism</a></b> </td> <td><b>Pre-history</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 3rd century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></b><br />(300 BCE – 200 CE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_kingdom" title="Early Pandyan kingdom">Early Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Cheras</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="5"><b>Preclassical Hinduism</b><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - <b>"Hindu Synthesis"</b><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (ca. 200 BC - 300 CE)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Epics</a> - <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> - <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> - <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a> - <a href="/wiki/Smarta_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Smarta Tradition">Smarta Tradition</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 2nd century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a> </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Maha-Meghavahana_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty">Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></b><br />(300 BCE – 200 CE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_kingdom" title="Early Pandyan kingdom">Early Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Cheras</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 1st century BCE</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 1st century CE</b> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"> <p><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthians</a> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuninda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuninda Kingdom">Kuninda Kingdom</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 2nd century</b> </td> <td colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 3rd century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a> kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="6"><b>"Golden Age of Hinduism"</b>(ca. CE 320-650)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a><br />Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 4th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> </td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty" title="Varman dynasty">Varman dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Ikshvakus" class="mw-redirect" title="Andhra Ikshvakus">Andhra Ikshvakus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadamba Dynasty">Kadamba Dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Ganga Dynasty">Western Ganga Dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 5th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a> </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundina">Vishnukundina</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 6th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nezak_Huns" title="Nezak Huns">Nezak Huns</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maitraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Maitraka">Maitraka</a> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundina">Vishnukundina</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukyas">Badami Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="6"><b>Late-Classical Hinduism</b> (ca. CE 650-1100)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> - <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Buddhism in India">Decline of Buddhism in India</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 7th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Sassanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Sassanids">Indo-Sassanids</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">Vakataka dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Harsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Harsha">Empire of Harsha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mlechchha_dynasty" title="Mlechchha dynasty">Mlechchha dynasty</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukyas">Badami Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom (revival)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 8th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Mahishmati" title="Kalachuris of Mahishmati">Kalachuri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 9th century</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratihara</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty#Chera_Perumals_of_Makkotai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Chera Perumals of Makkotai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>10th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pala_dynasty_(Kamarupa)" title="Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)">Pala dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kamboja-Pala_Dynasty_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamboja-Pala Dynasty of Bengal">Kamboja-Pala dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalyani_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalyani Chalukyas">Kalyani Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera Perumals of Makkotai</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">References and sources for table</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <p><b>References</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiltebeitel (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiltebeitel (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.41</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Flood, Gavin D. (1996), <i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagadha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alf_Hiltebeitel" title="Alf Hiltebeitel">Hiltebeitel, Alf</a> (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=nl#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"</i></a>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism.+In%3A+Joseph+Kitagawa%2C+%22The+Religious+Traditions+of+Asia%3A+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Culture%22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Hiltebeitel&rft.aufirst=Alf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkfyzAAAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26hl%3Dnl%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagadha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Michaels, Axel (2004), <i>Hinduism. Past and present</i>, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism.+Past+and+present&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.aufirst=Axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagadha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), <i>The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Yoga+and+Tantra.+Indic+Religions+to+the+Thirteenth+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagadha" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Magadh_division_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Magadh_Division_topics" title="Template:Magadh Division topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Magadh_Division_topics" title="Template talk:Magadh Division topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Magadh_Division_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Magadh Division topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Magadh_division_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Magadh_division" title="Magadh division">Magadh division</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha (Mahajanapada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barabar_Caves" title="Barabar Caves">Barabar Caves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arwal_district" title="Arwal district">Arwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangabad_district,_Bihar" title="Aurangabad district, Bihar">Aurangabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaya_district" title="Gaya district">Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehanabad_district" title="Jehanabad district">Jehanabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawada_district" title="Nawada district">Nawada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_development_blocks_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Community development blocks in India">Community development blocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konch_(community_development_block)" title="Konch (community development block)">Konch</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deo_Block&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deo Block (page does not exist)">Deo Block</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lilajan_River" title="Lilajan River">Lilajan/Niranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohana_River" title="Mohana River">Mohana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punpun_River" title="Punpun River">Punpun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Son River">Son</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_2_(India,_old_numbering)" title="National Highway 2 (India, old numbering)">NH 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_31_(India)" title="National Highway 31 (India)">NH 31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_22_(India)" title="National Highway 22 (India)">NH 22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_96_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highway 96 (India)">NH 96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_33_(India)" title="National Highway 33 (India)">NH 33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Chord" title="Grand Chord">Grand Chord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asansol%E2%80%93Gaya_section" title="Asansol–Gaya section">Asansol–Gaya section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaya%E2%80%93Mughalsarai_section" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaya–Mughalsarai section">Gaya–Mughalsarai section</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Railway stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaya_Junction_railway_station" title="Gaya Junction railway station">Gaya Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_Nagar_Junction_railway_station" title="Son Nagar Junction railway station">Son Nagar Junction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lok Sabha<br />constituencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurangabad_(Bihar_Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurangabad (Bihar Lok Sabha constituency)">Aurangabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaya_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaya (Lok Sabha constituency)">Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahanabad_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahanabad (Lok Sabha constituency)">Jahanabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawada_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawada (Lok Sabha constituency)">Nawada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Magadh_Division" title="Template:Magadh Division">Cities and towns in Magadh Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Aurangabad,_Bihar" title="Category:People from Aurangabad, Bihar">People from Aurangabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Bihar" title="Template:Bihar">Bihar topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Bhagalpur_Division_topics" title="Template:Bhagalpur Division topics">Bhagalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Darbhanga_Division_topics" title="Template:Darbhanga Division topics">Darbhanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kosi_Division_topics" title="Template:Kosi Division topics">Kosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Munger_Division_topics" title="Template:Munger Division topics">Munger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Patna_Division_topics" title="Template:Patna Division topics">Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Purnia_Division_topics" title="Template:Purnia Division topics">Purnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saran_Division_topics" title="Template:Saran Division topics">Saran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Tirhut_Division_topics" title="Template:Tirhut Division topics">Tirhut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_regions_of_North_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_regions_of_North_India" title="Template:Historical regions of North India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_regions_of_North_India" title="Template talk:Historical regions of North India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_regions_of_North_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical regions of North India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_regions_of_North_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical regions of <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahirwal" title="Ahirwal">Ahirwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagelkhand" title="Bagelkhand">Bagelkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagar_region" title="Bagar region">Bagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltistan" title="Baltistan">Baltistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_region" title="Bhojpuri region">Bhojpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braj" title="Braj">Braj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundelkhand" title="Bundelkhand">Bundelkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardistan" title="Dardistan">Dardistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doaba" title="Doaba">Doaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundhar" title="Dhundhar">Dhundhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_division" title="Garhwal division">Garhwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorwar" title="Gorwar">Gorwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadoti" title="Hadoti">Hadoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_division" title="Jammu division">Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Valley" title="Kashmir Valley">Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaon_division" title="Kumaon division">Kumaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majha" title="Majha">Majha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwar" title="Marwar">Marwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewar" title="Mewar">Mewar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewat" title="Mewat">Mewat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malwa_(Punjab)" title="Malwa (Punjab)">Malwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purvanchal" title="Purvanchal">Purvanchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohilkhand" title="Rohilkhand">Rohilkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhawati" title="Shekhawati">Shekhawati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagad" title="Vagad">Vagad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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