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class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.S._companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 U.S. companies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Alphabet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amazon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amazon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Amazon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amazon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Apple </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Meta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microsoft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microsoft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.5 Microsoft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microsoft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nvidia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nvidia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.6 Nvidia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nvidia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tesla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tesla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.7 Tesla </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tesla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_U.S._companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_U.S._companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.8 Other U.S. companies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_U.S._companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asian_companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asian_companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Asian companies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asian_companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Groupings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groupings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Groupings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Groupings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Big_Four" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Big_Four"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Big Four </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Big_Four-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Big_Five" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Big_Five"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Big Five </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Big_Five-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnificent_Seven" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnificent_Seven"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Magnificent Seven </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnificent_Seven-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acronyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acronyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 Acronyms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acronyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Causes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Causes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Innovation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Innovation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Innovation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Innovation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Business strategy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capitalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capitalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Capitalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capitalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Criticism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accusations_of_censorship_and_election_interference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accusations_of_censorship_and_election_interference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Accusations of censorship and election interference </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accusations_of_censorship_and_election_interference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accusations_of_inaction_toward_misinformation_and_disinformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accusations_of_inaction_toward_misinformation_and_disinformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Accusations of inaction toward misinformation and disinformation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accusations_of_inaction_toward_misinformation_and_disinformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Censorship_by_governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Censorship_by_governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Censorship by governments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Censorship_by_governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Environmental impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reuse_of_copyrighted_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reuse_of_copyrighted_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Reuse of copyrighted content </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reuse_of_copyrighted_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antitrust_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antitrust_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Antitrust efforts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Antitrust_efforts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Antitrust efforts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Antitrust_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 European Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Alternatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" > 29 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="عمالقة التكنولوجيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عمالقة التكنولوجيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Tech" title="Big Tech – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Big Tech" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC" title="প্রযুক্তি দানব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রযুক্তি দানব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Tech" title="Big Tech – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Big Tech" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAFAM" title="GAFAM – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="GAFAM" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Tech" title="Big Tech – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Big Tech" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigantes_tecnol%C3%B3gicos" title="Gigantes tecnológicos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gigantes tecnológicos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigantoj_de_Tekniko" title="Gigantoj de Tekniko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gigantoj de Tekniko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAFAM" title="GAFAM – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="GAFAM" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%AF_%D8%AA%DA%A9" title="بیگ تک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیگ تک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAFAM" title="GAFAM – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="GAFAM" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%85%ED%85%8C%ED%81%AC" title="빅테크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빅테크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAFAM" title="GAFAM – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="GAFAM" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%92_%D7%98%D7%A7" title="ביג טק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביג טק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetgiganten" title="Internetgiganten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Internetgiganten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%83%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%86%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="ビッグ・テック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビッグ・テック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katta_Beshlik" title="Katta Beshlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Katta Beshlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAFAM" title="GAFAM – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="GAFAM" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAFAM" title="GAFAM – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="GAFAM" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Five" title="Big Five – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Big Five" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAFAM" title="GAFAM – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="GAFAM" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAANG" title="FAANG – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="FAANG" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%AF_%D8%AA%DB%8E%DA%A9" title="بیگ تێک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بیگ تێک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknologiaj%C3%A4tit" title="Teknologiajätit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Teknologiajätit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAFAM" title="GAFAM – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="GAFAM" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAFAM" title="GAFAM – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="GAFAM" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Tech" title="Big Tech – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Big Tech" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Tech" title="Big Tech – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Big Tech" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E5%B7%A8%E6%93%98" title="科技巨擘 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="科技巨擘" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3122864#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Largest IT companies</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AAAMM_Big_Tech.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/AAAMM_Big_Tech.svg/220px-AAAMM_Big_Tech.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/AAAMM_Big_Tech.svg/330px-AAAMM_Big_Tech.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/AAAMM_Big_Tech.svg/440px-AAAMM_Big_Tech.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2591" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>Brand logos of the Big Five tech companies</figcaption></figure> Big Tech, also known as the Tech Giants or Tech Titans,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> is a grouping of the largest <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">IT</a> companies in the world. The concept of Big Tech is similar to the grouping of <a href="/wiki/Dominance_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominance (economics)">dominant</a> companies in other <a href="/wiki/Economic_sector" title="Economic sector">sectors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-slate_origins-2">[2]</a> It typically refers to the Big Five United States tech companies: <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_Inc." title="Alphabet Inc.">Alphabet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>;<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> or the Magnificent Seven, which includes <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Big Tech can also include Chinese companies such as <a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alibaba_Group" title="Alibaba Group">Alibaba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tencent" title="Tencent">Tencent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xiaomi" title="Xiaomi">Xiaomi</a> (<a href="/wiki/BATX" title="BATX">BATX</a>). <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> In the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> dominated the IT industry.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">dot-com bubble</a> wiped out most of the <a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Composite" title="Nasdaq Composite">Nasdaq Composite</a> <a href="/wiki/Stock_market_index" title="Stock market index">stock market index</a>, surviving tech <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">startups</a> expanded their <a href="/wiki/Market_share" title="Market share">market share</a> and became dominant in their markets. The term Big Tech began to appear around 2013, when some economists speculated that a lack of regulation could lead to concentrated <a href="/wiki/Market_power" title="Market power">market power</a>. The term Big Tech became popular following the investigation into <a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections</a>, because access to a <a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">large amount of data</a> allowed tech companies to influence their users.<a href="#cite_note-brookings-9">[9]</a> The concept of Big Tech is similar to how the largest oil companies were called <a href="/wiki/Big_Oil" title="Big Oil">Big Oil</a> following the <a href="/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis" title="1970s energy crisis">1970s energy crisis</a>, and the largest cigarette producers were called <a href="/wiki/Big_Tobacco" title="Big Tobacco">Big Tobacco</a>, as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> sought to regulate those industries.<a href="#cite_note-slate_origins-2">[2]</a> It is also similar to how, at the turn of the 21st century, the <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_media" title="Mainstream media">mainstream media</a> became dominated by a small number of corporations called <a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Big Media</a> or the Media Giants.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Big_Tech_companies">Big Tech companies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Big Tech companies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._companies">U.S. companies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: U.S. companies">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10_Largest_Corporations_by_Market_Capitalization.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/10_Largest_Corporations_by_Market_Capitalization.png/400px-10_Largest_Corporations_by_Market_Capitalization.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/10_Largest_Corporations_by_Market_Capitalization.png/600px-10_Largest_Corporations_by_Market_Capitalization.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/10_Largest_Corporations_by_Market_Capitalization.png/800px-10_Largest_Corporations_by_Market_Capitalization.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>The largest corporations in the United States by market capitalization</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Alphabet">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_Inc." title="Alphabet Inc.">Alphabet</a> is the parent company of <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>. As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit">[update]</a>, Google is the leader in <a href="/wiki/Online_advertising" title="Online advertising">online advertising</a> (<a href="/wiki/Google_Ads" title="Google Ads">Google Ads</a>), <a href="/wiki/Online_search" title="Online search">online search</a> (<a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a>), <a href="/wiki/Video_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Video sharing">video sharing</a> (<a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>), email (<a href="/wiki/Gmail" title="Gmail">Gmail</a>), <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a>), <a href="/wiki/Web_mapping" title="Web mapping">web mapping</a> (<a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waze" title="Waze">Waze</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">mobile operating systems</a> (<a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Cloud_storage" title="Cloud storage">cloud storage</a> (<a href="/wiki/Google_Drive" title="Google Drive">Google Drive</a>). <a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform" title="Google Cloud Platform">Google Cloud Platform</a> is the third most popular <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a> platform after <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Amazon Web Services</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Microsoft Azure</a>. Google and Meta have been called a <a href="/wiki/Digital_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital advertising">digital advertising</a> <a href="/wiki/Duopoly" title="Duopoly">duopoly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Google earns 82% of its revenue and most of its profit from advertising.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In addition to its Google products, Alphabet is a global leader in <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">quantum computing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">self-driving cars</a>. In 2019, Google claimed its <a href="/wiki/Sycamore_processor" title="Sycamore processor">Sycamore processor</a> had achieved <a href="/wiki/Quantum_supremacy" title="Quantum supremacy">quantum supremacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In 2021, Alphabet's subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Waymo" title="Waymo">Waymo</a> was the first company to offer public <a href="/wiki/Robotaxi" title="Robotaxi">robotaxi</a> service.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Alphabet reached $1 trillion in market capitalization for the first time in January 2020.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amazon">Amazon</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Amazon">edit</a>]</div> With <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Alexa" title="Amazon Alexa">Amazon Alexa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Echo" title="Amazon Echo">Amazon Echo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> is the leader in the area of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">personal digital assistants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smart_speaker" title="Smart speaker">smart speakers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amazon_Echo" title="Amazon Echo">Amazon Echo</a>) with 69% market share followed by Google (<a href="/wiki/Google_Nest_(smart_speakers)" title="Google Nest (smart speakers)">Google Nest</a>) at 25% market share. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Amazon Web Services</a> made up 59% of Amazon's profit in 2020,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> and more than half of the company's profit every year since 2014.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Elastic_Compute_Cloud" title="Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud">Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud</a> (EC2) was released in 2006, Google developed <a href="/wiki/Google_App_Engine" title="Google App Engine">Google App Engine</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform" title="Google Cloud Platform">Google Cloud Platform</a>) and Microsoft developed Windows Azure (now <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Microsoft Azure</a>).<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> After crossing $1 trillion during trading hours once in September 2018 and again in January 2020,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Amazon closed above $1 trillion for the first time in April 2020.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In November 2022, Amazon fell below $1 trillion for the first time since 2020,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> part of a 51% decline from $1.7 trillion at the beginning of 2022 to $834 billion at the end of the year.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> By May 2023, Amazon stock was again worth more than $1 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-CNBC_5-25-2023-25">[25]</a> In June 2024, Amazon crossed $2 trillion in market capitalization.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apple">Apple</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Apple">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> sells <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">consumer electronics</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smartwatch" title="Smartwatch">smartwatches</a>. Apple shares a <a href="/wiki/Duopoly" title="Duopoly">duopoly</a> with Google in <a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">mobile operating systems</a>, with Apple's <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> controlling 27% market share and Google's <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> controlling 72%.<a href="#cite_note-big5-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In August 2018, Apple became the first publicly traded U.S. company in history to reach a market capitalization of $1 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In August 2020, Apple became the first publicly traded U.S. company in history to reach a market capitalization of $2 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In January 2022, Apple became the first publicly traded U.S. company in history to reach a market capitalization of $3 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In January 2023, Apple fell below $2 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Apple closed above $3 trillion for the first time in June 2023 and closed above $3 trillion again in December 2023.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Meta">Meta</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Meta">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta Platforms</a> (formerly Facebook)<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> owns the Facebook <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social networking service</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> <a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">image sharing</a> service, and the <a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a> <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a> service. Facebook also acquired <a href="/wiki/Reality_Labs" title="Reality Labs">Oculus</a> in 2014, entering the <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> market.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> After closing above $1 trillion for the first time in June 2021 as Facebook,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Meta Platforms finished 2021 below $1 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-CNBC_12-27-2021-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In February 2022, Meta Platforms fell to less than $600 billion (setting a record for the largest one-day drop in U.S. stock market history),<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> and was no longer within the top 20 most valuable U.S. companies after falling to $270 billion in October 2022.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In January 2024, Meta crossed $1 trillion during trading hours.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Microsoft">Microsoft</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Microsoft">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> controls the majority of market share in <a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">desktop</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> (<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>),<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Productivity_software" title="Productivity software">productivity software</a> (<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office" title="Microsoft Office">Microsoft Office</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_365" title="Microsoft 365">Microsoft 365</a>),<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Business_communication" title="Business communication">business communication</a> software (<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Teams" title="Microsoft Teams">Microsoft Teams</a>).<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Microsoft owns the second biggest <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a> platform (<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Microsoft Azure</a>)<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> after <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Amazon Web Services</a>. Microsoft is also one of the biggest companies in the video game industry (<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Gaming" title="Microsoft Gaming">Microsoft Gaming</a>). In April 2019, Microsoft reached $1 trillion in market capitalization for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In June 2021, Microsoft crossed $2 trillion for the first time,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> and in October 2021 briefly surpassed Apple as the most valuable company in the world before finishing the year second to Apple at $2.5 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-microsoft-most-valuable-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNBC_12-27-2021-39">[39]</a> After its stock fell during most of 2022,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Microsoft finished the year below $2 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> By May 2023, Microsoft stock was again worth more than $2 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-CNBC_5-25-2023-25">[25]</a> In January 2024, Microsoft briefly surpassed Apple as the most valuable U.S. company,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> and crossed $3 trillion during trading hours.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nvidia">Nvidia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nvidia">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Software_company" title="Software company">software</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fabless_manufacturing" title="Fabless manufacturing">fabless</a> company which designs and supplies <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">graphics processing units</a> (GPUs), <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">application programming interfaces</a> (APIs) for <a href="/wiki/Data_science" title="Data science">data science</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-performance_computing" title="High-performance computing">high-performance computing</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">system on a chip</a> units (SoCs) for the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">mobile computing</a> and automotive market. Nvidia is also a <a href="/wiki/Dominance_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominance (economics)">dominant</a> supplier of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> (AI) hardware and software.<a href="#cite_note-Datamation-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-VB-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In the early 2020s, Nvidia became the leading producer of AI chips.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In May 2023, Nvidia crossed $1 trillion in market capitalization during trading hours,<a href="#cite_note-CNBC_5-30-2023-64">[64]</a> and was worth $1.2 trillion by November 2023.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In February 2024, Nvidia rose above $1.83 trillion in market capitalization, surpassing Amazon and Alphabet to become the third most valuable U.S. company after Apple and Microsoft,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> and later crossed $2 trillion during trading hours.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In June 2024, Nvidia crossed $3 trillion in market capitalization and surpassed Apple as the second most valuable U.S. company,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> and subsequently surpassed Microsoft in the same month to become the most valuable U.S. company.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In the week after surpassing Microsoft, Nvidia lost $540 billion in market capitalization.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> On September 3, 2024, Nvidia's stock price fell 10%, wiping out $300 billion in market capitalization.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In October 2024, Nvidia's market capitalization surpassed $3.4 trillion and was the second most valuable publicly-traded U.S. company after Apple.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In November 2024, Nvidia surpassed Apple in market capitalization to become the most valuable publicly-traded U.S. company.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tesla">Tesla</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tesla">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla</a>'s classification as a tech company has been debated. In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a> included Tesla in Big Tech, and <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> argued that Tesla vehicles are comparable to <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a> argued that Tesla should be classified as an <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">automaker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Barron%27s_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barron's (newspaper)">Barron's</a> argued that Tesla is a tech company, but not a good one due to differences in the <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">IT</a> and automotive markets.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> raised concerns about the <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932023_global_chip_shortage" title="2020–2023 global chip shortage">semiconductor shortage</a>, and the price of <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_battery" title="Electric vehicle battery">electric vehicle batteries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In October 2021, Tesla crossed $1 trillion in market capitalization.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2022_stock_market_decline" title="2022 stock market decline">2022 stock market decline</a>, Tesla stock fell 73% from $1.3 trillion in November 2021 to $495 billion at the end of 2022, including a 40% drop in December 2022 alone.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In response to the stock price declining over twice as much as the <a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Composite" title="Nasdaq Composite">Nasdaq Composite</a> index, Tesla CEO Elon Musk advised employees not to be bothered by the "stock market craziness".<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In November 2024, Tesla recrossed $1 trillion in market capitalization.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_U.S._companies">Other U.S. companies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other U.S. companies">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible floatright"> <caption>Smaller U.S. Big Tech companies<a href="#cite_note-90">[a]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Company </th> <th>Revenue (<a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">USD</a>)<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> </th> <th>Profit (USD) </th> <th>Subsidiaries </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> </td> <td>60 billion </td> <td>2 billion </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla</a> </td> <td>81 billion </td> <td>12 billion </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a> </td> <td>50 billion </td> <td>8 billion </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cerner" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerner">Cerner</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> </td> <td>31 billion </td> <td>5 billion </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a> </td> <td>27 billion </td> <td>4 billion </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salesforce" title="Salesforce">Salesforce</a> </td> <td>31 billion </td> <td>0.2 billion </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tableau_Software" title="Tableau Software">Tableau</a> <a href="/wiki/Slack_Technologies" title="Slack Technologies">Slack</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Inc." title="Adobe Inc.">Adobe</a> </td> <td>17 billion </td> <td>5 billion </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr></tbody></table> Smaller companies like <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Inc." title="Adobe Inc.">Adobe</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netflix,_Inc." title="Netflix, Inc.">Netflix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salesforce" title="Salesforce">Salesforce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snap_Inc." title="Snap Inc.">Snap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uber" title="Uber">Uber</a>, and <a href="/wiki/X_Corp." title="X Corp.">X</a> are sometimes referred to as Big Tech due to their popular influence.<a href="#cite_note-Levine-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asian_companies">Asian companies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Asian companies">edit</a>]</div> Two Chinese tech companies, <a href="/wiki/Alibaba_Group" title="Alibaba Group">Alibaba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tencent" title="Tencent">Tencent</a>, were among the top ten most valuable public companies worldwide at the end of the 2010s. Smyrnaios argued in 2016 that the Asian tech giants <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>, Alibaba, <a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a>, and Tencent could be included in the definition of Big Tech.<a href="#cite_note-Smyrnaios_GAFAM-94">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a> developer <a href="/wiki/ByteDance" title="ByteDance">ByteDance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">drone</a> manufacturer <a href="/wiki/DJI" title="DJI">DJI</a> have also been called Big Tech.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Groupings">Groupings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Groupings">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Big_Four">Big Four</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Big Four">edit</a>]</div> In the early 2010s, <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_Inc." title="Alphabet Inc.">Alphabet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta</a> were commonly referred to as the Big Four. They were also referred to as The Four, the Gang of Four, and the <a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-gang4_schmidt-99">[98]</a> They were known as GAFA before Facebook changed its name to Meta in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-accenture_banking-100">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmidt" title="Eric Schmidt">Eric Schmidt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phil_Simon" title="Phil Simon">Phil Simon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scott_Galloway_(professor)" title="Scott Galloway (professor)">Scott Galloway</a> grouped the Big Four together based on their ability to create <a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">social change</a>. They serve billions of users,<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> and are able to influence user behavior and control large amounts of user data.<a href="#cite_note-brookings-9">[9]</a> As such, they have been criticized for creating a new economic order called <a href="/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism" title="Surveillance capitalism">surveillance capitalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> According to Simon and Galloway, this distinguishes them from other Big Tech companies such as <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Simon_redefined-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-hidden_DNA-104">[103]</a> In 2011, Google executive chair Eric Schmidt excluded Microsoft from the group, stating, "Microsoft is not driving the consumer revolution in the minds of the consumers."<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> In the late 2010s, the term Big Four lost favor as Microsoft changed its business strategy and increased its market value, leading to its widespread inclusion among the other four and leading to the Big Five designation.<a href="#cite_note-Financial_Times_article_on_MAGA-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnbc_mamaa-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-microsoft-most-valuable-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Big_Five">Big Five</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Big Five">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible floatright"> <caption>Big Five tech companies<a href="#cite_note-109">[b]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Company </th> <th>Revenue (<a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">USD</a>)<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> </th> <th>Profit (USD) </th> <th>Subsidiaries </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_Inc." title="Alphabet Inc.">Alphabet</a> </td> <td>$283 billion </td> <td>$60 billion </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> <a href="/wiki/GV_(company)" title="GV (company)">GV</a> <a href="/wiki/Waymo" title="Waymo">Waymo</a> <a href="/wiki/X_Development" title="X Development">X</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> </td> <td>$514 billion </td> <td>$-3 billion </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Audible_(service)" title="Audible (service)">Audible</a> <a href="/wiki/Twitch_(service)" title="Twitch (service)">Twitch</a> <a href="/wiki/Whole_Foods_Market" title="Whole Foods Market">Whole Foods</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> </td> <td>$394 billion </td> <td>$99 billion </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beats_Electronics" title="Beats Electronics">Beats</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta</a> </td> <td>$116 billion </td> <td>$23 billion </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> <a href="/wiki/Reality_Labs" title="Reality Labs">Reality Labs</a> <a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> </td> <td>$212 billion </td> <td>$73 billion </td> <td><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> <a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a> <a href="/wiki/Skype_Technologies" title="Skype Technologies">Skype</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, Meta, and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> are known as the Big Five tech companies.<a href="#cite_note-Financial_Times_article_on_MAGA-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNBC_article_on_MAGA-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Korean_website_MAGA_article-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> They were known as GAFAM before Facebook changed its name to Meta in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-accenture_banking-100">[99]</a> They are among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_public_corporations_by_market_capitalization" title="List of public corporations by market capitalization">most valuable public companies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FXSSI_most_valuable_companies_globally,_Jan_2020-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> In 2020, the Big Five ranked as the second through sixth most valuable public companies in the world, behind <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco">Saudi Aramco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FXSSI_most_valuable_companies_globally,_Jan_2020-115">[113]</a> In August 2020, the Big Five accounted for nearly a quarter of the <a href="/wiki/S%26P_500" title="S&P 500">S&P 500</a>. In March 2023, Apple and Microsoft accounted for 13 percent of the S&P 500.<a href="#cite_note-Wall_Street_Journal_3-22-2023-117">[115]</a> The Big Five are among the most prestigious employers in the world.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> In the 21st century the Big Five tech companies surpassed the <a href="/wiki/Market_capitalization" title="Market capitalization">market capitalization</a> of the historically dominant <a href="/wiki/Big_Oil" title="Big Oil">Big Oil</a> companies <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a>, <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a>. In 2019, Jason Whittaker stated that they also outpaced <a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Big Media</a> companies such as <a href="/wiki/Comcast" title="Comcast">Comcast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Discovery" title="Warner Bros. Discovery">Warner Bros. Discovery</a> by a factor of 10.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> In 2017, the Big Five had a combined value of over $3.3 trillion, and made up almost half of the <a href="/wiki/Nasdaq-100" title="Nasdaq-100">Nasdaq-100</a>.<a href="#cite_note-big5-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Magnificent_Seven">Magnificent Seven</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Magnificent Seven">edit</a>]</div> A larger group called the Magnificent Seven adds <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla</a> to the Big Five based on their contributions to the S&P 500 since 2022. In 2023, the Magnificent Seven were responsible for almost two-thirds of the S&P 500's 24% increase.<a href="#cite_note-:1-122">[120]</a> The group had a 107% <a href="/wiki/Return_on_investment" title="Return on investment">return on investment</a>, which analysts credited to the <a href="/wiki/AI_boom" title="AI boom">AI boom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_funds_rate" title="Federal funds rate">rate cut</a> expectations.<a href="#cite_note-CNBC_2-19-2024-123">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> In January 2024, the group accounted for 29% of the S&P 500's market capitalization.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> In February 2024, as the Magnificent Seven approached an unprecedented combined valuation of $13 trillion,<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank</a> noted that the Magnificent Seven would constitute the second largest <a href="/wiki/Stock_market" title="Stock market">stock market</a> in the world as their combined <a href="/wiki/Market_capitalization" title="Market capitalization">market capitalization</a> exceeded the combined value of every public company in every <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a> country except China, Japan, and the United States as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-CNBC_2-19-2024-123">[121]</a> At the end of the second quarter of 2024, <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Stanley" title="Morgan Stanley">Morgan Stanley</a> estimated that the Magnificent Seven accounted for 31% of the market capitalization of the S&P 500.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> Some analysts expressed concern that extreme concentration could cause a <a href="/wiki/Stock_market_crash" title="Stock market crash">stock market crash</a> similar to the <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">dot-com bubble</a> or even the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNBC_2-19-2024-123">[121]</a> Others believe the Magnificent Seven can continue to outperform other stocks as capital flows into <a href="/wiki/Index_fund" title="Index fund">index funds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-122">[120]</a> On August 5, 2024, the Magnificent Seven companies lost a combined $1 trillion in market capitalization at the start of trading hours.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acronyms">Acronyms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Acronyms">edit</a>]</div> Acronyms such as FANG, FAANG, GAFA, GAFAM, MAMAA, GAMMA, and others have been used to refer to Big Tech companies.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_Inc." title="Alphabet Inc.">Alphabet</a>, the parent company of Google, may be represented by G in these acronyms, and <a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta</a>, the rebranding of Facebook, may be represented by F.<a href="#cite_note-cnbc_mamaa-108">[107]</a> The acronym FANG was coined in 2013 by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Cramer" title="Jim Cramer">Jim Cramer</a>, the television host of <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mad_Money" title="Mad Money">Mad Money</a>, to refer to Facebook, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>, and Google. Cramer called these companies "totally dominant in their markets".<a href="#cite_note-cnbc_cramer_2013-130">[128]</a> Cramer stated that the four companies were poised to "take a bite out of" the <a href="/wiki/Bear_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear market">bear market</a>, giving a double meaning to the acronym, according to Cramer's colleague at RealMoney.com, Bob Lang.<a href="#cite_note-cnbc_cramer_2013-130">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-fool-132">[130]</a> Cramer expanded FANG to FAANG in 2017, adding <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> to the list because its revenue made it a potential <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 50</a> company.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> Following Facebook's name change to Meta Platforms in October 2021, as well as the 2015 creation of Google <a href="/wiki/Holding_company" title="Holding company">holding company</a> Alphabet, Cramer suggested replacing FAANG with MAMAA, replacing Netflix with <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> because Netflix's valuation had fallen behind the other companies. With Microsoft, these companies were each valued at over $900 billion compared to Netflix's $310 billion.<a href="#cite_note-cnbc_mamaa-108">[107]</a> In November 2021, <a href="/wiki/The_Motley_Fool" title="The Motley Fool">The Motley Fool</a> suggested MANAMANA (a reference to the 1968 song "<a href="/wiki/Mah_N%C3%A0_Mah_N%C3%A0" title="Mah Nà Mah Nà">Mah Nà Mah Nà</a>") as an acronym that stands for Microsoft, Apple, Netflix, Alphabet, Meta, Amazon, <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Inc." title="Adobe Inc.">Adobe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> At the international level Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent and <a href="/wiki/Xiaomi" title="Xiaomi">Xiaomi</a>, referred to as <a href="/wiki/BATX" title="BATX">BATX</a>, are often seen as Chinese competitors to Big Tech. <a href="/wiki/Futurist" title="Futurist">Futurist</a> Amy Webb has called the combination of the Big Five, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, Alibaba, Baidu, and Tencent "G-MAFIA BAT".<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Causes">edit</a>]</div> Nikos Smyrnaios argued in 2016 that four phenomena allowed Big Tech to emerge: <a href="/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">technological convergence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Financialization" title="Financialization">financialization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smyrnaios_GAFAM-94">[93]</a> He argued that people like <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Negroponte" title="Nicholas Negroponte">Nicholas Negroponte</a> promoted technological convergence and made an Internet oligopoly appear desirable. The complexity of <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">IT</a> made <a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">competition law</a> ineffective, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Industry_self-regulation" title="Industry self-regulation">industry self-regulation</a>. Globalization allowed Big Tech companies to minimize their tax burden and <a href="/wiki/Offshoring" title="Offshoring">pay foreign workers lower wages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smyrnaios_GAFAM-94">[93]</a> Without regulation, Big Tech earned big profits: in 2014, Google, Apple, and Facebook earned over 20 percent profit margins.<a href="#cite_note-Smyrnaios_GAFAM-94">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Innovation">Innovation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Innovation">edit</a>]</div> Critics have alleged that <a href="/wiki/Section_230" title="Section 230">Section 230</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act" title="Communications Decency Act">Communications Decency Act</a> allowed Big Tech to evade responsibility for <a href="/wiki/User-generated_content" title="User-generated content">user-generated content</a>. It states, "No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider." Section 230 has been called "the twenty-six words that created the Internet".<a href="#cite_note-zdnet_book-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> Without the legal requirement for <a href="/wiki/Content_moderation" title="Content moderation">content moderation</a>, online services could innovate freely and achieved rapid growth in the early days of the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Madrigal" title="Alexis Madrigal">Alexis Madrigal</a>, the innovation that initially characterized <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a> has been replaced by a strategy of growth through acquisitions.<a href="#cite_note-madrigal-139">[137]</a> For example, Apple started in 1976 as an engineering-focused <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">startup company</a>, and quickly claimed market share from less innovative competitors like <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-madrigal-139">[137]</a> The tech giants made timely investments in personal computers, websites, <a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">e-commerce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile devices</a>, social media, and <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a>, and rank highly on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_by_research_and_development_spending" title="List of companies by research and development spending">list of companies by research and development spending</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> However, large companies tend to focus on <a href="/wiki/Operational_efficiency" title="Operational efficiency">operational efficiency</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/New_product_development" title="New product development">new product development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-madrigal-139">[137]</a> Legal scholar <a href="/wiki/Tim_Wu" title="Tim Wu">Tim Wu</a> speculated that Big Tech acquisitions could create "kill zones" that stifle competition by taking potential competitors out of the marketplace. For example, Facebook's acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> prevented Instagram from becoming an independent platform similar to Facebook.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> On the other hand, Wu stated that Microsoft's concentration of market power created a platform for new kinds of innovation.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Information_Technology_and_Innovation_Foundation" title="Information Technology and Innovation Foundation">Information Technology and Innovation Foundation</a>, "Virtually all so-called killer acquisitions represent the technologies and capabilities the companies view as critical to their competitiveness. If they purchase a company innovating within this zone, they are far more likely to develop its innovation than to bury it. In doing so, they often make the technology available faster and to more people than would otherwise be possible. If companies are prevented from making acquisitions, they are more likely to copy the products or develop alternative innovations than they are to ignore them. Assuming incumbents don't violate intellectual property laws, this type of competition is both legal and socially beneficial."<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> Competition between <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud platforms</a> including <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Amazon Web Services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Microsoft Azure</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform" title="Google Cloud Platform">Google Cloud Platform</a> contributed to <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a> infrastructure including <a href="/wiki/LLVM" title="LLVM">LLVM</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>. The "cloud wars" also caused Big Tech companies to invest in <a href="/wiki/Data_center" title="Data center">data centers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">undersea cables</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Operating_expense" title="Operating expense">operational efficiency</a> of Big Tech <a href="/wiki/Solution_stack" title="Solution stack">technology stacks</a> means startup companies typically must use Big Tech infrastructure instead of building their own.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_strategy">Business strategy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Business strategy">edit</a>]</div> Nikos Smyrnaios argued in 2016 that Big Tech companies concentrate power by <a href="/wiki/Vertical_integration" title="Vertical integration">vertically integrating</a> <a href="/wiki/Data_center" title="Data center">data centers</a>, Internet connectivity, computer hardware (including smartphones), <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">applications</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Web browsers</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Online_service_provider" title="Online service provider">online services</a>. He also argued that they concentrate power by <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_integration" title="Horizontal integration">horizontally integrating</a> different services such as email, <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">online searching</a>, downloading, and <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a> across <a href="/wiki/Platform_economy" title="Platform economy">platforms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smyrnaios_GAFAM-94">[93]</a> For example, Google and Microsoft pay for their search engines to be included with Apple's <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> According to The Economist, "<a href="/wiki/Network_effect" title="Network effect">Network</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">scale</a> effects mean that size begets size, while <a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">data</a> can act as a barrier to entry."<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capitalism">Capitalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Capitalism">edit</a>]</div> The 2020 American <a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">docudrama</a> film <a href="/wiki/The_Social_Dilemma" title="The Social Dilemma">The Social Dilemma</a> argues that <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> is the root cause of Big Tech's harmful practices.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>, both left-wing and right-wing politicians have criticized Big Tech.<a href="#cite_note-:5-150">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressives</a> have alleged "runaway profit-taking and concentration of wealth", and <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatives</a> have alleged "liberal bias".<a href="#cite_note-:5-150">[148]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, "The left generally argues that companies like Facebook and Twitter aren't doing enough to root out misinformation, extremism and hate on their platforms, while the right insists that tech companies are going so overboard in their content decisions that they're suppressing conservative political views."<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarians</a> oppose government regulation of Big Tech due to their support for <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> economics.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scott_Galloway_(professor)" title="Scott Galloway (professor)">Scott Galloway</a> said Big Tech companies "avoid taxes, invade privacy, and destroy jobs".<a href="#cite_note-cnbc_avoid_taxes-153">[151]</a> Nikos Smyrnaios described Big Tech as an oligopoly that dominates the information technology market through <a href="/wiki/Anti-competitive_practices" title="Anti-competitive practices">anti-competitive practices</a>, ever-increasing economic power, and intellectual property.<a href="#cite_note-Smyrnaios_GAFAM-94">[93]</a> Smyrnaios argued that the current situation is the result of <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>, and the failure of politicians to understand and respond to developments in technology. Smyrnaios recommended developing academic analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> of the Internet to understand the methods of domination and to criticize these methods to encourage opposition to that domination.<a href="#cite_note-Smyrnaios_GAFAM-94">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accusations_of_censorship_and_election_interference">Accusations of censorship and election interference</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Accusations of censorship and election interference">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Social_media_censorship_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social media censorship controversy">Social media censorship controversy</a></div> The practice of banning <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a> has received criticism from <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> In July 2020, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Judiciary_Subcommittee_on_Antitrust,_Commercial_and_Administrative_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial and Administrative Law">United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial and Administrative Law</a> interviewed the CEOs of <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_Inc." title="Alphabet Inc.">Alphabet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Facebook</a>. During the hearings, some members of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> alleged bias against conservatives on social media.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Matt_Gaetz" title="Matt Gaetz">Matt Gaetz</a> protested Amazon's ban on donations to <a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">hate groups</a>, stating that <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> should "divorce from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">SPLC</a>".<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> On November 5, 2020, President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> alleged "historic election interference from big money, big media, and big tech". Conservative newspaper <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a> criticized Trump's claims as lacking evidence.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> During Trump's speech that incited the <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 United States Capitol attack</a>, he accused Big Tech of <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">rigging</a> the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 election</a> and promised to "get rid of" <a href="/wiki/Section_230" title="Section 230">Section 230</a>. According to Trump, "They rigged it like they have never rigged an election before, and by the way, last night, they didn't do a bad job either."<a href="#cite_note-trump_told-158">[156]</a> After Trump's Twitter account was suspended, <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">German Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a>'s chief spokesman <a href="/wiki/Steffen_Seibert" title="Steffen Seibert">Steffen Seibert</a> noted that Merkel found Twitter's halt of Trump's account "problematic", adding that legislators, not private companies, should decide on any necessary curbs to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">free expression</a> if <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a> <a href="/wiki/Incitement" title="Incitement">incites</a> violence.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> According to a February 2021 report by <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> researchers, conservative claims of social media censorship could be considered <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a> because the deleted statements were <a href="/wiki/False_statement" title="False statement">false</a>. The report also recommended that social media platforms should increase their <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(behavior)" title="Transparency (behavior)">transparency</a> to push back against claims of censorship.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> Conservatives argued that Facebook and Twitter limiting the spread of the <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Biden_laptop_controversy" title="Hunter Biden laptop controversy">Hunter Biden laptop controversy</a> "proves Big Tech's bias".<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> In some cases, Big Tech platforms reversed actions perceived as censorship. The YouTube channel <a href="/wiki/Right_Wing_Watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Right Wing Watch">Right Wing Watch</a> was banned for showing far-right content to expose extreme views, but the channel was restored after viewer backlash.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> stated that excessive content removal, especially on Facebook, meant losing <a href="/wiki/Evidence" title="Evidence">evidence</a> of human rights <a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">abuses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-166">[164]</a> Facebook has also been accused of censoring left-wing opinions. Facebook removed ads by <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> senator <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a>, who advocated breaking up Facebook. Warren accused the company of having the "ability to shut down a debate" and called for "a social media marketplace that isn't dominated by a single censor".<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accusations_of_inaction_toward_misinformation_and_disinformation">Accusations of inaction toward misinformation and disinformation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Accusations of inaction toward misinformation and disinformation">edit</a>]</div> Following <a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections</a>, Facebook was criticized for failing to curb <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Facebook%E2%80%93Cambridge_Analytica_data_scandal" title="Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal">Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal</a>, Facebook users were targeted for political propaganda based on their online activity, which Facebook <a href="/wiki/Computer_and_network_surveillance" title="Computer and network surveillance">monitored</a> and shared without <a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">consent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> In 2019, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence">Senate Intelligence Committee</a> report criticized Facebook and Twitter for failing to stop the spread of <a href="/wiki/Misinformation" title="Misinformation">misinformation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> In response to criticism of their handling of misinformation and disinformation during the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 election</a>, Big Tech companies cracked down on <a href="/wiki/Sock_puppet_account" title="Sock puppet account">fake accounts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Troll_(slang)" title="Troll (slang)">trolling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roose-NYT-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, Big Tech was criticized for allowing <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">Representatives</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Pallone" title="Frank Pallone">Frank Pallone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Doyle_(American_politician)" title="Mike Doyle (American politician)">Mike Doyle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Schakowsky" title="Jan Schakowsky">Jan Schakowsky</a>, "Industry self-regulation has failed. We must begin the work of changing incentives driving social media companies to allow and even promote misinformation and disinformation."<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> criticized Facebook for allowing <a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism" title="Anti-vaccine activism">anti-vaccine activism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Imran_Ahmed_(strategist)" title="Imran Ahmed (strategist)">Imran Ahmed</a>, CEO of the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Countering_Digital_Hate" title="Center for Countering Digital Hate">Center for Countering Digital Hate</a>, said, "While they fail to take action, lives are being lost."<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> In response to the criticism, Big Tech companies deleted numerous social media accounts and banned health-related <a href="/wiki/False_advertising" title="False advertising">false advertising</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> has criticized Big Tech, primarily Facebook, for allowing misinformation to spread in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-166">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Censorship_by_governments">Censorship by governments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Censorship by governments">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_social_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of social media">Censorship of social media</a></div> Big Tech companies have faced political censorship. China <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">banned</a> Google in 2010 because Google refused to censor search results critical of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-technology-europe-181">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-182">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta</a> and <a href="/wiki/X_Corp." title="X Corp.">X</a> have been banned in China since 2009.<a href="#cite_note-:2-182">[180]</a> In India, Facebook and Twitter were accused of censorship during the <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Indian_farmers%27_protest" title="2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest">2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a> stated that Facebook only restricted content criticizing the Indian government, even if government supporters posted <a href="/wiki/False_statement" title="False statement">false statements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Navalny" title="Alexei Navalny">Alexei Navalny</a> criticized <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> and Google for complying with a Russian government order to ban the <a href="/wiki/Smart_Voting" title="Smart Voting">Smart Voting</a> app.<a href="#cite_note-technology-europe-181">[179]</a> On February 24, 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> began. In March 2022, Russia blocked Facebook and Twitter because of "disinformation" and "fake news".<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> On March 21, 2022, Russia recognized Meta as an "extremist organization", making Meta the first public company recognized as <a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">extremist</a> in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a> has been blocked in Russia since 2016.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Environmental impact">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_Big_Tech" title="Environmental impact of Big Tech">Environmental impact of Big Tech</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_Big_Tech&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> The <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_Big_Tech" title="Environmental impact of Big Tech">environmental impact of Big Tech</a> is a phenomenon in which many aspects of Big Tech contribute to negative impacts on the environment and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. In the big data age, technologists and people in general find it valuable to view emerging technologies with a critical lens, one of which is geared toward the environment. As these emerging technologies become more popular, they consider the extent at which they contribute to changes in the environment and whether they are inherently positive or negative. A 2022 report from <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stand.earth" title="Stand.earth">Stand.earth</a> highlights the technology sector's rapid growth, driving a significant increase in electricity consumption, projected to rise by over 60% between 2020 and 2030. This increase in energy usage is coupled with a rise in <a href="/wiki/Carbon_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon emissions">carbon emissions</a> attributed to the sector's heavy dependence on <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>. While some Big Tech firms have committed to transitioning to 100% <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> for their operations, this commitment has not yet extended to their <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chains</a>. Seven out of ten ranked consumer electronics brands have committed to achieve 100% renewable energy across their own operations by 2030, with <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> already achieving this goal.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> In 2023, Big Tech accounted for approximately 4 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, surpassing those of the aviation industry.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> Google and Microsoft each consumed 24 TWh of electricity in 2023, more than countries such as Iceland, Ghana, the Dominican Republic, or Tunisia.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reuse_of_copyrighted_content">Reuse of copyrighted content</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Reuse of copyrighted content">edit</a>]</div> On May 9, 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of France">Parliament of France</a> passed a law intended to force Big Tech to pay publishers for the reuse of substantial amounts of copyrighted content (<a href="/wiki/Related_rights" title="Related rights">related rights</a>). The law is aimed at implementing <a href="/wiki/Directive_on_Copyright_in_the_Digital_Single_Market#Draft_Article_11_(Article_15_of_the_directive)" title="Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market">Article 15 of the Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market</a> of the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-leMonde_GAFAM-192">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antitrust_efforts">Antitrust efforts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Antitrust efforts">edit</a>]</div> Concerns over <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopolistic</a> practices have led to <a href="/wiki/Antitrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrust">antitrust</a> investigations in Big Tech from both United States and European Union regulatory agencies.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> These investigations have raised concerns around Big Tech on <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Market_power" title="Market power">market power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> In 2019, John Naughton wrote in <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, "It's almost impossible to function without the big five tech giants."<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> Under <a href="/wiki/United_States_antitrust_law" title="United States antitrust law">United States antitrust law</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_welfare_standard" title="Consumer welfare standard">consumer welfare standard</a> assumes that large companies are not automatically harmful. Antitrust enforcement generally aims to prevent harm to consumers.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> According to some policy analysts, Big Tech <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a> benefits consumers.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> Big Tech CEOs have consistently opposed antitrust regulation. Antitrust investigations of Big Tech began in the late 1990s, leading to the first major case against Big Tech in 2001, when the U.S. government accused <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> of illegally maintaining its monopoly position in the <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">PC</a> market. Microsoft imposed legal and technical restrictions on PC manufacturers and users preventing them from <a href="/wiki/Uninstaller" title="Uninstaller">uninstalling</a> <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a> and using <a href="/wiki/Netscape_(web_browser)" title="Netscape (web browser)">Netscape</a> or <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>. The district court ruled that Microsoft's actions constituted monopolization under the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a>, and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit affirmed most of the district court's judgments. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a> (DOJ) announced on September 6, 2001, that it would not seek to break up Microsoft, and would instead seek a lesser penalty if Microsoft agreed to share its <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">APIs</a> with third-party companies and appoint a three-person panel with access to Microsoft's systems, records, and <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> for five years. On November 1, 2002, Judge Kollar-Kotelly accepted most of the proposed settlement, and on June 30, 2004, the U.S. appeals court unanimously approved the settlement.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> In the late 2010s, Big Tech was investigated by the DOJ and <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> (FTC) for anticompetitive <a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">mergers and acquisitions</a>. Some Democratic presidential candidates proposed breaking up Big Tech companies or regulating them as <a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">utilities</a>. FTC chairman <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Simons" title="Joseph Simons">Joseph Simons</a> said, "The role of technology in the economy and in our lives grows more important every day...As I've noted in the past, it makes sense for us to closely examine technology markets to ensure consumers benefit from free and fair competition."<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a> criticized Big Tech for offering free services to remain more popular than the competition.<a href="#cite_note-vox-204">[202]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Judiciary_Subcommittee_on_Antitrust,_Commercial_and_Administrative_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial and Administrative Law">United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial and Administrative Law</a> investigated Big Tech in June 2020, and published a report in January 2021 concluding that <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, Google, and <a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta</a> operated in an anticompetitive manner.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> On June 24, 2021, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Judiciary_Subcommittee_on_Antitrust,_Commercial_and_Administrative_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial and Administrative Law">United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial and Administrative Law</a> held hearings on proposed Big Tech regulations. <a href="/wiki/Pramila_Jayapal" title="Pramila Jayapal">Pramila Jayapal</a> introduced HR 3825, The Ending Platform Monopolies Act, which passed the committee.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> The bill proposed prohibiting <a href="/wiki/Platform_economy" title="Platform economy">platform</a> owners from offering products and services on the platforms they own. For example, in 2010, Amazon attempted to acquire Diapers.com. When Diapers.com rejected Amazon's proposal, Amazon started selling diapers at a loss. Facing unprofitability, Diapers.com agreed to let Amazon buy the company even though Walmart was willing to pay more.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> The committee voted that the reason for Big Tech monopolies is because of the consumer welfare standard, a legal doctrine stating that if the consumer benefits from corporate actions, those actions are generally legal. FTC chairwoman <a href="/wiki/Lina_Khan" title="Lina Khan">Lina Khan</a> expressed a different view in her publication "Amazon's Antitrust Paradox". On July 9, 2021, President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> signed <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Order">Executive Order</a> 14036, "Promoting Competition in the American Economy", a sweeping array of initiatives across the executive branch. The order established an executive branch-wide policy to more thoroughly scrutinize mergers involving Big Tech companies, with focus on the acquisition of new, potentially disruptive technology from smaller companies by the larger companies. The order also instructed the FTC to establish rules related to the use of data collection by Big Tech companies for promoting their own services.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> In June 2024, the DOJ and FTC opened an investigation into <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a> regarding their dominance in <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> In August 2024, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States District Court for the District of Columbia">District of Columbia U.S. District Court</a> Judge <a href="/wiki/Amit_Mehta" title="Amit Mehta">Amit Mehta</a> ruled that Google held a monopoly in online search and text advertising in violation of Section 2 of <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: European Union">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Schuman_-_Berlaymont_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Schuman_-_Berlaymont_-_01.jpg/220px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Schuman_-_Berlaymont_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Schuman_-_Berlaymont_-_01.jpg/330px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Schuman_-_Berlaymont_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Schuman_-_Berlaymont_-_01.jpg/440px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Schuman_-_Berlaymont_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5180" data-file-height="2894" /></a><figcaption>The European Commission, which has imposed sanctions on several of the high-tech giants</figcaption></figure> In June 2020, the European Union opened two investigations into <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>. The first investigation focused on whether Apple uses <a href="/wiki/Dominance_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominance (economics)">market dominance</a> to stifle competition in music and book <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a>. The second investigation focused on <a href="/wiki/Apple_Pay" title="Apple Pay">Apple Pay</a>. Apple limits the use of the <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Near-field_communication" title="Near-field communication">NFC</a> technology by <a href="/wiki/Financial_institution" title="Financial institution">financial institutions</a>, including banks.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Competition" title="European Commissioner for Competition">European Commissioner for Competition</a> <a href="/wiki/Margrethe_Vestager" title="Margrethe Vestager">Margrethe Vestager</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fine_(penalty)" title="Fine (penalty)">fines</a> are insufficient to deter anticompetitive practices. Vestager stated, "Fines are not doing the trick. And fines are not enough because fines are a punishment for illegal behaviour in the past. What is also in our decision is that you have to change for the future. You have to stop what you're doing."<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> In September 2021, the United States and European Union began negotiating a joint approach to Big Tech regulation.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> The European Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Markets_Act" title="Digital Markets Act">Digital Markets Act</a> in March 2022 to restrict data collection from European users, require social media interoperability, and allow alternative <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">app</a> stores and payment systems for Apple and Google <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> The EU also passed the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Services_Act" title="Digital Services Act">Digital Services Act</a> in April 2022, which requires tech companies to take down <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a>, and ban advertising targeting <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a>, religion, and childhood.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> Both the Digital Markets Act and Digital Services Act were enacted by the EU in July 2022.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> The EU defined Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, ByteDance, Meta, and Microsoft as "gatekeepers" under the DMA in September 2023, and required them to comply by March 2024.<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> On June 24, 2024, the European Union charged Apple with breaching the Digital Markets Act, potentially resulting in a significant fine. A final decision is expected by March 2025. The EU is also investigating Apple's new terms and fees for app developers, criticizing the company's restrictions and handling of AI features in the EU.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Alternatives">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Alt-tech" title="Alt-tech">Alt-tech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fediverse" title="Fediverse">Fediverse</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Alt-tech" title="Alt-tech">Alt-tech</a> is a collection of <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social networking services</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service providers</a> popular among the <a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">alt-right</a>, far-right, and others who espouse <a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">extremism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fringe_theory" title="Fringe theory">fringe theories</a>, typically because they employ looser <a href="/wiki/Content_moderation" title="Content moderation">content moderation</a> than mainstream platforms.<a href="#cite_note-Freelon-Science-225">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bellingcat-20212-226">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roose-NYT-172">[170]</a> The term "alt-tech" is a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of "alt-right" and "Big Tech". The <a href="/wiki/Fediverse" title="Fediverse">fediverse</a> is a collection of <a href="/wiki/Federation_(information_technology)" title="Federation (information technology)">federated</a> social networking services that can <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communicate</a> with each other even if they are controlled independently. Users of different websites can send and receive status updates and <a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">files</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">network</a>. The term "fediverse" is a portmanteau of "federation" and "universe".<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> For instance, the local government of the <a href="/wiki/Gmina_Stary_S%C4%85cz" title="Gmina Stary Sącz">Stary Sącz</a> municipality in Poland has launched their own <a href="/wiki/PeerTube" title="PeerTube">PeerTube</a> instance<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> in order to <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> abolish its presence on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. Per their statement, the movement was made "in order to adhere to the appropriate regulations".<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/42px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/56px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/28px-Industry5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/42px-Industry5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/56px-Industry5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Companies portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Amazon" title="Criticism of Amazon">Criticism of Amazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Facebook" title="Criticism of Facebook">Criticism of Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Google" title="Criticism of Google">Criticism of Google</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DeGoogle" title="DeGoogle">DeGoogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googlization" title="Googlization">Googlization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft" title="Criticism of Microsoft">Criticism of Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_technology" title="Criticism of technology">Criticism of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enshittification" title="Enshittification">Enshittification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_economy" title="Platform economy">Platform economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_concerns_with_social_networking_services" title="Privacy concerns with social networking services">Privacy concerns with social networking services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism" title="Surveillance capitalism">Surveillance capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_and_society" title="Technology and society">Technology and society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_antitrust_law" title="United States antitrust law">United States antitrust law</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Data is based on the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Based on data from the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Feller, E., <a rel="nofollow" class="external 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Season 38. Episode 6. November 5, 2019. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. <a href="/wiki/WGBH-TV" title="WGBH-TV">WGBH</a>. 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