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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Macau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Chinese_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Chinese_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ancient Chinese units</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ancient_Chinese_units-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ancient Chinese units subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Chinese_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Length" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Length"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Length</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Length-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Chinese_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Chinese_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern Chinese units</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_Chinese_units-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern Chinese units subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_Chinese_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Length_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Length_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Length</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Length_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese_length_units_promulgated_in_1915" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_length_units_promulgated_in_1915"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Chinese length units promulgated in 1915</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_length_units_promulgated_in_1915-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_length_units_effective_in_1930" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_length_units_effective_in_1930"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Chinese length units effective in 1930</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_length_units_effective_in_1930-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metric_length_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metric_length_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Metric length units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metric_length_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong_and_Macau_length_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong_and_Macau_length_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Hong Kong and Macau length units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong_and_Macau_length_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese_area_units_promulgated_in_1915" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_area_units_promulgated_in_1915"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Chinese area units promulgated in 1915</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_area_units_promulgated_in_1915-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_area_units_effective_in_1930" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_area_units_effective_in_1930"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Chinese area units effective in 1930</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_area_units_effective_in_1930-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metric_and_other_area_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metric_and_other_area_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Metric and other area units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metric_and_other_area_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macau_area_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macau_area_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Macau area units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macau_area_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volume" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volume"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Volume</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volume-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese_volume_units_promulgated_in_1915" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_volume_units_promulgated_in_1915"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Chinese volume units promulgated in 1915</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_volume_units_promulgated_in_1915-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_volume_units_effective_in_1930" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_volume_units_effective_in_1930"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Chinese volume units effective in 1930</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_volume_units_effective_in_1930-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metric_volume_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metric_volume_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Metric volume units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metric_volume_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macau_volume_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macau_volume_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Macau volume units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macau_volume_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Mass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese_mass_units_promulgated_in_1915" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_mass_units_promulgated_in_1915"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Chinese mass units promulgated in 1915</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_mass_units_promulgated_in_1915-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_units_in_the_Republic_of_China_since_1930" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_units_in_the_Republic_of_China_since_1930"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Mass units in the Republic of China since 1930</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_units_in_the_Republic_of_China_since_1930-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_units_in_the_People's_Republic_of_China_since_1959" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_units_in_the_People's_Republic_of_China_since_1959"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Mass units in the People's Republic of China since 1959</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_units_in_the_People's_Republic_of_China_since_1959-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metric_mass_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metric_mass_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.4</span> <span>Metric mass units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metric_mass_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong_and_Macau_mass_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong_and_Macau_mass_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.5</span> <span>Hong Kong and Macau mass units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong_and_Macau_mass_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong_troy_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong_troy_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.6</span> <span>Hong Kong troy units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong_troy_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_de_mesure_chinoise" title="Unité de mesure chinoise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Unité de mesure chinoise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_pengukuran_Tiongkok" title="Unit pengukuran Tiongkok – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Unit pengukuran Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesiske_m%C3%A5leenheter" title="Kinesiske måleenheter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kinesiske måleenheter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Chinese units of measurement as generally used in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>. For local modifications of it, see <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_units_of_measurement" title="Taiwanese units of measurement">Taiwanese units of measurement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_units_of_measurement" title="Hong Kong units of measurement">Hong Kong units of measurement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_units_of_measurement" title="Singaporean units of measurement">Singaporean units of measurement</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Chinese units of measurement</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Classicchineseinstrumentscale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Classicchineseinstrumentscale.jpg/220px-Classicchineseinstrumentscale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Classicchineseinstrumentscale.jpg/330px-Classicchineseinstrumentscale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Classicchineseinstrumentscale.jpg/440px-Classicchineseinstrumentscale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A traditional Chinese scale</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%88%B6" class="extiw" title="wikt:市制">市制</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">market system</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">shìzhì</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">shih-chih</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Alternative Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">市用制</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">market-use system</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">shìyòngzhì</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">shih-yung-chih</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chinese units of measurement</b>, known in Chinese as the <i><b>shìzhì</b></i> ("market system"), are the traditional <a href="/wiki/Units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Units of measurement">units of measurement</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>. Although <a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals" title="Chinese numerals">Chinese numerals</a> have been <a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">decimal</a> (base-10) since the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a>, several Chinese measures use <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a> (base-16).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Local applications have varied, but the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese dynasties">Chinese dynasties</a> usually proclaimed standard measurements and recorded their predecessor's systems in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dynastic_histories" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese dynastic histories">their histories</a>. </p><p>In the present day, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> maintains some customary units based upon the market units but standardized to round values in the <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a>, for example the common <i><a href="/wiki/Jin_(mass)" title="Jin (mass)">jin</a></i> or <a href="/wiki/Catty_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Catty (unit)">catty</a> of exactly 500<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Gram_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram (unit)">g</a>. The Chinese name for most metric units is based on that of the closest traditional unit; when confusion might arise, the word "market" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B8%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:市">市</a></span></span>, <i>shì</i>) is used to specify the traditional unit and "common" or "public" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:公">公</a></span></span>, <i>gōng</i>) is used for the metric value. <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Korean_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean units">Korea</a>, saw <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_units_of_measurement" title="Taiwanese units of measurement">its traditional units</a> standardized to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_units_of_measurement" title="Japanese units of measurement">Japanese values</a> and their conversion to a metric basis, such as the Taiwanese <i><a href="/wiki/Ping_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ping (unit)">ping</a></i> of about 3.306<span class="nowrap"> </span>m<sup>2</sup> based on the square <i><a href="/wiki/Ken_(unit)" title="Ken (unit)">ken</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_SAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong SAR">Hong Kong SAR</a> continues to use <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_units_of_measurement" title="Hong Kong units of measurement">its traditional units</a>, now legally defined based on a local equation with metric units. For instance, the Hong Kong catty is precisely <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999604789819999999♠"></span>604.789<span style="margin-left:.25em;">82</span> g</span>. </p><p>Note: The names <i>lí</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">釐</span></span> or <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">厘</span></span>) and <i>fēn</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">分</span></span>) for small units are the same for length, area, and mass; however, they refer to different kinds of measurements. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_ruler._Han_Dynasty_206_BCE_to_CE_220._Excavated_in_Zichang_County._Shaanxi_History_Museum,_Xi%27an.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bronze_ruler._Han_Dynasty_206_BCE_to_CE_220._Excavated_in_Zichang_County._Shaanxi_History_Museum%2C_Xi%27an.jpg/220px-Bronze_ruler._Han_Dynasty_206_BCE_to_CE_220._Excavated_in_Zichang_County._Shaanxi_History_Museum%2C_Xi%27an.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bronze_ruler._Han_Dynasty_206_BCE_to_CE_220._Excavated_in_Zichang_County._Shaanxi_History_Museum%2C_Xi%27an.jpg/330px-Bronze_ruler._Han_Dynasty_206_BCE_to_CE_220._Excavated_in_Zichang_County._Shaanxi_History_Museum%2C_Xi%27an.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bronze_ruler._Han_Dynasty_206_BCE_to_CE_220._Excavated_in_Zichang_County._Shaanxi_History_Museum%2C_Xi%27an.jpg/440px-Bronze_ruler._Han_Dynasty_206_BCE_to_CE_220._Excavated_in_Zichang_County._Shaanxi_History_Museum%2C_Xi%27an.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>Bronze ruler from the Han dynasty (206 BCE to CE 220); excavated in <a href="/wiki/Zichang_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Zichang County">Zichang County</a>; <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi_History_Museum" title="Shaanxi History Museum">Shaanxi History Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></figcaption></figure> <style 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_science_and_technology_in_China" title="Category:History of science and technology in China">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_China" title="History of science and technology in China">History of science and technology in China</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_rocket.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man in black armor standing in front of a rocket, attached to a stick, with the stick being held up by two X-shaped wooden brackets." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Chinese_rocket.png/155px-Chinese_rocket.png" decoding="async" width="155" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Chinese_rocket.png/233px-Chinese_rocket.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Chinese_rocket.png/310px-Chinese_rocket.png 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="358" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_discoveries" title="List of Chinese discoveries">List of discoveries</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_inventions" title="List of Chinese inventions">List of inventions</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Four_Great_Inventions" title="Four Great Inventions">the Four Great Inventions</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By subject</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_China" title="Agriculture in China">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">sericulture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_alchemy" title="Chinese alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_garden" title="Chinese garden">classic gardens</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_China" title="List of bridges in China">bridges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_astronomy" title="Chinese astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_China" title="Cartography of China">Cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ceramics" title="Chinese ceramics">Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_coinage" title="Ancient Chinese coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mathematics" title="Chinese mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Units of measurement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional medicine</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_herbology" title="Chinese herbology">herbology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_China" title="History of metallurgy in China">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China_before_1912" title="Military history of China before 1912">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_China" title="Naval history of China">navy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing_in_East_Asia" title="History of printing in East Asia">Printing</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Silk_industry_in_China" title="Silk industry in China">Silk industry</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transport_in_China" title="History of transport in China">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_China" title="Naval history of China">navigation</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By era</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_and_discoveries_of_Neolithic_China" title="List of inventions and discoveries of Neolithic China">Neolithic and early Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Science and technology of the Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Science and technology of the Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Science and technology of the Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Science and technology of the Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China" title="Science and technology in China">People's Republic</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_China" title="History of agriculture in China">agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">space</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_science_and_technology_in_China" title="Template:History of science and technology in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_science_and_technology_in_China" title="Template talk:History of science and technology in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_science_and_technology_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of science and technology in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Liji" class="mw-redirect" title="Liji">Liji</a></i>, the legendary <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a> created the first measurement units. The <i><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Erya" title="Xiao Erya">Xiao Erya</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Kongzi_Jiayu" title="Kongzi Jiayu">Kongzi Jiayu</a></i> state that length units were derived from the human body. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i>, these human body units caused inconsistency, and <a href="/wiki/Yu_the_Great" title="Yu the Great">Yu the Great</a>, another legendary figure, unified the length measurements. <a href="/wiki/Ruler" title="Ruler">Rulers</a> with decimal units have been unearthed from <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> tombs. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>, the king conferred nobles with powers of the state and the measurement units began to be inconsistent from state to state. After the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a> unified China, and later standardized measurement units. In the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, these measurements were still being used, and were documented systematically in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a>. </p><p>Astronomical instruments show little change of the length of chi in the following centuries, since the calendar needed to be consistent. It was not until the introduction of decimal units in the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> that the traditional system was revised. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_Era">Republican Era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Republican Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_units_of_measurement" title="Taiwanese units of measurement">Taiwanese units of measurement</a></div> <p>On 7 January 1915, the <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">Beiyang government</a> promulgated a measurement law to use not only metric system as the standard but also a set of Chinese-style measurement based directly on the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> definitions (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">营造尺库平制</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-ROC1915_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROC1915-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 February 1929, the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a> adopted and promulgated <i>The Weights and Measures Act</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to adopt the <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a> as the official standard and to limit the newer Chinese units of measurement (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">市用制</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">shìyòngzhì</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'market-use system') to private sales and trade in Article 11, effective on 1 January 1930. These newer "market" units are based on rounded metric numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-ROC1930_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROC1930-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People's_Republic_of_China"><span id="People.27s_Republic_of_China"></span>People's Republic of China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: People's Republic of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the People's Republic of China">Government of the People's Republic of China</a> continued using the market system along with metric system, as decreed by the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council of the People's Republic of China</a> on 25 June 1959, but 1 <a href="/wiki/Catty" title="Catty">catty</a> being 500 grams, would become divided into 10 (new) <a href="/wiki/Tael" title="Tael">taels</a>, instead of 16 (old) taels, to be converted from <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China">province to province</a>, while exempting <a href="/wiki/Chinese_herbology" title="Chinese herbology">Chinese prescription drugs</a> from the conversion to prevent errors.<sup id="cite_ref-PRC1959_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRC1959-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 February 1984, the State Council of the People's Republic of China decreed the market system to remain acceptable until the end of 1990 and ordered the transition to the national legal measures by that time, but <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_land" title="Agricultural land">farmland</a> measures would be exempt from this mandatory <a href="/wiki/Metrication" title="Metrication">metrication</a> until further investigation and study.<sup id="cite_ref-PRC1984_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRC1984-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_units_of_measurement" title="Hong Kong units of measurement">Hong Kong units of measurement</a></div> <p>In 1976 the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> <a href="/wiki/Metrication_Ordinance" title="Metrication Ordinance">Metrication Ordinance</a> allowed a gradual replacement of the system in favor of the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> (SI) metric system.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Weights and Measures Ordinance defines the metric, Imperial, and Chinese units.<sup id="cite_ref-HK_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HK-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2012, all three systems are legal for trade and are in widespread use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macau">Macau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Macau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 24 August 1992, <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> published <i>Law No. 14/92/M</i> to order that Chinese units of measurement similar to those used in Hong Kong, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">Imperial units</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">United States customary units</a> would be permissible for five years since the effective date of the Law, 1 January 1993, on the condition of indicating the corresponding SI values, then for three more years thereafter, Chinese, Imperial, and US units would be permissible as secondary to the SI.<sup id="cite_ref-MO_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MO-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Chinese_units">Ancient Chinese units</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ancient Chinese units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Length">Length</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Length"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilded_Bronze_Ruler_-_1_chi_%3D_231_cm._Western_Han_(206_BCE_-_CE_8)._Hanzhong_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Gilded_Bronze_Ruler_-_1_chi_%3D_231_cm._Western_Han_%28206_BCE_-_CE_8%29._Hanzhong_City.jpg/220px-Gilded_Bronze_Ruler_-_1_chi_%3D_231_cm._Western_Han_%28206_BCE_-_CE_8%29._Hanzhong_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Gilded_Bronze_Ruler_-_1_chi_%3D_231_cm._Western_Han_%28206_BCE_-_CE_8%29._Hanzhong_City.jpg/330px-Gilded_Bronze_Ruler_-_1_chi_%3D_231_cm._Western_Han_%28206_BCE_-_CE_8%29._Hanzhong_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Gilded_Bronze_Ruler_-_1_chi_%3D_231_cm._Western_Han_%28206_BCE_-_CE_8%29._Hanzhong_City.jpg/440px-Gilded_Bronze_Ruler_-_1_chi_%3D_231_cm._Western_Han_%28206_BCE_-_CE_8%29._Hanzhong_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="204" /></a><figcaption>Gilded Bronze Ruler - 1 <i><a href="/wiki/Chi_(length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chi (length)">chi</a></i> = 231 mm. <a href="/wiki/Western_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han">Western Han</a> (206 BCE–8 CE). <a href="/wiki/Hanzhong_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanzhong City">Hanzhong City</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional units of length include the <i><a href="/wiki/Chi_(unit)" title="Chi (unit)">chi</a></i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">尺</span></span>), <i>bu</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">步</span></span>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Li_(length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li (length)">li</a></i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">里</span></span>). The precise length of these units, and the ratios between these units, has varied over time. 1 <i>bu</i> has consisted of either 5 or 6 <i>chi</i>, while 1 <i>li</i> has consisted of 300 or 360 <i>bu</i>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Length in metres<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">dynasty </th> <th rowspan="2">chi </th> <th colspan="2">bu </th> <th colspan="2">li </th></tr> <tr> <th>= 5 chi </th> <th>= 6 chi </th> <th>= 300 bu </th> <th>= 360 bu </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1045 BC</span>) </td> <td>0.1675 </td> <td> </td> <td>1.0050 </td> <td>301.50 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0.1690 </td> <td> </td> <td>1.0140 </td> <td>304.20 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1045</span>–771 BC) </td> <td>0.1990 </td> <td> </td> <td>1.1940 </td> <td>358.20 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou" title="Eastern Zhou">Eastern Zhou</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 771</span>–256 BC) </td> <td>0.2200 </td> <td> </td> <td>1.3200 </td> <td>396.00 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0.2270 </td> <td> </td> <td>1.3620 </td> <td>408.60 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0.2310 </td> <td> </td> <td>1.3860 </td> <td>415.80 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 221</span>–206 BC) </td> <td>0.2260 </td> <td> </td> <td>1.3560 </td> <td>406.80<sup id="cite_ref-Schinz,_p._476_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schinz,_p._476-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 415.80<sup id="cite_ref-Dubs_1938_pp._276-280_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dubs_1938_pp._276-280-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hulsewé_1961,_pp._206–207_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hulsewé_1961,_pp._206–207-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 202 BC</span>–9 AD; 25–220 AD) </td> <td>0.2300 </td> <td> </td> <td>1.3800 </td> <td>414.00 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0.2381 </td> <td> </td> <td>1.4286 </td> <td>415.80<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 415.80<sup id="cite_ref-Dubs_1938_pp._276-280_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dubs_1938_pp._276-280-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hulsewé_1961,_pp._206–207_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hulsewé_1961,_pp._206–207-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 428.58 <sup id="cite_ref-Schinz,_p._476_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schinz,_p._476-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei</a> - <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 220</span>–266 AD; 581 to 618 AD) </td> <td>0.2550 </td> <td> </td> <td>1.5300 </td> <td>459.00 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 618</span>–690 AD; 705–907 AD) </td> <td>0.2465 </td> <td>1.2325 </td> <td> </td> <td>369.75 </td> <td>443.70 </td></tr> <tr> <td>0.2955 </td> <td>1.4775 </td> <td> </td> <td>443.25 </td> <td>531.90 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 960</span>–1279 AD) </td> <td>0.2700 </td> <td>1.3500 </td> <td> </td> <td>405.00 </td> <td>486.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Song_(960%E2%80%931127)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Song (960–1127)">Northern Song</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 960</span>–1127 AD) </td> <td>0.3080 </td> <td>1.5400 </td> <td> </td> <td>462.00 </td> <td>554.40 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1368</span>–1644 AD) </td> <td>0.3008–0.3190 </td> <td>1.5040–1.5950 </td> <td> </td> <td>451.20–478.50 </td> <td>541.44–574.20 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1636</span>–1912 AD) </td> <td>0.3080–0.3352 </td> <td>1.5400–1.6760 </td> <td> </td> <td>462.00–503.89 </td> <td>554.40–603.46 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Chinese_units">Modern Chinese units</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern Chinese units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All "metric values" given in the tables are exact unless otherwise specified by the approximation sign '~'. </p><p>Certain units are also listed at <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_classifiers#Measurement_units" title="List of Chinese classifiers">List of Chinese classifiers → Measurement units</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:ROC1915-01-06--01-16%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%85%AC%E5%A0%B1956--965.pdf&page=85" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/ROC1915-01-06--01-16%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%85%AC%E5%A0%B1956--965.pdf/page85-220px-ROC1915-01-06--01-16%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%85%AC%E5%A0%B1956--965.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/ROC1915-01-06--01-16%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%85%AC%E5%A0%B1956--965.pdf/page85-330px-ROC1915-01-06--01-16%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%85%AC%E5%A0%B1956--965.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/ROC1915-01-06--01-16%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%85%AC%E5%A0%B1956--965.pdf/page85-440px-ROC1915-01-06--01-16%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%85%AC%E5%A0%B1956--965.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1122" /></a><figcaption>Chinese measurement law in 1915</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Length_2">Length</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Length"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese_length_units_promulgated_in_1915">Chinese length units promulgated in 1915</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chinese length units promulgated in 1915"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table of Chinese length units promulgated in 1915<sup id="cite_ref-ROC1915_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROC1915-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Pinyin </th> <th>Character </th> <th>Relative value </th> <th>Metric value </th> <th>Imperial value </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>háo </i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">毫</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004100000000000000♠"></span>10<span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span></span></span></span> </td> <td align="right">32 μm </td> <td align="right"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995320040000000000♠"></span>0.001<span style="margin-left:.25em;">26</span> in</span> </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>lí</i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">釐</span></span> (T) or <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">厘</span></span> (S) </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">1000</span></span> </td> <td align="right">0.32 mm </td> <td align="right">0.0126 in </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Fen_(length)" title="Fen (length)">fēn</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">分</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">100</span></span> </td> <td align="right">3.2 mm </td> <td align="right">0.126 in </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Cun_(unit)" title="Cun (unit)">cùn</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">寸</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">10</span></span> </td> <td align="right">32 mm </td> <td align="right">1.26 in </td> <td align="left">Chinese inch </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Chi_(length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chi (length)">chǐ</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">尺</span></span> </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="right">0.32 m </td> <td align="right">12.6 in </td> <td align="left">Chinese foot </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>bù</i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">步</span></span> </td> <td align="right">5 </td> <td align="right">1.6 m </td> <td align="right">5.2 ft </td> <td align="left">Chinese pace </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Zh%C3%A0ng" title="Zhàng">zhàng</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">丈</span></span> </td> <td align="right">10 </td> <td align="right">3.2 m </td> <td align="right">3.50 yd </td> <td align="left">Chinese yard </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>yǐn</i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">引</span></span> </td> <td align="right">100 </td> <td align="right">32 m </td> <td align="right">35.0 yd </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Li_(Chinese_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li (Chinese unit)">lǐ</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">里</span></span> </td> <td align="right">1800 </td> <td align="right">576 m </td> <td align="right">630 yd </td> <td align="left">Chinese mile, this <i>li</i> is not the small <i>li</i> above,<br /> which has a different <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">character</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tone_(tonal_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone (tonal language)">tone</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese_length_units_effective_in_1930">Chinese length units effective in 1930</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Chinese length units effective in 1930"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ROC1929-02-20%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%85%AC%E5%A0%B197.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ROC1929-02-20%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%85%AC%E5%A0%B197.pdf/page1-220px-ROC1929-02-20%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%85%AC%E5%A0%B197.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ROC1929-02-20%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%85%AC%E5%A0%B197.pdf/page1-330px-ROC1929-02-20%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%85%AC%E5%A0%B197.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ROC1929-02-20%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%85%AC%E5%A0%B197.pdf/page1-440px-ROC1929-02-20%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%85%AC%E5%A0%B197.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="1239" /></a><figcaption>Chinese measurement law in 1929, effective 1 January 1930</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese-measuring-tape.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Chinese-measuring-tape.jpg/220px-Chinese-measuring-tape.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Chinese-measuring-tape.jpg/330px-Chinese-measuring-tape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Chinese-measuring-tape.jpg/440px-Chinese-measuring-tape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Chinese measuring tape</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table of Chinese length units effective in 1930<sup id="cite_ref-ROC1930_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROC1930-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Pinyin </th> <th>Character </th> <th>Relative value </th> <th>Metric value </th> <th>Imperial value </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>háo </i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">毫</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">10 000</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">33<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> μm </td> <td align="right"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995332740000000000♠"></span>0.001<span style="margin-left:.25em;">31</span> in</span> </td> <td align="left">Chinese mil </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>lí</i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">釐</span></span> (T) or <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">厘</span></span> (S) </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">1000</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> mm </td> <td align="right">0.0131 in </td> <td align="left">Chinese calibre </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Fen_(length)" title="Fen (length)">fēn</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">市分</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">100</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> mm </td> <td align="right">0.1312 in </td> <td align="left">Chinese line </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Cun_(unit)" title="Cun (unit)">cùn</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">市寸</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">10</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> cm </td> <td align="right">1.312 in </td> <td align="left">Chinese inch </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Chi_(length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chi (length)">chǐ</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">市尺</span></span> </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">33<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> cm </td> <td align="right">13.12 in </td> <td align="left">Chinese foot </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Zh%C3%A0ng" title="Zhàng">zhàng</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">市丈</span></span> </td> <td align="right">10 </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> m </td> <td align="right">3.645 yd </td> <td align="left">Chinese yard </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>yǐn</i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">引</span></span> </td> <td align="right">100 </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">33<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> m </td> <td align="right">36.45 yd </td> <td align="left">Chinese chain </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Li_(Chinese_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li (Chinese unit)">lǐ</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">市里</span></span> </td> <td align="right">1500 </td> <td align="right">500 m </td> <td align="right">546.8 yd </td> <td align="left">Chinese mile, this <i>li</i> is not the small <i>li</i> above,<br /> which has a different <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">character</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tone_(tonal_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone (tonal language)">tone</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metric_length_units">Metric length units</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Metric length units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chinese word for <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metre</a> is <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">米</span></span> <i>mǐ</i>; this can take the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals#SI_prefixes" title="Chinese numerals">Chinese standard SI prefixes</a> (for "kilo-", "centi-", etc.). A <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">kilometre</a>, however, may also be called <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">公里</span></span> <i>gōnglǐ</i>, i.e. a metric <i><a href="/wiki/Li_(Chinese_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li (Chinese unit)">lǐ</a></i>. </p><p>In the engineering field, traditional units are rounded up to metric units. For example, the Chinese word <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">絲</span></span> (T) or <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">丝</span></span> (S) <i>sī</i> is used to express 0.01 mm. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table of Chinese length units in engineering </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Pinyin </th> <th>Character </th> <th>Relative value </th> <th>Metric value </th> <th>Imperial value </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="center"><i>hū</i> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">忽</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006100000000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span></span></span></span></td> <td>1 μm</td> <td> </td> <td align="left">Authorized name: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">微米</span></span> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="center"><i>sī</i> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">絲</span></span> (T) or <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">丝</span></span> (S)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005100000000000000♠"></span>100<span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span></span></span></span></td> <td>10 μm</td> <td> </td> <td align="left">Authorized name: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">忽米</span></span> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="center"><i>háo</i> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">毫</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004100000000000000♠"></span>10<span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span></span></span></span></td> <td>100 μm</td> <td> </td> <td align="left">Authorized name: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">絲米</span></span> (T) or <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">丝米</span></span> (S) </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="center"><i>lí</i> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">釐</span></span> (T) or <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">厘</span></span> (S)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">1000</span></span></td> <td>1 mm</td> <td> </td> <td align="left">Authorized name: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">毫米</span></span> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="center"><i>fēn</i> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">公分</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">100</span></span></td> <td>10 mm</td> <td> </td> <td align="left">Authorized name: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">釐米</span></span>(T) or <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">厘米</span></span>(S) </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Cun_(unit)" title="Cun (unit)">cùn</a></i> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">公寸</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">10</span></span></td> <td>100 mm</td> <td> </td> <td align="left">Authorized name: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">分米</span></span> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Chi_(length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chi (length)">chǐ</a></i> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">公尺</span></span></td> <td>1</td> <td>1 m</td> <td> </td> <td align="left">Authorized name: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">米</span></span> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Zh%C3%A0ng" title="Zhàng">Zhàng</a></i> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">公丈</span></span></td> <td>10</td> <td>10 m</td> <td> </td> <td align="left">Authorized name: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">十米</span></span> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="center"><i>yǐn</i> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">公引</span></span></td> <td>100</td> <td>100 m</td> <td> </td> <td align="left">Authorized name: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">百米</span></span> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Li_(Chinese_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li (Chinese unit)">lǐ</a></i> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">公里</span></span></td> <td>1000</td> <td>1000 m</td> <td> </td> <td align="left">this <i>li</i> is not the small <i>li</i> above,<br /> which has a different <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">character</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tone_(tonal_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone (tonal language)">tone</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hong_Kong_and_Macau_length_units">Hong Kong and Macau length units</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hong Kong and Macau length units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table of Chinese length units in Hong Kong<sup id="cite_ref-HK_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HK-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Macau<sup id="cite_ref-MO_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MO-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a> </th> <th>Character </th> <th>English </th> <th>Portuguese </th> <th>Relative value </th> <th>Metric value </th> <th>Imperial value </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Fen_(length)" title="Fen (length)">fan1</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">分</span></span> </td> <td align="center"><i>fan</i> </td> <td align="left">condorim </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">100</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997371475000000000♠"></span>3.714<span style="margin-left:.25em;">75</span> mm</span> </td> <td align="right">0.1463 in </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Cun_(unit)" title="Cun (unit)">cyun3</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">寸</span></span> </td> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Cun_(unit)" title="Cun (unit)">tsun</a></i> </td> <td align="left">ponto </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">10</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998371475000000000♠"></span>37.1475 mm</span> </td> <td align="right">1.463 in </td> <td align="right">Hong Kong and Macau inch </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Chi_(unit)" title="Chi (unit)">cek3</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">尺</span></span> </td> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Chi_(length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chi (length)">chek</a></i> </td> <td align="left">côvado </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="right"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999371475000000000♠"></span>371.475 mm</span> </td> <td align="right">1.219 ft </td> <td align="left">Hong Kong and Macau foot </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>These correspond to the measures listed simply as "China" in <i>The Measures, Weights, & Moneys of All Nations</i> <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Area">Area</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese_area_units_promulgated_in_1915">Chinese area units promulgated in 1915</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Chinese area units promulgated in 1915"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table of Chinese area units promulgated in 1915<sup id="cite_ref-ROC1915_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROC1915-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Pinyin </th> <th>Character </th> <th>Relative value </th> <th>Metric value </th> <th>Imperial value </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>háo</i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">毫</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">1000</span></span> </td> <td align="left">0.6144 m<sup>2</sup> </td> <td align="left">0.7348 sq yd </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>lí</i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">釐</span></span> (T) or <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">厘</span></span> (S) </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">100</span></span> </td> <td align="left">6.144 m<sup>2</sup> </td> <td align="left">7.348 sq yd </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>fēn</i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">分</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">10</span></span> </td> <td align="left">61.44 m<sup>2</sup> </td> <td align="left">73.48 sq yd </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Mu_(land)" title="Mu (land)"><i>mǔ</i></a> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">畝</span></span> (T) or <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">亩</span></span> (S) </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="left">614.4 m<sup>2</sup> </td> <td align="left">734.82 sq yd </td> <td align="right">Chinese acre, or 60 square zhang </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>qǐng</i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">頃</span></span> (T) or <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">顷</span></span> (S) </td> <td align="right">100 </td> <td align="left">6.144 ha </td> <td align="left">15.18 acre </td> <td align="right">Chinese <a href="/wiki/Hide_(unit)" title="Hide (unit)">hide</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table of Chinese square units effective in 1915<sup id="cite_ref-ROC1915_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROC1915-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Pinyin </th> <th>Character </th> <th>Relative value </th> <th>Metric value </th> <th>Imperial value </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>fāng cùn</i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">方寸</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">100</span></span> </td> <td align="left">10.24 cm<sup>2</sup> </td> <td align="left">1.587 sq in </td> <td align="right">square cun </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>fāng chǐ</i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">方尺</span></span> </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="left">0.1024 m<sup>2</sup> </td> <td align="left">1.102 sq ft </td> <td align="right">square chi </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>fāng zhàng</i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">方丈</span></span> </td> <td align="right">100 </td> <td align="left">10.24 m<sup>2</sup> </td> <td align="left">110.2 sq ft </td> <td align="right">square zhang </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese_area_units_effective_in_1930">Chinese area units effective in 1930</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Chinese area units effective in 1930"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table of Chinese area units effective in 1930<sup id="cite_ref-ROC1930_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROC1930-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Pinyin </th> <th>Character </th> <th>Relative value </th> <th>Metric value </th> <th>Imperial value </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>háo</i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">毫</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">1000</span></span> </td> <td align="left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> m<sup>2</sup> </td> <td align="left">7.18 sq ft </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Li_(area)" title="Li (area)">lí</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">釐</span></span> (T) or <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">厘</span></span> (S) </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">100</span></span> </td> <td align="left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">6<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> m<sup>2</sup> </td> <td align="left">7.973 sq yd </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Fen_(land)" title="Fen (land)">fēn</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">市分</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">10</span></span> </td> <td align="left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">66<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> m<sup>2</sup> </td> <td align="left">79.73 sq yd </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="anchor" id="mu"></span><a href="/wiki/Mu_(land)" title="Mu (land)"><i>mǔ</i></a> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">畝</span></span> (T) or <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">亩</span></span> (S) </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">666<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> m<sup>2</sup> </td> <td align="left">797.3 sq yd<br />0.1647 acre </td> <td align="right">Chinese acre<br />6000 square chi per Article 5 of the 1930 Law (六千平方尺定為一畝)<br />60 square zhang<br />1/15 of a hectare </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Qing_(area)" title="Qing (area)">qǐng</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">頃</span></span> (T) or <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">顷</span></span> (S) </td> <td align="right">100 </td> <td align="left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">6<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> ha </td> <td align="left">16.47 acre </td> <td align="right">Chinese <a href="/wiki/Hide_(unit)" title="Hide (unit)">hide</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table of Chinese square units effective in 1930<sup id="cite_ref-ROC1930_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROC1930-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Pinyin </th> <th>Character </th> <th>Relative value </th> <th>Metric value </th> <th>Imperial value </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>fāng cùn</i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">方寸</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">100</span></span> </td> <td align="left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">9</span></span> cm<sup>2</sup> </td> <td align="left">1.722 sq in </td> <td align="right">square cun </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>fāng chǐ</i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">方尺</span></span> </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">9</span></span> m<sup>2</sup> </td> <td align="left">172.2 sq in<br />1.196 sq ft </td> <td align="right">square chi </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>fāng zhàng</i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">方丈</span></span> </td> <td align="right">100 </td> <td align="left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">9</span></span> m<sup>2</sup> </td> <td align="left">119.6 sq ft<br />13.29 sq yd </td> <td align="right">square zhang </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metric_and_other_area_units">Metric and other area units</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Metric and other area units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metric and other standard length units can be squared by the addition of the prefix <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">平方</span></span> <i>píngfāng</i>. For example, a square kilometre is <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">平方公里</span></span> <i>píngfāng gōnglǐ</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Macau_area_units">Macau area units</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Macau area units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table of Chinese area units in Macau<sup id="cite_ref-MO_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MO-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a> </th> <th>Portuguese </th> <th>Character </th> <th>Relative value </th> <th>Relation to the Traditional Chinese Units (Macau) </th> <th>Metric value </th> <th>Imperial value </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>cek3</i> </td> <td align="left">côvado </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">尺</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">6000</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">25</span></span><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">鋪</span></span> </td> <td align="left">0.1269 m<sup>2</sup> </td> <td align="left">1.366 sq ft </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>pou3</i> </td> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">鋪</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">240</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">丈</span></span> </td> <td align="left">3.1725 m<sup>2</sup> </td> <td align="left">34.15 sq ft<br />3.794 sq yd </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>zoeng6</i> </td> <td align="left">braça </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">丈</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">60</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">6</span></span><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">分</span></span> </td> <td align="left">12.69 m<sup>2</sup> </td> <td align="left">136.6 sq ft<br />15.18 sq yd </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Fen_(land)" title="Fen (land)"><i>fan1</i></a> </td> <td align="left">condorim </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">分</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">10</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">10</span></span><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">畝</span></span> </td> <td align="left">76.14 m<sup>2</sup> </td> <td align="left">91.06 sq yd </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Mu_(land)" title="Mu (land)"><i>mau5</i></a> </td> <td align="left">maz </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">畝</span></span> (T) or <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">亩</span></span> (S) </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="right">None </td> <td align="left">761.4 m<sup>2</sup> </td> <td align="left">910.6 sq yd </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volume">Volume</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Volume"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These units are used to measure cereal grains, among other things. In imperial times, the physical standard for these was the <a href="/wiki/Jialiang" title="Jialiang">jialiang</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese_volume_units_promulgated_in_1915">Chinese volume units promulgated in 1915</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Chinese volume units promulgated in 1915"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table of Chinese volume units effective in 1915<sup id="cite_ref-ROC1915_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROC1915-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Pinyin </th> <th>Character </th> <th>Relative value </th> <th>Metric value </th> <th>US value </th> <th>Imperial value </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>sháo</i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">勺</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">100</span></span> </td> <td align="left"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995103546880000000♠"></span>10.354<span style="margin-left:.25em;">688</span> mL</span> </td> <td align="left">0.3501 fl oz </td> <td align="left">0.3644 fl oz </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Ge_(unit)" title="Ge (unit)">gě</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">合</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">10</span></span> </td> <td align="left"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996103546880000000♠"></span>103.546<span style="margin-left:.25em;">88</span> mL</span> </td> <td align="left">3.501 fl oz </td> <td align="left">3.644 fl oz </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Sheng_(volume)" title="Sheng (volume)">shēng</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">升</span></span> </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="left"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997103546880000000♠"></span>1.035<span style="margin-left:.25em;">4688</span> <a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">L</a></span> </td> <td align="left">2.188 pt </td> <td align="left">1.822 pt </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Dou_(volume)" title="Dou (volume)">dǒu</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">斗</span></span> </td> <td align="right">10 </td> <td align="left"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998103546879999999♠"></span>10.354<span style="margin-left:.25em;">688</span> L</span> </td> <td align="left">2.735 gal </td> <td align="left">2.278 gal </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>hú</i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">斛</span></span> </td> <td align="right">50 </td> <td align="left"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998517734400000000♠"></span>51.773<span style="margin-left:.25em;">44</span> L</span> </td> <td align="left">13.68 gal </td> <td align="left">11.39 gal </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Dan_(volume)" title="Dan (volume)">dàn</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">石</span></span> </td> <td align="right">100 </td> <td align="left"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999103546880000000♠"></span>103.546<span style="margin-left:.25em;">88</span> L</span> </td> <td align="left">27.35 gal </td> <td align="left">22.78 gal </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese_volume_units_effective_in_1930">Chinese volume units effective in 1930</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Chinese volume units effective in 1930"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table of Chinese volume units effective in 1930<sup id="cite_ref-ROC1930_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROC1930-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Pinyin </th> <th>Character </th> <th>Relative value </th> <th>Metric value </th> <th>US value </th> <th>Imperial value </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Cuo_(volume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuo (volume)">cuō</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">撮</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">1000</span></span> </td> <td align="left">1 mL </td> <td align="left">0.0338 fl oz </td> <td align="left">0.0352 fl oz </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Millilitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Millilitre">millilitre</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Shao_(volume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shao (volume)">sháo</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">勺</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">100</span></span> </td> <td align="left">10 mL </td> <td align="left">0.3381 fl oz </td> <td align="left">0.3520 fl oz </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Centilitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Centilitre">centilitre</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Ge_(unit)" title="Ge (unit)">gě</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">合</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">10</span></span> </td> <td align="left">100 mL </td> <td align="left">3.381 fl oz </td> <td align="left">3.520 fl oz </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Decilitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Decilitre">decilitre</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Sheng_(volume)" title="Sheng (volume)">shēng</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">市升</span></span> </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="left">1 <a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">L</a> </td> <td align="left">2.113 pt </td> <td align="left">1.760 pt </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">litre</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Dou_(volume)" title="Dou (volume)">dǒu</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">市斗</span></span> </td> <td align="right">10 </td> <td align="left">10 L </td> <td align="left">21.13 pt<br />2.64 gal </td> <td align="left">17.60 pt<br />2.20 gal </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Decalitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Decalitre">decalitre</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Dan_(volume)" title="Dan (volume)">dàn</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">市石</span></span> </td> <td align="right">100 </td> <td align="left">100 L </td> <td align="left">26.41 gal </td> <td align="left">22.0 gal </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Hectolitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Hectolitre">hectolitre</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metric_volume_units">Metric volume units</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Metric volume units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the case of volume, the market and metric <i>shēng</i> coincide, being equal to one litre as shown in the table. The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals#SI_prefixes" title="Chinese numerals">Chinese standard SI prefixes</a> (for "milli-", "centi-", etc.) may be added to this word <i>shēng</i>. </p><p>Units of volume can also be obtained from any standard unit of length using the prefix <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">立方</span></span> <i>lìfāng</i> ("cubic"), as in <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">立方米</span></span> <i>lìfāng mǐ</i> for one cubic metre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Macau_volume_units">Macau volume units</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Macau volume units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table of Chinese volume units in Macau<sup id="cite_ref-MO_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MO-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a> </th> <th>Character </th> <th>Relation to the Traditional Chinese Units (Macau) </th> <th>Metric value </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>cyut3</i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">撮</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">10</span></span><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">甘特</span></span> </td> <td align="right">1.031 L </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>gam1 dak6</i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">甘特</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">10</span></span><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">石</span></span> </td> <td align="right">10.31 L </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Dan_(volume)" title="Dan (volume)">sek6</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">石</span></span> </td> <td align="right">None </td> <td align="right">103.1 L </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass">Mass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Mass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These units are used to measure the mass of objects. They are also famous for measuring monetary objects such as gold and silver. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese_mass_units_promulgated_in_1915">Chinese mass units promulgated in 1915</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Chinese mass units promulgated in 1915"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table of Chinese mass units promulgated in 1915<sup id="cite_ref-ROC1915_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROC1915-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Pinyin </th> <th>Character </th> <th>Relative value </th> <th>Metric value </th> <th>Imperial value </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>háo</i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">毫</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004100000000000000♠"></span>10<span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span></span></span></span> </td> <td align="right">3.7301 mg </td> <td align="right">0.0001316 oz </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Cash_(mass)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cash (mass)">lí</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">釐</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">1000</span></span> </td> <td align="right">37.301 mg </td> <td align="right">0.001316 oz </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Cash_(mass)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cash (mass)">cash</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Candareen" title="Candareen">fēn</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">分</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">100</span></span> </td> <td align="right">373.01 mg </td> <td align="right">0.01316 oz </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Candareen" title="Candareen">candareen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Mace_(measurement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mace (measurement)">qián</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">錢</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">10</span></span> </td> <td align="right">3.7301 g </td> <td align="right">0.1316 oz </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mace_(measurement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mace (measurement)">mace</a> or Chinese <a href="/wiki/Dram_(unit)" title="Dram (unit)">dram</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Tael" title="Tael">liǎng</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">兩</span></span> </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="right">37.301 g </td> <td align="right">1.316 oz </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Tael" title="Tael">tael</a> or Chinese <a href="/wiki/Ounce" title="Ounce">ounce</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Jin_(mass)" title="Jin (mass)">jīn</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">斤</span></span> </td> <td align="right">16 </td> <td align="right">596.816 g </td> <td align="right">1.316 lb </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Catty" title="Catty">catty</a> or Chinese <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">pound</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mass_units_in_the_Republic_of_China_since_1930">Mass units in the Republic of China since 1930</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Mass units in the Republic of China since 1930"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table of mass units in the Republic of China since 1930<sup id="cite_ref-ROC1930_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROC1930-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Pinyin </th> <th>Character </th> <th>Relative value </th> <th>Metric value </th> <th>Imperial value </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>sī</i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">絲</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006160000000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:.25em;">600</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span></span></span></span> </td> <td align="right">312.5 μg </td> <td align="right"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6993312411744837500♠"></span>0.000<span style="margin-left:.25em;">011</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">02</span> oz</span> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>háo</i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">毫</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005160000000000000♠"></span>160<span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span></span></span></span> </td> <td align="right">3.125 mg </td> <td align="right"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6994312411744837500♠"></span>0.000<span style="margin-left:.25em;">1102</span> oz</span> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Cash_(mass)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cash (mass)">lí</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">市釐</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004160000000000000♠"></span>16<span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span></span></span></span> </td> <td align="right">31.25 mg </td> <td align="right"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995312411744837500♠"></span>0.001<span style="margin-left:.25em;">102</span> oz</span> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Cash_(mass)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cash (mass)">cash</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Candareen" title="Candareen">fēn</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">市分</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">1600</span></span> </td> <td align="right">312.5 mg </td> <td align="right"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996312411744837500♠"></span>0.011<span style="margin-left:.25em;">02</span> oz</span> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Candareen" title="Candareen">candareen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Mace_(measurement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mace (measurement)">qián</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">市錢</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">160</span></span> </td> <td align="right">3.125 g </td> <td align="right">0.1102 oz </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mace_(measurement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mace (measurement)">mace</a> or Chinese <a href="/wiki/Dram_(unit)" title="Dram (unit)">dram</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Tael" title="Tael">liǎng</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">市兩</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> </td> <td align="right">31.25 g </td> <td align="right">1.102 oz </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Tael" title="Tael">tael</a> or Chinese <a href="/wiki/Ounce" title="Ounce">ounce</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Jin_(mass)" title="Jin (mass)">jīn</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">市斤</span></span> </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="right">500 g </td> <td align="right">1.102 lb </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Catty" title="Catty">catty</a> or Chinese <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">pound</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Picul" title="Picul">dàn</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">擔</span></span> </td> <td align="right">100 </td> <td align="right">50 kg </td> <td align="right">110.2 lb </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Picul" title="Picul">picul</a> or Chinese <a href="/wiki/Hundredweight" title="Hundredweight">hundredweight</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mass_units_in_the_People's_Republic_of_China_since_1959"><span id="Mass_units_in_the_People.27s_Republic_of_China_since_1959"></span>Mass units in the People's Republic of China since 1959</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Mass units in the People's Republic of China since 1959"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table of mass units in the People's Republic of China since 1959<sup id="cite_ref-PRC1959_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRC1959-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Pinyin </th> <th>Character<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Relative value </th> <th>Metric value </th> <th>Imperial value </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Cash_(mass)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cash (mass)">lí</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">市厘</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004100000000000000♠"></span>10<span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span></span></span></span> </td> <td align="right">50 mg </td> <td align="right"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995500085587925000♠"></span>0.001<span style="margin-left:.25em;">764</span> oz</span> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Cash_(mass)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cash (mass)">cash</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Candareen" title="Candareen">fēn</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">市分</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">1000</span></span> </td> <td align="right">500 mg </td> <td align="right"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996500085587924999♠"></span>0.017<span style="margin-left:.25em;">64</span> oz</span> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Candareen" title="Candareen">candareen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Mace_(measurement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mace (measurement)">qián</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">市錢</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">100</span></span> </td> <td align="right">5 g </td> <td align="right">0.1764 oz </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mace_(measurement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mace (measurement)">mace</a> or Chinese <a href="/wiki/Dram_(unit)" title="Dram (unit)">dram</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Tael" title="Tael">liǎng</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">市兩</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">10</span></span> </td> <td align="right">50 g </td> <td align="right">1.764 oz </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Tael" title="Tael">tael</a> or Chinese <a href="/wiki/Ounce" title="Ounce">ounce</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Jin_(mass)" title="Jin (mass)">jīn</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">市斤</span></span> </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="right">500 g </td> <td align="right">1.102 lb </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Catty" title="Catty">catty</a> or Chinese <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">pound</a><br /> formerly 16 liang = 1 jin </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Picul" title="Picul">dàn</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">市擔</span></span> </td> <td align="right">100 </td> <td align="right">50 kg </td> <td align="right">110.2 lb </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Picul" title="Picul">picul</a> or Chinese <a href="/wiki/Hundredweight" title="Hundredweight">hundredweight</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metric_mass_units">Metric mass units</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Metric mass units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chinese word for <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">gram</a> is <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">克</span></span> <i>kè</i>; this can take the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals#SI_prefixes" title="Chinese numerals">Chinese standard SI prefixes</a> (for "milli-", "deca-", and so on). A kilogram, however, is commonly called <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">公斤</span></span> <i>gōngjīn</i>, i.e. a metric <i><a href="/wiki/Catty" title="Catty">jīn</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hong_Kong_and_Macau_mass_units">Hong Kong and Macau mass units</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Hong Kong and Macau mass units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table of Chinese mass units in Hong Kong<sup id="cite_ref-HK_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HK-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Macau<sup id="cite_ref-MO_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MO-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a> </th> <th>Character </th> <th>English </th> <th>Portuguese </th> <th>Relative value </th> <th>Relation to the Traditional Chinese Units (Macau) </th> <th>Metric value </th> <th>Imperial value </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><i>lei4</i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">厘</span></span> </td> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Cash_(unit)" title="Cash (unit)">cash</a></i> </td> <td align="right">liz </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004160000000000000♠"></span>16<span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span></span></span></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">10</span></span> condorim </td> <td align="right"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995377993099999999♠"></span>37.799<span style="margin-left:.25em;">31</span> mg</span> </td> <td align="right"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998213299999999999♠"></span>0.021<span style="margin-left:.25em;">33</span> dr</span> </td> <td align="left">Not defined in Hong Kong. Macanese definition may not be correct when dividing catty. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><i>fan1</i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">分</span></span> </td> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Candareen" title="Candareen">candareen</a></i> (fan) </td> <td align="right">condorim </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">1600</span></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">10</span></span> maz </td> <td align="right"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996377993637500000♠"></span>377.993<span style="margin-left:.25em;">6375</span> mg</span> </td> <td align="right">0.2133 dr </td> <td align="left">Macanese definition of 377.9931 mg may not be correct when dividing catty. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><i>cin4</i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">錢</span></span> </td> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Mace_(Chinese_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mace (Chinese unit)">mace</a></i> (tsin) </td> <td align="right">maz </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">160</span></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">10</span></span> tael </td> <td align="right"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997377993637500000♠"></span>3.779<span style="margin-left:.25em;">936</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">375</span> g</span> </td> <td align="right">2.1333 dr </td> <td align="left">Macanese definition of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997377993100000000♠"></span>3.779<span style="margin-left:.25em;">931</span> g</span> may not be correct when dividing catty. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><i>loeng2</i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">兩</span></span> </td> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Tael" title="Tael">tael</a></i> (leung) </td> <td align="right">tael </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> cate </td> <td align="right"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998377993637499999♠"></span>37.799<span style="margin-left:.25em;">363</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">75</span> g</span> </td> <td align="right">1.3333 oz </td> <td align="left">Macanese definition of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998377993100000000♠"></span>37.799<span style="margin-left:.25em;">31</span> g</span> may not be correct when dividing catty. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><i><a href="/wiki/Gan_(mass)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gan (mass)">gan1</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">斤</span></span> </td> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Catty" title="Catty">catty</a></i> (jin, kan) </td> <td align="right">cate </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">100</span></span> pico </td> <td align="right">604.78982 g </td> <td align="right">1.3333 lb </td> <td align="left">Hong Kong and Macau share the definition. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><i>daam3</i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">擔</span></span> </td> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Picul" title="Picul">picul</a></i> (tam) </td> <td align="right">pico </td> <td align="right">100 </td> <td>None </td> <td align="right">60.478982 kg </td> <td align="right">133.3333 lb </td> <td align="left">Hong Kong and Macau share the definition. </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ding </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1000 kg </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hong_Kong_troy_units">Hong Kong troy units</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Hong Kong troy units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These are used for trading precious metals such as gold and silver. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table of mass (Hong Kong troy) units<sup id="cite_ref-HK_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HK-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Character </th> <th>Relative value </th> <th>Metric value </th> <th>Imperial value </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>candareen troy</i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">金衡分</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">100</span></span> </td> <td align="right">374.29 mg </td> <td align="right">0.096 drt </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>mace troy</i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">金衡錢</span></span> </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">10</span></span> </td> <td align="right">3.7429 g </td> <td align="right">0.96 drt </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>tael troy</i> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">金衡兩</span></span> </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="right">37.429 g </td> <td align="right">1.2 ozt </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time">Time</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dates_in_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Dates in Chinese">Dates in Chinese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_timekeeping" title="Traditional Chinese timekeeping">Traditional Chinese timekeeping</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table of time units </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Pinyin </th> <th rowspan="2">Character </th> <th colspan="2">Relative value </th> <th colspan="2">Western value </th> <th rowspan="2">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>Traditional value</th> <th>Modern value</th> <th>Traditional value</th> <th>Modern value </th></tr> <tr align="right"> <td><i>miǎo</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">秒</span></span> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>144 <a href="/wiki/Millisecond" title="Millisecond">milliseconds</a></td> <td>1 <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">second</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td><i>fēn</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">分</span></span> </td> <td>100 <i>miǎo</i></td> <td>60 <i>miǎo</i></td> <td>14.4 <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">seconds</a></td> <td>1 <a href="/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">minute</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td rowspan="2"><i><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_timekeeping" title="Traditional Chinese timekeeping">kè</a></i></td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">刻</span></span> </td> <td>1 minor kè = 10 fēn</td> <td rowspan="2">15 fēn</td> <td>2 <a href="/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">minutes</a> 24 seconds</td> <td rowspan="2">15 <a href="/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">minutes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="left">kè was defined at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">96</span></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">108</span></span>, or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">120</span></span> day during the <a href="/wiki/Liang_dynasty" title="Liang dynasty">Liang dynasty</a>, and established at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">96</span></span> day after the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>. </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>1 major kè = 60 fēn</td> <td>14 <a href="/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">minutes</a> 24 seconds </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td><i>diǎn</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">點</span></span> (T)<br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">点</span></span> (S) </td> <td>100 fēn</td> <td>60 fēn</td> <td>24 <a href="/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">minutes</a></td> <td>1 <a href="/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">hour</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td rowspan="2"><i>shí</i><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">時</span></span> (T)<br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">时</span></span> (S) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> kè</td> <td rowspan="2">4 kè</td> <td>2 <a href="/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">hours</a></td> <td rowspan="2">1 <a href="/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">hour</a> </td> <td rowspan="5" align="left">the <b>xiǎoshí</b>(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">小時</span></span>, lit. minor shí) is currently a unit used to express "hour" in order to avoid ambiguity </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>(pre-Qin) 10 kè</td> <td>2 <a href="/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">hours</a> 24 minutes </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td rowspan="2"><i>shíchén</i></td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">時辰</span></span> (T)<br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">时辰</span></span> (S) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> kè</td> <td rowspan="2">-</td> <td>2 <a href="/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">hours</a></td> <td rowspan="2">- </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>(pre-Qin) 10 kè</td> <td>2 <a href="/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">hours</a> 24 minutes </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td><i>xiǎoshí</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">小時</span></span> (T)<br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">小时</span></span> (S) </td> <td>-</td> <td>60 fēn</td> <td>-</td> <td>1 <a href="/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">hour</a> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td><i>rì</i> / <i>tiān</i></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">日/天</span></span> </td> <td>12 shíchén</td> <td>24 xiǎoshí</td> <td colspan="2">24 <a href="/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">hours</a></td> <td align="left">1 <a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">day</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As there were hundreds of unofficial measures in use, the bibliography is quite vast. The editions of Wu Chenglou's 1937 <i>History of Chinese Measurement</i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were the usual standard up to the 1980s or so, but rely mostly on surviving literary accounts. Newer research has put more emphasis on archeological discoveries.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson2000_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Qiu_Guangming" title="Qiu Guangming">Qiu Guangming</a> & Zhang Yanming's 2005 bilingual <i>Concise History of Ancient Chinese Measures and Weights</i> summarizes these findings.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A relatively recent and comprehensive bibliography, organized by period studied, has been compiled in 2012 by Cao & al.;<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for a shorter list, see <a href="/wiki/Endymion_Wilkinson" title="Endymion Wilkinson">Wilkinson</a>'s year 2000 <i>Chinese History</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson2000_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese numbers">Chinese numbers</a> & <a href="/wiki/Chinese_classifier" title="Chinese classifier">classifiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Stems" title="Heavenly Stems">Heavenly Stems</a> & <a href="/wiki/Earthly_Branches" title="Earthly Branches">Earthly Branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Units of measurement">Units</a>, <a href="/wiki/Systems_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems of measurement">Systems</a>, & <a href="/wiki/History_of_measurement" title="History of measurement">History of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese units">Taiwanese</a> & <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_units_of_measurement" title="Hong Kong units of measurement">Hong Kong units of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese units">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean units">Korean</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_units_of_measurement" title="Vietnamese units of measurement">Vietnamese units of measurement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ROC1915-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ROC1915_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROC1915_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROC1915_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROC1915_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROC1915_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROC1915_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gaz.ncl.edu.tw/eng/detail.jsp?sysid=D1500002">"權度法 [<i>Quándù Fǎ</i>]"</a>, <i><span></span></i>政府公報 [<i>Zhèngfǔ Gōngbào</i>, <i>Government Gazette</i>]<i><span></span></i>, vol. 957, Beijing: Office of the President, 7 January 1915, pp. 85–94</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E6%AC%8A%E5%BA%A6%E6%B3%95+%5BQu%C3%A1nd%C3%B9+F%C7%8E%5D&rft.btitle=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%85%AC%E5%A0%B1+%5BZh%C3%A8ngf%C7%94+G%C5%8Dngb%C3%A0o%2C+Government+Gazette%5D&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pages=85-94&rft.pub=Office+of+the+President&rft.date=1915-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgaz.ncl.edu.tw%2Feng%2Fdetail.jsp%3Fsysid%3DD1500002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+units+of+measurement" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>. <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.moj.gov.tw/Eng/LawClass/LawHistory.aspx?PCode=J0100052">"The Weights and Measures Act: Legislative History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Justice (Republic of China)">Ministry of Justice (Republic of China)</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Weights+and+Measures+Act%3A+Legislative+History&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Justice+%28Republic+of+China%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.moj.gov.tw%2FEng%2FLawClass%2FLawHistory.aspx%3FPCode%3DJ0100052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+units+of+measurement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ROC1930-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ROC1930_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROC1930_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROC1930_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROC1930_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROC1930_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROC1930_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140425025351/http://lis.ly.gov.tw/lghtml/lawstat/version2/01926/0192618020200.htm">"The Weights and Measures Act (1929)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Legislative Yuan</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lis.ly.gov.tw/lghtml/lawstat/version2/01926/0192618020200.htm">the original</a> on 2014-04-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Weights+and+Measures+Act+%281929%29&rft.pub=Legislative+Yuan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flis.ly.gov.tw%2Flghtml%2Flawstat%2Fversion2%2F01926%2F0192618020200.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+units+of+measurement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRC1959-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PRC1959_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRC1959_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2011-11/09/content_1988933.htm">1959 Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1959/gwyb195916.pdf">No. 180</a>, pages 311 to 312</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRC1984-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PRC1984_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yfzs.gov.cn/gb/info/LawData/gjf2001q/gwyfg/2003-07/10/1425371513.html">Decree of the State Council Concerning the Use of Uniform Legal Measures in the Country</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150409152907/http://www.yfzs.gov.cn/gb/info/LawData/gjf2001q/gwyfg/2003-07/10/1425371513.html">Archived</a> 2015-04-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yearbook HK. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yearbook.gov.hk/1997/ch7/e7s.htm">Yearbook</a>." <i>Metrication.</i> Retrieved on 26 April 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HK-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HK_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HK_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HK_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HK_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap68">Cap. 68 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES ORDINANCE</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MO-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MO_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MO_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MO_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MO_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MO_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Law No. 14/92/M</i> (<span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/92/34/lei14_cn.asp">第14/92/M號法律</a></span></span>; <span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/92/34/lei14.asp">Lei n.<sup>o</sup> 14/92/M</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schinz, 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schinz,_p._476-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schinz,_p._476_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schinz,_p._476_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schinz, p. 476.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dubs_1938_pp._276-280-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dubs_1938_pp._276-280_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dubs_1938_pp._276-280_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dubs (1938), pp. 276-280; (1955), p. 160, n. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hulsewé_1961,_pp._206–207-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hulsewé_1961,_pp._206–207_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hulsewé_1961,_pp._206–207_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hulsewé (1961), pp. 206–207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (2015), "About the Measurements", pp. xxiii-xxiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._S._B._Woolhouse1859" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Wesley_S._B._Woolhouse" title="Wesley S. B. Woolhouse">W. S. B. Woolhouse</a> (1859), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4252729;view=1up;seq=71"><i>The Measures, Weights, & Moneys of All Nations (And an Analysis of the Christian, Hebrew, and Mahometan Calendars)</i></a>, J. Weale</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Measures%2C+Weights%2C+%26+Moneys+of+All+Nations+%28And+an+Analysis+of+the+Christian%2C+Hebrew%2C+and+Mahometan+Calendars%29&rft.pub=J.+Weale&rft.date=1859&rft.au=W.+S.+B.+Woolhouse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.b4252729%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+units+of+measurement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2011-11/09/content_1988933.htm">1959 Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1959/gwyb195916.pdf">No. 180</a>, page 316</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nachum_Dershowitz" title="Nachum Dershowitz">Nachum Dershowitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Reingold" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward M. Reingold">Edward M. Reingold</a>, <i>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calendrical_calculations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calendrical calculations (page does not exist)">Calendrical calculations</a>"</i>, page 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu1937" class="citation cs2">吳承洛 (1937), <i><span></span></i>《中國度量衡史》 [<i>Zhōngguó Dùliànghéng Shǐ</i>]<i><span></span></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%BA%A6%E9%87%8F%E8%A1%A1%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B+%5BZh%C5%8Dnggu%C3%B3+D%C3%B9li%C3%A0ngh%C3%A9ng+Sh%C7%90%5D&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Chenglou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+units+of+measurement" class="Z3988"></span>, 2nd ed. in 1957, 3rd ed. in 1993. <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkinson2000-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson2000_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson2000_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Endymion_Wilkinson" title="Endymion Wilkinson">Wilkinson, Endymion</a> (2000), <i>Chinese History: A Manual</i> (2nd ed.), <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a>: Harvard University Asia Center, pp. 244–245, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00249-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00249-4"><bdi>978-0-674-00249-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+History%3A+A+Manual&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=244-245&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00249-4&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Endymion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+units+of+measurement" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQiu2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Guangming" title="Qiu Guangming">丘光明</a> (2005), 张延明 (ed.), <i><span></span></i>《中国古代计量史图鉴》 [<i>Zhōngguó Gǔdài Jìliàng Shǐ Tújiàn</i>]<i><span></span></i>, Hefei: Hefei University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-81093-284-5" title="Special:BookSources/7-81093-284-5"><bdi>7-81093-284-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E8%AE%A1%E9%87%8F%E5%8F%B2%E5%9B%BE%E9%89%B4%E3%80%8B+%5BZh%C5%8Dnggu%C3%B3+G%C7%94d%C3%A0i+J%C3%ACli%C3%A0ng+Sh%C7%90+T%C3%BAji%C3%A0n%5D&rft.place=Hefei&rft.pub=Hefei+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=7-81093-284-5&rft.aulast=Qiu&rft.aufirst=Guangming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+units+of+measurement" class="Z3988"></span>. <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>& <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaoUlrich_TheobaldHans_Ulrich_Vogelothers2012" class="citation cs2">Cao Jin; et al. (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publikationen.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/handle/10900/47035"><i>Chinese, Japanese and Western Research in Chinese Historical Metrology: A Classified Bibliography (1925-2012)</i></a>, Tübingen: Institute for Chinese and Korean Studies at the University of Tübingen</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese%2C+Japanese+and+Western+Research+in+Chinese+Historical+Metrology%3A+A+Classified+Bibliography+%281925-2012%29&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Institute+for+Chinese+and+Korean+Studies+at+the+University+of+T%C3%BCbingen&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Cao&rft.aufirst=Jin&rft.au=Ulrich+Theobald&rft.au=Hans+Ulrich+Vogel&rft.au=others&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublikationen.uni-tuebingen.de%2Fxmlui%2Fhandle%2F10900%2F47035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+units+of+measurement" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Hill, John E. (2015) <i>Through the Jade Gate - China to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes 1st to 2nd Centuries CE</i>. Vol. I. John E. Hill. CreateSpace, Charleston, South Carolina. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5006-9670-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5006-9670-2">978-1-5006-9670-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_H._Dubs" title="Homer H. Dubs">Homer H. Dubs</a> (1938): <i>The History of the Former Han Dynasty by Pan Ku</i>. Vol. One. Translator and editor: Homer H. Dubs. Baltimore. Waverly Press, Inc.</li> <li>Homer H. Dubs (1955): <i>The History of the Former Han Dynasty by Pan Ku</i>. Vol. Three. Translator and editor: Homer H. Dubs. Ithaca, New York. Spoken Languages Services, Inc.</li> <li>Hulsewé, (1961). "Han measures." A. F. P. Hulsewé, <i>T'oung pao Archives</i>, Vol. XLIX, Livre 3, pp. 206–207.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinesetools.eu/tools/unit-converter/">Chinese Measurement Converter</a> - Online Chinese / Metric / Imperial Converter</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandarintools.com/measures.html">Chinese/Metric/Imperial Measurement Converter</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchinz1996" class="citation book cs1">Schinz, Alfred (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qhcRYkz-I3YC"><i>The magic square: cities in ancient China</i></a>. Edition Axel Menges. p. 428. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-930698-02-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-930698-02-1"><bdi>3-930698-02-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+magic+square%3A+cities+in+ancient+China&rft.pages=428&rft.pub=Edition+Axel+Menges&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=3-930698-02-1&rft.aulast=Schinz&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqhcRYkz-I3YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+units+of+measurement" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Systems_of_measurement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Systems_of_measurement" title="Template:Systems of measurement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Systems_of_measurement" title="Template talk:Systems of measurement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Systems_of_measurement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Systems of measurement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Systems_of_measurement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/System_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="System of measurement">Systems of measurement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units (SI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">UK imperial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">US customary units (USCS/USC)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_units_of_measurement" title="Hong Kong units of measurement">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apothecaries%27_system" title="Apothecaries' system">Apothecaries'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoirdupois_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Avoirdupois system">Avoirdupois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_weight" title="Troy weight">Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_system_of_units" title="Astronomical system of units">Astronomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_electrical_unit" title="Conventional electrical unit">Electrical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Engineering_Units" title="English Engineering Units">English Engineering Units</a> (US)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_units" title="Natural units">Natural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_units" title="Atomic units">Atomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometrized_unit_system" title="Geometrized unit system">Geometrised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaviside%E2%80%93Lorentz_units" title="Heaviside–Lorentz units">Heaviside–Lorentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_units" title="Planck units">Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_units#Quantum_chromodynamics_units" title="Natural units">Quantum chromodynamical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_units" title="Stoney units">Stoney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Metric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_metric_system" title="Outline of the metric system">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_metric_system" title="History of the metric system">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrication" title="Metrication">Metrication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">UK/US</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_US_customary_measurement_systems" title="Imperial and US customary measurement systems">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_the_imperial_and_US_customary_measurement_systems" title="Comparison of the imperial and US customary measurement systems">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot%E2%80%93pound%E2%80%93second_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot–pound–second system">Foot–pound–second</a> (FPS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Metric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MKS_system_of_units" class="mw-redirect" title="MKS system of units">metre–kilogram–second</a> (MKS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metre%E2%80%93tonne%E2%80%93second_system_of_units" title="Metre–tonne–second system of units">metre–tonne–second</a> (MTS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centimetre%E2%80%93gram%E2%80%93second_system_of_units" title="Centimetre–gram–second system of units">centimetre–gram–second</a> (CGS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_metric_system" title="Gravitational metric system">gravitational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cornish_units_of_measurement" title="Old Cornish units of measurement">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_units_of_measurement" title="Cypriot units of measurement">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_units_of_measurement" title="Czech units of measurement">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_units_of_measurement" title="Danish units of measurement">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_units_of_measurement" title="Dutch units of measurement">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_units" title="English units">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_measure" title="Winchester measure">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchequer_Standards" title="Exchequer Standards">Exchequer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_units_of_measurement" title="Estonian units of measurement">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Finnish_units_of_measurement" title="Obsolete Finnish units of measurement">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_units_of_measurement" title="French units of measurement">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_French_units_of_measurement" title="Traditional French units of measurement">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesures_usuelles" title="Mesures usuelles">Mesures usuelles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_German_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsolete German units of measurement">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_units_of_measurement" title="Greek units of measurement">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_units_of_measurement" title="Byzantine units of measurement">Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_units_of_measurement" title="Hungarian units of measurement">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_units_of_measurement" title="Icelandic units of measurement">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Irish units of measurement">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_units_of_measurement" title="Italian units of measurement">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_units_of_measurement" title="Latvian units of measurement">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgian_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgian units of measurement">Luxembourgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_units_of_measurement" title="Maltese units of measurement">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_units_of_measurement" title="Norwegian units of measurement">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_units_of_measurement" title="Ottoman units of measurement">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_units_of_measurement" title="Polish units of measurement">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_units_of_measurement" title="Portuguese units of measurement">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_units_of_measurement" title="Romanian units of measurement">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Russian_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsolete Russian units of measurement">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_units" title="Scottish units">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Serbian_units_of_measurement" title="Obsolete Serbian units of measurement">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_units_of_measurement" title="Slovak units of measurement">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_units_of_measurement" title="Spanish units of measurement">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_units_of_measurement" title="Swedish units of measurement">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_units_of_measurement" title="Swiss units of measurement">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_units" title="Welsh units">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_units_of_measurement" title="Afghan units of measurement">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_units_of_measurement" title="Cambodian units of measurement">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_units_of_measurement" title="Indian units of measurement">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_units_of_measurement" title="Indonesian units of measurement">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_units_of_measurement" title="Japanese units of measurement">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_units_of_measurement" title="Korean units of measurement">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_units" title="Mongolian units">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_units_of_measurement" title="Myanmar units of measurement">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_customary_units_of_measurement" title="Nepalese customary units of measurement">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_units_of_measurement" title="Omani units of measurement">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_measurement_systems_in_Pakistan" title="History of measurement systems in Pakistan">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_units_of_measurement" title="Philippine units of measurement">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abucco" title="Abucco">Pegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_units_of_measurement" title="Singaporean units of measurement">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_units_of_measurement" title="Sri Lankan units of measurement">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_units_of_measurement" title="Syrian units of measurement">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_units_of_measurement" title="Taiwanese units of measurement">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Tatar_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsolete Tatar units of measurement">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_units_of_measurement" title="Thai units of measurement">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_units_of_measurement" title="Vietnamese units of measurement">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_units_of_measurement" title="Algerian units of measurement">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_units_of_measurement" title="Ethiopian units of measurement">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_units_of_measurement" title="Egyptian units of measurement">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_units_of_measurement" title="Eritrean units of measurement">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_units_of_measurement" title="Guinean units of measurement">Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_units_of_measurement" title="Libyan units of measurement">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_units_of_measurement" title="Malagasy units of measurement">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_units_of_measurement" title="Mauritian units of measurement">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_units_of_measurement" title="Moroccan units of measurement">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_units_of_measurement" title="Seychellois units of measurement">Seychellois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_units_of_measurement" title="Somali units of measurement">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_units_of_measurement" title="South African units of measurement">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_units_of_measurement" title="Tunisian units of measurement">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_units_of_measurement" title="Tanzanian units of measurement">Tanzanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_units_of_measurement" title="Costa Rican units of measurement">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_units_of_measurement" title="Cuban units of measurement">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_units_of_measurement" title="Haitian units of measurement">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_units_of_measurement" title="Honduran units of measurement">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_units_of_measurement" title="Mexican units of measurement">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_units_of_measurement" title="Nicaraguan units of measurement">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_units_of_measurement" title="Puerto Rican units of measurement">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_units_of_measurement" title="Argentine units of measurement">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_units_of_measurement" title="Bolivian units of measurement">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_units_of_measurement" title="Brazilian units of measurement">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_units_of_measurement" title="Chilean units of measurement">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_units_of_measurement" title="Colombian units of measurement">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_units_of_measurement" title="Paraguayan units of measurement">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_units_of_measurement" title="Peruvian units of measurement">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_units_of_measurement" title="Uruguayan units of measurement">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_units_of_measurement" title="Venezuelan units of measurement">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Arabic_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Arabic units of measurement">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Talmudic_units_of_measurement" title="Biblical and Talmudic units of measurement">Biblical and Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Egyptian units of measurement">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Greek units of measurement">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_measurement_systems_in_India" title="History of measurement systems in India">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_units_of_measurement" title="Persian units of measurement">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Roman units of measurement">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_humorous_units_of_measurement" title="List of humorous units of measurement">Humorous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_obsolete_units_of_measurement" title="List of obsolete units of measurement">Obsolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unusual_units_of_measurement" title="List of unusual units of measurement">Unusual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_scale" title="Absolute scale">Absolute scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-body_units" title="N-body units">N-body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulor" title="Modulor">Modulor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Science_and_technology_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:S%26T_in_China" title="Template:S&T in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:S%26T_in_China" title="Template talk:S&T in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:S%26T_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:S&T in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Science_and_technology_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China" title="Science and technology in China">Science and technology in China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_industry_in_China" title="Artificial intelligence industry in China"> Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_astronomy" title="Chinese astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China" title="Automotive industry in China">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_China" title="Civil aviation in China"> Aviation </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_industry_in_China" title="Biotechnology industry in China">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_China" title="Chemical industry in China"> Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_by_China" title="Cyberwarfare by China">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_China" title="Logic in China">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mathematics" title="Chinese mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mining_in_China" title="Category:Mining in China">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_China" title="Nuclear power in China">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_China" title="Rail transport in China">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry_in_China" title="Semiconductor industry in China">Semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_industry_of_China" title="Shipping industry of China">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_industry_in_China" title="Software industry in China">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">Space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercomputing_in_China" title="Supercomputing in China">Supercomputing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">Telecommunications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_China" title="History of science and technology in China">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_inventions" title="List of Chinese inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_discoveries" title="List of Chinese discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of measurement systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_China" title="History of metallurgy in China">History of metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_coinage" title="Ancient Chinese coinage">Ancient coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing_in_East_Asia" title="History of printing in East Asia">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_China" title="Cartography of China">Cartography</a></li> <li><a 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