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8.64089 5.3125 8.5 5.3125C8.3591 5.3125 8.22398 5.36847 8.12435 5.4681C8.02472 5.56773 7.96875 5.70285 7.96875 5.84375V9.41588L6.45044 11.9446C6.37788 12.0655 6.35631 12.2103 6.39048 12.3471C6.42465 12.4839 6.51177 12.6015 6.63266 12.674C6.75354 12.7466 6.89831 12.7682 7.0351 12.734C7.17189 12.6998 7.2895 12.6127 7.36206 12.4918L8.95581 9.83556C9.00521 9.75305 9.03128 9.65867 9.03125 9.5625V5.84375ZM2.69118e-09 3.71875C2.69118e-09 4.51881 0.353812 5.23706 0.91375 5.72369C1.73373 4.10863 3.04613 2.79623 4.66119 1.97625C4.30618 1.56775 3.83487 1.27744 3.31033 1.14417C2.78579 1.0109 2.23306 1.04104 1.72613 1.23055C1.21919 1.42006 0.782235 1.7599 0.473751 2.20458C0.165268 2.64925 -2.43529e-05 3.17755 2.69118e-09 3.71875H2.69118e-09ZM14.3437 1.0625C13.5437 1.0625 12.8254 1.41631 12.3388 1.97625C13.9539 2.79623 15.2663 4.10863 16.0862 5.72369C16.4947 5.36868 16.7851 4.89737 16.9183 4.37283C17.0516 3.84829 17.0215 3.29556 16.8319 2.78863C16.6424 2.28169 16.3026 1.84473 15.8579 1.53625C15.4132 1.22777 14.885 1.06248 14.3437 1.0625Z" fill="black"/> </g> <defs> <clipPath id="clip0_3489_2382"> <rect width="17" height="17" fill="white"/> </clipPath> </defs> </svg>  <span>This article is <strong>more than 2 years old</strong></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h4>FOREIGN RELATIONS OP-ED</h4> <h1>ANC government’s position on Ukraine invasion unprincipled, inconsistent with SA values</h1> </div> <img rel="preload" as="image" fetchpriority="high" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.dailymaverick.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/PeterFab-whatnow-Ukraine.jpg?fit=720%2C360&quality=89&ssl=1" srcset="" sizes="(min-width: 1360px) 1290px, (min-width: 1263px) 1140px, (min-width: 768px) 720px, (min-width: 1024px) 768px, (min-width: 320px) 360px, calc(100vw - 30px)" alt="ANC government’s position on Ukraine invasion unprincipled, inconsistent with SA values" class="header-image skip-lazy"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-md-9 col-left"> <div class="titles"> <span class="image-caption"> <i class="fa fa-camera" aria-hidden="true"><svg style="width:13px;height:13px;" class="svg-inline--fa fa-camera fa-w-16" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fa" data-icon="camera" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" data-fa-i2svg=""> <path fill="currentColor" d="M512 144v288c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V144c0-26.5 21.5-48 48-48h88l12.3-32.9c7-18.7 24.9-31.1 44.9-31.1h125.5c20 0 37.9 12.4 44.9 31.1L376 96h88c26.5 0 48 21.5 48 48zM376 288c0-66.2-53.8-120-120-120s-120 53.8-120 120 53.8 120 120 120 120-53.8 120-120zm-32 0c0 48.5-39.5 88-88 88s-88-39.5-88-88 39.5-88 88-88 88 39.5 88 88z"></path> </svg></i> From left: Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky. (Photo: EPA-EFE / Andrzej Lange) | South African President Cyril Ramaphosa. (Photo: Waldo Swiegers / Bloomberg via Getty Images) </span> <div class="hidden-xs"> <a target="_self" href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/author/richard-jurgens-2/" title="Richard Jurgens"> <img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a869778e3b48da266317015899c5192d?s=40&d=mm&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a869778e3b48da266317015899c5192d?s=80&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-40 photo' height='40' width='40' decoding='async'/> </a> </div> <div class="author-bar"> <div class="author-name"> By <a target="_self" href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/author/richard-jurgens-2/" title="Richard Jurgens"> Richard Jurgens </a> <div class="author-follow pull-right"> <div class="author-bio hidden-xs"> <a href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/sign-in" data-title="Follow Author" class="getFollowAuthor follow login-alert " data-author-id="254426" rel="nofollow noopener"> <span class="follow"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-user-plus"><svg style="width:16px; height:13px;" class="svg-inline--fa fa-user-plus fa-w-20 fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fa" data-icon="user-plus" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 640 512" data-fa-i2svg=""><path fill="currentColor" d="M624 208h-64v-64c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16h-32c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16v64h-64c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16v32c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16h64v64c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16h32c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16v-64h64c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16v-32c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16zm-400 48c70.7 0 128-57.3 128-128S294.7 0 224 0 96 57.3 96 128s57.3 128 128 128zm89.6 32h-16.7c-22.2 10.2-46.9 16-72.9 16s-50.6-5.8-72.9-16h-16.7C60.2 288 0 348.2 0 422.4V464c0 26.5 21.5 48 48 48h352c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48v-41.6c0-74.2-60.2-134.4-134.4-134.4z"></path></svg></i> Follow</span> <span class="following" style="display: none;"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-user-check"><svg style="width:16px; 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display: block; max-width: 100%;"></div> <div class="article-content "> <script async defer src="https://proxy.beyondwords.io/npm/@beyondwords/player@latest/dist/umd.js" onload="new BeyondWords.Player({ target: document.getElementById('player'), widgetTarget: document.getElementById('initial'), projectId: 62, showBottomWidget: false, highlightSections: 'none', clickableSections: 'none', //playbackState: 'playing', sourceId: '1316113' }); "> </script> <div id="player"></div> <div id="initial" style="display: none;"></div> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">On 24 February 2022, Russia attacked Ukraine, launching missiles at military targets, and invading the country with a considerable military force. Russia</span><a href="https://tass.com/politics/1414061"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">described</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> the invasion as a “special military operation” to “demilitarise and denazify” the country. It is common cause that Russia has violated the sovereignty principle of the UN Charter, to which South Africa is a signatory, and that the attack constitutes a</span><a href="https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/ukraine-russias-invasion-crime-aggression-under-international-law"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">crime of aggression</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> under international law. It is very likely that Russia has committed</span><a href="https://www.dw.com/en/eu-to-help-icc-investigate-war-crimes-in-ukraine-as-it-happened/a-61427944"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">war crimes</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> in Ukraine.</span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Between 2 March and 7 April the UN General Assembly</span><a href="https://unric.org/en/the-un-and-the-war-in-ukraine-key-information/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">voted</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> on resolutions deploring Russia’s aggression, calling for the protection of civilians in Ukraine and that Russia be suspended from the UN Human Rights Council. In all three instances, South Africa abstained from supporting the resolutions.</span></p><div class="dm_add_wrapper "><div class="ad-control-heading text-center">advertisement</div><div class='dm_add' id='DM-GAM-M-Article-mob-mpu-1' data-unit-sizes="[[300,450],[300,250],[320,100],[336,280],[250,250],['fluid'],[1,1]]" data-unit-name='/5624990/South_africa/Articles' data-unit-position='mob-mpu-1' style='' data-refresh='true' data-refresh-time='30' data-refresh-max='3' data-unit-target='mobile' ></div><div class="ad-control-link text-center">Don't want to see this? <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="ad-control-link__text js-ad-control-link-text explore-more-ad-cont">Remove ads</a></div></div><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Technically, an abstention during a UN vote is regarded as a display of neutrality, which may be warranted in cases where violations are not obvious or flagrant, but there is</span><a href="https://theconversation.com/putin-could-be-charged-with-the-crime-of-aggression-for-the-ukraine-war-but-its-an-expensive-process-with-high-stakes-181928"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">little doubt</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> that Russia’s actions in Ukraine constitute an ongoing war crime. Part of South Africa’s response appears to be based on perceptions of Western hypocrisy given</span><a href="https://africlaw.com/2022/04/21/making-sense-of-africas-massive-abstentions-during-the-adoption-of-the-unga-resolution-on-the-aggression-against-ukraine/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">interventions</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> in Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya, and Syria.</span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Accordingly, Pretoria called for mediation and dialogue in abstract terms. Members of the</span><a href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220328-south-africa-skates-on-diplomatic-thin-ice-over-russia-ukraine-war"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">government</span></a><a href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2022-03-11-ukraine-needs-an-inclusive-and-lasting-roadmap-to-peace/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">suggested</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> that Russia and Ukraine are involved in a mutual conflict. Ukraine was said to have provoked the attack by aiming to join Nato like other former Soviet satellite states. Yet Ukraine is not (yet) a member of Nato, and states that did join exercised their sovereign right to do so. Diplomats</span><a href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-03-26-sas-egg-dance-on-war-in-europe-a-lesson-in-how-not-to-win-friends-and-influence-people/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">indicated</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> that South Africa appeared to be acting in Russia’s interests.</span></p><div id="fourth-par-video" style="position: relative; display: block; max-width: 100%;"></div><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Some explanation for the government’s apparent support of Russia can be found in its misreading of history. The “anti-imperialist” ruling party is said to be indulging a “</span><a href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/03/18/south-africa-ukraine-russia-putin-ramaphosa-war-diplomacy-negotiation/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">misguided nostalgia</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">” for the Soviet Union, which aided its struggle to end apartheid. Yet the Soviet Union was itself also an</span><a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002200949503000403?journalCode=jcha"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">imperialist power</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> which</span><a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/essay/the-war-in-ukraine-is-a-colonial-war"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">colonised</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Ukraine and killed four million Ukrainians in a campaign of</span><a href="https://www.history.com/news/ukrainian-famine-stalin"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">mass starvation</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p><div id="in-article-action-1"></div><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is also suggested that South Africa’s position is based on a realpolitik assessment of its</span><a href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-03-08-untangling-the-narrative-web-surrounding-south-africas-stance-on-the-russia-ukraine-conflict/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">economic ties</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> with Russia and</span><a href="https://www.igd.org.za/infocus/12132-overcoming-bureaucratic-and-institutional-challenges-in-south-african-foreign-policy-making"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">Brics</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, yet these are minuscule compared to its economic ties with the EU.</span></p><h4><b>SA’s foreign relations record</b></h4><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The government’s position on Russia’s aggression comes on the back of the sorry tale of its approach to international relations globally and in Africa.</span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">South Africa’s</span><a href="https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2022-03-07-sas-un-voting-record-set-the-stage-for-its-position-on-ukraine"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">voting record</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> at the UN reveals a concerning pattern. Demonstrations of a principled stance on human rights have been rare. In most cases, as</span><a href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2022-03-06-south-africas-dismal-un-voting-record-set-the-stage-for-its-position-on-ukraine/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">Dr Kate Dent wrote in </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Daily Maverick</span></i></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, the government has expressed “a plausible-sounding rationale for a position” based on its central commitment to the primacy of sovereignty “but… ended up taking a stance that has been criticised for undermining human rights”. In many cases, the supposed adoption of neutrality has had the net effect of supporting autocratic regimes.</span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The country prevented discussion of Zimbabwe’s political violence in 2005; challenged a 2007 UN draft resolution condemning rape and ethnic cleansing as war tactics; refused to support UN Security Council measures to protect civilians in armed conflicts in 2011; abstained from condemning human rights abuses in North Korea in 2014, in Burundi in 2016, and Belarus in 2017; abstained from supporting a UN Human Rights Council resolution protecting the rights of peaceful protestors in 2016; voted against a resolution on human rights and extremism in 2015, along with Russia and Venezuela; voted against a 2016 resolution to protect civil society actors against authoritarian governments; supported a 2017 Russian-sponsored resolution aimed at preventing countries from imposing sanctions on each other on the grounds that this would cause harm to citizens of sanctioned countries; abstained from supporting a 2016 resolution protecting people against discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender; and abstained from a 2017 resolution on ethnic cleansing in Myanmar.</span></p><div class="dm_add_wrapper "><div class="ad-control-heading text-center">advertisement</div><div class='dm_add' id='DM-GAM-M-Article-mob-mpu-2' data-unit-sizes="[[300,450],[300,250],[320,100],[336,280],[250,250],['fluid']]" data-unit-name='/5624990/South_africa/Articles' data-unit-position='mob-mpu-2' style='' data-refresh='true' data-refresh-time='30' data-refresh-max='3' data-unit-target='mobile' ></div><div class="ad-control-link text-center">Don't want to see this? <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="ad-control-link__text js-ad-control-link-text explore-more-ad-cont">Remove ads</a></div></div><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In Africa, the country has lost ground on the continent since the end of Thabo Mbeki’s presidency.</span><a href="https://theconversation.com/xenophobia-does-not-tell-the-full-story-of-migration-in-south-africa-182784"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">Incidents</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> of xenophobic violence against Africans in the country since 2008 have invited expressions of concern from governments around the continent, including that of</span><a href="https://issafrica.org/iss-today/xenophobia-again-jeopardises-south-africas-interests-in-africa"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">Nigeria</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">. The success of</span><a href="https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/JEMEAA/Journals/Volume-02_Issue-1/Burgess.pdf"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">Nepad</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, under which South Africa and Nigeria agreed to exercise soft power on the continent, was followed by South Africa’s bullying approach to taking the</span><a href="https://issafrica.org/research/southern-africa-report/life-beyond-brics-south-africas-future-foreign-policy-interests"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">AU chairpersonship</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> in 2012.</span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Other policy missteps included South Africa’s deployment of SANDF soldiers, 13 of whom died, to the Central African Republic, reputedly to</span><a href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-04-09-sa-soldiers-in-another-central-african-country-this-time-its-different/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">protect</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> private interests; Jacob Zuma’s signing of the 2014 Southern African Development Community (SADC) summit protocol (set aside by the Constitutional Court); the Zuma administration’s failure to arrest Sudan president and accused war criminal Omar al Bashir in 2015; and its attempt to withdraw from the ICC (also set aside by the courts).</span></p><h4><b>The geopolitical situation</b></h4><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In a recent document, the ruling party states that its foreign policy stance going forward is based on the view that the world has changed, but it radically misreads these changes by its</span><a href="https://www.nationalplanningcommission.org.za/assets/Documents/NDP_Chapters/NDP%202030-CH7-Positioning%20South%20Africa%20in%20the%20world.pdf"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">assumption</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> that the change involved “shifts in hard and soft or mental power from West to East”. China’s rise as an economic power is not in question, but it is likely to result in a multipolar world, not a shift in power from East to West.</span></p><div class="dm_add_wrapper "><div class="ad-control-heading text-center">advertisement</div><div class='dm_add' id='DM-GAM-M-Article-mob-mpu-3' data-unit-sizes="[[300,450],[300,250],[320,100],[336,280],[250,250],['fluid']]" data-unit-name='/5624990/South_africa/Articles' data-unit-position='mob-mpu-3' style='' data-refresh='true' data-refresh-time='30' data-refresh-max='3' data-unit-target='mobile' ></div><div class="ad-control-link text-center">Don't want to see this? <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="ad-control-link__text js-ad-control-link-text explore-more-ad-cont">Remove ads</a></div></div><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Moreover, China’s economic success is based on huge debt, now estimated at triple the size of the economy, the result of “the greatest debt run-up in history” (</span><a href="https://zeihan.com/disunited-nations/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Zeihan</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, Disunited Nations, p40). The US, meanwhile, is also</span><a href="https://www.thebalance.com/the-u-s-debt-and-how-it-got-so-big-3305778"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">massively in debt,</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> but at 108% debt-to-GDP ratio. This misreading is likely a consequence of Pretoria’s continued emphasis on relations with Brics, though the country has benefited very little from its participation in that grouping.</span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Its economy is now the</span><a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/1120999/gdp-of-african-countries-by-country/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">second-largest on the continent</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, after Nigeria, and looks set to slide further down the scale as the government continues to ignore the importance of hard economic power. Indeed, the ruling party’s economic mismanagement has extended to policies which have effectively driven Eskom, its monopoly power generation utility, to the brink of failure, seriously hampering productivity and national life more generally.</span></p><h4><b>Lack of critical insight</b></h4><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Perhaps the single most important factor in the government’s misreading of the geopolitical context in which it operates is its failure to recognise its own massively diminished credibility globally. To formulate an effective strategy, the historian John Lewis Gaddis</span><a href="https://books.google.co.za/books/about/On_Grand_Strategy.html?id=lJsqDwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">points out</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, actors must understand the knowns, probabilities and unknowns of their environment. Crucially, the knowns generally include the actor’s own capabilities. Not in South Africa’s case, however.</span></p><div class="dm_add_wrapper "><div class="ad-control-heading text-center">advertisement</div><div class='dm_add' id='DM-GAM-M-Article-mob-mpu-4' data-unit-sizes="[[300,450],[300,250],[320,100],[336,280],[250,250],['fluid']]" data-unit-name='/5624990/South_africa/Articles' data-unit-position='mob-mpu-4' style='' data-refresh='true' data-refresh-time='30' data-refresh-max='3' data-unit-target='mobile' ></div><div class="ad-control-link text-center">Don't want to see this? <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="ad-control-link__text js-ad-control-link-text explore-more-ad-cont">Remove ads</a></div></div><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">If anything is clear, it is that South Africa has lost its standing internationally and in its own region, for domestically, too, the government has lost standing. Factors include former president Thabo Mbeki’s</span><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/magazine/spr09aids/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">Aids denialism</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">; the</span><a href="https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2019-08-16-causes-of-marikana-massacre"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">Marikana massacre</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> in 2013; an attempted insurrection in July 2021 attributed to a faction within the ruling party; and above all State Capture, which has seen the ANC-dominated Parliament’s connivance in massive malfeasance.</span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Indeed, the government’s failed domestic policies and appalling economic management have resulted in the</span><a href="https://colinseymour.co.uk/img/ineptocracy.pdf"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">coining</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> of a word to describe its style:</span><a href="https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Ineptocracy"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">ineptocracy</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, meaning a government whose leaders are least capable of leading. </span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is astonishing that South Africa’s government still assumes a stance of international moral authority and appears to believe that it ought to be accepted as a good-faith actor on the international stage.</span></p><h4><b>Foreign policy and the national interest</b></h4><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is widely recognised that foreign policy involves a complex mix of economic, political, security, regional and domestic issues. Analysts argue that there are</span><a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3708150"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">two senses</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> of the concept of a country’s national interest: its long-term goals and the specific policies of the government of the day. Little or no understanding of the difference between these two senses is evident in the government’s foreign policy.</span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Disturbingly, there are</span><a href="https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/investigations/gas-oligarchs-iron-and-mining-the-russian-money-that-may-be-behind-sas-pro-kremlin-stance-20220327"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">indications</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> that the government’s support for Russia may be due to the private interests of certain senior ANC party figures and the party itself. The government’s position on Ukraine also contradicts the government’s own stated policy as regards the defence of human rights.</span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Moreover, its support for Russia’s aggression is in direct contrast to its positive obligation to “respect, protect, promote and fulfil the Bill of Rights” at home.</span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Finally, the government’s abstentions from the UN votes on Russia’s aggression suggest that the ANC has used the formal appearance of non-alignment to position itself alongside countries such as Russia and China, a duplicity that represents a real threat to the country’s independence.</span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Constitution does not impose a direct obligation on any South African government to support and promote its own domestically entrenched rights in foreign policy, but the government’s unprincipled foreign policy performance over the last 15 years at least indicates that the absence of positive requirements and constraints on a government’s foreign policies in respect of the country’s own principles and values in foreign policy is clearly a matter of serious concern.</span></p><h4><b>In conclusion</b></h4><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">South Africa has experienced two short windows of effective foreign policy over the last 100 years.</span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The first was its positioning in the world following its participation in the war to end Nazism. As a consequence, the country was at the forefront of the formation of the UN. However, that advantage was soon dispelled by its denial of the rights of black South Africans and the adoption of apartheid.</span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The country’s second window of influence occurred after the advent of democracy in 1994, when it played a significant part in international affairs for some years. That advantage was, however, soon dispelled by the ruling party’s increasing parochialism.</span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">South African foreign policy over the last two decades has been characterised by a poor understanding of geopolitics, a failure to position the country’s hard and soft powers, repeated failures to live up to the country’s stated positions on human rights and a privileging of narrow party-political and even elite individual interests in the determination of foreign policy.</span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Under the ANC, South Africa has failed to observe its commitments to international law.</span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">These missteps have harmed the country’s reputation, undermining its credibility in adopting political positions in the international arena. They will also undoubtedly influence how the country is perceived in the future multipolar world. The South African government ought to review and revoke its unprincipled and ill-considered support for Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.</span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">More generally, the government’s unfortunate position on Russia’s aggression in Ukraine shows that there is an urgent need for a national discussion on the elements of authentic foreign policy. Such a discussion should lead to a fundamental revision of the country’s approach to addressing its interests in the international context based on governance principles.</span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">These should include limits on a government’s capacity to formulate foreign policy without reference to the country’s constitutional values, as well as requiring rational evaluations of its long-term interests supported by a reasonable degree of transparency and accountability. </span><b>DM</b></p><p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">A more detailed version of this article can be accessed on Good Governance Africa’s website at</span></i><a href="https://gga.org/russia-in-ukraine-south-africas-unprincipled-stance/"> <i><span style="font-weight: 400;">https://gga.org/russia-in-ukraine-south-africas-unprincipled-stance/</span></i></a></p><p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Richard Jurgens is editor of Good Governance Africa’s research journal, </span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Africa Governance Papers</span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">. 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</div> </div> <div id="post-article-footer"></div> <div class="article-tags col-sm-12"> <ul class="list-inline"><li><a href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article_tag/brics/" rel="tag">BRICS</a></li><li><a href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article_tag/icc/" rel="tag">ICC</a></li><li><a href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article_tag/john-lewis-gaddis/" rel="tag">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li><li><a href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article_tag/kate-dent/" rel="tag">Kate Dent</a></li><li><a href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article_tag/marikana-massacre/" rel="tag">Marikana Massacre</a></li><li><a href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article_tag/omar-al-bashir/" rel="tag">Omar al-Bashir</a></li><li><a href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article_tag/russia/" rel="tag">Russia</a></li><li><a href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article_tag/sadc/" rel="tag">SADC</a></li><li><a href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article_tag/thabo-mbeki-aids-denialism/" rel="tag">Thabo Mbeki AIDS denialism</a></li><li><a href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article_tag/ukraine/" rel="tag">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article_tag/un-human-rights-council/" rel="tag">UN Human Rights Council</a></li></ul> </div> <div id="vectorengine-recommender"></div> <hr> <div class="col-xs-12 comments_template"> <div id="comments" class="comments-area row"> <div class="comment-form-holder"> <h3>Comments are reserved for Maverick Insiders. <br>Become a member today. <a class="text-underline" href="/insider/?dm_source=comment-heading&dm_medium=link&dm_campaign=comments" title="Login">Sign up here.</a></h3> <a href="#" class="click_to_comment" style="display: none;">click here to comment</a> <p class="comments-number"> All Comments 11 </p> </div> <ul class="comment-list able_to_comment" style="list-style: none; padding-left: 0;"> <li class="comment byuser even thread-even depth-1 parent" id="comment-5781619"> <div id="div-comment-5781619" class="comment-body"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <cite class="fn">virginia crawford</cite> <span class="says">says:</span> </div> <div class="comment-meta commentmetadata"> <a href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-07-05-anc-governments-position-on-ukraine-invasion-unprincipled-inconsistent-with-sa-values/#comment-5781619">6 July 2022 at 07:24</a> </div> <p>Where do these values fit in with the cosy relationship with Israel which regularly bombs civilians in Gaza? Support for Saudi Arabia that’s been bombing Yemen for years?</p> <div class="reply"><a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-login" href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/dm-admin/?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymaverick.co.za%2Farticle%2F2022-07-05-anc-governments-position-on-ukraine-invasion-unprincipled-inconsistent-with-sa-values%2F">Log in to Reply</a></div> </div> <ul class="children"> <li class="comment byuser odd alt depth-2" id="comment-5790587"> <div id="div-comment-5790587" class="comment-body"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <cite class="fn">Menahem Fuchs</cite> <span class="says">says:</span> </div> <div class="comment-meta commentmetadata"> <a href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-07-05-anc-governments-position-on-ukraine-invasion-unprincipled-inconsistent-with-sa-values/#comment-5790587">7 July 2022 at 15:35</a> </div> <p>With regards to Israel and Gaza it’s actually the other way around, but don’t take my word for it, search for “Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel” on Wikipedia and other sources. I don’t expect however that you’ll let facts to get in the way of your convictions.</p> <div class="reply"><a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-login" href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/dm-admin/?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymaverick.co.za%2Farticle%2F2022-07-05-anc-governments-position-on-ukraine-invasion-unprincipled-inconsistent-with-sa-values%2F">Log in to Reply</a></div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="comment byuser even thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-5781623"> <div id="div-comment-5781623" class="comment-body"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <cite class="fn">Brandon B</cite> <span class="says">says:</span> </div> <div class="comment-meta commentmetadata"> <a href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-07-05-anc-governments-position-on-ukraine-invasion-unprincipled-inconsistent-with-sa-values/#comment-5781623">6 July 2022 at 07:25</a> </div> <p>I think due consideration should be given to a few things<br /> – why eastern Ukrainians speak Russian as a home language. Do they identity as Russian or see themselves as fully accepted and embraced by Western Ukraine? If not why not. Is there a Ukrainian element that rejects them?<br /> – The open display of SS Nazi regalia by key fighters. This is excused as just for show, to be tough. Nowhere else in the world would this be excused.<br /> – Historically there has always been a divide between East and West Ukraine. Why?</p> <div class="reply"><a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-login" href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/dm-admin/?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymaverick.co.za%2Farticle%2F2022-07-05-anc-governments-position-on-ukraine-invasion-unprincipled-inconsistent-with-sa-values%2F">Log in to Reply</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="comment byuser odd alt thread-even depth-1" id="comment-5782125"> <div id="div-comment-5782125" class="comment-body"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <cite class="fn">Confucious Says</cite> <span class="says">says:</span> </div> <div class="comment-meta commentmetadata"> <a href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-07-05-anc-governments-position-on-ukraine-invasion-unprincipled-inconsistent-with-sa-values/#comment-5782125">6 July 2022 at 08:54</a> </div> <p>The ANC only has a moral stance if you don’t know them! The ANC high-horse was on blocks many years ago!</p> <div class="reply"><a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-login" href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/dm-admin/?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymaverick.co.za%2Farticle%2F2022-07-05-anc-governments-position-on-ukraine-invasion-unprincipled-inconsistent-with-sa-values%2F">Log in to Reply</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="comment byuser even thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-5782182"> <div id="div-comment-5782182" class="comment-body"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <cite class="fn">Change is Good</cite> <span class="says">says:</span> </div> <div class="comment-meta commentmetadata"> <a href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-07-05-anc-governments-position-on-ukraine-invasion-unprincipled-inconsistent-with-sa-values/#comment-5782182">6 July 2022 at 09:03</a> </div> <p>Excellent article. SA will have another window of opportunity to get back our international standing when the current government is no longer in power come 2024.<br /> All the old and morally corrupt men and women in this government sicken everyone, everyday with the revelations of their nonsensical ways and ineptitude. They are no doubt beholden to Russia over some sort of secret deal.</p> <div class="reply"><a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-login" href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/dm-admin/?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymaverick.co.za%2Farticle%2F2022-07-05-anc-governments-position-on-ukraine-invasion-unprincipled-inconsistent-with-sa-values%2F">Log in to Reply</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="comment byuser odd alt thread-even depth-1" id="comment-5783938"> <div id="div-comment-5783938" class="comment-body"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <cite class="fn">Douglas Ian Scott</cite> <span class="says">says:</span> </div> <div class="comment-meta commentmetadata"> <a href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-07-05-anc-governments-position-on-ukraine-invasion-unprincipled-inconsistent-with-sa-values/#comment-5783938">6 July 2022 at 13:06</a> </div> <p>An excellent article by Jurgens. He succinctly summarises the distinct failings and hypocrisy of South Africa’s tortured, mislead and myopic foreign policy.</p> <div class="reply"><a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-login" href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/dm-admin/?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymaverick.co.za%2Farticle%2F2022-07-05-anc-governments-position-on-ukraine-invasion-unprincipled-inconsistent-with-sa-values%2F">Log in to Reply</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="comment byuser even thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-5785204"> <div id="div-comment-5785204" class="comment-body"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <cite class="fn">Gerrie Pretorius Pretorius</cite> <span class="says">says:</span> </div> <div class="comment-meta commentmetadata"> <a href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-07-05-anc-governments-position-on-ukraine-invasion-unprincipled-inconsistent-with-sa-values/#comment-5785204">6 July 2022 at 15:42</a> </div> <p>Another bunch of feathers in the useless anc cap.</p> <div class="reply"><a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-login" href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/dm-admin/?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymaverick.co.za%2Farticle%2F2022-07-05-anc-governments-position-on-ukraine-invasion-unprincipled-inconsistent-with-sa-values%2F">Log in to Reply</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="comment byuser odd alt thread-even depth-1" id="comment-5785471"> <div id="div-comment-5785471" class="comment-body"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <cite class="fn">Johan Buys</cite> <span class="says">says:</span> </div> <div class="comment-meta commentmetadata"> <a href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-07-05-anc-governments-position-on-ukraine-invasion-unprincipled-inconsistent-with-sa-values/#comment-5785471">6 July 2022 at 16:16</a> </div> <p>I wonder what putin would have to do to earn a condemnation or even disapproval from Cyril? Execute Ukrainian civilians in front of BBC cameras? Somewhere there has to be a line drawn between loyalty because of Soviet support of the ANC and common decency.</p> <div class="reply"><a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-login" href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/dm-admin/?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymaverick.co.za%2Farticle%2F2022-07-05-anc-governments-position-on-ukraine-invasion-unprincipled-inconsistent-with-sa-values%2F">Log in to Reply</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="comment byuser even thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-5786123"> <div id="div-comment-5786123" class="comment-body"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <cite class="fn">Wendy Dewberry</cite> <span class="says">says:</span> </div> <div class="comment-meta commentmetadata"> <a href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-07-05-anc-governments-position-on-ukraine-invasion-unprincipled-inconsistent-with-sa-values/#comment-5786123">6 July 2022 at 18:49</a> </div> <p>ANC, unprincipled, inconsistent. Devastating and kills every hope.</p> <div class="reply"><a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-login" href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/dm-admin/?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymaverick.co.za%2Farticle%2F2022-07-05-anc-governments-position-on-ukraine-invasion-unprincipled-inconsistent-with-sa-values%2F">Log in to Reply</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="comment byuser odd alt thread-even depth-1" id="comment-5786283"> <div id="div-comment-5786283" class="comment-body"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <cite class="fn">Beyond Fedup</cite> <span class="says">says:</span> </div> <div class="comment-meta commentmetadata"> <a href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-07-05-anc-governments-position-on-ukraine-invasion-unprincipled-inconsistent-with-sa-values/#comment-5786283">6 July 2022 at 20:11</a> </div> <p>What more can one say? This country is so ill-served by this inept, pathetic, dishonest, wayward, hypocritical, thieving and corrupt ANC government! If only the people of SA would wake up and sent this awful mob to the gutter where they belong. They have betrayed its people, its values and its promise of a better life for all. Our foreign policy was always disgusting and disgraceful from day 1, supporting Mugabe – anything but based on human rights. We support and close ranks with the most odious and murderous regimes eg Zimbabwe, Venezuela, Cuba, Russia, China and Iran. The last straw for me was Ramaphosa supporting Putin who is nothing but an evil KGB thug and mass murderer. I have nothing but utter contempt for the criminal syndicate that is the current ANC – by current I mean after Mandela left as it has been on a downward spiral since then and boosted by the obnoxious Zuma and his rapacious cronies. To hell with them!!!</p> <div class="reply"><a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-login" href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/dm-admin/?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymaverick.co.za%2Farticle%2F2022-07-05-anc-governments-position-on-ukraine-invasion-unprincipled-inconsistent-with-sa-values%2F">Log in to Reply</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="comment byuser even thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-5786511"> <div id="div-comment-5786511" class="comment-body"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <cite class="fn">Mary Hammond-Tooke</cite> <span class="says">says:</span> </div> <div class="comment-meta commentmetadata"> <a href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-07-05-anc-governments-position-on-ukraine-invasion-unprincipled-inconsistent-with-sa-values/#comment-5786511">6 July 2022 at 22:25</a> </div> <p>It is tragic that after a proud struggle for human rights our democratically elected government should chose to associate with countries such as Russia and China who have no regard for human rights at all – truly betraying us for pieces of silver….</p> <div class="reply"><a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-login" href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/dm-admin/?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymaverick.co.za%2Farticle%2F2022-07-05-anc-governments-position-on-ukraine-invasion-unprincipled-inconsistent-with-sa-values%2F">Log in to Reply</a></div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="hidden-xs col-sm-4 col-md-3 side-bar col-right">  <div class="side-ad text-center hidden-xs" id="advert-article"> <div class="dm_add_wrapper no-border"><div class="ad-control-heading text-center">advertisement</div><div class='dm_add' id='DM-GAM-D-Page-mpu-1' data-unit-sizes="[[300,600],[300,250],[336,280],[250,250],[120,600],[160,600],['fluid']]" data-unit-name='/5624990/South_africa/Articles' data-unit-position='mpu-1' style='' data-refresh='true' data-refresh-time='30' data-refresh-max='3' data-unit-target='desktop' ></div><div class="ad-control-link 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It registers the log-in information.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">cookielawinfo-checkbox-advertisement</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">1 year</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">Set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin, this cookie is used to record the user consent for the cookies in the "Advertisement" category .</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">cookielawinfo-checkbox-analytics</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">11 months</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 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The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">cookielawinfo-checkbox-performance</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">11 months</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance".</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">CookieLawInfoConsent</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">1 year</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">Records the default button state of the corresponding category & the status of CCPA. It works only in coordination with the primary cookie.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">elementor</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">never</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is used by the website's WordPress theme. It allows the website owner to implement or change the website's content in real-time.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">JSESSIONID</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">session</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">Used by sites written in JSP. General purpose platform session cookies that are used to maintain users' state across page requests.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">PHPSESSID</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">session</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is native to PHP applications. The cookie is used to store and identify a users' unique session ID for the purpose of managing user session on the website. The cookie is a session cookies and is deleted when all the browser windows are closed.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">viewed_cookie_policy</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">11 months</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. It does not store any personal data.</td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cli-tab-section"> <div class="cli-tab-header"> <a role="button" tabindex="0" class="cli-nav-link cli-settings-mobile" data-target="functional" data-toggle="cli-toggle-tab"> Functional </a> <div class="cli-switch"> <input type="checkbox" id="wt-cli-checkbox-functional" class="cli-user-preference-checkbox" data-id="checkbox-functional" /> <label for="wt-cli-checkbox-functional" class="cli-slider" data-cli-enable="Enabled" data-cli-disable="Disabled"><span class="wt-cli-sr-only">Functional</span></label> </div> </div> <div class="cli-tab-content"> <div class="cli-tab-pane cli-fade" data-id="functional"> <div class="wt-cli-cookie-description"> Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. <table class="cookielawinfo-row-cat-table cookielawinfo-winter"><thead><tr><th class="cookielawinfo-column-1">Cookie</th><th class="cookielawinfo-column-3">Duration</th><th class="cookielawinfo-column-4">Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">__atuvc</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">1 year 1 month</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by Addthis to make sure you see the updated count if you share a page and return to it before our share count cache is updated.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">__atuvs</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">30 minutes</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by Addthis to make sure you see the updated count if you share a page and return to it before our share count cache is updated.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">__cf_bm</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">30 minutes</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by CloudFlare. The cookie is used to support Cloudflare Bot Management.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">__pvi</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">1 day</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is used for the implementation of the news content from other sites.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">bcookie</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">2 years</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by linkedIn. The purpose of the cookie is to enable LinkedIn functionalities on the page.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">lidc</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">1 day</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by LinkedIn and used for routing.</td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cli-tab-section"> <div class="cli-tab-header"> <a role="button" tabindex="0" class="cli-nav-link cli-settings-mobile" data-target="performance" data-toggle="cli-toggle-tab"> Performance </a> <div class="cli-switch"> <input type="checkbox" id="wt-cli-checkbox-performance" class="cli-user-preference-checkbox" data-id="checkbox-performance" /> <label for="wt-cli-checkbox-performance" class="cli-slider" data-cli-enable="Enabled" data-cli-disable="Disabled"><span class="wt-cli-sr-only">Performance</span></label> </div> </div> <div class="cli-tab-content"> <div class="cli-tab-pane cli-fade" data-id="performance"> <div class="wt-cli-cookie-description"> Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. <table class="cookielawinfo-row-cat-table cookielawinfo-winter"><thead><tr><th class="cookielawinfo-column-1">Cookie</th><th class="cookielawinfo-column-3">Duration</th><th class="cookielawinfo-column-4">Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">d</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">3 months</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie tracks anonymous information on how visitors use the website.</td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cli-tab-section"> <div class="cli-tab-header"> <a role="button" tabindex="0" class="cli-nav-link cli-settings-mobile" data-target="analytics" data-toggle="cli-toggle-tab"> Analytics </a> <div class="cli-switch"> <input type="checkbox" id="wt-cli-checkbox-analytics" class="cli-user-preference-checkbox" data-id="checkbox-analytics" /> <label for="wt-cli-checkbox-analytics" class="cli-slider" data-cli-enable="Enabled" data-cli-disable="Disabled"><span class="wt-cli-sr-only">Analytics</span></label> </div> </div> <div class="cli-tab-content"> <div class="cli-tab-pane cli-fade" data-id="analytics"> <div class="wt-cli-cookie-description"> Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. <table class="cookielawinfo-row-cat-table cookielawinfo-winter"><thead><tr><th class="cookielawinfo-column-1">Cookie</th><th class="cookielawinfo-column-3">Duration</th><th class="cookielawinfo-column-4">Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">__gads</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">1 year 24 days</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by Google and stored under the name dounleclick.com. This cookie is used to track how many times users see a particular advert which helps in measuring the success of the campaign and calculate the revenue generated by the campaign. These cookies can only be read from the domain that it is set on so it will not track any data while browsing through another sites.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">_ga</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">2 years</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. The cookie is used to calculate visitor, session, campaign data and keep track of site usage for the site's analytics report. The cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">_ga_Y7XD5FHQVG</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">2 years</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is installed by Google Analytics.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">_gat_UA-10686674-1</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">1 minute</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This is a pattern type cookie set by Google Analytics, where the pattern element on the name contains the unique identity number of the account or website it relates to. It appears to be a variation of the _gat cookie which is used to limit the amount of data recorded by Google on high traffic volume websites.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">_gid</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">1 day</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. The cookie is used to store information of how visitors use a website and helps in creating an analytics report of how the website is doing. The data collected including the number visitors, the source where they have come from, and the pages visted in an anonymous form.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">ajs_anonymous_id</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">never</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by Segment.io to check the number of ew and returning visitors to the website.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">ajs_user_id</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">never</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">The cookie is set by Segment.io and is used to analyze how you use the website</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">ANON_ID</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">3 months</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is provided by Tribalfusion. The cookie is used to give a unique number to visitors, and collects data on user behaviour like what page have been visited. This cookie also helps to understand which sale has been generated by as a result of the advertisement served by third party.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">jam_heavy_ga_session</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">5 years</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is installed by Google Analytics.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">UserID1</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">3 months</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">The cookie sets a unique anonymous ID for a website visitor. This ID is used to continue to identify users across different sessions and track their activities on the website. The data collected is used for analysis.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">uvc</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">1 year 1 month</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">The cookie is set by addthis.com to determine the usage of Addthis.com service.</td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cli-tab-section"> <div class="cli-tab-header"> <a role="button" tabindex="0" class="cli-nav-link cli-settings-mobile" data-target="advertisement" data-toggle="cli-toggle-tab"> Advertisement </a> <div class="cli-switch"> <input type="checkbox" id="wt-cli-checkbox-advertisement" class="cli-user-preference-checkbox" data-id="checkbox-advertisement" /> <label for="wt-cli-checkbox-advertisement" class="cli-slider" data-cli-enable="Enabled" data-cli-disable="Disabled"><span class="wt-cli-sr-only">Advertisement</span></label> </div> </div> <div class="cli-tab-content"> <div class="cli-tab-pane cli-fade" data-id="advertisement"> <div class="wt-cli-cookie-description"> Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. <table class="cookielawinfo-row-cat-table cookielawinfo-winter"><thead><tr><th class="cookielawinfo-column-1">Cookie</th><th class="cookielawinfo-column-3">Duration</th><th class="cookielawinfo-column-4">Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">__tbc</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">2 years</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is used for measuring the efficiency of advertisement by registering data on visitors from multiple website.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">_cc_aud</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">8 months 26 days</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">The cookie is set by crwdcntrl.net. The purpose of the cookie is to collect statistical information in an anonymous form about the visitors of the website. The data collected include number of visits, average time spent on the website, and the what pages have been loaded. These data are then used to segment audiences based on the geographical location, demographic, and user interest provide relevant content and for advertisers for targeted advertising.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">_cc_cc</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">session</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">The cookie is set by crwdcntrl.net. The purpose of the cookie is to collect statistical information in an anonymous form about the visitors of the website. The data collected include number of visits, average time spent on the website, and the what pages have been loaded. These data are then used to segment audiences based on the geographical location, demographic, and user interest provide relevant content and for advertisers for targeted advertising.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">_cc_dc</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">8 months 26 days</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">The cookie is set by crwdcntrl.net. The purpose of the cookie is to collect statistical information in an anonymous form about the visitors of the website. The data collected include number of visits, average time spent on the website, and the what pages have been loaded. These data are then used to segment audiences based on the geographical location, demographic, and user interest provide relevant content and for advertisers for targeted advertising.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">_cc_id</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">8 months 26 days</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">The cookie is set by crwdcntrl.net. The purpose of the cookie is to collect statistical information in an anonymous form about the visitors of the website. The data collected include number of visits, average time spent on the website, and the what pages have been loaded. These data are then used to segment audiences based on the geographical location, demographic, and user interest provide relevant content and for advertisers for targeted advertising.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">_kuid_</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">5 months 27 days</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">The cookie is set by Krux Digital under the domain krxd.net. The cookie stores a unique ID to identify a returning user for the purpose of targeted advertising.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">_rxuuid</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">1 year</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">The main purpose of this cookie is targeting, advertesing and effective marketing. This cookie is used to set a unique ID to the visitors, which allow third party advertisers to target the visitors with relevant advertisement up to 1 year.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">ANON_ID_old</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">3 months</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie helps to categorise the users interest and to create profiles in terms of resales of targeted marketing. This cookie is used to collect user information such as what pages have been viewed on the website for creating profiles.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">bscookie</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">2 years</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is a browser ID cookie set by Linked share Buttons and ad tags.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">CMID</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">1 year</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">The cookie is set by CasaleMedia. The cookie is used to collect information about the usage behavior for targeted advertising.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">CMPRO</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">3 months</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by Casalemedia and is used for targeted advertisement purposes.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">CMPS</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">3 months</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by Casalemedia and is used for targeted advertisement purposes.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">CMST</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">1 day</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">The cookie is set by CasaleMedia. The cookie is used to collect information about the usage behavior for targeted advertising.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">DSID</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">1 hour</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is setup by doubleclick.net. This cookie is used by Google to make advertising more engaging to users and are stored under doubleclick.net. It contains an encrypted unique ID.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">google_push</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">5 minutes</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by the Bidswitch. This cookie is used to collect statistical data related to the user website visit such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded. This collected information is used to sort out the users based on demographics and geographical locations inorder to serve them with relevant online advertising.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">i</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">1 year</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">The purpose of the cookie is not known yet.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">id</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">3 months</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">The main purpose of this cookie is targeting and advertising. It is used to create a profile of the user's interest and to show relevant ads on their site. This Cookie is set by DoubleClick which is owned by Google.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">IDE</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">1 year 24 days</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">Used by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. This is used to present users with ads that are relevant to them according to the user profile.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">IDSYNC</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">1 year</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is used for advertising purposes.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">KADUSERCOOKIE</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">3 months</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">The cookie is set by pubmatic.com for identifying the visitors' website or device from which they visit PubMatic's partners' website.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">KTPCACOOKIE</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">1 day</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by pubmatic.com for the purpose of checking if third-party cookies are enabled on the user's website.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">ljt_reader</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">1 year</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This is a Lijit Advertising Platform cookie. The cookie is used for recognizing the browser or device when users return to their site or one of their partner's site.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">loc</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">1 year 1 month</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by Addthis. This is a geolocation cookie to understand where the users sharing the information are located.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">mc</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">1 year 1 month</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is associated with Quantserve to track anonymously how a user interact with the website.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">mt_mop</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">1 month</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">Stores information about how the user uses the website such as what pages have been loaded and any other advertisement before visiting the website for the purpose of targeted advertisements.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">personalization_id</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">2 years</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by twitter.com. It is used integrate the sharing features of this social media. It also stores information about how the user uses the website for tracking and targeting.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">suid_legacy</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">1 year</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is used to collect information on user preference and interactioin with the website campaign content. This cookie is used for promoting events and products by the webiste owners on CRM-campaign-platform.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">TDCPM</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">1 year</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">The cookie is set by CloudFlare service to store a unique ID to identify a returning users device which then is used for targeted advertising.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">TDID</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">1 year</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">The cookie is set by CloudFlare service to store a unique ID to identify a returning users device which then is used for targeted advertising.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">test_cookie</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">15 minutes</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. The purpose of the cookie is to determine if the user's browser supports cookies.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">tluid</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">3 months</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by the provider AdRoll.This cookie is used to identify the visitor and to serve them with relevant ads by collecting user behaviour from multiple websites.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">tuuid</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">1 year</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by .bidswitch.net. The cookies stores a unique ID for the purpose of the determining what adverts the users have seen if you have visited any of the advertisers website. The information is used for determining when and how often users will see a certain banner.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">tuuid_lu</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">1 year</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by .bidswitch.net. The cookies stores a unique ID for the purpose of the determining what adverts the users have seen if you have visited any of the advertisers website. The information is used for determining when and how often users will see a certain banner.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">uid</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">5 months 27 days</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is used to measure the number and behavior of the visitors to the website anonymously. The data includes the number of visits, average duration of the visit on the website, pages visited, etc. for the purpose of better understanding user preferences for targeted advertisments.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">uuid</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">1 year 27 days</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">To optimize ad relevance by collecting visitor data from multiple websites such as what pages have been loaded.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">5 months 27 days</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by Youtube. Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">wfivefivec</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">1 year 1 month</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">The domain of this cookie is owned by Dataxu. The main business activity of this cookie is targeting and advertising. 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