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The Solovki special camp (later the Solovki special prison), was set up in 1923 on the <a href="/wiki/Solovetsky_Islands" title="Solovetsky Islands">Solovetsky Islands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a> as a remote and inaccessible place of detention, primarily intended for socialist opponents of Soviet Russia's new <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolshevik</a> regime. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barents_old.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Barents_old.jpg/220px-Barents_old.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Barents_old.jpg/330px-Barents_old.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Barents_old.jpg/440px-Barents_old.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></a><figcaption>A 1570 map by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ortelius" title="Abraham Ortelius">Abraham Ortelius</a> shows the location of "Salofki".</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Sea_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/White_Sea_map.png/220px-White_Sea_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/White_Sea_map.png/330px-White_Sea_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/White_Sea_map.png/440px-White_Sea_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="930"></a><figcaption>Solovetsky Islands on a map of the White Sea.</figcaption></figure> At first, the <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Anarchists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Revolutionaries">Socialist Revolutionaries</a> enjoyed a special status there and were not made to work. Gradually, prisoners from the old regime (priests, gentry, and White Army officers) joined them and the guards and the ordinary criminals worked together to keep the "politicals" in order.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> This was the nucleus from which the entire Gulag grew, thanks to its proximity to the first great construction project of the Five-Year Plans, the <a href="/wiki/White_Sea%E2%80%93Baltic_Canal" title="White Sea–Baltic Canal">White Sea–Baltic Canal</a>. In one way, Solovki and the White Sea Canal broke a basic rule of the Gulag: they were both far too close to the border.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> This facilitated a number of daring escapes in the 1920s;<a href="#cite_note-Malsagov,_S.A._1926-3">[3]</a> as war loomed in the late 1930s it led to the closure of the Solovki special prison. Its several thousand inmates were transferred elsewhere, or <a href="/wiki/Sandarmokh" title="Sandarmokh">shot on the mainland</a> and on Solovki. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#The_%22mother_of_the_Gulag%22">1 The "mother of the Gulag"</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#From_monastery_to_concentration_camp">1.1 From monastery to concentration camp</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#The_Baltic-White_Sea_Canal">1.2 The Baltic-White Sea Canal</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#A_Special_Prison,_1936%E2%80%931939">1.3 A Special Prison, 1936–1939</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#World_Heritage_and_a_disputed_legacy">1.4 World Heritage and a disputed legacy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Notable_prisoners">2 Notable prisoners</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#The_1920s">2.1 The 1920s</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#The_First_Five-Year_Plan,_1928%E2%80%931932">2.2 The First Five-Year Plan, 1928–1932</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#The_mid-_to_late_1930s">2.3 The mid- to late 1930s</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Camp_commanders%5B28%5D">3 Camp commanders[28]</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#The_prison_on_Solovki_in_art_and_literature">4 The prison on Solovki in art and literature</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#%C3%89migr%C3%A9_and_samizdat_literature,_1926-1974">4.1 Émigré and samizdat literature, 1926-1974</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Perestroika_and_Glasnost,_1985-1991">4.2 Perestroika and Glasnost, 1985-1991</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Footnotes">5 Footnotes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Further_reading_(in_order_of_publication)">6 Further reading (in order of publication)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Memoirs">6.1 Memoirs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Novels">6.2 Novels</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Studies">6.3 Studies</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#External_links">7 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id='The_"mother_of_the_Gulag"'>The "mother of the Gulag"</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Solovki_prison_camp&action=edit&section=1" title='Edit section: The "mother of the Gulag"' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a> called Solovki the "mother of the <a href="/wiki/GULAG" class="mw-redirect" title="GULAG">GULAG</a>". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_monastery_to_concentration_camp">From monastery to concentration camp</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Solovki_prison_camp&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: From monastery to concentration camp" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Historically, the Solovetsky Islands were the location of the famous <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Russian Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Solovetsky_Monastery" title="Solovetsky Monastery">Solovetsky Monastery</a> complex. It was a centre of economic activity with over three hundred monks, and also a forepost of Russian naval power in the North, repelling foreign attacks during the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>. In the autumn of 1922 the process of transitioning from a monastery to concentration camp began. All wooden buildings were burned, and many of the monks were murdered, including the <a href="/wiki/Hegumen" title="Hegumen">Igumen</a>. The remaining monks were sent to forced labour camps in central Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Malsagov,_S.A._1926-3">[3]</a> The unpublished decree of 3 November 1923 led to the conversion of the monastery buildings into the Solovki "special" camp: the Solovetsky Lager Osobogo Naznachenia or SLON in Russian<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> is a play on the Russian word for elephant). One of the first "forced <a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">labor camps</a>", Solovki served as a prototype for the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In early 1924, it was sometimes given a double name, Severnye (Solovetskiye) Lagerya OGPU (Northern (Solovki) camps of <a href="/wiki/OGPU" class="mw-redirect" title="OGPU">OGPU</a>).<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/260px-%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2936" data-file-height="1680"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 149px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/260px-%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/390px-%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/520px-%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Solovetsky Monastery in 2013</figcaption></figure> Its remote situation made escape almost impossible and in Tsarist times the monastery had been used, on occasion, as a political prison by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian imperial administration</a>. The treatment of the prisoners in the Soviet-era camp attracted much criticism in Western Europe and the United States after a book came out in England, An Island Hell, by <a href="/wiki/S._A._Malsagoff" class="mw-redirect" title="S. A. Malsagoff">S. A. Malsagoff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Malsagov,_S.A._1926-3">[3]</a> After a thorough clean-up and careful staging, the Soviet government sent the proletarian writer <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a> there in an attempt to counter this negative publicity. He wrote a very favourable essay, which praised the beauty of nature on the islands, but some authors believe he understood the real conditions he was witnessing.<a href="#cite_note-gorky_Yale-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-gorky-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-gorky_Solzhenitsyn-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Baltic-White_Sea_Canal">The Baltic-White Sea Canal</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Solovki_prison_camp&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Baltic-White Sea Canal" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The exact number of prisoners sent to Solovki from 1923 to the closure of its penitentiary facilities in 1939 is unknown. Estimates range between tens and hundreds of thousands.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In 1923, Soloviki contained "no more than 3,000" prisoners; by 1930, the number had jumped to "about 50,000", with another 30,000 held on the mainland at the nearest railhead of <a href="/wiki/Kem,_Russia" title="Kem, Russia">Kem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In the early 1930s, many of the prisoners from the camp were transferred to the newly established <a href="/wiki/Belbaltlag" title="Belbaltlag">Belbaltlag</a> to man the construction of the <a href="/wiki/White_Sea_%E2%80%93_Baltic_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="White Sea – Baltic Canal">White Sea – Baltic Canal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gorky_Yale-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_Special_Prison,_1936–1939">A Special Prison, 1936–1939</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Solovki_prison_camp&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: A Special Prison, 1936–1939" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1936, the Solovki camp was renamed a "special" prison (SLON, an acronym that means "Elephant" in Russian) and from then until its closure in 1939 it served as a holding area for many prisoners subsequently executed, there or on the mainland, during the Great Terror of 1937–1938.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Until documents confirming their execution were found in 1996, it was long thought that a transport of over one thousand prisoners, a quota for "1st category arrests" (executions), died from drowning after the barges on which they were travelling were deliberately sunk in the White Sea.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> It is now known that they were shot on the mainland in late October and early November 1937; subsequent quotas for execution came too late in the year to sail across the White Sea and were shot on the islands, near Sekirnaya Hill.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> All but five of the 1,116 prisoners sent from Solovki across the White Sea on 27 October 1937 were executed by NKVD Captain and senior executioner <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Rodionovich_Matveyev" title="Mikhail Rodionovich Matveyev">Mikhail Matveyev</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sandarmokh" title="Sandarmokh">Sandarmokh</a> between that date and 10 November 1937, when he reported his task complete.<a href="#cite_note-MT-15">[15]</a> Among those killed were 289 members of the Ukrainian intelligentsia, the <a href="/wiki/Executed_Renaissance" title="Executed Renaissance">Executed Renaissance</a>. A further transport was prepared to sail to the mainland for execution, but it was too late in the year to cross the frozen sea. Instead, between 200 and 300 prisoners were shot on Solovki itself, near the Sekirnaya Hill.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> One of the many victims was Yelizaveta Katz, an engineer, who was 8 months pregnant. She was due to be shot with the others on 17 February 1938, but was allowed to give birth, then shot three months later on 16 May, aged 28.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In 1939, the prison was closed. It was situated too close to the border with <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> was imminent. The buildings were transformed into a naval base and a cadet corps was deployed there. (One of its students was the future author <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Pikul" title="Valentin Pikul">Valentin Pikul</a>.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Heritage_and_a_disputed_legacy">World Heritage and a disputed legacy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Solovki_prison_camp&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World Heritage and a disputed legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1989, a permanent exhibition, "The Solovki special camp", was added to the museum on the islands, the first anywhere in the USSR to be devoted to the Gulag. In June of that year, the first Days of Remembrance for Victims of Political Repression were held on the islands; in subsequent years this event would take place in August.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The Orthodox Church reestablished the monastery in 1992, and that year the ensemble was added to <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_List#Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage List">World Heritage List</a>. In 2015, human rights activists expressed disquiet that the authorities were "gradually removing all traces of the labor camp".<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In January 2016 the Gulag section in the Solovki Museum was closed by its new director, Vladimir Shutov who, as Archimandrite Porfiry, was head of the monastery.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In August 2017, the local authorities asked police to investigate the 29th annual Days of Remembrance as an "unauthorised" gathering.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Early in 2018, a court in the Arkhangelsk Region heard an unsuccessful plea by Archimandrite Porfiry to annul a contract concluded in 2011 with the head of the now disbanded Gulag section of the museum and evict its former head, Olga Bochkaryova, and her daughter from their two-room apartment.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The author of several books about Solovki, Yury Brodsky, was accused by an Orthodox website of displaying "religious hatred" in his latest publication.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Notable_prisoners">Notable prisoners</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Solovki_prison_camp&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable prisoners" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loubianka_square_memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Loubianka_square_memorial.jpg/220px-Loubianka_square_memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Loubianka_square_memorial.jpg/220px-Loubianka_square_memorial.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Loubianka_square_memorial.jpg/330px-Loubianka_square_memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Loubianka_square_memorial.jpg/440px-Loubianka_square_memorial.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Memorial to the victims of political repression in the USSR, on <a href="/wiki/Lubyanka_Square" title="Lubyanka Square">Lubyanka Square</a>, Moscow, next to FSB headquarters, made of a boulder from the Solovetsky Islands</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GulagMemorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/GulagMemorial.jpg/220px-GulagMemorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/GulagMemorial.jpg/220px-GulagMemorial.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/GulagMemorial.jpg/330px-GulagMemorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/GulagMemorial.jpg/440px-GulagMemorial.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Memorial to the victims of political repression in the USSR, in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>, made of a boulder from the Solovetsky Islands</figcaption></figure> Members of the <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a>, representing both Tsarist Russia and the post-revolutionary USSR, were prominent among the prisoners on Solovki.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_1920s">The 1920s</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Solovki_prison_camp&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The 1920s" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the 1920s many of those sent to Solovki were released, but often arrested and imprisoned (or exiled) a second time. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frantsishak_Alyakhnovich" title="Frantsishak Alyakhnovich">Frantsishak Alyakhnovich</a>, Belarusian writer, a citizen of interwar Poland, who wrote the first book-length witness-account about <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a>, titled, <a href="/wiki/In_the_Claws_of_the_GPU" title="In the Claws of the GPU">In the Claws of the GPU</a>; imprisoned 1927–1933, in 1933 exchanged with Poland for <a href="/wiki/Branislaw_Tarashkyevich" title="Branislaw Tarashkyevich">Branislaw Tarashkyevich</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Artemyev" title="Vladimir Artemyev">Vladimir Artemyev</a>, inventor: imprisoned 1923–1925</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osip_Braz" title="Osip Braz">Osip Braz</a>, Russian-Jewish realist painter: imprisoned 1924–1926</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Shiryaev" title="Boris Shiryaev">Boris Shiriaev</a> writer, author of La veilleuse de Solovki - 1889 - 1959 imprisoned in 1923</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Feodorov" title="Leonid Feodorov">Leonid Feodorov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exarch" title="Exarch">Exarch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian Greek Catholic Church</a>: imprisoned 1923–1929</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantine_Gamsakhurdia" title="Konstantine Gamsakhurdia">Konstantine Gamsakhurdia</a>, Georgian writer: imprisoned mid-1920s</li> <li>G.J.Gordon, historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezsonov" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri Bezsonov">Yuri Bezsonov</a>, cavalry commander, one of the very few people who succeeded in escaping the camp</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_K._Gorsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander K. Gorsky (page does not exist)">Alexander K. Gorsky</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Горский, Александр Константинович">ru</a>], poet: sent to Solovki (?) in 1929</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamo_bey_Hajinski" title="Jamo bey Hajinski">Jamo bey Hajinski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Taxes_(Azerbaijan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Taxes (Azerbaijan)">State Controller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Transport">Minister of Transportation, Postal Service and Telegraph</a> of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a>: imprisoned 1925–1928</li> <li>Archimandrite <a href="/w/index.php?title=Illarion_(Troitsky)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illarion (Troitsky) (page does not exist)">Illarion (Troitsky)</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9)" class="extiw" title="ru:Иларион (Троицкий)">ru</a>], Professor of the Moscow Theological Academy: imprisoned 1924–1929</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_V._Popov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan V. Popov (page does not exist)">Ivan V. Popov</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2)" class="extiw" title="ru:Попов, Иван Васильевич (богослов)">ru</a>], Professor of the Moscow Theological Academy: imprisoned 1925-1927</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_N._Vinogradov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay N. Vinogradov (page does not exist)">Nikolay N. Vinogradov</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_(%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA)" class="extiw" title="ru:Виноградов, Николай Николаевич (историк)">ru</a>], historian and ethnographer: imprisoned 1925–1928, shot at Sandarmokh on 8 January 1938, aged 61</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_First_Five-Year_Plan,_1928–1932">The First Five-Year Plan, 1928–1932</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Solovki_prison_camp&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The First Five-Year Plan, 1928–1932" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Naftaly_Frenkel" title="Naftaly Frenkel">Naftaly Frenkel</a> was a prisoner on Solovki who became a leading cadre in the security services during the First <a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_for_the_national_economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union">Five-Year Plan</a>. Arrested by the OGPU in 1923, he was sentenced to ten years imprisonment and sent to Solovki. There his sentence was reduced and in 1927, he was released and appointed head of production at SLON before being sent as representative of the camp to Moscow in 1929. Soon he was in charge of production throughout the Gulag and oversaw work on the White Sea Canal.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> His activities in the Gulag paralleled the forced industrialisation and <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">collectivisation of agriculture</a> throughout the Soviet Union. The mass shooting on Solovki in 1929 described by <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Likhachov" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitry Likhachov">Dmitry Sergeyevich Likhachov</a> (it forms a key episode in <a href="/wiki/Marina_Goldovskaya" title="Marina Goldovskaya">Marina Goldovskaya</a>'s 1987 film, Solovki Power) was a sign of the harshening regime. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Antsiferov" title="Nikolai Antsiferov">Nikolai Antsiferov</a>, historian: imprisoned 1929–1933</li> <li>Academician <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Likhachov" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitry Likhachov">Dmitry Likhachov</a>, philologist: imprisoned 1928–1931, then worked on White Sea Canal until 1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_V._Tchernavin" title="Vladimir V. Tchernavin">Vladimir V. Tchernavin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ichthyologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyologist">ichthyologist</a>: imprisoned 1931, then transferred to Kem. From Kem he escaped to the West and wrote about his experiences in his book, I Speak for the Silent Prisoners of the Soviets.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_N._Beneshevich" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir N. Beneshevich">Vladimir N. Beneshevich</a>, historian, paleographer: imprisoned 1928–1933</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oleg_V._Volkov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oleg V. Volkov (page does not exist)">Oleg V. Volkov</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Волков, Олег Васильевич">ru</a>], writer: imprisoned 1928–1929, 1931–1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirjaqip_Dulatuli" title="Mirjaqip Dulatuli">Mirjaqip Dulatuli</a>, Kazakh writer: imprisoned 1928–1935 (died in Solovki)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klym_Polishchuk" title="Klym Polishchuk">Klym Polishchuk</a>, Ukrainian journalist, poet and writer sentenced for 10 years in 1929, executed in 1937</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Baltz" title="Vera Baltz">Vera Baltz</a>, Russian soil scientist, sentenced for 5 years in 1930, released early in 1933 on account of age</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evgenia_Iaroslavskaia-Markon" title="Evgenia Iaroslavskaia-Markon">Evgenia Iaroslavskaia-Markon</a>, Russian journalist and anarchist, sentenced for 3 years in 1930, executed in 1931.<a href="#cite_note-%D0%9D%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5-27">[27]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Vasilyevich_Volkov" title="Oleg Vasilyevich Volkov">Oleg Vasilyevich Volkov</a>, Russian writer and translator, sentenced for 3 years in 1928 but released in 1929 and sent into inner exile.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_mid-_to_late_1930s">The mid- to late 1930s</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Solovki_prison_camp&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The mid- to late 1930s" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Many of those on Solovki later in the 1930s fell victim to <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> and were shot, either in autumn 1937 at <a href="/wiki/Sandarmokh" title="Sandarmokh">Sandarmokh</a> or on Solovki in February 1938. <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A.V.Bobrishchev-Pushkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A.V.Bobrishchev-Pushkin (page does not exist)">A.V.Bobrishchev-Pushkin</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B2-%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Бобрищев-Пушкин, Александр Владимирович">ru</a>], lawyer and acrivist of the <a href="/wiki/Smenovekhovtsy" title="Smenovekhovtsy">Smenovekhovtsy</a>, a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Decembrist" class="mw-redirect" title="Decembrist">Decembrist</a> Pavel Sergeyevich Bobrishchev-Pushkin: imprisoned 1934–1937, shot at Sandarmokh on 27 October 1937, aged 61</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a>, priest, scientist, encyclopaedist: imprisoned 1934–1937, shot at unknown location</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nariman_bey_Narimanbeyov" title="Nariman bey Narimanbeyov">Nariman bey Narimanbeyov</a>, State Controller of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918-1920): died on Solovki in 1937, aged 48 (shot?)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanna_Malm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanna Malm (page does not exist)">Hanna Malm</a>, Finnish communist, imprisoned 1935, drowned herself 8 August 1937</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlo_%C5%A0tajner" title="Karlo Štajner">Karlo Štajner</a>, a Yugoslavian communist: imprisoned 1937–1939</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Voronoi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Voronoi (page does not exist)">Mark Voronoi</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Вороной, Марк Николаевич">ru</a>], Ukrainian poet: imprisoned 1937, shot at Sandarmokh on 3 November 1937, aged 33</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_bey_Shahtakhtinski" title="Hamid bey Shahtakhtinski">Hamid bey Shahtakhtinski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Azerbaijan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education (Azerbaijan)">Minister of Education and Religious Affairs</a> of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918–1920): imprisoned 1941–1944 when he died.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Camp_commanders[28]">Camp commanders<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Solovki_prison_camp&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Camp commanders[28]" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul><li>October 13, 1923 to November 13, 1925 – <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nogtev" title="Alexander Nogtev">Alexander Nogtev</a></li> <li>November 13, 1925 to May 20, 1929 – <a href="/wiki/Teodors_Eihmans" title="Teodors Eihmans">Fedor Eichmans</a></li> <li>May 20, 1929 to May 19, 1930 ‌– Alexander Nogtev</li> <li>May 19, 1930 to September 25, 1931 – Andrei Ivanchenko</li> <li>September 25, 1931 to November 6, 1931 – K. Y. Dukis (acting)</li> <li>November 6-16, 1931 – E. I. Senkevich</li> <li>November 16, 1931 to January 1, 1932 the camp was closed due to the organization of the <a href="/wiki/White_Sea%E2%80%93Baltic_Canal" title="White Sea–Baltic Canal">Belbaltlag</a> on its base</li> <li>January 1932 to March 1933 – E. I. Senkevich</li> <li>August 27, 1932 – P. A. Boyar (mentioned as temporarily acting chief)</li> <li>January 28, 1933 to no later than August 13, 1933 (mentioned) – Yakov Bukhband</li> <li>October 8, 1933 – Levlev (mentioned as temporary acting chief)</li> <li>December 4, 1933 – the camp as an independent unit is closed</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="The_prison_on_Solovki_in_art_and_literature">The prison on Solovki in art and literature</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Solovki_prison_camp&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The prison on Solovki in art and literature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85.jpg/220px-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="825"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 283px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85.jpg/220px-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="283" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85.jpg/330px-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85.jpg/440px-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a> visiting Solovki. To his right stands leading NKVD officer <a href="/wiki/Gleb_Boky" class="mw-redirect" title="Gleb Boky">Gleb Boky</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Émigré_and_samizdat_literature,_1926-1974">Émigré and samizdat literature, 1926-1974</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Solovki_prison_camp&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Émigré and samizdat literature, 1926-1974" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sozerko_Malsagov" title="Sozerko Malsagov">Sozerko Malsagov</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMalsagoff1926" class="citation book cs1">Malsagoff, S.A. (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1926AnIslandHellMalsagoff">An Island Hell: a Soviet prison in the Far North</a>. London: A.M. Philpot.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Island+Hell%3A+a+Soviet+prison+in+the+Far+North&rft.place=London&rft.pub=A.M.+Philpot&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Malsagoff&rft.aufirst=S.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1926AnIslandHellMalsagoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolovki+prison+camp" class="Z3988"> The first memoir about Solovki was by S.A. Malsagoff, a North Caucasian prisoner, who escaped after a year on the islands.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yury_Bezsonov" title="Yury Bezsonov">Yury Bezsonov</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBessonov1929" class="citation book cs1">Bessonov, J.D. (1929). My 26 prisons and my escape from Solovetsky. London: Jonathan Cape.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+26+prisons+and+my+escape+from+Solovetsky&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Bessonov&rft.aufirst=J.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolovki+prison+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTchernavin1934" class="citation book cs1">Tchernavin, Vladimir V. (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.158138">I speak for the silent prisoners of the Soviets</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+speak+for+the+silent+prisoners+of+the+Soviets&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Tchernavin&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.158138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolovki+prison+camp" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_V._Tchernavin" title="Vladimir V. Tchernavin">Tchernavin</a> was a prisoner in the camp in the early 1930s. He described his experiences there in his book,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> published after his escape abroad.</li> <li>The fictional town of Solovets in the Strugatsky brothers' popular <a href="/wiki/Monday_Begins_on_Saturday" title="Monday Begins on Saturday">Monday Begins on Saturday</a> (1965) is an allusion to the <a href="/wiki/Solovetsky_Monastery" title="Solovetsky Monastery">Solovetsky Monastery</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAleksandr_Solzhenitsyn1975" class="citation book cs1">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (1975). The Gulag Archipelago. Collins & Harvill Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gulag+Archipelago&rft.pub=Collins+%26+Harvill+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.au=Aleksandr+Solzhenitsyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolovki+prison+camp" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a> spends an entire chapter of Volume 2 discussing the development of Solovki and conditions there during the early years of the Soviet regime.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Shiryaev" title="Boris Shiryaev">Boris Shirayev</a>, author of La veilleuse de Solovki described the birth of the first gulag in 1923, the date when he was imprisoned. He described the daily routine and the socio-cultural multitude of the prisoners.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perestroika_and_Glasnost,_1985-1991">Perestroika and Glasnost, 1985-1991</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Solovki_prison_camp&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Perestroika and Glasnost, 1985-1991" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Marina Goldovskaya's 1988 documentary film The Solovki Regime («Власть Соловецкая») tells the story of the first, permanent camp in Soviet Russia, from its founding in 1923 to the closure of the prison in 1939. It includes interviews with former prisoners, among them mediaevalist <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Likhachyov" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitry Likhachyov">Dmitry Likhachyov</a>, writer Oleg Volkov and long-term Gulag inmate Olga Adamova-Sliozberg (one of the four named sources in Solzhenitsyn's Gulag Archipelago, the rest were anonymous until 1994).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilensky1999" class="citation book cs1">Vilensky, Simeon, ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_c2d3">Till my Tale is Told: women's memoirs of the Gulag</a>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-33464-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-33464-0"><bdi>0-253-33464-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Till+my+Tale+is+Told%3A+women%27s+memoirs+of+the+Gulag&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-253-33464-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funset0000unse_c2d3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolovki+prison+camp" class="Z3988"> Abridged version of the 1989 Soviet original («Доднесь тяготеет. т. 1. Записки Вашей современницы»). Includes two key memoirs describing the early and final stages of the camp's existence (see Memoirs, below).</li> <li>Yugoslav communist <a href="/wiki/Karlo_%C5%A0tajner" title="Karlo Štajner">Karlo Štajner</a> served a part of his sentence on Solovki. He recounts his experiences there in 7,000 days in Siberia (English edn. 1989).<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Solovki_prison_camp&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Footnotes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabina-Nevskaya1999" class="citation book cs1">Babina-Nevskaya, Berta (1999). "My First Prison, February 1922". Till My Tale is Told. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 97–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-33464-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-33464-0"><bdi>0-253-33464-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=My+First+Prison%2C+February+1922&rft.btitle=Till+My+Tale+is+Told&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E111&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-253-33464-0&rft.aulast=Babina-Nevskaya&rft.aufirst=Berta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolovki+prison+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Dmitriev comment[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Malsagov,_S.A._1926-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malsagov,_S.A._1926_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malsagov,_S.A._1926_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malsagov,_S.A._1926_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalsagov1926" class="citation book cs1">Malsagov, S. A. (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1926AnIslandHellMalsagoff">Island Hell: A Soviet Prison in the Far North</a>. London: Philpot. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4077341">4077341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Island+Hell%3A+A+Soviet+Prison+in+the+Far+North&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Philpot&rft.date=1926&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4077341&rft.aulast=Malsagov&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1926AnIslandHellMalsagoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolovki+prison+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solovki.ca/camp_20/decree.php">Соловецкий Лагерь Особого Назначения (СЛОН)</a>. (in Russian) (tr. "Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp (SLON)") </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Gulag by <a href="/wiki/Anne_Applebaum" title="Anne Applebaum">Anne Applebaum</a>. New York: Anchor Book, 2003. p.20. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memo.ru/HISTORY/NKVD/GULAG/r3/r3-317.htm">СОЛОВЕЦКИЙ ИТЛ ОГПУ (Соловецкие лагеря особого назначения, Соловецкий лагерь принудительных работ особого назначения ОГПУ, СЛОН, СЛАГ, Соловецкие и Карело-Мурманские лагеря, СКМИТЛ)</a> (tr. "SOLOVETSKY ITL OGPU (Solovki camps for special purposes, Solovetsky forced labor camp for special purposes OGPU, SLON, SLAG, Solovetsky and Karelian-Murmansk camps, SKMITL)") <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090730232020/http://www.memo.ru/history/NKVD/GULAG/r3/r3-317.htm">"Система исправительно-трудовых лагерей в СССР"</a>. Archived from the original on 2009-07-30. Retrieved 2017-12-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memo.ru%2Fhistory%2FNKVD%2FGULAG%2Fr3%2Fr3-317.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolovki+prison+camp" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) <a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a> (in Russian) </li> <li id="cite_note-gorky_Yale-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gorky_Yale_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gorky_Yale_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobson2004" class="citation book cs1">Robson, Roy R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EqbILRvyeikC">Solovki: The Story of Russia Told Through Its Most Remarkable Islands</a>. Yale University Press. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300102703" title="Special:BookSources/9780300102703"><bdi>9780300102703</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solovki%3A+The+Story+of+Russia+Told+Through+Its+Most+Remarkable+Islands&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780300102703&rft.aulast=Robson&rft.aufirst=Roy+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEqbILRvyeikC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolovki+prison+camp" class="Z3988"> See pp. 242–243. </li> <li id="cite_note-gorky-8"><a href="#cite_ref-gorky_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYedlin1999" class="citation book cs1">Yedlin, Tova (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zxt5_vI_ozcC">Maxim Gorky: A Political Biography</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275966058" title="Special:BookSources/9780275966058"><bdi>9780275966058</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maxim+Gorky%3A+A+Political+Biography&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780275966058&rft.aulast=Yedlin&rft.aufirst=Tova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZxt5_vI_ozcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolovki+prison+camp" class="Z3988"> See p.188. </li> <li id="cite_note-gorky_Solzhenitsyn-9"><a href="#cite_ref-gorky_Solzhenitsyn_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolzhenitsyn2020" class="citation book cs1">Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr (2020). The gulag archipelago, volume 2: An Experiment in Literary Investigation. New York : Harper Perennial. p. 1734. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062941664" title="Special:BookSources/9780062941664"><bdi>9780062941664</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+gulag+archipelago%2C+volume+2%3A+An+Experiment+in+Literary+Investigation&rft.pages=1734&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780062941664&rft.aulast=Solzhenitsyn&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolovki+prison+camp" class="Z3988"> See pp. 116-118. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osaarchivum.org/gulag/txt1.htm">"Forced Labor Camps"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121110121922/http://osaarchivum.org/gulag/txt1.htm">Archived</a> 2012-11-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, on-line exhibition at the <a href="/wiki/Blinken_Open_Society_Archives" title="Blinken Open Society Archives">Blinken Open Society Archives</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAleksandr_Solzhenitsyn1975" class="citation book cs1">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (1975). The Gulag Archipelago. Collins & Harvill Press. p. 72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gulag+Archipelago&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Collins+%26+Harvill+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.au=Aleksandr+Solzhenitsyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolovki+prison+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dmitrievaffair.wordpress.com/remembrance/sandarmokh/the-victims/">"The Victims at Sandarmokh", The Dmitriev Affair website</a> (in English). </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heninen.net/sandarmoh/english.htm">"Sandarmoh"</a>. heninen.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=heninen.net&rft.atitle=Sandarmoh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheninen.net%2Fsandarmoh%2Fenglish.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolovki+prison+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dmitrievaffair.wordpress.com/2017/10/14/total-schizophrenia-ulitskaya/">A 12 October 2017 news item by Meduza, includes footage of Yury Dmitriev supervising work to clear the burial pits at Sekirnaya gora</a>. (in English) </li> <li id="cite_note-MT-15"><a href="#cite_ref-MT_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishman2017" class="citation web cs1">Fishman, Mikhail (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/the-shadow-of-the-gulag-eighty-years-on-from-the-great-purge-stalin-is-striking-back-and-historians-are-the-victims-58172">"Stalin's Shadow: How a Gulag Historian Fell Victim to Russia's Dark Past"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Moscow_Times" title="The Moscow Times">The Moscow Times</a> 9 June 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times+9+June+2017&rft.atitle=Stalin%27s+Shadow%3A+How+a+Gulag+Historian+Fell+Victim+to+Russia%27s+Dark+Past&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Fishman&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthemoscowtimes.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-shadow-of-the-gulag-eighty-years-on-from-the-great-purge-stalin-is-striking-back-and-historians-are-the-victims-58172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolovki+prison+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visz.nlr.ru/img/pages/solovki/solovki.pdf">A. Razumov (n.d.), Skorbny put</a>, pp. 13-14 (in Russian) </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visz.nlr.ru/img/pages/solovki/solovki.pdf">A. Razumov (n.d.), Skorbny put</a>, pp. 14-16 (in Russian) </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161013132057/http://www.solovky.ru/reserve/history/1975-1998.shtml">"The history of the Solovki Museum, 1975-1998"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solovky.ru/reserve/history/1975-1998.shtml">the original</a> on October 13, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+Solovki+Museum%2C+1975-1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.solovky.ru%2Freserve%2Fhistory%2F1975-1998.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolovki+prison+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacfarquhar2015" class="citation news cs1">Macfarquhar, Neil (2015-08-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/31/world/europe/russians-clash-over-commemorating-monasterys-grim-past.html">"A Tug of War Over Gulag History in Russia's North"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 2015-08-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Tug+of+War+Over+Gulag+History+in+Russia%27s+North&rft.date=2015-08-30&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Macfarquhar&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F08%2F31%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frussians-clash-over-commemorating-monasterys-grim-past.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolovki+prison+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dmitrievaffair.com/2018/02/18/head-of-museums-disbanded-gulag-section-threatened-with-eviction/">"Head of Museum's disbanded Gulag section threatened with eviction"</a>. dmitrievaffair.com. February 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dmitrievaffair.com&rft.atitle=Head+of+Museum%27s+disbanded+Gulag+section+threatened+with+eviction&rft.date=2018-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdmitrievaffair.com%2F2018%2F02%2F18%2Fhead-of-museums-disbanded-gulag-section-threatened-with-eviction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolovki+prison+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semnasem.org/news/2017/08/09/police-check-the-rally-in-memory-of-victims-of-political-repressions">"Police check the rally in memory of victims of political repressions"</a>. semnasem.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=semnasem.org&rft.atitle=Police+check+the+rally+in+memory+of+victims+of+political+repressions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemnasem.org%2Fnews%2F2017%2F08%2F09%2Fpolice-check-the-rally-in-memory-of-victims-of-political-repressions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolovki+prison+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dmitrievaffair.com/2018/02/20/court-upholds-bochkarevas-position/">"Court upholds Bochkaryova's right to apartment"</a>. dmitrievaffair.com. February 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dmitrievaffair.com&rft.atitle=Court+upholds+Bochkaryova%27s+right+to+apartment&rft.date=2018-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdmitrievaffair.com%2F2018%2F02%2F20%2Fcourt-upholds-bochkarevas-position%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolovki+prison+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasilyevaCoalson2018" class="citation news cs1">Vasilyeva, Vera; Coalson, Robert (12 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-solovki-historian-sees-bid-whitewash-complex-history/29032329.html">"Russian Historian Accused Of 'Religious Hatred' Over Account Of Solovki Gulag"</a>. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Russian+Historian+Accused+Of+%27Religious+Hatred%27+Over+Account+Of+Solovki+Gulag&rft.date=2018-02-12&rft.aulast=Vasilyeva&rft.aufirst=Vera&rft.au=Coalson%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Frussia-solovki-historian-sees-bid-whitewash-complex-history%2F29032329.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolovki+prison+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solovki.museum.ru/unesco/1991_AF-Eng.doc">Application for UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090219124214/http://solovki.museum.ru/unesco/1991_AF-Eng.doc">Archived</a> 2009-02-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1991, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.memo.ru/history/NKVD/kto/biogr/index.htm">N.V. Petrov and K.V. Skorin, The leading cadres of the NKVD, 1934-1941, Memorial: Moscow, 1999</a> (in Russian) Entry for Naftaly Aronovich Frenkel (1883-1960). </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTchernavin2017" class="citation book cs1">Tchernavin, Vladimir (2017) [1934]. I Speak for the Silent Prisoners of the Soviets (Republished ed.). Arcadia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5485-4991-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5485-4991-6"><bdi>978-1-5485-4991-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Speak+for+the+Silent+Prisoners+of+the+Soviets&rft.edition=Republished&rft.pub=Arcadia+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5485-4991-6&rft.aulast=Tchernavin&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolovki+prison+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-На_Секирной_горе-27"><a href="#cite_ref-%D0%9D%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://women-in-prison.ru/page1803632.html">"На Секирной горе"</a>. women-in-prison.ru. Retrieved 2020-05-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=women-in-prison.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwomen-in-prison.ru%2Fpage1803632.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolovki+prison+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.memo.ru/history/nkvd/gulag/r3/r3-317.htm">"Система исправительно-трудовых лагерей в СССР"</a>. old.memo.ru. Retrieved 2023-03-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=old.memo.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.memo.ru%2Fhistory%2Fnkvd%2Fgulag%2Fr3%2Fr3-317.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolovki+prison+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/ispeakforthesile013752mbp">"I Speak For The Silent Prisoners Of The Soviets"</a>. Half Cushman & Flint. April 18, 1935 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+Speak+For+The+Silent+Prisoners+Of+The+Soviets&rft.pub=Half+Cushman+%26+Flint&rft.date=1935-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fispeakforthesile013752mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolovki+prison+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStajner1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karlo_Staijner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karlo Staijner (page does not exist)">Stajner, Karlo</a> (1989). 7000 Days in Siberia. Corgi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0552134864" title="Special:BookSources/0552134864"><bdi>0552134864</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=7000+Days+in+Siberia&rft.pub=Corgi&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0552134864&rft.aulast=Stajner&rft.aufirst=Karlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolovki+prison+camp" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Further_reading_(in_order_of_publication)">Further reading (in order of publication)</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Solovki_prison_camp&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading (in order of publication)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memoirs">Memoirs</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Solovki_prison_camp&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Memoirs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalsagov1926" class="citation book cs1">Malsagov, S. A. (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1926AnIslandHellMalsagoff">Island Hell: A Soviet Prison in the Far North</a>. London: Philpot. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4077341">4077341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Island+Hell%3A+A+Soviet+Prison+in+the+Far+North&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Philpot&rft.date=1926&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4077341&rft.aulast=Malsagov&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1926AnIslandHellMalsagoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolovki+prison+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantsishak_Alyakhnovich" title="Frantsishak Alyakhnovich">Francišak Aljachnovič</a> (1934) <a href="/wiki/In_the_Claws_of_the_GPU" title="In the Claws of the GPU">In the Claws of the GPU</a></li> <li>Tchernavin, Vladimir V. (1935), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ispeakforthesile013752mbp">I Speak for the Silent: Prisoners of the Soviets.</a> Boston: Hale, Cushman, and Flint.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabina-Nevskaya1999" class="citation journal cs1">Babina-Nevskaya, Berta (1999). "My First Prison, February 1922". Till My Tale is Told: 97–111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Till+My+Tale+is+Told&rft.atitle=My+First+Prison%2C+February+1922&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E111&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Babina-Nevskaya&rft.aufirst=Berta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolovki+prison+camp" class="Z3988"> Excerpt from memoir written in 1970s by a Left Social-Revolutionary (tr. John Crowfoot)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamova-Sliozberg1999" class="citation journal cs1">Adamova-Sliozberg, Olga (1999). "My Journey". Till My Tale is Told: 28–34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Till+My+Tale+is+Told&rft.atitle=My+Journey&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Adamova-Sliozberg&rft.aufirst=Olga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolovki+prison+camp" class="Z3988"> Excerpt from memoir written in 1940s and 1950s by a repentant non-Party communist (translated by Sally Laird)</li> <li>Sliozberg, Olga Adamova (2011), My Journey: How one woman survived Stalin's Gulag, Northwestern University Press: Evanston, Ill. (The full unabridged memoir, translated by Katharine Gratwick Baker.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Solovki_prison_camp&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Novels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolin2014" class="citation book cs1">Rolin, Olivier (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/986836896">Le Météorologue</a>. France: Seuil Paulsen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-02-116888-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-02-116888-4"><bdi>978-2-02-116888-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/986836896">986836896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologue&rft.place=France&rft.pub=Seuil+Paulsen&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F986836896&rft.isbn=978-2-02-116888-4&rft.aulast=Rolin&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F986836896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolovki+prison+camp" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studies">Studies</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Solovki_prison_camp&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Studies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAscher1969" class="citation journal cs1">Ascher, Abraham (July 1969). "The Solovki prisoners, the Mensheviks and the Socialist International". Slavonic and East European Review. 47 (109): 423–435.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=The+Solovki+prisoners%2C+the+Mensheviks+and+the+Socialist+International&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=109&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E423-%3C%2Fspan%3E435&rft.date=1969-07&rft.aulast=Ascher&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolovki+prison+camp" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Michael Jakobson (1993), Origins of the GULAG: The Soviet Prison Camp System, 1917–1934. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky.</li> <li>Galina Mikhaĭlovna Ivanova, Carol Apollonio Flath, and Donald J. Raleigh (2000), Labor Camp Socialism: The Gulag in the Soviet Totalitarian System. New York: M.E. Sharpe.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaron2002" class="citation journal cs1">Baron, Nick (Jan–Mar 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monderussie.revues.org/docannexe3951.html">"Production and terror: the operation of the Karelian Gulag, 1933-1938"</a>. Cahiers du monde russe. 43 (1): 139–180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+du+monde+russe&rft.atitle=Production+and+terror%3A+the+operation+of+the+Karelian+Gulag%2C+1933-1938&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E180&rft.date=2002-01%2F2002-03&rft.aulast=Baron&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonderussie.revues.org%2Fdocannexe3951.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolovki+prison+camp" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li>Roy P. Robson (2004), Solovki: The Story of Russia Told Through its Most Remarkable Islands. Cambridge, MA: Yale University Press.</li> <li>Shubin, Daniel H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Monastery-Prisons-Daniel-H-Shubin/dp/1365413586">Monastery Prisons</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1365413582" title="Special:BookSources/978-1365413582">978-1365413582</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Solovki_prison_camp&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Solovki_prison_camp" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Solovki prison camp">Solovki prison camp</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visz.nlr.ru/pages/repressii-soloveckie-etapy">A. 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href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solovki_%C9%99sir_d%C3%BC%C5%9F%C9%99rg%C9%99si" title="Solovki əsir düşərgəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Solovki əsir düşərgəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Салавецкі лягер асаблівага прызначэньня – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Салавецкі лягер асаблівага прызначэньня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soloveck%C3%BD_t%C3%A1bor_zvl%C3%A1%C5%A1tn%C3%ADho_ur%C4%8Den%C3%AD" title="Solovecký tábor zvláštního určení – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Solovecký tábor zvláštního určení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonderlager_Solowezki" title="Sonderlager Solowezki – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sonderlager Solowezki" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_de_trabajos_de_Solovk%C3%AD" title="Campo de trabajos de Solovkí – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Campo de trabajos de Solovkí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLON" title="SLON – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="SLON" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soloveckij_logor" title="Soloveckij logor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Soloveckij logor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLON" title="SLON – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="SLON" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%99" title="מחנה סולובקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחנה סולובקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%81%D9%83%D9%89" title="معسكر سجن سولوفكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="معسكر سجن سولوفكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_de_prisioneiros_de_Solovki" title="Campo de prisioneiros de Solovki – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Campo de prisioneiros de Solovki" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Соловецкий лагерь особого назначения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Соловецкий лагерь особого назначения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solovecki_logor" title="Solovecki logor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Solovecki logor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solovki_esir_kamp%C4%B1" title="Solovki esir kampı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Solovki esir kampı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Соловецький табір особливого призначення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Соловецький табір особливого призначення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E6%B4%9B%E7%B6%AD%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%9A%94%E9%9B%A2%E7%87%9F" title="索洛維茨基隔離營 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="索洛維茨基隔離營" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 December 2024, at 05:12 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul 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