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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Form factor and operating system shifts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Form_factor_and_operating_system_shifts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operating_system_competition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operating_system_competition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.1 Operating system competition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operating_system_competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Camera_advancements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camera_advancements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Camera advancements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camera_advancements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Video_resolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_resolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.1 Video resolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_resolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slow_motion_video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slow_motion_video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.2 Slow motion video </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slow_motion_video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HDR_video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HDR_video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.3 HDR video </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HDR_video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audio_recording" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio_recording"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.4 Audio recording </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio_recording-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Front_cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Front_cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.5 Front cameras </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Front_cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Photo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.5.1 Photo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.5.2 Video </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Display_advancements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Display_advancements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Display advancements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Display_advancements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multi-tasking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-tasking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.1 Multi-tasking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-tasking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foldable_smartphones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foldable_smartphones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Foldable smartphones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foldable_smartphones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_developments_in_the_2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_developments_in_the_2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Other developments in the 2010s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_developments_in_the_2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_developments_in_the_2020s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_developments_in_the_2020s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 Other developments in the 2020s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_developments_in_the_2020s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Hardware </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hardware-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Hardware subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Hardware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_processing_unit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_processing_unit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Central processing unit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_processing_unit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buttons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buttons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Buttons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buttons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Display" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Display"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Display </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Display-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Screen_sizes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Screen_sizes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Screen sizes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Screen_sizes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panel_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panel_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Panel types </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panel_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_input_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_input_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Alternative input methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_input_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notification_light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notification_light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 Notification light </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notification_light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sensors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Sensors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Common_sensors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_sensors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Common sensors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_sensors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rare_sensors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rare_sensors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Rare sensors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rare_sensors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Storage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Memory_cards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memory_cards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Memory cards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memory_cards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-File_transfer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#File_transfer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 File transfer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-File_transfer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Sound </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Audio_connector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio_connector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Audio connector </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio_connector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Battery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Charging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.1 Charging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.2 Power management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Cameras </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Space_constraints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_constraints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.1 Space constraints </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_constraints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dedicated_camera_button" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dedicated_camera_button"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.2 Dedicated camera button </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dedicated_camera_button-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Back_cover_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Back_cover_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Back cover materials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Back_cover_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accessories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Accessories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accessories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Software </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Software-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Software subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mobile_operating_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_operating_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Mobile operating systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_operating_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobile_app" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_app"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Mobile app </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_app-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application_stores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application_stores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Application stores </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Application_stores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_current_smartphone_brands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_current_smartphone_brands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 List of current smartphone brands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_current_smartphone_brands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Sales </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sales-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sales subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_manufacturer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_manufacturer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 By manufacturer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_manufacturer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_operating_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_operating_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 By operating system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_operating_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Use </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Use subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contemporary_use_and_convergence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_use_and_convergence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Contemporary use and convergence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_use_and_convergence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobile_banking_and_payment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_banking_and_payment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Mobile banking and payment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_banking_and_payment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Facsimile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facsimile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Facsimile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Facsimile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_and_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_and_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Criticism and issues </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism_and_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism and issues subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism_and_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Social impacts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manufacture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Manufacture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-While_driving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#While_driving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 While driving </div> </a> <ul id="toc-While_driving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Legal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Medical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts_on_cognition_and_mental_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_on_cognition_and_mental_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Impacts on cognition and mental health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impacts_on_cognition_and_mental_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sleep" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sleep"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Sleep </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sleep-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Replacement_of_dedicated_digital_cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Replacement_of_dedicated_digital_cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Replacement of dedicated digital cameras </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Replacement_of_dedicated_digital_cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifespan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifespan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Lifespan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifespan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Smartphone</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 115 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-115" aria-hidden="true" > 115 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slimfoon" title="Slimfoon – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Slimfoon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Smartphone" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="स्मार्टफ़ोन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="स्मार्टफ़ोन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Searusprecend" title="Searusprecend – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Searusprecend" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81_%D8%B0%D9%83%D9%8A" title="هاتف ذكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هاتف ذكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfat%C3%A2blo_ent%C3%A8ligent" title="Enfatâblo entèligent – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Enfatâblo entèligent" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8" title="স্মাৰ্টফোন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="স্মাৰ্টফোন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel%C3%A9fonu_intelixente" title="Teléfonu intelixente – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Teléfonu intelixente" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartfon" title="Smartfon – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Smartfon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8" title="স্মার্টফোন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্মার্টফোন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AC-h%C5%ABi_ti%C4%81n-%C5%8De" title="Tì-hūi tiān-ōe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tì-hūi tiān-ōe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Смартфон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Смартфон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Смартфон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Смартфон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="स्मार्टफोन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="स्मार्टफोन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Smartphone" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Смартфон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Смартфон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Smartphone" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pametni_mobitel" title="Pametni mobitel – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pametni mobitel" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poellgomz" title="Poellgomz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Poellgomz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel%C3%A8fon_intel%C2%B7ligent" title="Telèfon intel·ligent – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Telèfon intel·ligent" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chytr%C3%BD_telefon" title="Chytrý telefon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chytrý telefon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ff%C3%B4n_clyfar" title="Ffôn clyfar – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffôn clyfar" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Smartphone" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Smartphone" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutitelefon" title="Nutitelefon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nutitelefon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BE%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%AD%CF%86%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Έξυπνο τηλέφωνο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έξυπνο τηλέφωνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel%C3%A9fono_inteligente" title="Teléfono inteligente – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Teléfono inteligente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C4%9Dtelefono" title="Saĝtelefono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Saĝtelefono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefono_adimendun" title="Telefono adimendun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Telefono adimendun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF" title="تلفن هوشمند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تلفن هوشمند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Smartphone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoadfoan" title="Snoadfoan – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Snoadfoan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3n_cliste" title="Fón cliste – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fón cliste" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel%C3%A9fono_intelixente" title="Teléfono intelixente – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Teléfono intelixente" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%B9%B3-fi-h%C3%AEn_S%C3%BA-k%C3%AE" title="Chṳ-fi-hîn Sú-kî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chṳ-fi-hîn Sú-kî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EB%A7%88%ED%8A%B8%ED%8F%B0" title="스마트폰 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스마트폰" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A9%D6%86%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Սմարթֆոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սմարթֆոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="स्मार्टफ़ोन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्मार्टफ़ोन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pametni_telefon" title="Pametni telefon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pametni telefon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartfono" title="Smartfono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Smartfono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponsel_cerdas" title="Ponsel cerdas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ponsel cerdas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephono_intelligente" title="Telephono intelligente – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Telephono intelligente" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Смартфон – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Смартфон" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMakhalipha" title="UMakhalipha – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UMakhalipha" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snjalls%C3%ADmi" title="Snjallsími – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Snjallsími" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Smartphone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%97%D7%9B%D7%9D" title="טלפון חכם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טלפון חכם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸ್ಮಾರ್ಟ್ ಫೋನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸ್ಮಾರ್ಟ್ ಫೋನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სმარტფონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სმარტფონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="سمارٹ فون – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سمارٹ فون" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Смартфон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Смартфон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simujanja" title="Simujanja – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Simujanja" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmatf%C3%B2n" title="Esmatfòn – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Esmatfòn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Smartphone" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%9F%E0%BA%99" title="ສະມາດໂຟນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສະມາດໂຟນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruottelefons" title="Pruottelefons – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Pruottelefons" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophophonum" title="Sophophonum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sophophonum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viedt%C4%81lrunis" title="Viedtālrunis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Viedtālrunis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Smartphone" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1manusis_telefonas" title="Išmanusis telefonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Išmanusis telefonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Smartphone" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okostelefon" title="Okostelefon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Okostelefon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Паметен телефон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Паметен телефон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Smartphone" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="സ്മാർട്ട് ഫോൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്മാർട്ട് ഫോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="स्मार्टफोन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्मार्टफोन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სმარტფონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სმარტფონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon_pintar" title="Telefon pintar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Telefon pintar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Ухаалаг гар утас – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ухаалаг гар утас" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Smartphone" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Smartphone" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3" title="スマートフォン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スマートフォン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Smartphone" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smarttelefon" title="Smarttelefon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Smarttelefon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmartf%C3%B2n" title="Esmartfòn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Esmartfòn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartfon" title="Smartfon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Smartfon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸਮਾਰਟਫ਼ੋਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਮਾਰਟਫ਼ੋਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Smartphone" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="اسمارٹ فون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اسمارٹ فون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartfon" title="Smartfon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Smartfon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Smartphone" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Smartphone" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Smartphone" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuyaysapa_karurimana" title="Yuyaysapa karurimana – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yuyaysapa karurimana" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Смартфон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Смартфон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smairtphone" title="Smairtphone – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Smairtphone" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefoni_i_men%C3%A7ur" title="Telefoni i mençur – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Telefoni i mençur" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="ස්මාර්ට්ෆොන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ස්මාර්ට්ෆොන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Smartphone" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BD_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="سمارٽ فون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سمارٽ فون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartf%C3%B3n" title="Smartfón – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Smartfón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pametni_telefon" title="Pametni telefon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pametni telefon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Smartphone" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%84%DB%95%D9%81%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%95%DA%A9" title="تەلەفۆنی زیرەک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەلەفۆنی زیرەک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Смартфон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Смартфон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pametni_telefon" title="Pametni telefon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pametni telefon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84lypuhelin" title="Älypuhelin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Älypuhelin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartmobil" title="Smartmobil – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Smartmobil" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Smartphone" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="திறன்பேசி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திறன்பேசி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Смартфон – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Смартфон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="స్మార్ట్‌ఫోన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="స్మార్ట్‌ఫోన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%99" title="สมาร์ทโฟน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมาร์ทโฟน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D2%B3%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Телефони ҳушманд – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Телефони ҳушманд" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C4%B1ll%C4%B1_telefon" title="Akıllı telefon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Akıllı telefon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Смартфон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Смартфон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="اسمارٹ فون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" 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/></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Handheld mobile device</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Smartphone_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Smartphone (disambiguation)">Smartphone (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_homepage_on_a_large_Android_phone,_2015-04-16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Wikipedia_homepage_on_a_large_Android_phone%2C_2015-04-16.jpg/220px-Wikipedia_homepage_on_a_large_Android_phone%2C_2015-04-16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Wikipedia_homepage_on_a_large_Android_phone%2C_2015-04-16.jpg/330px-Wikipedia_homepage_on_a_large_Android_phone%2C_2015-04-16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Wikipedia_homepage_on_a_large_Android_phone%2C_2015-04-16.jpg/440px-Wikipedia_homepage_on_a_large_Android_phone%2C_2015-04-16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5196" data-file-height="3462" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Nexus_6" title="Nexus 6">Nexus 6</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> smartphone, displaying the <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Main Page">Main Page</a> of the <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English Wikipedia</a></figcaption></figure> A smartphone, often simply called a phone, is a <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile device</a> that combines the functionality of a traditional <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phone</a> with advanced <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a> capabilities. It typically has a <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreen</a> interface, allowing users to access a wide range of applications and services, such as <a href="/wiki/Web_browsing" class="mw-redirect" title="Web browsing">web browsing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> playback and <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a>. Smartphones have built-in <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">cameras</a>, <a href="/wiki/GPS_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS navigation">GPS navigation</a>, and support for various communication methods, including voice calls, <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">text messaging</a>, and internet-based messaging apps. Smartphones are distinguished from older-design <a href="/wiki/Feature_phone" title="Feature phone">feature phones</a> by their more advanced hardware capabilities and extensive <a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">mobile operating systems</a>, access to the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>, business applications, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_payment" title="Mobile payment">mobile payments</a>, and multimedia functionality, including music, video, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile gaming">gaming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">radio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">television</a>. Smartphones typically contain a number of <a href="/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93oxide%E2%80%93semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal–oxide–semiconductor">metal–oxide–semiconductor</a> (MOS) <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> (IC) chips, include various <a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">sensors</a> that can be leveraged by pre-installed and third-party software (such as a <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometer</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Proximity_sensor" title="Proximity sensor">proximity sensor</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Barometer" title="Barometer">barometer</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscope</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">accelerometer</a>, and <a href="#Sensors">more</a>), and support diverse <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a> communication protocols (such as <a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a>, <a href="/wiki/5G_NR" title="5G NR">5G NR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">satellite navigation</a>). In the mid-2020s, smartphone manufacturers have begun to integrate <a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone#Integration_into_conventional_mobile_phones" title="Satellite phone">satellite messaging</a> connectivity and satellite emergency services into devices for use in remote regions where there is no reliable <a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular network</a>. Following the rising popularity of the <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> in the late 2000s, the majority of smartphones have featured thin, slate-like <a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">form factors</a> with large, <a href="/wiki/Capacitive_sensing" title="Capacitive sensing">capacitive</a> touch screens with support for <a href="/wiki/Multi-touch" title="Multi-touch">multi-touch</a> gestures rather than physical keyboards. Most modern smartphones have the ability for users to download or purchase additional <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">applications</a> from a centralized <a href="/wiki/App_store" title="App store">app store</a>. They often have support for <a href="/wiki/Mobile_cloud_storage" title="Mobile cloud storage">cloud storage</a> and cloud synchronization, and <a href="/wiki/Virtual_assistant" title="Virtual assistant">virtual assistants</a>. Smartphones have largely replaced <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">personal digital assistant</a> (PDA) devices, <a href="/wiki/Handheld_PC" title="Handheld PC">handheld/palm-sized PCs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">portable media players</a> (PMP),<a href="#cite_note-Tom's_Hardware-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Point-and-shoot_camera" title="Point-and-shoot camera">point-and-shoot cameras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camcorder" title="Camcorder">camcorders</a>, and, to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Handheld_game_console" title="Handheld game console">handheld video game consoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">e-reader</a> devices, <a href="/wiki/Pocket_calculator" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocket calculator">pocket calculators</a>, and <a href="/wiki/GPS_tracking_unit" title="GPS tracking unit">GPS tracking units</a>. Since the early 2010s, improved hardware and faster wireless communication (due to standards such as LTE and later <a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a> NR) have <a href="/wiki/Post-PC_era" title="Post-PC era">bolstered the growth of the smartphone industry</a>. As of 2014, over a billion smartphones are sold globally every year. In 2019 alone, 1.54 billion smartphone units were shipped worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> 75.05 percent of the world population were smartphone users as of 2020.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system#Timeline" title="Mobile operating system">Mobile operating system § Timeline</a></div> Early smartphones were marketed primarily towards the enterprise market, attempting to bridge the functionality of standalone PDA devices with support for cellular <a href="/wiki/Telephony" title="Telephony">telephony</a>, but were limited by their bulky form, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_battery" title="History of the battery">short battery life</a>, slow analog cellular networks, and the immaturity of wireless data services. These issues were eventually resolved with the <a href="/wiki/MOSFET_scaling" class="mw-redirect" title="MOSFET scaling">exponential scaling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miniaturization" title="Miniaturization">miniaturization</a> of <a href="/wiki/MOS_transistor" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS transistor">MOS transistors</a> down to <a href="/wiki/List_of_semiconductor_scale_examples" title="List of semiconductor scale examples">sub-micron levels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore's law">Moore's law</a>), the improved <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion battery</a>, faster <a href="/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">digital</a> <a href="/wiki/Mobile_broadband" title="Mobile broadband">mobile data networks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a>), and more mature <a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">software</a> <a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">platforms</a> that allowed mobile device <a href="/wiki/Digital_ecosystem" title="Digital ecosystem">ecosystems</a> to develop independently of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_network_operator" title="Mobile network operator">data providers</a>. In the 2000s, <a href="/wiki/NTT_DoCoMo" class="mw-redirect" title="NTT DoCoMo">NTT DoCoMo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/I-mode" title="I-mode">i-mode</a> platform, <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry" title="BlackBerry">BlackBerry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a> platform, and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows Mobile</a> began to gain market traction, with models often featuring <a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a> keyboards or <a href="/wiki/Resistive_touchscreen" title="Resistive touchscreen">resistive touchscreen</a> input and emphasizing access to <a href="/wiki/Push_email" title="Push email">push email</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wireless_internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless internet">wireless internet</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forerunner">Forerunner</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/IBM_Simon" title="IBM Simon">IBM Simon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_Simon_Personal_Communicator.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IBM_Simon_Personal_Communicator.png/150px-IBM_Simon_Personal_Communicator.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IBM_Simon_Personal_Communicator.png/225px-IBM_Simon_Personal_Communicator.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IBM_Simon_Personal_Communicator.png/300px-IBM_Simon_Personal_Communicator.png 2x" data-file-width="1615" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/IBM_Simon" title="IBM Simon">IBM Simon</a> and charging base (1994)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></figcaption></figure> In the early 1990s, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> engineer <a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Canova" title="Frank J. Canova">Frank Canova</a> realised that chip-and-wireless technology was becoming small enough to use in <a href="/wiki/Handheld_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Handheld devices">handheld devices</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-5">[5]</a> The first commercially available device that could be properly referred to as a "smartphone" began as a prototype called "Angler" developed by Canova in 1992 while at IBM and demonstrated in November of that year at the <a href="/wiki/COMDEX" title="COMDEX">COMDEX</a> computer industry trade show.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-schneidawind-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-8">[8]</a> A refined version was marketed to consumers in 1994 by <a href="/wiki/BellSouth" title="BellSouth">BellSouth</a> under the name <a href="/wiki/IBM_Simon" title="IBM Simon">Simon Personal Communicator</a>. In addition to placing and receiving <a href="/wiki/Cellular_frequencies" title="Cellular frequencies">cellular</a> <a href="/wiki/Telephone_call" title="Telephone call">calls</a>, the touchscreen-equipped Simon could send and receive <a href="/wiki/Fax" title="Fax">faxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">emails</a>. It included an address book, calendar, appointment scheduler, calculator, world time clock, and notepad, as well as other visionary mobile applications such as maps, stock reports and news.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The <a href="/wiki/IBM_Simon" title="IBM Simon">IBM Simon</a> was manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric" title="Mitsubishi Electric">Mitsubishi Electric</a>, which integrated features with its own <a href="/wiki/Cellular_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular radio">cellular radio</a> technologies.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> It featured a <a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">liquid-crystal display</a> (LCD) and <a href="/wiki/PC_Card" title="PC Card">PC Card</a> support.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The Simon was commercially unsuccessful, particularly due to its bulky form factor and limited <a href="/wiki/Battery_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery life">battery life</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> using <a href="/wiki/NiCad" class="mw-redirect" title="NiCad">NiCad</a> batteries rather than the <a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery" title="Nickel–metal hydride battery">nickel–metal hydride batteries</a> commonly used in mobile phones in the 1990s, or <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion batteries</a> used in modern smartphones.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The term "smart phone" (in two words) was not coined until a year after the introduction of the Simon, appearing in print as early as 1995, describing AT&T's <a href="/w/index.php?title=PhoneWriter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PhoneWriter (page does not exist)">PhoneWriter</a> Communicator.<a href="#cite_note-ACM_Interactions_article-14">[14]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] The term "smartphone" (as one word) was first used by <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a> in 1997 to describe a new device concept, the <a href="/wiki/Ericsson_GS88" class="mw-redirect" title="Ericsson GS88">GS88</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PDA/phone_hybrids">PDA/phone hybrids</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">Personal digital assistant</a></div> Beginning in the mid-to-late 1990s, many people who had mobile phones carried a separate dedicated PDA device, running early versions of operating systems such as <a href="/wiki/Palm_OS" title="Palm OS">Palm OS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newton_OS" title="Newton OS">Newton OS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Windows_CE" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows CE">Windows CE</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pocket_PC" title="Pocket PC">Pocket PC</a>. These operating systems would later evolve into early <a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">mobile operating systems</a>. Most of the "smartphones" in this era were hybrid devices that combined these existing familiar PDA OSes with basic phone hardware. The results were devices that were bulkier than either dedicated mobile phones or PDAs, but allowed a limited amount of cellular Internet access. PDA and mobile phone manufacturers competed in reducing the size of devices. The bulk of these smartphones combined with their high cost and expensive data plans, plus other drawbacks such as expansion limitations and decreased battery life compared to separate standalone devices, generally limited their popularity to "<a href="/wiki/Early_adopter" title="Early adopter">early adopters</a>" and business users who needed portable connectivity. In March 1996, <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> released the <a href="/wiki/OmniGo_700LX" class="mw-redirect" title="OmniGo 700LX">OmniGo 700LX</a>, a modified <a href="/wiki/HP_200LX" title="HP 200LX">HP 200LX</a> <a href="/wiki/Palmtop" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmtop">palmtop</a> PC with a <a href="/wiki/Nokia_2110" title="Nokia 2110">Nokia 2110</a> mobile phone <a href="/wiki/Piggy-back_(transportation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Piggy-back (transportation)">piggybacked</a> onto it and <a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">ROM</a>-based software to support it. It had a 640 × 200 resolution CGA compatible four-shade gray-scale LCD screen and could be used to place and receive calls, and to create and receive text messages, emails and faxes. It was also 100% <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a> 5.0 compatible, allowing it to run thousands of existing software titles, including early versions of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nokia-9110-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nokia-9110-2.jpg/220px-Nokia-9110-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nokia-9110-2.jpg/330px-Nokia-9110-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nokia-9110-2.jpg/440px-Nokia-9110-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>The Nokia 9110 Communicator, opened for access to keyboard</figcaption></figure> In August 1996, <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> released the <a href="/wiki/Nokia_9000_Communicator" title="Nokia 9000 Communicator">Nokia 9000 Communicator</a>, a digital cellular PDA based on the <a href="/wiki/Nokia_2110" title="Nokia 2110">Nokia 2110</a> with an integrated system based on the <a href="/wiki/PEN/GEOS_3.0" class="mw-redirect" title="PEN/GEOS 3.0">PEN/GEOS 3.0</a> operating system from <a href="/wiki/Geoworks" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoworks">Geoworks</a>. The two components were attached by a hinge in what became known as a <a href="/wiki/Clamshell_design" title="Clamshell design">clamshell design</a>, with the display above and a physical <a href="/wiki/QWERTY_keyboard" class="mw-redirect" title="QWERTY keyboard">QWERTY keyboard</a> below. The PDA provided <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">e-mail</a>; calendar, address book, <a href="/wiki/Calculator" title="Calculator">calculator</a> and notebook applications; text-based Web browsing; and could send and receive faxes. When closed, the device could be used as a digital cellular telephone. In June 1999 <a href="/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a> released the "pdQ Smartphone", a <a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">CDMA</a> digital <a href="/wiki/Personal_Communications_Service" title="Personal Communications Service">PCS</a> smartphone with an integrated <a href="/wiki/Palm_OS" title="Palm OS">Palm</a> PDA and Internet connectivity.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Subsequent landmark devices included: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Ericsson_R380" title="Ericsson R380">Ericsson R380</a> (December 2000)<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ericsson_Mobile_Communications" title="Ericsson Mobile Communications">Ericsson Mobile Communications</a>,<a href="#cite_note-geek-com-r380-review-18">[18]</a> the first phone running the operating system later named <a href="/wiki/Symbian_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbian OS">Symbian</a> (it ran <a href="/wiki/EPOC_(operating_system)" title="EPOC (operating system)">EPOC</a> Release 5, which was renamed Symbian OS at Release 6). It had PDA functionality and limited Web browsing on a <a href="/wiki/Resistive_touchscreen" title="Resistive touchscreen">resistive touchscreen</a> utilizing a <a href="/wiki/Stylus_(computing)" title="Stylus (computing)">stylus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ericsson-r380-review-19">[19]</a> While it was marketed as a "smartphone",<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> users could not install their own software on the device.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kyocera_6035" title="Kyocera 6035">Kyocera 6035</a> (February 2001),<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> a dual-nature device with a separate <a href="/wiki/Palm_OS" title="Palm OS">Palm OS</a> PDA operating system and CDMA mobile phone firmware. It supported limited Web browsing with the PDA software treating the phone hardware as an attached modem.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Nokia_9210_Communicator" title="Nokia 9210 Communicator">Nokia 9210 Communicator</a> (June 2001),<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> the first phone running Symbian (Release 6) with <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Series_80_(software_platform)" title="Series 80 (software platform)">Series 80</a> platform (v1.0). This was the first Symbian phone platform allowing the installation of additional applications. Like the Nokia 9000 Communicator, it is a large clamshell device with a full physical <a href="/wiki/QWERTY_keyboard" class="mw-redirect" title="QWERTY keyboard">QWERTY keyboard</a> inside.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handspring_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Handspring (company)">Handspring</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Treo_180" title="Treo 180">Treo 180</a> (2002), the first smartphone that fully integrated the <a href="/wiki/Palm_OS" title="Palm OS">Palm OS</a> on a GSM mobile phone having telephony, SMS messaging and Internet access built into the OS. The 180 model had a thumb-type keyboard and the <a href="/wiki/Treo_180g" title="Treo 180g">180g</a> version had a <a href="/wiki/Graffiti_(Palm_OS)" title="Graffiti (Palm OS)">Graffiti</a> handwriting recognition area, instead.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_cell_phones">Japanese cell phones</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_mobile_phone_culture" title="Japanese mobile phone culture">Japanese mobile phone culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_industry_in_Japan" title="Mobile phone industry in Japan">Mobile phone industry in Japan</a></div> In 1999, Japanese wireless provider <a href="/wiki/NTT_DoCoMo" class="mw-redirect" title="NTT DoCoMo">NTT DoCoMo</a> launched <a href="/wiki/I-mode" title="I-mode">i-mode</a>, a new <a href="/wiki/Mobile_internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile internet">mobile internet</a> platform which provided data transmission speeds up to 9.6 kilobits per second, and access web services available through the platform such as online shopping. NTT DoCoMo's i-mode used <a href="/wiki/CHTML" class="mw-redirect" title="CHTML">cHTML</a>, a language which restricted some aspects of traditional <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> in favor of increasing data speed for the devices. Limited functionality, small screens and limited bandwidth allowed for phones to use the slower data speeds available. The rise of i-mode helped NTT DoCoMo accumulate an estimated 40 million subscribers by the end of 2001, and ranked first in market capitalization in Japan and second globally.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Japanese cell phones increasingly diverged from global standards and trends to offer other forms of advanced services and smartphone-like functionality that were specifically tailored to the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_mobile_phone_culture" title="Japanese mobile phone culture">Japanese market</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Mobile_payment" title="Mobile payment">mobile payments</a> and shopping, <a href="/wiki/Near-field_communication" title="Near-field communication">near-field communication</a> (NFC) allowing <a href="/wiki/Osaifu-Keitai" title="Osaifu-Keitai">mobile wallet</a> functionality to replace <a href="/wiki/Smart_card" title="Smart card">smart cards</a> for transit fares, loyalty cards, identity cards, event tickets, coupons, money transfer, etc., downloadable content like musical <a href="/wiki/Ringtone" title="Ringtone">ringtones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_game" title="Mobile game">games</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_comic" title="Mobile comic">comics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1seg" title="1seg">1seg</a> <a href="/wiki/Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">mobile television</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Phones built by Japanese manufacturers used custom <a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a>, however, and did not yet feature standardized <a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">mobile operating systems</a> designed to cater to <a href="/wiki/Mobile_developers" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile developers">third-party application development</a>, so their software and ecosystems were akin to very advanced <a href="/wiki/Feature_phone" title="Feature phone">feature phones</a>. As with other feature phones, additional software and services required partnerships and deals with providers. The degree of integration between phones and carriers, unique phone features, non-standardized platforms, and tailoring to Japanese culture made it difficult for Japanese manufacturers to export their phones, especially when demand was so high in Japan that the companies did not feel the need to look elsewhere for additional profits.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The rise of <a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> technology in other markets and non-Japanese phones with powerful standardized <a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">smartphone operating systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/App_store" title="App store">app stores</a>, and advanced wireless network capabilities allowed non-Japanese phone manufacturers to finally break in to the Japanese market, gradually adopting Japanese phone features like <a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">emojis</a>, mobile payments, NFC, etc. and spreading them to the rest of the world. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_smartphones">Early smartphones</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BlackBerry_8820,_BlackBerry_Bold_9900_and_BlackBerry_Classic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BlackBerry_8820%2C_BlackBerry_Bold_9900_and_BlackBerry_Classic.jpg/220px-BlackBerry_8820%2C_BlackBerry_Bold_9900_and_BlackBerry_Classic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BlackBerry_8820%2C_BlackBerry_Bold_9900_and_BlackBerry_Classic.jpg/330px-BlackBerry_8820%2C_BlackBerry_Bold_9900_and_BlackBerry_Classic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BlackBerry_8820%2C_BlackBerry_Bold_9900_and_BlackBerry_Classic.jpg/440px-BlackBerry_8820%2C_BlackBerry_Bold_9900_and_BlackBerry_Classic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Several <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry" title="BlackBerry">BlackBerry</a> smartphones, which were highly popular in the mid-late 2000s</figcaption></figure> Phones that made effective use of any significant data connectivity were still rare outside Japan until the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Danger_Hiptop" title="Danger Hiptop">Danger Hiptop</a> in 2002, which saw moderate success among U.S. consumers as the <a href="/wiki/T-Mobile_US" title="T-Mobile US">T-Mobile</a> Sidekick. Later, in the mid-2000s, business users in the U.S. started to adopt devices based on <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft's</a> <a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows Mobile</a>, and then <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry" title="BlackBerry">BlackBerry</a> smartphones from <a href="/wiki/Research_In_Motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Research In Motion">Research In Motion</a>. American users popularized the term "CrackBerry" in 2006 due to the BlackBerry's addictive nature.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In the U.S., the high cost of data plans and relative rarity of devices with Wi-Fi capabilities that could avoid cellular data network usage kept adoption of smartphones mainly to business professionals and "<a href="/wiki/Early_adopters" class="mw-redirect" title="Early adopters">early adopters</a>." Outside the U.S. and Japan, <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> was seeing success with its smartphones based on <a href="/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a>, originally developed by <a href="/wiki/Psion_(company)" title="Psion (company)">Psion</a> for their personal organisers, and it was the most popular smartphone OS in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> during the middle to late 2000s. Initially, Nokia's Symbian smartphones were focused on business with the <a href="/wiki/Nokia_Eseries" title="Nokia Eseries">Eseries</a>,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> similar to Windows Mobile and <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry" title="BlackBerry">BlackBerry</a> devices at the time. From 2002 onwards, Nokia started producing consumer-focused smartphones, popularized by the entertainment-focused <a href="/wiki/Nokia_Nseries" title="Nokia Nseries">Nseries</a>. Until 2010, Symbian was the world's most widely used smartphone operating system.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreen</a> personal digital assistant (PDA)–derived nature of adapted operating systems like <a href="/wiki/Palm_OS" title="Palm OS">Palm OS</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Pocket_PC" title="Pocket PC">Pocket PC</a>" versions of what was later <a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows Mobile</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/UIQ" title="UIQ">UIQ</a> interface that was originally designed for pen-based PDAs on <a href="/wiki/Symbian_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbian OS">Symbian OS</a> devices resulted in some early smartphones having stylus-based interfaces. These allowed for <a href="/wiki/Virtual_keyboard" title="Virtual keyboard">virtual keyboards</a> and handwriting input, thus also allowing easy entry of Asian characters.<a href="#cite_note-JobsKilledTheStylus-35">[35]</a> By the mid-2000s, the majority of smartphones had a physical <a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a> keyboard. Most used a "<a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Keyboard_bars" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">keyboard bar</a>" form factor, like the <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry" title="BlackBerry">BlackBerry</a> line, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows Mobile</a> smartphones, <a href="/wiki/Palm_Treo" title="Palm Treo">Palm Treos</a>, and some of the <a href="/wiki/Nokia_Eseries" title="Nokia Eseries">Nokia Eseries</a>. A few hid their full physical QWERTY keyboard in a <a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Slider" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">sliding form factor</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/Danger_Hiptop" title="Danger Hiptop">Danger Hiptop</a> line. Some even had only a <a href="/wiki/Telephone_keypad" title="Telephone keypad">numeric keypad</a> using <a href="/wiki/T9_(predictive_text)" title="T9 (predictive text)">T9 text input</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/Nokia_Nseries" title="Nokia Nseries">Nokia Nseries</a> and other models in the <a href="/wiki/Nokia_Eseries" title="Nokia Eseries">Nokia Eseries</a>. <a href="/wiki/Resistive_touchscreen" title="Resistive touchscreen">Resistive touchscreens</a> with <a href="/wiki/Stylus_(computing)" title="Stylus (computing)">stylus</a>-based interfaces could still be found on a few smartphones, like the <a href="/wiki/Palm_Treo" title="Palm Treo">Palm Treos</a>, which had dropped their handwriting input after a few early models that were available in versions with <a href="/wiki/Graffiti_(Palm_OS)" title="Graffiti (Palm OS)">Graffiti</a> instead of a keyboard. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Form_factor_and_operating_system_shifts">Form factor and operating system shifts</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LG_KE850_Prada_Hauptmen%C3%BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/LG_KE850_Prada_Hauptmen%C3%BC.jpg/170px-LG_KE850_Prada_Hauptmen%C3%BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/LG_KE850_Prada_Hauptmen%C3%BC.jpg/255px-LG_KE850_Prada_Hauptmen%C3%BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/LG_KE850_Prada_Hauptmen%C3%BC.jpg/340px-LG_KE850_Prada_Hauptmen%C3%BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1798" data-file-height="2546" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/LG_Prada" title="LG Prada">LG Prada</a> with a large capacitive touchscreen introduced in 2006</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IPhone_1st_Gen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/IPhone_1st_Gen.svg/170px-IPhone_1st_Gen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/IPhone_1st_Gen.svg/255px-IPhone_1st_Gen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/IPhone_1st_Gen.svg/340px-IPhone_1st_Gen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>The original <a href="/wiki/IPhone_(1st_generation)" title="IPhone (1st generation)">Apple iPhone</a>; following its introduction the common smartphone form factor shifted to large touchscreen software interfaces without physical keypads<a href="#cite_note-How_iPhone_Changed_the_World-36">[36]</a></figcaption></figure> The late 2000s and early 2010s saw a shift in smartphone interfaces away from devices with physical keyboards and keypads to ones with large finger-operated <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen#Capacitive" title="Touchscreen">capacitive</a> touchscreens.<a href="#cite_note-How_iPhone_Changed_the_World-36">[36]</a> The first phone of any kind with a large capacitive touchscreen was the <a href="/wiki/LG_Prada" title="LG Prada">LG Prada</a>, announced by <a href="/wiki/LG_Electronics" title="LG Electronics">LG</a> in December 2006.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> This was a fashionable <a href="/wiki/Feature_phone" title="Feature phone">feature phone</a> created in collaboration with Italian luxury designer <a href="/wiki/Prada" title="Prada">Prada</a> with a 3" 240 x 400 pixel screen, a 2-Megapixel digital camera with 144p video recording ability, an <a href="/wiki/LED_flash" class="mw-redirect" title="LED flash">LED flash</a>, and a miniature mirror for self portraits.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In January 2007, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Computer</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_(1st_generation)" title="IPhone (1st generation)">iPhone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> It had a 3.5" <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen#Capacitive" title="Touchscreen">capacitive</a> touchscreen with twice the common resolution of most <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_smartphones#2007" title="Comparison of smartphones">smartphone screens at the time</a>,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> and introduced <a href="/wiki/Multi-touch" title="Multi-touch">multi-touch</a> to phones, which allowed gestures such as "pinching" to zoom in or out on photos, maps, and web pages. The iPhone was notable as being the first device of its kind targeted at the mass market to abandon the use of a stylus, keyboard, or keypad typical of contemporary smartphones, instead using a large touchscreen for direct finger input as its main means of interaction.<a href="#cite_note-JobsKilledTheStylus-35">[35]</a> The iPhone's <a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">operating system</a> was also a shift away from older operating systems (which older phones supported and which were adapted from PDAs and <a href="/wiki/Feature_phone" title="Feature phone">feature phones</a>) to an operative system powerful enough to not require using a limited, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_browser" title="Mobile browser">stripped down web browser</a> that can only render pages specially formatted using technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Wireless_Markup_Language" title="Wireless Markup Language">WML</a>, <a href="/wiki/I-mode" title="I-mode">cHTML</a>, or <a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a> and instead ran a version of Apple's <a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> browser that could render full websites<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> not specifically designed for mobile phones.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Later Apple shipped a <a href="/wiki/IPhone_OS_2" title="IPhone OS 2">software update</a> that gave the iPhone a built-in on-device App Store allowing direct wireless downloads of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_developers" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile developers">third-party</a> software.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> This kind of centralized App Store and free <a href="/wiki/Software_development_kit" title="Software development kit">developer tools</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> quickly became the new main paradigm for all smartphone platforms for software <a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_distribution" title="Software distribution">distribution</a>, discovery, <a href="/wiki/Installation_(computer_programs)" title="Installation (computer programs)">installation</a>, and payment, in place of expensive developer tools that required official approval to use and a dependence on <a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_app_distribution_platforms#Third-party_platforms" title="List of mobile app distribution platforms">third-party sources</a> providing applications for multiple platforms.<a href="#cite_note-How_iPhone_Changed_the_World-36">[36]</a> The advantages of a design with software powerful enough to support advanced applications and a large capacitive touchscreen affected the development of another smartphone OS platform, <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, with a more BlackBerry-like prototype device scrapped in favor of a touchscreen device with a slide-out physical keyboard, as Google's engineers thought at the time that a touchscreen could not completely replace a physical keyboard and buttons.<a href="#cite_note-atlantic-startover-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-AndroidInc-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-EngadgetMobileOS-54">[54]</a> Android is based around a modified Linux kernel, again providing more power than <a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">mobile operating systems</a> adapted from PDAs and feature phones. The first Android device, the horizontal-sliding <a href="/wiki/HTC_Dream" title="HTC Dream">HTC Dream</a>, was released in September 2008.<a href="#cite_note-cnet-tmobileretailer-55">[55]</a> In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Asus" title="Asus">Asus</a> started experimenting with a convertible docking system named <a href="/wiki/Asus_PadFone" title="Asus PadFone">PadFone</a>, where the standalone handset can when necessary be inserted into a <a href="/wiki/Tablet_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="Tablet PC">tablet</a>-sized screen unit with integrated supportive battery and used as such. In 2013 and 2014, Samsung experimented with the hybrid combination of <a href="/wiki/Compact_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact camera">compact camera</a> and smartphone, releasing the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S4_Zoom" title="Samsung Galaxy S4 Zoom">Galaxy S4 Zoom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_K_Zoom" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Galaxy K Zoom">K Zoom</a>, each equipped with integrated 10× <a href="/wiki/Optical_zoom" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical zoom">optical zoom</a> lens and manual parameter settings (including manual exposure and focus) years before these were widely adapted among smartphones. The S4 Zoom additionally has a rotary knob ring around the lens and a tripod mount. While screen sizes have increased, manufacturers have attempted to make smartphones thinner at the expense of utility and sturdiness, since a thinner frame is more vulnerable to bending and has less space for components, namely battery capacity.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operating_system_competition">Operating system competition</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meizu_MX4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Meizu_MX4.jpg/170px-Meizu_MX4.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Meizu_MX4.jpg/255px-Meizu_MX4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Meizu_MX4.jpg/340px-Meizu_MX4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2424" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Meizu_MX4" title="Meizu MX4">Meizu MX4</a> with <a href="/wiki/Flyme_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Flyme OS">Flyme OS</a></figcaption></figure> The iPhone and later touchscreen-only Android devices together popularized the slate <a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">form factor</a>, based on a large <a href="/wiki/Capacitive_touchscreen" class="mw-redirect" title="Capacitive touchscreen">capacitive touchscreen</a> as the sole means of interaction, and led to the decline of earlier, keyboard- and keypad-focused platforms.<a href="#cite_note-How_iPhone_Changed_the_World-36">[36]</a> Later, navigation keys such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Home_button&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Home button (page does not exist)">home</a>, back, <a href="/wiki/Menu_key" title="Menu key">menu</a>, task and search buttons have also been increasingly replaced by nonphysical touch keys, then virtual, simulated on-screen navigation keys, commonly with access combinations such as a long press of the task key to simulate a short menu key press, as with home button to search.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> More recent "bezel-less" types have their screen surface space extended to the unit's front bottom to compensate for the display area lost for simulating the navigation keys. While virtual keys offer more potential customizability, their location may be inconsistent among systems depending on screen rotation and software used. Multiple vendors attempted to update or replace their existing smartphone platforms and devices to better-compete with Android and the iPhone; Palm unveiled a new platform known as <a href="/wiki/WebOS" title="WebOS">webOS</a> for its <a href="/wiki/Palm_Pre" title="Palm Pre">Palm Pre</a> in late-2009 to replace <a href="/wiki/Palm_OS" title="Palm OS">Palm OS</a>, which featured a focus on a task-based "card" metaphor and seamless synchronization and integration between various online services (as opposed to the then-conventional concept of a smartphone needing a PC to serve as a "canonical, authoritative repository" for user data).<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">HP</a> acquired Palm in 2010 and released several other webOS devices, including the <a href="/wiki/Pre_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre 3">Pre 3</a> and <a href="/wiki/HP_TouchPad" title="HP TouchPad">HP TouchPad</a> tablet. As part of a proposed divestment of its consumer business to focus on enterprise software, HP abruptly ended development of future webOS devices in August 2011, and sold the rights to webOS to <a href="/wiki/LG_Electronics" title="LG Electronics">LG Electronics</a> in 2013, for use as a <a href="/wiki/Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">smart TV</a> platform.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_in_Motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Research in Motion">Research in Motion</a> introduced the vertical-sliding <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_Torch" title="BlackBerry Torch">BlackBerry Torch</a> and BlackBerry OS 6 in 2010, which featured a redesigned user interface, support for gestures such as pinch-to-zoom, and a new web browser based on the same <a href="/wiki/WebKit" title="WebKit">WebKit</a> rendering engine used by the iPhone.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The following year, RIM released BlackBerry OS 7 and new models in the <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_Bold" title="BlackBerry Bold">Bold</a> and Torch ranges, which included a new Bold with a touchscreen alongside its keyboard, and the Torch 9860—the first BlackBerry phone to not include a physical keyboard.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In 2013, it replaced the legacy BlackBerry OS with a revamped, <a href="/wiki/QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a>-based platform known as <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_10" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a>, with the all-touch <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_Z10" title="BlackBerry Z10">BlackBerry Z10</a> and keyboard-equipped <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_Q10" title="BlackBerry Q10">Q10</a> as launch devices.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In 2010, Microsoft unveiled a replacement for Windows Mobile known as <a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a>, featuring a new touchscreen-centric user interface built around <a href="/wiki/Flat_design" title="Flat design">flat design</a> and typography, a home screen with "live tiles" containing feeds of updates from apps, as well as integrated <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office" title="Microsoft Office">Microsoft Office</a> apps.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In February 2011, Nokia announced that it had entered into a major partnership with Microsoft, under which it would exclusively use Windows Phone on all of its future smartphones, and integrate Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Bing_(search_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bing (search engine)">Bing</a> search engine and <a href="/wiki/Bing_Maps" title="Bing Maps">Bing Maps</a> (which, as part of the partnership, would also license <a href="/wiki/Nokia_Maps" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokia Maps">Nokia Maps</a> data) into all future devices. The announcement led to the abandonment of both Symbian, as well as <a href="/wiki/MeeGo" title="MeeGo">MeeGo</a>—a Linux-based mobile platform it was co-developing with Intel.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Nokia's low-end <a href="/wiki/Lumia_520" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumia 520">Lumia 520</a> saw strong demand and helped Windows Phone gain niche popularity in some markets,<a href="#cite_note-:0-71">[71]</a> overtaking BlackBerry in global market share in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In mid-June 2012, <a href="/wiki/Meizu" title="Meizu">Meizu</a> released its mobile operating system, <a href="/wiki/Flyme_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Flyme OS">Flyme OS</a>. Many of these attempts to compete with Android and iPhone were short-lived. Over the course of the decade, the two platforms became a clear <a href="/wiki/Duopoly" title="Duopoly">duopoly</a> in smartphone sales and market share, with BlackBerry, Windows Phone, and other operating systems eventually stagnating to little or no measurable market share.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In 2015, BlackBerry began to pivot away from its in-house mobile platforms in favor of producing Android devices, focusing on a security-enhanced distribution of the software. The following year, the company announced that it would also exit the hardware market to focus more on software and its enterprise middleware,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> and began to license the BlackBerry brand and its Android distribution to third-party OEMs such as <a href="/wiki/TCL_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="TCL Corporation">TCL</a> for future devices.<a href="#cite_note-tc-tcldeal-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-gandm-bbpriv-78">[78]</a> In September 2013, Microsoft announced its intent to acquire Nokia's mobile device business for $7.1 billion, as part of a strategy under CEO <a href="/wiki/Steve_Ballmer" title="Steve Ballmer">Steve Ballmer</a> for Microsoft to be a "devices and services" company.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-79">[79]</a> Despite the growth of Windows Phone and the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Lumia" title="Microsoft Lumia">Lumia</a> range (which accounted for nearly 90% of all Windows Phone devices sold),<a href="#cite_note-PocketNowNokia90percent-80">[80]</a> the platform never had significant market share in the key U.S. market,<a href="#cite_note-:0-71">[71]</a> and Microsoft was unable to maintain Windows Phone's momentum in the years that followed, resulting in dwindling interest from users and app developers.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> After Balmer was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Satya_Nadella" title="Satya Nadella">Satya Nadella</a> (who has placed a larger focus on software and cloud computing) as CEO of Microsoft, it took a $7.6 billion <a href="/wiki/Write-off" title="Write-off">write-off</a> on the Nokia assets in July 2015, and laid off nearly the entire <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Mobile" title="Microsoft Mobile">Microsoft Mobile</a> unit in May 2016.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-79">[79]</a> Prior to the completion of the sale to Microsoft, Nokia released a series of Android-derived smartphones for <a href="/wiki/Emerging_market" title="Emerging market">emerging markets</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Nokia_X_family" title="Nokia X family">Nokia X</a>, which combined an Android-based platform with elements of Windows Phone and Nokia's feature phone platform <a href="/wiki/Nokia_Asha_platform" title="Nokia Asha platform">Asha</a>, using Microsoft and Nokia services rather than Google.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Camera_advancements">Camera advancements</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Camera phone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xiaomi_13_Ultra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Xiaomi_13_Ultra.jpg/220px-Xiaomi_13_Ultra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Xiaomi_13_Ultra.jpg/330px-Xiaomi_13_Ultra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Xiaomi_13_Ultra.jpg/440px-Xiaomi_13_Ultra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2973" data-file-height="1954" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Xiaomi_13_Ultra" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiaomi 13 Ultra">Xiaomi 13 Ultra</a> featured a <a href="/wiki/Leica_Camera" title="Leica Camera">Leica</a> Summicron camera system</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oppo_Find_X6_Pro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Oppo_Find_X6_Pro.jpg/220px-Oppo_Find_X6_Pro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Oppo_Find_X6_Pro.jpg/330px-Oppo_Find_X6_Pro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Oppo_Find_X6_Pro.jpg/440px-Oppo_Find_X6_Pro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oppo_Find_X6" title="Oppo Find X6">Oppo Find X6</a> features software-based tuning co-developed with <a href="/wiki/Hasselblad" title="Hasselblad">Hasselblad</a></figcaption></figure> The first commercial <a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">camera phone</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Kyocera" title="Kyocera">Kyocera</a> <a href="/wiki/Kyocera_VP-210_Visual_Phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyocera VP-210 Visual Phone">Visual Phone VP-210</a>, released in Japan in May 1999.<a href="#cite_note-CameraphonesLookBackForward-85">[85]</a> It was called a "mobile videophone" at the time,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> and had a 110,000-<a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixel</a> <a href="/wiki/Front-facing_camera" title="Front-facing camera">front-facing camera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CameraphonesLookBackForward-85">[85]</a> It could send up to two images per second over Japan's <a href="/wiki/Personal_Handy-phone_System" title="Personal Handy-phone System">Personal Handy-phone System</a> (PHS) <a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular network</a>, and store up to 20 <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_images" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital images">digital images</a>, which could be sent over <a href="/wiki/E-mail" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail">e-mail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CameraphonesLookBackForward-85">[85]</a> The first mass-market camera phone was the <a href="/wiki/J-SH04" title="J-SH04">J-SH04</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp</a> <a href="/wiki/J-Phone" class="mw-redirect" title="J-Phone">J-Phone</a> model sold in Japan in November 2000.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> It could instantly transmit pictures via cell phone <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunication</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> By the mid-2000s, higher-end <a href="/wiki/Cell_phones" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell phones">cell phones</a> commonly had integrated digital cameras. In 2003 <a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">camera phones</a> outsold stand-alone digital cameras, and in 2006 they outsold film and digital stand-alone cameras. Five billion camera phones were sold in five years, and by 2007 more than half of the <a href="/wiki/Installed_base" title="Installed base">installed base</a> of all mobile phones were camera phones. Sales of separate cameras peaked in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-SmartphonesTollonGPS-90">[90]</a> Many early smartphones did not have cameras at all, and earlier models that had them had low performance and insufficient image and video quality that could not compete with budget pocket cameras and fulfill user's needs.<a href="#cite_note-Nokia6111-91">[91]</a> By the beginning of the 2010s almost all smartphones had an integrated digital camera. The decline in sales of stand-alone cameras accelerated due to the increasing use of smartphones with rapidly improving camera technology for casual photography, easier <a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">image manipulation</a>, and abilities to directly <a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">share photos</a> through the use of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">apps</a> and web-based services.<a href="#cite_note-SmartphonesKillingPoint-and-shoots-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> By 2011, cell phones with integrated cameras were selling hundreds of millions per year. In 2015, digital camera sales were 35.395 million units or only less than a third of digital camera sales numbers at their peak and also slightly less than film camera sold number at their peak.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Contributing to the rise in popularity of smartphones being used over dedicated cameras for photography, smaller pocket cameras have difficulty producing <a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">bokeh</a> in images, but nowadays, some smartphones have dual-lens cameras that reproduce the bokeh effect easily, and can even rearrange the level of bokeh after shooting. This works by capturing multiple images with different focus settings, then combining the background of the main image with a <a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">macro focus shot</a>. In 2007 the <a href="/wiki/Nokia_N95" title="Nokia N95">Nokia N95</a> was notable as a smartphone that had a 5.0 <a href="/wiki/Megapixel" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapixel">Megapixel</a> (MP) camera, when most others had cameras with around 3 MP or less than 2 MP. Some specialized feature phones like the <a href="/wiki/LG_Viewty" title="LG Viewty">LG Viewty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsung_SGH-G800" title="Samsung SGH-G800">Samsung SGH-G800</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sony_Ericsson_K850i" title="Sony Ericsson K850i">Sony Ericsson K850i</a>, all released later that year, also had 5.0 MP cameras. By 2010 5.0 MP cameras were common; a few smartphones had 8.0 MP cameras and the <a href="/wiki/Nokia_N8" title="Nokia N8">Nokia N8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Ericsson_Satio" title="Sony Ericsson Satio">Sony Ericsson Satio</a>,<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samsung_M8910_Pixon12" title="Samsung M8910 Pixon12">Samsung M8910 Pixon12</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> feature phone had 12 MP. The main camera of the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Nokia_N86" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokia N86">Nokia N86</a> uniquely features a three-level <a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a> lens.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The Altek Leo, a 14-megapixel smartphone with 3x optical zoom lens and 720p HD video camera was released in late 2010.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In 2011, the same year the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS" title="Nintendo 3DS">Nintendo 3DS</a> was released, HTC unveiled the <a href="/wiki/HTC_Evo_3D" title="HTC Evo 3D">Evo 3D</a>, a <a href="/wiki/3D_phone" class="mw-redirect" title="3D phone">3D phone</a> with a dual five-megapixel rear camera setup for spatial imaging, among the earliest <a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_phones_with_multiple_rear_cameras" title="Category:Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras">mobile phones with more than one rear camera</a>. The 2012 <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S_III#Camera" title="Samsung Galaxy S III">Samsung Galaxy S3</a> introduced the ability to capture photos using <a href="/wiki/Voice_user_interface" title="Voice user interface">voice commands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In 2012 Nokia announced and released the <a href="/wiki/Nokia_808_PureView" title="Nokia 808 PureView">Nokia 808 PureView</a>, featuring a 41-megapixel 1/1.2-inch sensor and a high-resolution f/2.4 <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG" title="Carl Zeiss AG">Zeiss</a> all-aspherical one-group lens. The high resolution enables four times of lossless <a href="/wiki/Digital_zoom" title="Digital zoom">digital zoom</a> at 1080p and six times at 720p resolution, using <a href="/wiki/Digital_zoom#Not-deteriorated_zoom_limit" title="Digital zoom">image sensor cropping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The 2013 <a href="/wiki/Nokia_Lumia_1020" title="Nokia Lumia 1020">Nokia Lumia 1020</a> has a similar high-resolution camera setup, with the addition of <a href="/wiki/Optical_image_stabilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical image stabilization">optical image stabilization</a> and manual camera settings years before common among high-end mobile phones, although lacking <a href="#Memory_cards">expandable storage</a> that could be of use for accordingly high <a href="/wiki/File_size" title="File size">file sizes</a>. Mobile <a href="/wiki/Optical_image_stabilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical image stabilization">optical image stabilization</a> was first introduced by Nokia in 2012 with the <a href="/wiki/Lumia_920" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumia 920">Lumia 920</a>, and the earliest known smartphone with an optically stabilized front camera is the <a href="/wiki/HTC_10" title="HTC 10">HTC 10</a> from 2016.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Optical image stabilization enables prolonged <a href="/wiki/Exposure_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Exposure time">exposure times</a> for low-light photography and smoothing out handheld video shaking, since the appearance of shakes magnifies over a larger display such as a <a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">monitor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Television_set" title="Television set">television set</a>, which would be detrimental to the watching experience. Since 2012, smartphones have become increasingly able to capture photos while filming. The resolution of those photos resolution may vary between devices. Samsung has used the highest image sensor resolution at the video's aspect ratio, which at 16:9 is 6 Megapixels (3264 × 1836) on the <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_S3" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy S3">Galaxy S3</a> and 9.6 Megapixels (4128 × 2322) on the <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_S4" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy S4">Galaxy S4</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The earliest iPhones with such functionality, <a href="/wiki/IPhone_5" title="IPhone 5">iPhone 5</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPhone_5s" title="IPhone 5s">5s</a>, captured simultaneous photos at 0.9 Megapixels (1280 × 720) while filming.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Starting in 2013 on the <a href="/wiki/Xperia_Z1" class="mw-redirect" title="Xperia Z1">Xperia Z1</a>, Sony experimented with real-time <a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">augmented reality</a> camera effects such as floating text, virtual plants, volcano, and a dinosaur walking in the scenery.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Apple later did similarly in 2017 with the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_X" title="IPhone X">iPhone X</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In the same year, <a href="/wiki/IOS_7" title="IOS 7">iOS 7</a> introduced the later widely implemented viewfinder intuition, where <a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">exposure value</a> can be adjusted through vertical swiping, after focus and exposure has been set by tapping, and even while locked after holding down for a brief moment.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> On some devices, this intuition may be restricted by software in video/slow motion modes and for front camera. In 2013, Samsung unveiled the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S4_Zoom" title="Samsung Galaxy S4 Zoom">Galaxy S4 Zoom</a> smartphone with the grip shape of a <a href="/wiki/Compact_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact camera">compact camera</a> and a 10× <a href="/wiki/Optical_zoom" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical zoom">optical zoom</a> lens, as well as a rotary knob ring around the lens, as used on higher-end compact cameras, and an <a href="/wiki/ISO_1222" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 1222">ISO 1222</a> tripod mount. It is equipped with manual parameter settings, including for focus and exposure. The successor 2014 <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_K_Zoom" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Galaxy K Zoom">Samsung Galaxy K Zoom</a> brought resolution and performance enhancements, but lacks the rotary knob and tripod mount to allow for a more smartphone-like shape with less protruding lens.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The 2014 <a href="/wiki/Panasonic_Lumix_DMC-CM1" title="Panasonic Lumix DMC-CM1">Panasonic Lumix DMC-CM1</a> was another attempt at mixing mobile phone with compact camera, so much so that it inherited the <a href="/wiki/Lumix" title="Lumix">Lumix</a> brand. While lacking optical zoom, its image sensor has a <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor_format" title="Image sensor format">format</a> of 1", as used in high-end compact cameras such as the <a href="/wiki/Lumix_DMC-LX100" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumix DMC-LX100">Lumix DMC-LX100</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sony_CyberShot_DSC-RX100" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony CyberShot DSC-RX100">Sony CyberShot DSC-RX100</a> series, with multiple times the surface size of a typical mobile camera image sensor, as well as support for light sensitivities of up to ISO 25600, well beyond the typical mobile camera light sensitivity range. As of 2021, no successor has been released.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In 2013 and 2014, HTC experimentally traded in pixel count for pixel surface size on their <a href="/wiki/HTC_One_M7" class="mw-redirect" title="HTC One M7">One M7</a> and <a href="/wiki/HTC_One_M8" class="mw-redirect" title="HTC One M8">M8</a>, both with only four megapixels, marketed as UltraPixel, citing improved brightness and less noise in low light, though the more recent One M8 lacks <a href="/wiki/Optical_image_stabilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical image stabilization">optical image stabilization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The One M8 additionally was one of the earliest smartphones to be equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Stereo_camera" title="Stereo camera">dual camera</a> setup. Its software allows generating visual spatial effects such as 3D panning, weather effects, and focus adjustment ("UFocus"), simulating the postphotographic selective focusing capability of images produced by a <a href="/wiki/Light_field_camera" title="Light field camera">light-field camera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> HTC returned to a high-megapixel single-camera setup on the 2015 <a href="/wiki/HTC_One_M9" title="HTC One M9">One M9</a>. Meanwhile, in 2014, LG Mobile started experimenting with <a href="/wiki/Time-of-flight_camera" title="Time-of-flight camera">time-of-flight camera</a> functionality, where a rear <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> beam that measures distance accelerates autofocus. <a href="/wiki/Phase-detection_autofocus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase-detection autofocus">Phase-detection autofocus</a> was increasingly adapted throughout the mid-2010s, allowing for quicker and more accurate focusing than <a href="/wiki/Contrast-detection_autofocus" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrast-detection autofocus">contrast detection</a>. In 2016 <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_7_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="IPhone 7 Plus">iPhone 7 Plus</a>, one of the phones to popularize a dual camera setup. The <a href="/wiki/IPhone_7_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="IPhone 7 Plus">iPhone 7 Plus</a> included a main 12 MP camera along with a 12 MP telephoto camera.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In early 2018 <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a> released a new flagship phone, the <a href="/wiki/Huawei_P20" title="Huawei P20">Huawei P20 Pro</a>, one of the first triple camera lens setups with <a href="/wiki/Leica_Camera" title="Leica Camera">Leica</a> optics.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In late 2018, <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> released a new mid-range smartphone, the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_A9_(2018)" title="Samsung Galaxy A9 (2018)">Galaxy A9 (2018)</a> with the world's first quad camera setup. The <a href="/wiki/Nokia_9_PureView" title="Nokia 9 PureView">Nokia 9 PureView</a> was released in 2019 featuring a penta-lens camera system.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> 2019 saw the commercialization of high resolution sensors, which use <a href="/wiki/Bayer_filter" title="Bayer filter">pixel binning</a> to capture more light. 48 MP and 64 MP sensors developed by Sony and Samsung are commonly used by several manufacturers. 108 MP sensors were first implemented in late 2019 and early 2020. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Video_resolution">Video resolution</h4></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right;"> <caption>Timeline (rear camera) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Resolution </th> <th>First year </th></tr> <tr> <td>720p (HD) </td> <td>2009 </td></tr> <tr> <td>720p at 60fps </td> <td>2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1080p (Full HD) </td> <td>2011 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1080p at 60fps </td> <td>2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_phones_with_4K_video_recording" title="Category:Mobile phones with 4K video recording">2160p (4K)</a> </td> <td>2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2160p at 60fps </td> <td>2017 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_phones_with_8K_video_recording" title="Category:Mobile phones with 8K video recording">4320p (8K)</a> </td> <td>2020 </td></tr> </tbody></table> With stronger getting chipsets to handle computing workload demands at higher pixel rates, mobile video resolution and framerate has caught up with dedicated consumer-grade cameras over years. In 2009 the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_i8910_Omnia_HD" title="Samsung i8910 Omnia HD">Samsung Omnia HD</a> became the first mobile phone with <a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p</a> HD video recording. In the same year, Apple brought video recording initially to the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_3GS" title="IPhone 3GS">iPhone 3GS</a>, at 480p, whereas the 2007 <a href="/wiki/IPhone_(1st_generation)" title="IPhone (1st generation)">original iPhone</a> and 2008 <a href="/wiki/IPhone_3G" title="IPhone 3G">iPhone 3G</a> lacked video recording entirely. 720p was more widely adapted in 2010, on smartphones such as the original <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S_(2010_smartphone)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Galaxy S (2010 smartphone)">Samsung Galaxy S</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Ericsson_Xperia_X10" title="Sony Ericsson Xperia X10">Sony Ericsson Xperia X10</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPhone_4" title="IPhone 4">iPhone 4</a>, and <a href="/wiki/HTC_Desire_HD" title="HTC Desire HD">HTC Desire HD</a>. The early 2010s brought a steep increase in mobile video resolution. <a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p</a> mobile video recording was achieved in 2011 on the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S_II" title="Samsung Galaxy S II">Samsung Galaxy S2</a>, <a href="/wiki/HTC_Sensation" title="HTC Sensation">HTC Sensation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IPhone_4s" title="IPhone 4s">iPhone 4s</a>. In 2012 and 2013, select devices with 720p filming at 60 frames per second were released: the <a href="/wiki/Asus_PadFone" title="Asus PadFone">Asus PadFone 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/HTC_One_(M7)" title="HTC One (M7)">HTC One M7</a>, unlike flagships of Samsung, Sony, and Apple. However, the 2013 <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S4_Zoom" title="Samsung Galaxy S4 Zoom">Samsung Galaxy S4 Zoom</a> does support it. In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Note_3" title="Samsung Galaxy Note 3">Samsung Galaxy Note 3</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/2160p" class="mw-redirect" title="2160p">2160p</a> (4K) video recording at 30 <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frames per second</a>, as well as 1080p doubled to 60 <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frames per second</a> for smoothness. Other vendors adapted 2160p recording in 2014, including the <a href="/wiki/Optical_image_stabilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical image stabilization">optically stabilized</a> <a href="/wiki/LG_G3" title="LG G3">LG G3</a>. Apple first implemented it in late 2015 on the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_6s" title="IPhone 6s">iPhone 6s</a> and 6s Plus. The framerate at 2160p was widely doubled to 60 in 2017 and 2018, starting with the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_8" title="IPhone 8">iPhone 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_S9" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy S9">Galaxy S9</a>, <a href="/wiki/LG_G7" class="mw-redirect" title="LG G7">LG G7</a>, and <a href="/wiki/OnePlus_6" title="OnePlus 6">OnePlus 6</a>. Sufficient computing performance of chipsets and image sensor resolution and its reading speeds have enabled mobile <a href="/wiki/4320p" class="mw-redirect" title="4320p">4320p</a> (8K) filming in 2020, introduced with the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S20" title="Samsung Galaxy S20">Samsung Galaxy S20</a> and <a href="/wiki/Redmi_K30_Pro" title="Redmi K30 Pro">Redmi K30 Pro</a>, though some upper resolution levels were foregone (skipped) throughout development, including <a href="/wiki/1440p" title="1440p">1440p</a> (2.5K), <a href="/wiki/2880p" class="mw-redirect" title="2880p">2880p</a> (5K), and <a href="/wiki/6K_resolution" title="6K resolution">3240p (6K)</a>, except 1440p on Samsung Galaxy <a href="#Front_cameras">front cameras</a>. <dl><dt>Mid-class</dt></dl> Among mid-range smartphone series, the introduction of higher video resolutions was initially delayed by two to three years compared to flagship counterparts. 720p was widely adapted in 2012, including with the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S_III_Mini" title="Samsung Galaxy S III Mini">Samsung Galaxy S3 Mini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Xperia_Go" title="Sony Xperia Go">Sony Xperia go</a>, and 1080p in 2013 on the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S4_Mini" title="Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini">Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini</a> and <a href="/wiki/HTC_One_Mini" title="HTC One Mini">HTC One mini</a>. The proliferation of video resolutions beyond 1080p has been postponed by several years. The mid-class <a href="/wiki/Sony_Xperia_M5" title="Sony Xperia M5">Sony Xperia M5</a> supported 2160p filming in 2016, whereas Samsung's mid-class series such as the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_J_series" title="Samsung Galaxy J series">Galaxy J</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_A_series" title="Samsung Galaxy A series">A series</a> were strictly limited to 1080p in resolution and 30 frames per second at any resolution for six years until around 2019, whether and how much for technical reasons is unclear. <dl><dt>Setting</dt></dl> A lower video resolution setting may be desirable to extend recording time by reducing space storage and power consumption. The camera software of some smartphones is equipped with separate controls for resolution, <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frame rate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">bit rate</a>. An example of a smartphone with these controls is the <a href="/wiki/LG_V10" title="LG V10">LG V10</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slow_motion_video">Slow motion video</h4></div> A distinction between different camera software is the method used to store high frame rate video footage, with more recent phones<a href="#cite_note-120">[a]</a> retaining both the image sensor's original output frame rate and audio, while earlier phones do not record audio and stretch the video so it can be played back slowly at default speed. While the stretched encoding method used on earlier phones enables slow motion playback on <a href="/wiki/Media_player_software" title="Media player software">video player software</a> that lacks manual playback speed control, typically found on older devices, if the aim were to achieve a slow motion effect, the real-time method used by more recent phones offers greater versatility for video editing, where slowed down portions of the footage can be freely selected by the user, and exported into a separate video. A rudimentary video editing software for this purpose is usually pre-installed. The video can optionally be played back at normal (real-time) speed, acting as usual video. <dl><dt>Development</dt></dl> The earliest smartphone known to feature a slow motion mode is the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Samsung_i8000_Omnia_II" title="Samsung i8000 Omnia II">Samsung i8000 Omnia II</a>, which can record at QVGA (320×240) at 120 fps (<a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frames per second</a>). Slow motion is not available on the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S_(2010_smartphone)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Galaxy S (2010 smartphone)">Galaxy S1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S_II" title="Samsung Galaxy S II">Galaxy S2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Note_(original)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Galaxy Note (original)">Galaxy Note 1</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S_III" title="Samsung Galaxy S III">Galaxy S3</a> flagships. In early 2012, the <a href="/wiki/HTC_One_X" title="HTC One X">HTC One X</a> allowed 768×432 pixel slow motion filming at an undocumented frame rate. The output footage has been measured as a third of real-time speed.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> In late 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Note_II" title="Samsung Galaxy Note II">Galaxy Note 2</a> brought back slow motion, with D1 (720 × 480) at 120 fps. In early 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_S4" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy S4">Galaxy S4</a> and <a href="/wiki/HTC_One_M7" class="mw-redirect" title="HTC One M7">HTC One M7</a> recorded at that frame rate with 800 × 450, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Note_3" title="Samsung Galaxy Note 3">Note 3</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPhone_5s" title="IPhone 5s">iPhone 5s</a> with 720p (1280 × 720) in late 2013, the latter of which retaines audio and original sensor frame rate, as with all later iPhones. In early 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Sony_Xperia_Z2" title="Sony Xperia Z2">Sony Xperia Z2</a> and <a href="/wiki/HTC_One_M8" class="mw-redirect" title="HTC One M8">HTC One M8</a> adapted this resolution as well. In late 2014, the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_6" title="IPhone 6">iPhone 6</a> doubled the frame rate to 240 fps, and in late 2015, the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_6s" title="IPhone 6s">iPhone 6s</a> added support for 1080p (1920 × 1080) at 120 frames per second. In early 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S6" title="Samsung Galaxy S6">Galaxy S6</a> became the first Samsung mobile phone to retain the sensor framerate and audio, and in early 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S7" title="Samsung Galaxy S7">Galaxy S7</a> became the first Samsung mobile phone with 240 fps recording, also at 720p. In early 2015, the MT6795 chipset by <a href="/wiki/MediaTek" title="MediaTek">MediaTek</a> promised 1080p@480 fps video recording. The project's status remains indefinite.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Since early 2017, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Sony_Xperia_XZ" title="Sony Xperia XZ">Sony Xperia XZ</a>, smartphones have been released with a slow motion mode that unsustainably records at framerates multiple times as high, by temporarily storing frames on the image sensor's internal burst memory. Such a recording lasts a few real-time seconds at most. In late 2017, the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_8" title="IPhone 8">iPhone 8</a> brought 1080p at 240 fps, as well as 2160p at 60 fps, followed by the Galaxy S9 in early 2018. In mid-2018, the <a href="/wiki/OnePlus_6" title="OnePlus 6">OnePlus 6</a> brought 720p at 480 fps, sustainable for one minute. In early 2021, the <a href="/wiki/OnePlus_9_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="OnePlus 9 Pro">OnePlus 9 Pro</a> became the first phone with 2160p at 120 fps. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="HDR_video">HDR video</h4></div> The first smartphones to record <a href="/wiki/HDR_video" class="mw-redirect" title="HDR video">HDR video</a> were the early 2013 <a href="/wiki/Sony_Xperia_Z" title="Sony Xperia Z">Sony Xperia Z</a> and mid-2013 <a href="/wiki/Sony_Xperia_Z_Ultra" title="Sony Xperia Z Ultra">Xperia Z Ultra</a>, followed by the early 2014 <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S5" title="Samsung Galaxy S5">Galaxy S5</a>, all at 1080p. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Audio_recording">Audio recording</h4></div> Mobile phones with multiple <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphones</a> usually allow video recording with <a href="/wiki/Stereo_audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereo audio">stereo audio</a> for spaciality, with Samsung, Sony, and HTC initially implementing it in 2012 on their <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S3" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Galaxy S3">Samsung Galaxy S3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Xperia_S" title="Sony Xperia S">Sony Xperia S</a>, and <a href="/wiki/HTC_One_X" title="HTC One X">HTC One X</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> Apple implemented stereo audio starting with the 2018 <a href="/wiki/IPhone_Xs" class="mw-redirect" title="IPhone Xs">iPhone Xs</a> family and <a href="/wiki/IPhone_XR" title="IPhone XR">iPhone XR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Front_cameras">Front cameras</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Photo">Photo</h5></div> Emphasis is being put on the front camera since the mid-2010s, where front cameras have reached resolutions as high as typical rear cameras, such as the 2015 <a href="/wiki/LG_G4" title="LG G4">LG G4</a> (8 megapixels), <a href="/wiki/Sony_Xperia_C5_Ultra" title="Sony Xperia C5 Ultra">Sony Xperia C5 Ultra</a> (13 megapixels), and 2016 <a href="/wiki/Sony_Xperia_XA_Ultra" title="Sony Xperia XA Ultra">Sony Xperia XA Ultra</a> (16 megapixels, optically stabilized). The 2015 <a href="/wiki/LG_V10" title="LG V10">LG V10</a> brought a dual front camera system where the second has a wider angle for group photography. Samsung implemented a front-camera sweep panorama (panorama selfie) feature since the <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Note_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy Note 4">Galaxy Note 4</a> to extend the field of view. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Video">Video</h5></div> In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_S3" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy S3">Galaxy S3</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPhone_5" title="IPhone 5">iPhone 5</a> brought <a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p</a> HD front video recording (at 30 fps). In early 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S4" title="Samsung Galaxy S4">Samsung Galaxy S4</a>, <a href="/wiki/HTC_One_M7" class="mw-redirect" title="HTC One M7">HTC One M7</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sony_Xperia_Z" title="Sony Xperia Z">Sony Xperia Z</a> brought 1080p Full HD at that framerate, and in late 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Note_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy Note 4">Galaxy Note 4</a> introduced 1440p video recording on the front camera. Apple adapted <a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p</a> front camera video with the late 2016 <a href="/wiki/IPhone_7" title="IPhone 7">iPhone 7</a>. In 2019, smartphones started adapting <a href="/wiki/2160p" class="mw-redirect" title="2160p">2160p</a> 4K video recording on the front camera, six years after rear camera 2160p commenced with the <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Note_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy Note 3">Galaxy Note 3</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Display_advancements">Display advancements</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G7_power_at_Best_Buy_jeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/G7_power_at_Best_Buy_jeh.jpg/170px-G7_power_at_Best_Buy_jeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/G7_power_at_Best_Buy_jeh.jpg/255px-G7_power_at_Best_Buy_jeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/G7_power_at_Best_Buy_jeh.jpg/340px-G7_power_at_Best_Buy_jeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1834" data-file-height="2750" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Moto_G7" title="Moto G7">Moto G7 Power</a>; its display uses a tall aspect ratio and includes a "notch".</figcaption></figure> In the early 2010s, larger smartphones with screen sizes of at least 140 millimetres (5.5 in) diagonal, dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Phablet" title="Phablet">phablets</a>", began to achieve popularity, with the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Note_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Galaxy Note series">Samsung Galaxy Note series</a> gaining notably wide adoption.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> In 2013, Huawei launched the <a href="/wiki/Huawei_Mate_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei Mate series">Huawei Mate series</a>, sporting a 155 millimetres (6.1 in) HD (1280 x 720) IPS+ LCD display, which was considered to be quite large at the time.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> Some companies began to release smartphones in 2013 incorporating <a href="/wiki/Flexible_display" title="Flexible display">flexible displays</a> to create curved form factors, such as the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Round" title="Samsung Galaxy Round">Samsung Galaxy Round</a> and <a href="/wiki/LG_G_Flex" title="LG G Flex">LG G Flex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-engadget-gflexfcc-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-engadget-gflexannounce-132">[131]</a> By 2014, <a href="/wiki/1440p" title="1440p">1440p</a> displays began to appear on high-end smartphones.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> In 2015, Sony released the <a href="/wiki/Xperia_Z5_Premium" class="mw-redirect" title="Xperia Z5 Premium">Xperia Z5 Premium</a>, featuring a <a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">4K resolution</a> display, although only images and videos could actually be rendered at that resolution (all other software was shown at 1080p).<a href="#cite_note-engadget-4k1080psony-134">[133]</a> New trends for smartphone displays began to emerge in 2017, with both LG and Samsung releasing flagship smartphones (<a href="/wiki/LG_G6" title="LG G6">LG G6</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_S8" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy S8">Galaxy S8</a>), utilizing displays with taller <a href="/wiki/Display_aspect_ratio" title="Display aspect ratio">aspect ratios</a> than the common <a href="/wiki/16:9" class="mw-redirect" title="16:9">16:9</a> ratio, and a high screen-to-body ratio, also known as a "bezel-less design". These designs allow the display to have a larger diagonal measurement, but with a slimmer width than 16:9 displays with an equivalent screen size.<a href="#cite_note-ndtv-lgg6-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-verge-g6unveil-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> Another trend popularized in 2017 were displays containing tab-like cut-outs at the top-centre—colloquially known as a "notch"—to contain the front-facing camera, and sometimes other sensors typically located along the top bezel of a device.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> These designs allow for "edge-to-edge" displays that take up nearly the entire height of the device, with little to no bezel along the top, and sometimes a minimal bottom bezel as well. This design characteristic appeared almost simultaneously on the Sharp Aquos S2 and the <a href="/wiki/Essential_Phone" title="Essential Phone">Essential Phone</a>,<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> which featured small circular tabs for their cameras, followed just a month later by the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_X" title="IPhone X">iPhone X</a>, which used a wider tab to contain a camera and facial scanning system known as <a href="/wiki/Face_ID" title="Face ID">Face ID</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> The 2016 <a href="/wiki/LG_V10" title="LG V10">LG V10</a> had a precursor to the concept, with a portion of the screen wrapped around the camera area in the top-left corner, and the resulting area marketed as a "second" display that could be used for various supplemental features.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SamsungGalaxyS20plus5G128G2020SMG9860TaiwanFrontReady20200910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/SamsungGalaxyS20plus5G128G2020SMG9860TaiwanFrontReady20200910.jpg/170px-SamsungGalaxyS20plus5G128G2020SMG9860TaiwanFrontReady20200910.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/SamsungGalaxyS20plus5G128G2020SMG9860TaiwanFrontReady20200910.jpg/255px-SamsungGalaxyS20plus5G128G2020SMG9860TaiwanFrontReady20200910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/SamsungGalaxyS20plus5G128G2020SMG9860TaiwanFrontReady20200910.jpg/340px-SamsungGalaxyS20plus5G128G2020SMG9860TaiwanFrontReady20200910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S20_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Galaxy S20 Plus">Samsung Galaxy S20 Plus</a>, featuring a "hole-punch" camera</figcaption></figure> Other variations of the practice later emerged, such as a "<a href="/wiki/Hole_punch" title="Hole punch">hole-punch</a>" camera (such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Honor_(brand)" title="Honor (brand)">Honor</a> View 20, and Samsung's <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_A8s" title="Samsung Galaxy A8s">Galaxy A8s</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_S10" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy S10">Galaxy S10</a>)—eschewing the tabbed "notch" for a circular or rounded-rectangular cut-out within the screen instead,<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Oppo" title="Oppo">Oppo</a> released the first "all-screen" phones with no notches at all,<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> including one with a mechanical front camera that pops up from the top of the device (<a href="/wiki/Oppo_Find_X" title="Oppo Find X">Find X</a>),<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> and a 2019 prototype for a front-facing camera that can be embedded and hidden below the display, using a special partially-translucent screen structure that allows light to reach the <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensor</a> below the panel.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> The first implementation was the <a href="/wiki/ZTE" title="ZTE">ZTE</a> Axon 20 5G, with a 32 MP sensor manufactured by Visionox.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> Displays supporting <a href="/wiki/Refresh_rate" title="Refresh rate">refresh rates</a> higher than 60 Hz (such as 90 Hz or 120 Hz) also began to appear on smartphones in 2017; initially confined to "gaming" smartphones such as the <a href="/wiki/Razer_Phone" title="Razer Phone">Razer Phone</a> (2017) and <a href="/wiki/ROG_Phone" title="ROG Phone">Asus ROG Phone</a> (2018), they later became more common on flagship phones such as the <a href="/wiki/Pixel_4" title="Pixel 4">Pixel 4</a> (2019) and <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S21" title="Samsung Galaxy S21">Samsung Galaxy S21 series</a> (2021). Higher refresh rates allow for smoother motion and lower input latency, but often at the cost of battery life. As such, the device may offer a means to disable high refresh rates, or be configured to automatically reduce the refresh rate when there is low on-screen motion.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multi-tasking">Multi-tasking</h4></div> An early implementation of multiple simultaneous tasks on a smartphone display are the <a href="/wiki/Picture-in-picture" title="Picture-in-picture">picture-in-picture</a> video playback mode ("pop-up play") and "live video list" with playing video thumbnails of the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S3" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Galaxy S3">Samsung Galaxy S3</a>, the former of which was later delivered to the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Note" title="Samsung Galaxy Note">Samsung Galaxy Note</a> through a software update.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> Later that year, a <a href="/wiki/Split_screen_(computing)" title="Split screen (computing)">split-screen</a> mode was implemented on the <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Note_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy Note 2">Galaxy Note 2</a>, later retrofitted on the Galaxy S3 through the "premium suite upgrade".<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> The earliest implementation of <a href="/wiki/Window_(computing)" title="Window (computing)">desktop and laptop-like windowing</a> was on the 2013 <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Note_3" title="Samsung Galaxy Note 3">Samsung Galaxy Note 3</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foldable_smartphones">Foldable smartphones</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foldable_smartphone" title="Foldable smartphone">Foldable smartphone</a></div> Smartphones utilizing <a href="/wiki/Rollable_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Rollable display">flexible displays</a> were theorized as possible once manufacturing costs and production processes were feasible.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> In November 2018, the startup company Royole unveiled the first commercially available <a href="/wiki/Foldable_smartphone" title="Foldable smartphone">foldable smartphone</a>, the Royole FlexPai. Also that month, Samsung presented a prototype phone featuring an "Infinity Flex Display" at its developers conference, with a smaller, outer display on its "cover", and a larger, tablet-sized display when opened. Samsung stated that it also had to develop a new polymer material to coat the display as opposed to glass.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> Samsung officially announced the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Fold" title="Samsung Galaxy Fold">Galaxy Fold</a>, based on the previously demonstrated prototype, in February 2019 for an originally-scheduled release in late-April.<a href="#cite_note-ars-galaxyfold-158">[157]</a> Due to various durability issues with the display and hinge systems encountered by early reviewers, the release of the Galaxy Fold was delayed to September to allow for design changes.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> In November 2019, Motorola unveiled a variation of the concept with its re-imagining of the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_Razr_(2020)" title="Motorola Razr (2020)">Razr</a>, using a horizontally-folding display to create a <a href="/wiki/Clamshell_design" title="Clamshell design">clamshell</a> form factor inspired by its previous <a href="/wiki/Motorola_Razr" title="Motorola Razr">feature phone range of the same name</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> Samsung would unveil a similar device known as the <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Z_Flip" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy Z Flip">Galaxy Z Flip</a> the following February.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_developments_in_the_2010s">Other developments in the 2010s</h3></div> The first smartphone with a <a href="/wiki/Fingerprint_reader" class="mw-redirect" title="Fingerprint reader">fingerprint reader</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_Atrix_4G" title="Motorola Atrix 4G">Motorola Atrix 4G</a> in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Fingerprint_Scanner_On_Phones:_History_&_Evolution,_But_Do_We_Really_Need_That?-162">[161]</a> In September 2013, the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_5S" class="mw-redirect" title="IPhone 5S">iPhone 5S</a> was unveiled as the first smartphone on a major U.S. carrier since the Atrix to feature this technology.<a href="#cite_note-The_Verge_announcement-163">[162]</a> Once again, the iPhone popularized this concept. One of the barriers of fingerprint reading amongst consumers was security concerns, however <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> was able to address these concerns by encrypting this fingerprint data onto the A7 Processor located inside the phone as well as make sure this information could not be accessed by third-party applications and is not stored in iCloud or Apple servers<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> In 2012, Samsung introduced the <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_S3" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy S3">Galaxy S3</a> (GT-i9300) with retrofittable <a href="/wiki/Wireless_charging" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless charging">wireless charging</a>, pop-up video playback, <a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a>-<a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a> variant (GT-i9305) <a href="/wiki/Quad-core" class="mw-redirect" title="Quad-core">quad-core</a> processor. In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Fairphone" title="Fairphone">Fairphone</a> launched its first "socially ethical" smartphone at the <a href="/wiki/London_Design_Festival" title="London Design Festival">London Design Festival</a> to address concerns regarding the sourcing of materials in the manufacturing<a href="#cite_note-Fair-165">[164]</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Shiftphone" title="Shiftphone">Shiftphone</a> in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> In late 2013, QSAlpha commenced production of a smartphone designed entirely around security, encryption and identity protection.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> In October 2013, <a href="/wiki/Motorola_Mobility" title="Motorola Mobility">Motorola Mobility</a> announced <a href="/wiki/Project_Ara" title="Project Ara">Project Ara</a>, a concept for a <a href="/wiki/Modular_smartphone" title="Modular smartphone">modular smartphone</a> platform that would allow users to customize and upgrade their phones with add-on modules that attached magnetically to a frame.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> Ara was retained by Google following its sale of Motorola Mobility to <a href="/wiki/Lenovo" title="Lenovo">Lenovo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-wiredready-170">[169]</a> but was shelved in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-verge-cancelled-171">[170]</a> That year, LG and Motorola both unveiled smartphones featuring a limited form of modularity for accessories; the <a href="/wiki/LG_G5" title="LG G5">LG G5</a> allowed accessories to be installed via the removal of its battery compartment,<a href="#cite_note-ars-g5unveil-172">[171]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Moto_Z" title="Moto Z">Moto Z</a> utilizes accessories attached magnetically to the rear of the device.<a href="#cite_note-cnet-motoz-173">[172]</a> Microsoft, expanding upon the concept of Motorola's short-lived "Webtop", unveiled functionality for its <a href="/wiki/Windows_10_Mobile" title="Windows 10 Mobile">Windows 10 operating system for phones</a> that allows supported devices to be <a href="/wiki/Docking_station" title="Docking station">docked</a> for use with a PC-styled <a href="/wiki/Desktop_environment" title="Desktop environment">desktop environment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-time-msw10-174">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-verge-displaydock-175">[174]</a> Samsung and LG used to be the "last standing" manufacturers to offer flagship devices with user-replaceable batteries. But in 2015, Samsung succumbed to the <a href="/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">minimalism</a> trend set by Apple, introducing the <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_S6" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy S6">Galaxy S6</a> without a user-replaceable battery. In addition, Samsung was criticised for pruning long-standing features such as <a href="/wiki/Mobile_High-Definition_Link" title="Mobile High-Definition Link">MHL</a>, Micro<a href="/wiki/USB_3.0" title="USB 3.0">USB 3.0</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waterproofing" title="Waterproofing">water resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/MicroSD" class="mw-redirect" title="MicroSD">MicroSD</a> card support, of which the latter two came back in 2016 with the <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_S7" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy S7">Galaxy S7</a> and S7 Edge. As of 2015, the global <a href="/wiki/Median" title="Median">median</a> for smartphone ownership was 43%.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Statista" title="Statista">Statista</a> forecast that 2.87 billion people would own smartphones in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> Within the same decade, rapid deployment of LTE cellular network and general availability of smartphones have increased popularity of the <a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming television</a> services, and the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">mobile TV</a> apps.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> Major technologies that began to trend in 2016 included a focus on <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">augmented reality</a> experiences catered towards smartphones, the newly introduced <a href="/wiki/USB-C" title="USB-C">USB-C</a> connector, and improving LTE technologies.<a href="#cite_note-pcw-2016trends-179">[178]</a> In 2016, adjustable <a href="/wiki/Screen_resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Screen resolution">screen resolution</a> known from desktop operating systems was introduced to smartphones for power saving, whereas variable screen <a href="/wiki/Refresh_rate" title="Refresh rate">refresh rates</a> were popularized in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> In 2018, the first smartphones featuring fingerprint readers embedded within <a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">OLED</a> displays were announced, followed in 2019 by an implementation using an ultrasonic sensor on the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S10" title="Samsung Galaxy S10">Samsung Galaxy S10</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-verge-s10unveil-183">[182]</a> In 2019, the majority of smartphones released have more than one camera, are waterproof with IP67 and IP68 ratings, and unlock using facial recognition or fingerprint scanners.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smartphone_camera_controls_popularized_by_iOS_7_(added_width).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Smartphone_camera_controls_popularized_by_iOS_7_%28added_width%29.svg/220px-Smartphone_camera_controls_popularized_by_iOS_7_%28added_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Smartphone_camera_controls_popularized_by_iOS_7_%28added_width%29.svg/330px-Smartphone_camera_controls_popularized_by_iOS_7_%28added_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Smartphone_camera_controls_popularized_by_iOS_7_%28added_width%29.svg/440px-Smartphone_camera_controls_popularized_by_iOS_7_%28added_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>This layout of the camera viewfinder was first introduced by Apple with iOS 7 in 2013. Towards the late 2010s, several other smartphone vendors have ditched their layouts and implemented variations of this layout.</figcaption></figure> Designs first implemented by Apple have been replicated by other vendors several times. These include a sealed body that does not allow replacing the battery, a lack of the physical audio connector (since the iPhone 7 from 2016), a screen with a cut-out area at the top for the earphone and front-facing camera and sensors (colloquially known as "notch"; since the iPhone X from 2017), the exclusion of a charging wall adapter from the scope of delivery (since the iPhone 12 from 2019), and a camera user interface with circular and usually solid-colour shutter button and a camera mode selector using perpendicular text and separate camera modes for photo and video (since iOS 7 from 2013).<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_developments_in_the_2020s">Other developments in the 2020s</h3></div> In 2020, the first smartphones featuring high-speed <a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a> network capability were announced.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> Since 2020, smartphones have decreasingly been shipped with rudimentary accessories like a <a href="/wiki/Power_adapter" class="mw-redirect" title="Power adapter">power adapter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">headphones</a> that have historically been almost invariably within the scope of delivery. This trend was initiated with Apple's <a href="/wiki/IPhone_12#EarPods_and_power_adapter_controversy" title="IPhone 12">iPhone 12</a>, followed by Samsung and Xiaomi on the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S21#Reception" title="Samsung Galaxy S21">Galaxy S21</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xiaomi_Mi_11" title="Xiaomi Mi 11">Mi 11</a> respectively, months after having <a href="/wiki/Mockery" title="Mockery">mocked</a> the same through advertisements. The reason cited is reducing environmental footprint, though reaching raised charging rates supported by newer models demands a new charger shipped through separate packaging with its own environmental footprint.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Librem5_phone_convergence_-_screen_keyboard_mouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Librem5_phone_convergence_-_screen_keyboard_mouse.jpg/220px-Librem5_phone_convergence_-_screen_keyboard_mouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Librem5_phone_convergence_-_screen_keyboard_mouse.jpg/330px-Librem5_phone_convergence_-_screen_keyboard_mouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Librem5_phone_convergence_-_screen_keyboard_mouse.jpg/440px-Librem5_phone_convergence_-_screen_keyboard_mouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Mobile/desktop convergence: the <a href="/wiki/Librem_5" title="Librem 5">Librem 5</a> smartphone can be used as a basic desktop computer</figcaption></figure> With the development of the <a href="/wiki/PinePhone" title="PinePhone">PinePhone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Librem_5" title="Librem 5">Librem 5</a> in the 2020s, there are intensified efforts to make open source <a href="/wiki/Linux_for_mobile_devices" title="Linux for mobile devices">GNU/Linux for smartphones</a> a major alternative to <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> and Android.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> Moreover, associated software enabled <a href="/wiki/Technological_convergence#Cellphones" title="Technological convergence">convergence</a> (beyond convergent<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app#Hybrid_app" title="Mobile app">hybrid</a> apps) by allowing the smartphones to be used like a desktop computer when connected to a keyboard, mouse and monitor.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-maui-199">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> In the early 2020s, manufacturers began to integrate <a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">satellite connectivity</a> into smartphone devices for use in remote areas, where local terrestrial communication infrastructures, such as <a href="/wiki/Landline" title="Landline">landline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular</a> networks, are not available. Due to the antenna limitations in the conventional phones, in the early stages of implementation satellite connectivity would be limited to the <a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone#Integration_into_conventional_mobile_phones" title="Satellite phone">satellite messaging</a> and satellite emergency services.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware">Hardware</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samsung_Galaxy_S6_edge_(17448278539).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Samsung_Galaxy_S6_edge_%2817448278539%29.jpg/220px-Samsung_Galaxy_S6_edge_%2817448278539%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Samsung_Galaxy_S6_edge_%2817448278539%29.jpg/330px-Samsung_Galaxy_S6_edge_%2817448278539%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Samsung_Galaxy_S6_edge_%2817448278539%29.jpg/440px-Samsung_Galaxy_S6_edge_%2817448278539%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Smartphone with infrared transmitter on top for use as remote control</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_features" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile phone features">Mobile phone features</a></div> A typical smartphone contains a number of <a href="/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93oxide%E2%80%93semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal–oxide–semiconductor">metal–oxide–semiconductor</a> (MOS) <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> (IC) chips,<a href="#cite_note-Kim-203">[202]</a> which in turn contain billions of tiny <a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOS field-effect transistors</a> (MOSFETs).<a href="#cite_note-uspto-204">[203]</a> A typical smartphone contains the following MOS IC chips:<a href="#cite_note-Kim-203">[202]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Application processor</a> (<a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> <a href="/wiki/System-on-a-chip" class="mw-redirect" title="System-on-a-chip">system-on-a-chip</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Floating-gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating-gate">floating-gate</a> <a href="/wiki/MOS_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS memory">MOS memory</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_modem" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular modem">Cellular modem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baseband" title="Baseband">baseband</a> <a href="/wiki/RF_CMOS" title="RF CMOS">RF CMOS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RF_transceiver" class="mw-redirect" title="RF transceiver">RF transceiver</a> (<a href="/wiki/RF_CMOS" title="RF CMOS">RF CMOS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Phone camera">Phone camera</a> <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensor</a> (<a href="/wiki/CMOS_image_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="CMOS image sensor">CMOS image sensor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_management_integrated_circuit" title="Power management integrated circuit">Power management integrated circuit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET" title="Power MOSFET">power MOSFETs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_driver" title="Display driver">Display driver</a> (<a href="/wiki/LCD" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD">LCD</a> or <a href="/wiki/LED_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="LED driver">LED driver</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless communication">Wireless communication</a> chips (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, <a href="/wiki/GPS_receiver" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS receiver">GPS receiver</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">Sound chip</a> (<a href="/wiki/Audio_codec" title="Audio codec">audio codec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Power_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Power amplifier">power amplifier</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">Gyroscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacitive_sensing" title="Capacitive sensing">Capacitive</a> <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreen</a> controller (<a href="/wiki/ASIC" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIC">ASIC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">DSP</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Kim-203">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RF_power_amplifier" title="RF power amplifier">RF power amplifier</a> (<a href="/wiki/LDMOS" title="LDMOS">LDMOS</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Baliga2005-207">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-Asif-208">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-NXP-LDMOS-209">[208]</a></li></ul> Some are also equipped with an <a href="/wiki/FM_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="FM radio">FM radio</a> receiver, a hardware <a href="/wiki/Notification_LED" title="Notification LED">notification LED</a>, and an infrared transmitter for use as <a href="/wiki/Remote_control" title="Remote control">remote control</a>. A few models have additional <a href="#Sensors">sensors</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Thermometer" title="Thermometer">thermometer</a> for measuring ambient temperature, <a href="/wiki/Hygrometer" title="Hygrometer">hygrometer</a> for humidity, and a sensor for <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet ray">ultraviolet ray</a> measurement. A few smartphones designed around specific purposes are equipped with uncommon hardware such as a projector (<a href="/wiki/Samsung_Beam_i8520" title="Samsung Beam i8520">Samsung Beam i8520</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Beam_i8530" title="Samsung Galaxy Beam i8530">Samsung Galaxy Beam i8530</a>), <a href="/wiki/Optical_zoom_lenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical zoom lenses">optical zoom lenses</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S4_Zoom" title="Samsung Galaxy S4 Zoom">Samsung Galaxy S4 Zoom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_K_Zoom" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Galaxy K Zoom">Samsung Galaxy K Zoom</a>), <a href="/wiki/Thermal_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal camera">thermal camera</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/PMR446" title="PMR446">PMR446</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walkie-talkie" title="Walkie-talkie">walkie-talkie</a> radio) <a href="/wiki/Transceiver" title="Transceiver">transceiver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_processing_unit">Central processing unit</h3></div> Smartphones have <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">central processing units</a> (CPUs), similar to those in computers, but optimised to operate in low power environments. In smartphones, the CPU is typically integrated in a <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> (complementary <a href="/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93oxide%E2%80%93semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal–oxide–semiconductor">metal–oxide–semiconductor</a>) <a href="/wiki/System-on-a-chip" class="mw-redirect" title="System-on-a-chip">system-on-a-chip</a> (SoC) <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">application processor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kim-203">[202]</a> The performance of mobile CPU depends not only on the clock rate (generally given in multiples of <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">hertz</a>)<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> but also on the <a href="/wiki/Memory_hierarchy" title="Memory hierarchy">memory hierarchy</a>. Because of these challenges, the performance of mobile phone CPUs is often more appropriately given by scores derived from various standardized tests to measure the real effective performance in commonly used applications. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buttons">Buttons</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TouchWiz_2013_device_options.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/TouchWiz_2013_device_options.png/170px-TouchWiz_2013_device_options.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/TouchWiz_2013_device_options.png/255px-TouchWiz_2013_device_options.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/TouchWiz_2013_device_options.png/340px-TouchWiz_2013_device_options.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="727" /></a><figcaption>"Device options" menu of Samsung Mobile's <a href="/wiki/TouchWiz" title="TouchWiz">TouchWiz</a> user interface as of 2013, accessed by holding the power button for a second</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HTC_Desire_-_optic_navigation.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/HTC_Desire_-_optic_navigation.jpeg/220px-HTC_Desire_-_optic_navigation.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/HTC_Desire_-_optic_navigation.jpeg/330px-HTC_Desire_-_optic_navigation.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/HTC_Desire_-_optic_navigation.jpeg/440px-HTC_Desire_-_optic_navigation.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/HTC_Desire" title="HTC Desire">HTC Desire</a>, a 2010 smartphone with <a href="/wiki/Optical_trackpad" title="Optical trackpad">optical trackpad</a> and search button</figcaption></figure> Smartphones are typically equipped with a power button and volume buttons. Some pairs of volume buttons are unified. Some are equipped with a dedicated camera shutter button. Units for outdoor use may be equipped with an "SOS" emergency call and "PTT" (<a href="/wiki/Push-to-talk" title="Push-to-talk">push-to-talk</a> button). The presence of physical front-side buttons such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Home_button&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Home button (page does not exist)">home</a> and navigation buttons has decreased throughout the 2010s, increasingly becoming replaced by capacitive touch sensors and simulated (on-screen) buttons.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> As with classic mobile phones, early smartphones such as the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Omnia_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Omnia II">Samsung Omnia II</a> were equipped with buttons for accepting and declining phone calls. Due to the advancements of functionality besides phone calls, these have increasingly been replaced by navigation buttons such as "menu" (also known as "options"), "back", and "tasks". Some early 2010s smartphones such as the <a href="/wiki/HTC_Desire" title="HTC Desire">HTC Desire</a> were additionally equipped with a "Search" button (🔍) for quick access to a web search engine or apps' internal search feature.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> Since 2013, smartphones' home buttons started integrating <a href="/wiki/Fingerprint_scanner" title="Fingerprint scanner">fingerprint scanners</a>, starting with the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_5s" title="IPhone 5s">iPhone 5s</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S5" title="Samsung Galaxy S5">Samsung Galaxy S5</a>. Functions may be assigned to button combinations. For example, <a href="/wiki/Screenshot" title="Screenshot">screenshots</a> can usually be taken using the home and power buttons, with a short press on iOS and one-second holding Android OS, the two most popular mobile operating systems. On smartphones with no physical home button, usually the volume-down button is instead pressed with the power button. Some smartphones have a screenshot and possibly <a href="/wiki/Screencast" title="Screencast">screencast</a> shortcuts in the navigation button bar or the power button menu.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Display">Display</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Display_device" title="Display device">Display device</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Livraria_do_Senado_(22622160063).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Livraria_do_Senado_%2822622160063%29.jpg/220px-Livraria_do_Senado_%2822622160063%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Livraria_do_Senado_%2822622160063%29.jpg/330px-Livraria_do_Senado_%2822622160063%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Livraria_do_Senado_%2822622160063%29.jpg/440px-Livraria_do_Senado_%2822622160063%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>A smartphone touchscreen</figcaption></figure> One of the main characteristics of smartphones is the <a href="/wiki/Display_device" title="Display device">screen</a>. Depending on the device's design, the screen fills most or nearly all of the space on a device's front surface. Many smartphone displays have an <a href="/wiki/Display_aspect_ratio" title="Display aspect ratio">aspect ratio</a> of <a href="/wiki/16:9" class="mw-redirect" title="16:9">16:9</a>, but taller aspect ratios became more common in 2017, as well as the aim to eliminate bezels by extending the display surface to as close to the edges as possible. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Screen_sizes">Screen sizes</h4></div> Screen sizes are measured in diagonal <a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">inches</a>. Phones with screens larger than 5.2 inches are often called "<a href="/wiki/Phablet" title="Phablet">phablets</a>". Smartphones with screens over 4.5 inches in size are commonly difficult to use with only a single hand, since most thumbs cannot reach the entire screen surface; they may need to be shifted around in the hand, held in one hand and manipulated by the other, or used in place with both hands. Due to design advances, some modern smartphones with large screen sizes and "edge-to-edge" designs have compact builds that improve their ergonomics, while the shift to taller aspect ratios have resulted in phones that have larger screen sizes whilst maintaining the ergonomics associated with smaller 16:9 displays.<a href="#cite_note-phonearena-s7edgenotphablet-218">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-verge-phabletpytha-219">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-verge-s8aspectratio-220">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Panel_types">Panel types</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">Liquid-crystal displays</a> (LCDs) and <a href="/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic light-emitting diode">organic light-emitting diode</a> (OLED) displays are the most common. Some displays are integrated with pressure-sensitive digitizers, such as those developed by <a href="/wiki/Wacom_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wacom (company)">Wacom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>,<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> and Apple's <a href="/wiki/Force_Touch" title="Force Touch">Force Touch</a> system. A few phones, such as the <a href="/wiki/YotaPhone" class="mw-redirect" title="YotaPhone">YotaPhone</a> prototype, are equipped with a low-power <a href="/wiki/Electronic_paper" title="Electronic paper">electronic paper</a> rear display, as used in <a href="/wiki/E-book_reader" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book reader">e-book readers</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alternative_input_methods">Alternative input methods</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobile_URL_tooltip.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Mobile_URL_tooltip.png/220px-Mobile_URL_tooltip.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Mobile_URL_tooltip.png/330px-Mobile_URL_tooltip.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Mobile_URL_tooltip.png/440px-Mobile_URL_tooltip.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="830" /></a><figcaption>Tooltip in Kiwi Browser, a <a href="/wiki/Google_Chromium" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Chromium">Google Chromium</a> derivative, reveals the full URL by hovering over the <a href="/wiki/Tabbed_browsing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabbed browsing">tab</a> list using the stylus on a <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Note_4" title="Samsung Galaxy Note 4">Samsung Galaxy Note 4</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HTC_Legend_-_optic_sensor.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/HTC_Legend_-_optic_sensor.jpeg/220px-HTC_Legend_-_optic_sensor.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/HTC_Legend_-_optic_sensor.jpeg/330px-HTC_Legend_-_optic_sensor.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/HTC_Legend_-_optic_sensor.jpeg/440px-HTC_Legend_-_optic_sensor.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Optical track pad sensor of an <a href="/wiki/HTC_Legend" title="HTC Legend">HTC Legend</a>, 2010.</figcaption></figure> Some devices are equipped with additional input methods such as a <a href="/wiki/Stylus" title="Stylus">stylus</a> for higher precision input and hovering detection or a <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen#Self-capacitance" title="Touchscreen">self-capacitive touch screens</a> layer for floating finger detection. The latter has been implemented on few phones such as the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S4" title="Samsung Galaxy S4">Samsung Galaxy S4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Note_3" title="Samsung Galaxy Note 3">Note 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S5" title="Samsung Galaxy S5">S5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Alpha" title="Samsung Galaxy Alpha">Alpha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sony_Xperia_Sola" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Xperia Sola">Sony Xperia Sola</a>, making the Galaxy Note 3 the only smartphone with both so far. Hovering can enable preview <a href="/wiki/Tooltip" title="Tooltip">tooltips</a> such as on the <a href="/wiki/Video_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Video player">video player</a>'s seek bar, in text messages, and quick contacts on the <a href="/wiki/Dial_pad" class="mw-redirect" title="Dial pad">dial pad</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Lock_screen" title="Lock screen">lock screen</a> animations, and the simulation of a <a href="/wiki/Mouseover" title="Mouseover">hovering</a> <a href="/wiki/Mouse_cursor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouse cursor">mouse cursor</a> on web sites.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> Some styluses support hovering as well and are equipped with a button for quick access to relevant tools such as digital <a href="/wiki/Post-it_note" title="Post-it note">post-it notes</a> and highlighting of text and elements when dragging while pressed, resembling drag selection using a <a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">computer mouse</a>. Some series such as the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Note_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Galaxy Note series">Samsung Galaxy Note series</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=LG_G_Stylus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LG G Stylus (page does not exist)">LG G Stylus</a> series have an integrated tray to store the stylus in.<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> Few devices such as the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_6s" title="IPhone 6s">iPhone 6s</a> until <a href="/wiki/IPhone_Xs" class="mw-redirect" title="IPhone Xs">iPhone Xs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huawei_Mate_S" title="Huawei Mate S">Huawei Mate S</a> are equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Force_Touch" title="Force Touch">pressure-sensitive touch screen</a>, where the pressure may be used to simulate a gas pedal in video games, access to preview windows and shortcut menus, controlling the typing cursor, and a weight scale, the latest of which has been rejected by Apple from the <a href="/wiki/App_Store_(iOS/iPadOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="App Store (iOS/iPadOS)">App Store</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> Some early 2010s HTC smartphones such as the <a href="/wiki/HTC_Desire" title="HTC Desire">HTC Desire (Bravo)</a> and <a href="/wiki/HTC_Legend" title="HTC Legend">HTC Legend</a> are equipped with an optical track pad for scrolling and selection.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notification_light">Notification light</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Notification_LED.webm/220px--Notification_LED.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="110" data-durationhint="13" data-mwtitle="Notification_LED.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Notification_LED.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/Notification_LED.webm/Notification_LED.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="428" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/Notification_LED.webm/Notification_LED.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="640" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Notification_LED.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1280" data-height="640" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/Notification_LED.webm/Notification_LED.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="128" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/Notification_LED.webm/Notification_LED.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="214" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/Notification_LED.webm/Notification_LED.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="320" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/Notification_LED.webm/Notification_LED.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="320" /></video><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Notification_LED" title="Notification LED">Notification LED</a></div> Many smartphones except Apple iPhones are equipped with low-power <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diodes</a> besides the screen that are able to notify the user about incoming messages, missed calls, low battery levels, and facilitate locating the mobile phone in darkness, with marginial power consumption. To distinguish between the sources of notifications, the colour combination and blinking pattern can vary. Usually three diodes in red, green, and blue (<a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a>) are able to create a multitude of colour combinations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensors">Sensors</h3></div> Smartphones are equipped with a multitude of sensors to enable system features and third-party applications. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Common_sensors">Common sensors</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">Accelerometers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscopes</a> enable automatic control of screen rotation. Uses by third-party software include <a href="/wiki/Bubble_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubble level">bubble level</a> simulation. An <a href="/wiki/Ambient_light_sensor" title="Ambient light sensor">ambient light sensor</a> allows for automatic screen brightness and contrast adjustment, and an <a href="/w/index.php?title=RGB_sensor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RGB sensor (page does not exist)">RGB sensor</a> enables the adaption of screen colour. Many mobile phones are also equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Barometer" title="Barometer">barometer</a> sensor to measure air pressure, such as Samsung since 2012 with the <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_S3" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy S3">Galaxy S3</a>, and Apple since 2014 with the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_6" title="IPhone 6">iPhone 6</a>. It allows estimating and detecting changes in altitude. A <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometer</a> can act as a <a href="/wiki/Digital_magnetic_compass" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital magnetic compass">digital compass</a> by measuring <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rare_sensors">Rare sensors</h4></div> Samsung equips their flagship smartphones since the 2014 <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_S5" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy S5">Galaxy S5</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Note_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy Note 4">Galaxy Note 4</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a> sensor to assist in fitness-related uses and act as a shutter key for the front-facing camera.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> So far, only the 2013 <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S4" title="Samsung Galaxy S4">Samsung Galaxy S4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Note_3" title="Samsung Galaxy Note 3">Note 3</a> are equipped with an <a href="/wiki/Thermometer" title="Thermometer">ambient temperature sensor</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Hygrometer" title="Hygrometer">humidity sensor</a>, and only the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Note_4" title="Samsung Galaxy Note 4">Note 4</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> radiation sensor which could warn the user about excessive exposure.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> A rear infrared <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> beam for distance measurement can enable <a href="/wiki/Time-of-flight_camera" title="Time-of-flight camera">time-of-flight camera</a> functionality with accelerated <a href="/wiki/Autofocus" title="Autofocus">autofocus</a>, as implemented on select LG mobile phones starting with <a href="/wiki/LG_G3" title="LG G3">LG G3</a> and <a href="/wiki/LG_V10" title="LG V10">LG V10</a>. Due to their currently rare occurrence among smartphones, not much software to utilize these sensors has been developed yet. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage">Storage</h3></div> While <a href="/wiki/EMMC" class="mw-redirect" title="EMMC">eMMC</a> (embedded multi media card) <a href="/wiki/Flash_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash storage">flash storage</a> was most commonly used in mobile phones, its successor, <a href="/wiki/Universal_Flash_Storage" title="Universal Flash Storage">UFS</a> (Universal Flash Storage) with higher transfer rates emerged throughout the 2010s for upper-class devices.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> <dl><dt>Capacity</dt></dl> While the internal storage capacity of mobile phones has been near-stagnant during the first half of the 2010s, it has increased steeper during its second half, with <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Telecommunications" title="Samsung Telecommunications">Samsung</a> for example increasing the available internal storage options of their flagship class units from 32 GB to 512 GB within only 2<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄2 years between 2016 and 2018.<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Memory_cards">Memory cards</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huawei_U8950D_no_cover.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Huawei_U8950D_no_cover.JPG/220px-Huawei_U8950D_no_cover.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Huawei_U8950D_no_cover.JPG/330px-Huawei_U8950D_no_cover.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Huawei_U8950D_no_cover.JPG/440px-Huawei_U8950D_no_cover.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Inserted memory and SIM cards</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MicroSD#Mobile_phones" class="mw-redirect" title="MicroSD">MicroSD § Mobile_phones</a></div> The space for data storage of some mobile phones can be expanded using <a href="/wiki/MicroSD#Mobile_phones" class="mw-redirect" title="MicroSD">MicroSD</a> <a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">memory cards</a>, whose capacity has multiplied throughout the 2010s (→ <a href="/wiki/SD_card#2009–2019:_SDXC" title="SD card">SD card § 2009–2019: SDXC</a>). Benefits over <a href="/wiki/USB_on_the_go" class="mw-redirect" title="USB on the go">USB on the go</a> storage and <a href="/wiki/Cloud_storage" title="Cloud storage">cloud storage</a> include <a href="/wiki/Offline" class="mw-redirect" title="Offline">offline</a> availability and <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a>, not reserving and protruding from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charging_port&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charging port (page does not exist)">charging port</a>, no connection instability or <a href="/wiki/Latency_(engineering)" title="Latency (engineering)">latency</a>, no dependence on voluminous <a href="/wiki/Data_plan" title="Data plan">data plans</a>, and preservation of the limited rewriting cycles of the device's permanent internal storage. Large amounts of data can be moved immediately between devices by changing memory cards, large-scale <a href="/wiki/Data_backup" class="mw-redirect" title="Data backup">data backups</a> can be created offline, and data can be read externally should the smartphone be inoperable.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> In case of technical <a href="/wiki/Brick_(electronics)" title="Brick (electronics)">defects</a> which make the device unusable or un<a href="/wiki/Boot_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boot (computing)">bootable</a> as a result of liquid damage, fall damage, screen damage, <a href="/wiki/Bendgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bendgate">bending damage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a>, or bogus <a href="/wiki/Software_update" class="mw-redirect" title="Software update">system updates</a>,<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> etc., data stored on the memory card is likely <a href="/wiki/Data_recovery" title="Data recovery">rescueable</a> externally, while data on the inaccessible internal storage would be <a href="/wiki/Data_loss" title="Data loss">lost</a>. A memory card can usually<a href="#cite_note-241">[b]</a> immediately be re-used in a different memory-card-enabled device with no necessity for prior <a href="/wiki/File_transfer" title="File transfer">file transfers</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Dual-SIM" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-SIM">dual-SIM</a> mobile phones are equipped with a hybrid slot, where one of the two slots can be occupied by either a <a href="/wiki/SIM_card" title="SIM card">SIM card</a> or a memory card. Some models, typically of higher end, are equipped with three slots including one dedicated memory card slot, for simultaneous dual-SIM and memory card usage.<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> <dl><dt>Physical location</dt></dl> The location of both SIM and memory card slots vary among devices, where they might be located accessibly behind the back cover or else behind the battery, the latter of which denies <a href="/wiki/Hot_swapping" title="Hot swapping">hot swapping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> Mobile phones with non-removable rear cover typically house SIM and memory cards in a small tray on the handset's frame, ejected by inserting a needle tool into a pinhole.<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> Some earlier mid-range phones such as the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Fit_(smartphone)" title="Samsung Galaxy Fit (smartphone)">Samsung Galaxy Fit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Ace" title="Samsung Galaxy Ace">Ace</a> have a sideways memory card slot on the frame covered by a cap that can be opened without tool.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="File_transfer">File transfer</h4></div> Originally, <a href="/wiki/Mass_storage" title="Mass storage">mass storage</a> access was commonly enabled to computers through USB. Over time, mass storage access was removed, leaving the <a href="/wiki/Media_Transfer_Protocol" title="Media Transfer Protocol">Media Transfer Protocol</a> as protocol for USB file transfer, due to its non-exclusive access ability where the computer is able to access the storage without it being locked away from the mobile phone's software for the duration of the connection, and no necessity for common <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> support, as communication is done through an <a href="/wiki/Abstraction_layer" title="Abstraction layer">abstraction layer</a>. However, unlike mass storage, Media Transfer Protocol lacks parallelism, meaning that only a single transfer can run at a time, for which other transfer requests need to wait to finish. This, for example, denies browsing photos and playing back videos from the device during an active file transfer. Some programs and devices lack support for MTP. In addition, the direct access and <a href="/wiki/Random_access" title="Random access">random access</a> of files through MTP is not supported. Any file is wholly downloaded from the device before opened.<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound">Sound</h3></div> Some audio quality enhancing features, such as <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_LTE" title="Voice over LTE">Voice over LTE</a> and <a href="/wiki/HD_Voice" class="mw-redirect" title="HD Voice">HD Voice</a> have appeared and are often available on newer smartphones. Sound quality can remain a problem due to the design of the phone, the quality of the cellular network and compression algorithms used in <a href="/wiki/Long-distance_call" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-distance call">long-distance calls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a> Audio quality can be improved using a <a href="/wiki/VoIP" class="mw-redirect" title="VoIP">VoIP</a> application over <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> Cellphones have small speakers so that the user can use a <a href="/wiki/Speakerphone" title="Speakerphone">speakerphone</a> feature and talk to a person on the phone without holding it to their ear. The small speakers can also be used to listen to digital audio files of music or speech or watch videos with an audio component, without holding the phone close to the ear. However, integrated speakers may be small and of restricted sound quality to conserve space. Some mobile phones such as the <a href="/wiki/HTC_One_M8" class="mw-redirect" title="HTC One M8">HTC One M8</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sony_Xperia_Z2" title="Sony Xperia Z2">Sony Xperia Z2</a> are equipped with <a href="/wiki/Stereophonic_sound" title="Stereophonic sound">stereophonic</a> speakers to create spacial sound when in horizontal orientation.<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Audio_connector">Audio connector</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Phone_connector_(audio)#Miniature_size" title="Phone connector (audio)">3.5mm headphone receptible</a> (<a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">coll.</a> "headphone jack") allows the immediate operation of passive <a href="/wiki/Headphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Headphone">headphones</a>, as well as connection to other external auxiliary audio appliances. Among devices equipped with the connector, it is more commonly located at the bottom (charging port side) than on the top of the device. The decline of the connector's availability among newly released mobile phones among all major vendors commenced in 2016 with its lack on the Apple <a href="/wiki/IPhone_7" title="IPhone 7">iPhone 7</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Adapter" title="Adapter">adapter</a> reserving the charging port can retrofit the plug. Battery-powered, wireless Bluetooth headphones are an alternative. Those tend to be costlier however due to their need for internal hardware such as a Bluetooth <a href="/wiki/Transceiver" title="Transceiver">transceiver</a> and a battery with a charging controller, and a Bluetooth coupling is required ahead of each operation.<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battery">Battery</h3></div> Smartphones typically feature <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lithium-polymer_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium-polymer battery">lithium-polymer batteries</a> due to their high <a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">energy densities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Williams-253">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-ieee-254">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sony-Energy-255">[253]</a> Batteries chemically wear down as a result of repeated charging and discharging throughout ordinary usage, losing both energy capacity and output power, which results in loss of processing speeds followed by system outages.<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a> Battery capacity may be reduced to 80% after few hundred recharges, and the drop in performance accelerates with time.<a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> Some mobile phones are designed with batteries that can be interchanged upon expiration by the end user, usually by opening the back cover. While such a design had initially been used in most mobile phones, including those with touch screen that were not Apple iPhones, it has largely been usurped throughout the 2010s by permanently built-in, non-replaceable batteries; a design practice criticized for <a href="/wiki/Planned_obsolescence#Batteries" title="Planned obsolescence">planned obsolescence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Charging">Charging</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheero_powerbank_%26_Samsung_Galaxy_S4_20140910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Cheero_powerbank_%26_Samsung_Galaxy_S4_20140910.jpg/220px-Cheero_powerbank_%26_Samsung_Galaxy_S4_20140910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Cheero_powerbank_%26_Samsung_Galaxy_S4_20140910.jpg/330px-Cheero_powerbank_%26_Samsung_Galaxy_S4_20140910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Cheero_powerbank_%26_Samsung_Galaxy_S4_20140910.jpg/440px-Cheero_powerbank_%26_Samsung_Galaxy_S4_20140910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4314" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption>A high-capacity portable <a href="/wiki/Battery_charger" title="Battery charger">battery charger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battery_charger#Power_bank" title="Battery charger">power bank</a>)</figcaption></figure> Due to limitations of <a href="/wiki/Electrical_current" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical current">electrical currents</a> that existing USB cables' copper wires could handle, charging protocols which make use of elevated <a href="/wiki/Voltages" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltages">voltages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Qualcomm_Quick_Charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualcomm Quick Charge">Qualcomm Quick Charge</a> and <a href="/wiki/MediaTek_Pump_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="MediaTek Pump Express">MediaTek Pump Express</a> have been developed to increase the power throughput for faster charging, to maximize the usage time without restricted ergonomy and to minimize the time a device needs to be attached to a power source. The smartphone's integrated <a href="/wiki/Charge_controller" title="Charge controller">charge controller</a> (IC) requests the elevated voltage from a supported <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_charger" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile phone charger">charger</a>. "<a href="/wiki/VOOC" class="mw-redirect" title="VOOC">VOOC</a>" by Oppo, also marketed as "dash charge", took the counter approach and increased current to cut out some heat produced from internally regulating the arriving voltage in the end device down to the battery's charging terminal voltage, but is incompatible with existing USB cables, as it requires the thicker copper wires of high-current USB cables. Later, <a href="/wiki/USB_Power_Delivery" class="mw-redirect" title="USB Power Delivery">USB Power Delivery</a> (USB-PD) was developed with the aim to standardize the negotiation of charging parameters across devices of up to 100 Watts, but is only supported on cables with USB-C on both endings due to the connector's dedicated PD channels.<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a> While charging rates have been increasing, with 15 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watts</a> in 2014,<a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a> 20 Watts in 2016,<a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a> and 45 watts in 2018,<a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> the power throughput may be throttled down significantly during operation of the device.<a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[c]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wireless_charging" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless charging">Wireless charging</a> has been widely adapted, allowing for intermittent recharging without wearing down the charging port through frequent reconnection, with <a href="/wiki/Qi_(standard)" title="Qi (standard)">Qi</a> being the most common standard, followed by <a href="/wiki/Powermat" class="mw-redirect" title="Powermat">Powermat</a>. Due to the lower efficiency of wireless power transmission, charging rates are below that of wired charging, and more heat is produced at similar charging rates. By the end of 2017, smartphone battery life has become generally adequate;<a href="#cite_note-267">[264]</a> however, earlier smartphone battery life was poor due to the weak batteries that could not handle the significant power requirements of the smartphones' computer systems and color screens.<a href="#cite_note-268">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[267]</a> Smartphone users purchase additional chargers for use outside the home, at work, and in cars and by buying portable external "battery packs". External battery packs include generic models which are connected to the smartphone with a cable, and custom-made models that "piggyback" onto a smartphone's case. In 2016, Samsung had to recall millions of the <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Note_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy Note 7">Galaxy Note 7</a> smartphones due to an explosive battery issue.<a href="#cite_note-271">[268]</a> For consumer convenience, <a href="/wiki/Inductive_charging" title="Inductive charging">wireless charging</a> stations have been introduced in some hotels, bars, and other public spaces.<a href="#cite_note-272">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Power_management">Power management</h4></div> A technique to minimize power consumption is the panel self-refresh, whereby the image to be shown on the display is not sent at all times from the processor to the integrated controller (IC) of the display component, but only if the information on screen is changed. The display's integrated controller instead memorizes the last screen contents and refreshes the screen by itself. This technology was introduced around 2014 and has reduced power consumption by a few hundred milliwatts.<a href="#cite_note-273">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cameras">Cameras</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Camera phone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Videophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Videophone">Videophone</a></div> Cameras have become standard features of smartphones. As of 2019 phone cameras are now a highly competitive area of differentiation between models, with advertising campaigns commonly based on a focus on the quality or capabilities of a device's main cameras. Images are usually saved in the <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a> file format; some high-end phones since the mid-2010s also have <a href="/wiki/Raw_image_format" title="Raw image format">RAW</a> imaging capability.<a href="#cite_note-274">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Space_constraints">Space constraints</h4></div> Typically smartphones have at least one main rear-facing camera and a lower-resolution front-facing camera for "<a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">selfies</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Video_chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Video chat">video chat</a>. Owing to the limited depth available in smartphones for <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lens" title="Lens">optics</a>, rear-facing cameras are often housed in a "bump" that is thicker than the rest of the phone. Since increasingly thin mobile phones have more abundant horizontal space than the depth that is necessary and used in dedicated cameras for better lenses, there is additionally a trend for phone manufacturers to include multiple cameras, with each optimized for a different purpose (<a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide angle</a>, etc.). Viewed from back, rear cameras are commonly located at the top center or top left corner. A cornered location benefits by not requiring other hardware to be packed around the camera module while increasing <a href="/wiki/Ergonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergonomy">ergonomy</a>, as the lens is less likely to be covered when held horizontally. Modern advanced smartphones have cameras with <a href="/wiki/Image_stabilization#Optical_image_stabilization" title="Image stabilization">optical image stabilisation</a> (OIS), larger sensors, bright lenses, and even optical zoom plus <a href="/wiki/Raw_image_format" title="Raw image format">RAW</a> images. <a href="/wiki/High-dynamic-range_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="High-dynamic-range imaging">HDR</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a> mode" with multi lenses and multi-shot <a href="/wiki/Night_mode_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Night mode camera">night modes</a> are now also familiar.<a href="#cite_note-276">[273]</a> Many new smartphone camera features are being enabled via <a href="/wiki/Computational_photography" title="Computational photography">computational photography</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">image processing</a> and multiple specialized lenses rather than larger sensors and lenses, due to the constrained space available inside phones that are being made as slim as possible. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dedicated_camera_button">Dedicated camera button</h4></div> Some mobile phones such as the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_i8000_Omnia_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung i8000 Omnia 2">Samsung i8000 Omnia 2</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Nokia_Lumia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokia Lumia">Nokia Lumias</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Sony_Xperia" title="Sony Xperia">Sony Xperias</a> are equipped with a physical camera shutter button. Those with two pressure levels resemble the <a href="/wiki/Point-and-shoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Point-and-shoot">point-and-shoot</a> intuition of dedicated <a href="/wiki/Compact_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact camera">compact cameras</a>. The camera button may be used as a <a href="/wiki/Shortcut_(computing)" title="Shortcut (computing)">shortcut</a> to quickly and <a href="/wiki/Ergonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergonomy">ergonomically</a> launch the camera software, as it is located more accessibly inside a pocket than the power button. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Back_cover_materials">Back cover materials</h3></div> Back covers of smartphones are typically made of <a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">polycarbonate</a>, aluminium, or glass. Polycarbonate back covers may be glossy or matte, and possibly textured, like dotted on the <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_S5" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy S5">Galaxy S5</a> or leathered on the <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Note_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy Note 3">Galaxy Note 3</a> and <a href="/wiki/Note_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Note 4">Note 4</a>. While polycarbonate back covers may be perceived as less "premium" among <a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">fashion</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Fad" title="Fad">trend</a>-oriented users, its utilitarian strengths and technical benefits include durability and shock absorption, greater <a href="/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)" title="Elasticity (physics)">elasticity</a> against permanent bending like metal, inability to shatter like glass, which facilitates designing it removable; better manufacturing cost efficiency, and no blockage of radio signals or wireless power like metal.<a href="#cite_note-277">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accessories">Accessories</h3></div> A wide range of accessories are sold for smartphones, including <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_accessories#Cases" title="Mobile phone accessories">cases</a>, <a href="#Memory_cards">memory cards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Screen_protector" title="Screen protector">screen protectors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battery_charger#Mobile_phone_charger" title="Battery charger">chargers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wireless_charging" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless charging">wireless power</a> stations, <a href="/wiki/USB_On-The-Go" title="USB On-The-Go">USB On-The-Go</a> adapters (for connecting USB drives and or, in some cases, a HDMI cable to an external monitor), <a href="/wiki/Mobile_High-Definition_Link" title="Mobile High-Definition Link">MHL</a> adapters, add-on batteries, <a href="/wiki/Power_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Power bank">power banks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">headphones</a>, combined headphone-microphones (which, for example, allow a person to privately conduct <a href="/wiki/Telephone_call" title="Telephone call">calls</a> on the device without holding it to the ear), and <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>-enabled <a href="/wiki/Powered_speaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Powered speaker">powered speakers</a> that enable users to listen to media from their smartphones wirelessly. Cases range from relatively inexpensive rubber or soft plastic cases which provide moderate protection from bumps and good protection from scratches to more expensive, heavy-duty cases that combine a rubber padding with a hard outer shell. Some cases have a "book"-like form, with a cover that the user opens to use the device; when the cover is closed, it protects the screen. Some "book"-like cases have additional pockets for credit cards, thus enabling people to use them as <a href="/wiki/Wallet" title="Wallet">wallets</a>. Accessories include products sold by the manufacturer of the smartphone and compatible products made by other manufacturers. However, some companies, like <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, stopped including chargers with smartphones in order to "reduce <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">carbon footprint</a>", etc., causing many customers to pay extra for charging adapters. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software">Software</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobile_operating_systems">Mobile operating systems</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Mobile operating system</a></div> A mobile operating system (or mobile OS) is an <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> for phones, <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smartwatch" title="Smartwatch">smartwatches</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile devices</a>. Globally, <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> and <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">IOS</a> are the two most used mobile operating systems based on <a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems" title="Usage share of operating systems">usage share</a>, with the former having been the best selling OS globally on all devices since 2013. Mobile operating systems combine features of a <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> operating system with other features useful for mobile or handheld use; usually including, and most of the following considered essential in modern mobile systems; a <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular</a>, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi Protected Access, Wi-Fi, <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS) mobile navigation, <a href="/wiki/Video_camera" title="Video camera">video-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">single-frame picture cameras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">speech recognition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">voice recorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">music player</a>, <a href="/wiki/Near-field_communication" title="Near-field communication">near-field communication</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Infrared_blaster" title="Infrared blaster">infrared blaster</a>. By Q1 2018, over 383 million smartphones were sold with 85.9 percent running Android, 14.1 percent running iOS and a negligible number of smartphones running other OSes.<a href="#cite_note-281">[278]</a> Android alone is more popular than the popular desktop operating system Windows, and in general, smartphone use (even without tablets) exceeds desktop use. Other well-known mobile operating systems are <a href="/wiki/Flyme_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Flyme OS">Flyme OS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harmony_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmony OS">Harmony OS</a>. Mobile devices with mobile communications abilities (e.g., smartphones) contain two mobile operating systems—the main user-facing software platform is supplemented by a second low-level proprietary <a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">real-time operating system</a> which operates the radio and other hardware. Research has shown that these low-level systems may contain a range of security vulnerabilities permitting malicious <a href="/wiki/Base_station" title="Base station">base stations</a> to gain high levels of control over the mobile device.<a href="#cite_note-282">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobile_app">Mobile app</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">Mobile app</a></div> A mobile app is a computer program designed to run on a mobile device, such as a smartphone. The term "app" is a short-form of the term "software application".<a href="#cite_note-283">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Application_stores">Application stores</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_app_distribution_platforms" title="List of mobile app distribution platforms">List of mobile app distribution platforms</a></div> The introduction of Apple's App Store for the iPhone and iPod Touch in July 2008 popularized manufacturer-hosted <a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_app_distribution_platforms" title="List of mobile app distribution platforms">online distribution</a> for third-party applications (<a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer programs">computer programs</a>) focused on a single platform. There are a huge variety of apps, including <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>, music products and business tools. Up until that point, smartphone application distribution depended on <a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_app_distribution_platforms#Third-party_platforms" title="List of mobile app distribution platforms">third-party sources</a> providing applications for multiple platforms, such as <a href="/wiki/GetJar" title="GetJar">GetJar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handango" title="Handango">Handango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handmark" title="Handmark">Handmark</a>, and <a href="/wiki/PocketGear" class="mw-redirect" title="PocketGear">PocketGear</a>. Following the success of the App Store, other smartphone manufacturers launched application stores, such as Google's Android Market (later renamed to the Google Play Store) and RIM's <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_App_World" class="mw-redirect" title="BlackBerry App World">BlackBerry App World</a>, Android-related app stores like <a href="/wiki/Aptoide" title="Aptoide">Aptoide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cafe_Bazaar" title="Cafe Bazaar">Cafe Bazaar</a>, <a href="/wiki/F-Droid" title="F-Droid">F-Droid</a>, <a href="/wiki/GetJar" title="GetJar">GetJar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Opera_Mobile_Store" title="Opera Mobile Store">Opera Mobile Store</a>. In February 2014, 93% of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_developers" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile developers">mobile developers</a> were targeting smartphones first for mobile app development.<a href="#cite_note-284">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_current_smartphone_brands">List of current smartphone brands</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">dynamic list</a> and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Smartphone" title="Special:EditPage/Smartphone">adding missing items</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>.</div> <div style="column-width:100px"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asus" title="Asus">Asus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gionee" title="Gionee">Gionee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pixel" title="Google Pixel">Google Pixel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_(brand)" title="Honor (brand)">Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTC" title="HTC">HTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinix" class="mw-redirect" title="Infinix">Infinix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IQOO" title="IQOO">iQOO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itel_Mobile" title="Itel Mobile">Itel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_International" title="Lava International">Lava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenovo" title="Lenovo">Lenovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meizu" title="Meizu">Meizu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_Mobility" title="Motorola Mobility">Motorola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nothing_(technology_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nothing (technology company)">Nothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubia_Technology" title="Nubia Technology">Nubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OnePlus" title="OnePlus">OnePlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppo" title="Oppo">Oppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POCO_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="POCO (company)">POCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realme" title="Realme">Realme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redmi" title="Redmi">Redmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy" title="Samsung Galaxy">Samsung Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Xperia" title="Sony Xperia">Sony Xperia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecno_Mobile" title="Tecno Mobile">Tecno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umidigi" title="Umidigi">Umidigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivo_(technology_company)" title="Vivo (technology company)">Vivo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaomi" title="Xiaomi">Xiaomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZTE" title="ZTE">ZTE</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sales">Sales</h2></div> <div class="floatright"> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_labdynhr81maykmy724bi94vjwk2lyv"></map><img usemap="#timeline_labdynhr81maykmy724bi94vjwk2lyv" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/labdynhr81maykmy724bi94vjwk2lyv.png" /></div></div> Since 1996, smartphone shipments have had positive growth. In November 2011, 27% of all photographs created were taken with camera-equipped smartphones.<a href="#cite_note-285">[282]</a> In September 2012, a study concluded that 4 out of 5 smartphone owners use the device to shop online.<a href="#cite_note-286">[283]</a> Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for feature phones in early 2013.<a href="#cite_note-news1-287">[284]</a> Worldwide shipments of smartphones topped 1 billion units in 2013, up 38% from 2012's 725 million, while comprising a 55% share of the mobile phone market in 2013, up from 42% in 2012. In 2013, smartphone sales began to decline for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-288">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[286]</a> In Q1 2016 for the first time the shipments dropped by 3 percent <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/year-over-year" class="extiw" title="wikt:year-over-year">year on year</a>. The situation was caused by the maturing China market.<a href="#cite_note-290">[287]</a> A report by NPD shows that fewer than 10% of US citizens have spent $1,000 or more on smartphones, as they are too expensive for most people, without introducing particularly innovative features, and amid <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oppo" title="Oppo">Oppo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xiaomi" title="Xiaomi">Xiaomi</a> introducing products with similar feature sets for lower prices.<a href="#cite_note-291">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[290]</a> In 2019, smartphone sales declined by 3.2%, the largest in smartphone history, while China and India were credited with driving most smartphone sales worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-294">[291]</a> It is predicted that widespread adoption of 5G will help drive new smartphone sales.<a href="#cite_note-295">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_manufacturer">By manufacturer</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_mobile_phones" title="List of best-selling mobile phones">List of best-selling mobile phones</a></div> In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> had the highest shipment <a href="/wiki/Market_share" title="Market share">market share</a> worldwide, followed by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>. In 2013, Samsung had 31.3% market share, a slight increase from 30.3% in 2012, while Apple was at 15.3%, a decrease from 18.7% in 2012. <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a>, <a href="/wiki/LG_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="LG Corporation">LG</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lenovo" title="Lenovo">Lenovo</a> were at about 5% each, significantly better than 2012 figures, while others had about 40%, the same as the previous years figure. Only Apple lost market share, although their shipment volume still increased by 12.9%; the rest had significant increases in shipment volumes of 36 to 92%.<a href="#cite_note-297">[294]</a> In Q1 2014, Samsung had a 31% share and Apple had 16%.<a href="#cite_note-298">[295]</a> In Q4 2014, Apple had a 20.4% share and Samsung had 19.9%.<a href="#cite_note-brett-299">[296]</a> In Q2 2016, Samsung had a 22.3% share and Apple had 12.9%.<a href="#cite_note-300">[297]</a> In Q1 2017, IDC reported that Samsung was first placed, with 80 million units, followed by Apple with 50.8 million, Huawei with 34.6 million, <a href="/wiki/Oppo" title="Oppo">Oppo</a> with 25.5 million and <a href="/wiki/Vivo_(technology_company)" title="Vivo (technology company)">Vivo</a> with 22.7 million.<a href="#cite_note-301">[298]</a> Samsung's mobile business is half the size of Apple's, by revenue. Apple business increased very rapidly in the years 2013 to 2017.<a href="#cite_note-302">[299]</a> <a href="/wiki/Realme" title="Realme">Realme</a>, a brand owned by Oppo, is the fastest-growing phone brand worldwide since Q2 2019. In China, Huawei and <a href="/wiki/Honor_(brand)" title="Honor (brand)">Honor</a>, a brand owned by Huawei, have 46% of market share combined and posted 66% annual growth as of 2019, amid growing Chinese nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-303">[300]</a> In 2019, Samsung had a 74% market share of 5G smartphones in South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-304">[301]</a> In the first quarter of 2024, global smartphone shipments rose by 7.8% to 289.4 million units. Samsung, with a 20.8% market share, overtook Apple to become the leading smartphone manufacturer. Apple's smartphone shipments dropped 10%. Xiaomi secured the third spot with a 14.1% market share.<a href="#cite_note-305">[302]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_operating_system">By operating system</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system#By_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Mobile operating system § By operating system</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone#Use" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phone § Use</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">Technological convergence</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_use_and_convergence">Contemporary use and convergence</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:A2_%26_Zen_(307730569).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="sdas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/A2_%26_Zen_%28307730569%29.jpg/150px-A2_%26_Zen_%28307730569%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/A2_%26_Zen_%28307730569%29.jpg/225px-A2_%26_Zen_%28307730569%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/A2_%26_Zen_%28307730569%29.jpg/300px-A2_%26_Zen_%28307730569%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_Cybershot_DSC_W210.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Sony_Cybershot_DSC_W210.jpg/150px-Sony_Cybershot_DSC_W210.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Sony_Cybershot_DSC_W210.jpg/225px-Sony_Cybershot_DSC_W210.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Sony_Cybershot_DSC_W210.jpg/300px-Sony_Cybershot_DSC_W210.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1817" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobiles_Navigationsgeraet_Navigon_im_Einsatz.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mobiles_Navigationsgeraet_Navigon_im_Einsatz.JPG/150px-Mobiles_Navigationsgeraet_Navigon_im_Einsatz.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mobiles_Navigationsgeraet_Navigon_im_Einsatz.JPG/225px-Mobiles_Navigationsgeraet_Navigon_im_Einsatz.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mobiles_Navigationsgeraet_Navigon_im_Einsatz.JPG/300px-Mobiles_Navigationsgeraet_Navigon_im_Einsatz.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1880" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:PDA_Mapping.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/PDA_Mapping.jpg/150px-PDA_Mapping.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/PDA_Mapping.jpg/225px-PDA_Mapping.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/PDA_Mapping.jpg/300px-PDA_Mapping.jpg 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="248" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Some technologic devices whose markets have declined by the popularity of smartphones: (from top-left) <a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">portable media players</a> (inc. "MP3 players"); <a href="/wiki/Point-and-shoot_camera" title="Point-and-shoot camera">compact digital cameras</a>; <a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation_device" title="Satellite navigation device">in-car satellite navigation systems</a>; <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">personal digital assistants</a> (inc. <a href="/wiki/Electronic_organizer" title="Electronic organizer">electronic organizers</a>)</div></div></div></div> The rise in popularity of touchscreen smartphones and mobile apps distributed via app stores along with rapidly advancing <a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">network</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_processor" title="Mobile processor">mobile processor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">storage</a> technologies led to a <a href="/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">convergence</a> where separate <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_organizer" title="Personal organizer">organizers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">portable media players</a> were replaced by a smartphone as the single device most people carried.<a href="#cite_note-306">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-307">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tom's_Hardware-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[307]</a> Advances in <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">digital camera sensors</a> and on-device <a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">image processing</a> software more gradually led to smartphones replacing simpler <a href="/wiki/Point-and-shoot_camera" title="Point-and-shoot camera">cameras</a> for photographs and video recording.<a href="#cite_note-SmartphonesKillingPoint-and-shoots-92">[92]</a> The built-in <a href="/wiki/Global_navigation_satellite_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Global navigation satellite systems">GPS</a> capabilities and <a href="/wiki/List_of_online_map_services" title="List of online map services">mapping</a> apps on smartphones largely replaced stand-alone <a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">satellite navigation</a> <a href="/wiki/Personal_navigation_assistant#Market_developments" title="Personal navigation assistant">devices</a>, and paper <a href="/wiki/Road_map" title="Road map">maps</a> became less common.<a href="#cite_note-SmartphonesTollonGPS-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mobile_gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile gaming">Mobile gaming</a> on smartphones greatly grew in popularity,<a href="#cite_note-311">[308]</a> allowing many people to use them in place of <a href="/wiki/Handheld_game_consoles" class="mw-redirect" title="Handheld game consoles">handheld game consoles</a>, and some companies tried creating game console/phone hybrids based on phone hardware and software.<a href="#cite_note-312">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[310]</a> People frequently have chosen not to get <a href="/wiki/Landline" title="Landline">fixed-line telephone service</a> in favor of smartphones.<a href="#cite_note-314">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[312]</a> <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media#Music_streaming_platforms" title="Streaming media">Music streaming</a> apps and services have grown rapidly in popularity, serving the same use as listening to music stations on a terrestrial or satellite <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">radio</a>. <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming video</a> services are easily accessed via smartphone apps and can be used in place of watching <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>. People have often stopped wearing <a href="/wiki/Wristwatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Wristwatch">wristwatches</a> in favor of checking the time on their smartphones, and many use the clock features on their phones in place of <a href="/wiki/Alarm_clock" title="Alarm clock">alarm clocks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-316">[313]</a> Mobile phones can also be used as a digital <a href="/wiki/Note_taking" class="mw-redirect" title="Note taking">note taking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Text_editing" class="mw-redirect" title="Text editing">text editing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memorandum" title="Memorandum">memorandum</a> device whose <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computerization</a> facilitates searching of entries. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Global_Internet_usage#Broadband_usage" title="Global Internet usage">in many lesser technologically developed regions</a> smartphones are people's first and only means of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_broadband" title="Mobile broadband">Internet access</a> due to their portability,<a href="#cite_note-317">[314]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] with <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a> being relatively uncommon outside of business use. The cameras on smartphones can be used to photograph documents and send them via email or <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">messaging</a> in place of using <a href="/wiki/Fax" title="Fax">fax</a> (facsimile) machines. <a href="/wiki/Mobile_payment" title="Mobile payment">Payment apps and services</a> on smartphones allow people to make less use of wallets, purses, credit and debit cards, and cash. <a href="/wiki/Mobile_banking" title="Mobile banking">Mobile banking</a> apps can allow people to deposit checks simply by photographing them, eliminating the need to take the physical check to an <a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">ATM</a> or teller. <a href="/wiki/Guide_book" title="Guide book">Guide book</a> apps can take the place of paper travel and restaurant/business guides, museum brochures, and dedicated <a href="/wiki/Audio_tour#Smartphone_tours" title="Audio tour">audio guide</a> equipment. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobile_banking_and_payment">Mobile banking and payment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mobile_banking" title="Mobile banking">Mobile banking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_payment" title="Mobile payment">Mobile payment</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Branchless_banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Branchless banking">Branchless banking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contactless_payment" title="Contactless payment">Contactless payment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobile_payment_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mobile_payment_03.JPG/220px-Mobile_payment_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mobile_payment_03.JPG/330px-Mobile_payment_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mobile_payment_03.JPG/440px-Mobile_payment_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Mobile payment system.</figcaption></figure> In many countries, mobile phones are used to provide <a href="/wiki/Mobile_banking" title="Mobile banking">mobile banking</a> services, which may include the ability to transfer cash payments by secure SMS text message. Kenya's <a href="/wiki/M-PESA" class="mw-redirect" title="M-PESA">M-PESA</a> mobile banking service, for example, allows customers of the mobile phone operator <a href="/wiki/Safaricom" title="Safaricom">Safaricom</a> to hold cash balances which are recorded on their SIM cards. Cash can be deposited or withdrawn from M-PESA accounts at Safaricom retail outlets located throughout the country and can be transferred electronically from person to person and used to pay bills to companies. <a href="/wiki/Branchless_banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Branchless banking">Branchless banking</a> has been successful in South Africa and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. A pilot project in <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> was launched in 2011 by the <a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">International Finance Corporation</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> bank, <a href="/wiki/Bank_Mandiri" title="Bank Mandiri">Bank Mandiri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-318">[315]</a> Another application of mobile banking technology is <a href="/wiki/Zidisha" title="Zidisha">Zidisha</a>, a US-based nonprofit micro-lending platform that allows residents of developing countries to raise small business loans from Web users worldwide. Zidisha uses mobile banking for loan disbursements and repayments, transferring funds from lenders in the United States to borrowers in rural Africa who have mobile phones and can use the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-319">[316]</a> Mobile payments were first trialled in Finland in 1998 when two Coca-Cola vending machines in <a href="/wiki/Espoo" title="Espoo">Espoo</a> were enabled to work with SMS payments. Eventually, the idea spread and in 1999, the Philippines launched the country's first commercial mobile payments systems with mobile operators <a href="/wiki/Globe_Telecom" title="Globe Telecom">Globe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smart_Communications" title="Smart Communications">Smart</a>. Some mobile phones can make <a href="/wiki/Mobile_payment" title="Mobile payment">mobile payments</a> via direct mobile billing schemes, or through <a href="/wiki/Contactless_payment" title="Contactless payment">contactless payments</a> if the phone and the <a href="/wiki/Point_of_sale" title="Point of sale">point of sale</a> support <a href="/wiki/Near-field_communication" title="Near-field communication">near-field communication</a> (NFC).<a href="#cite_note-320">[317]</a> Enabling contactless payments through NFC-equipped mobile phones requires the co-operation of manufacturers, network operators, and retail merchants.<a href="#cite_note-321">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[319]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Facsimile">Facsimile</h3></div> Some <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">apps</a> allows for sending and receiving <a href="/wiki/Fax" title="Fax">facsimile (fax)</a>, over a smartphone, including facsimile data (composed of raster <a href="/wiki/Binary_image" title="Binary image">bi-level</a> graphics) generated directly and digitally from <a href="/wiki/Document_file_format" title="Document file format">document</a> and <a href="/wiki/Image_file_formats" class="mw-redirect" title="Image file formats">image</a> file formats. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films">Films</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_shot_on_mobile_phones" title="List of films shot on mobile phones">List of films shot on mobile phones</a></div> Films are increasingly made using smartphones and tablets, leading to the rise of dedicated film festivals for such films, including the <a href="/wiki/SmartFone_Flick_Fest" title="SmartFone Flick Fest">SmartFone Flick Fest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, Australia;<a href="#cite_note-ff-323">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-kornits2024-324">[321]</a> Dublin Smartphone Film Festival; the International Mobil Film Festival based in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>; the Spanish festival Cinephone – Festival Internacional de Cine con Smartphone; the African Smartphone International Film Festival;<a href="#cite_note-325">[322]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toronto_Smartphone_Film_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toronto Smartphone Film Festival (page does not exist)">Toronto Smartphone Film Festival</a>; New York Mobile Film Festival; and others.<a href="#cite_note-326">[323]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_and_issues">Criticism and issues</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_impacts">Social impacts</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Manufacture">Manufacture</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> is needed in order to manufacture smartphones' rechargeable batteries. Workers, including children, suffer injuries, amputations, and death as the result of the hazardous working conditions and mine tunnel collapses in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> during <a href="/wiki/Cobalt#Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Cobalt">artisanal mining of cobalt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-327">[324]</a> In 2019 <a href="/wiki/International_Rights_Advocates_v._Apple,_Microsoft,_Dell,_Tesla" title="International Rights Advocates v. Apple, Microsoft, Dell, Tesla">a lawsuit</a> was filed against Apple and other tech companies for the use of <a href="/wiki/Child_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor">child labor</a> in mining cobalt;<a href="#cite_note-328">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[326]</a> in 2024 the court ruled that the companies were not liable.<a href="#cite_note-330">[327]</a> Apple announced it would convert to using recycled cobalt by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-331">[328]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Use_2">Use</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Problematic_smartphone_use" title="Problematic smartphone use">Problematic smartphone use</a></div> In 2012, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a> study found that <a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">unprotected</a> <a href="/wiki/Adolescent_sexuality" title="Adolescent sexuality">adolescent sexual</a> activity was more common among owners of smartphones.<a href="#cite_note-332">[329]</a> A study conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Rensselaer_Polytechnic_Institute" title="Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</a>'s (RPI) Lighting Research Center (LRC) concluded that smartphones, or any backlit devices, can seriously affect <a href="/wiki/Stages_of_sleep" class="mw-redirect" title="Stages of sleep">sleep cycles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Colaner-333">[330]</a> Some persons might become psychologically attached to smartphones, resulting in anxiety when separated from the devices.<a href="#cite_note-334">[331]</a> A "<a href="/wiki/Smombie" class="mw-redirect" title="Smombie">smombie</a>" (a combination of "smartphone" and "<a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">zombie</a>") is a walking person using a smartphone and not paying attention as they walk, possibly risking an accident in the process, an increasing social phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-sunday-times-335">[332]</a> The issue of slow-moving smartphone users led to the temporary creation of a "mobile lane" for walking in <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-336">[333]</a> The issue of distracted smartphone users led the city of <a href="/wiki/Augsburg,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Augsburg, Germany">Augsburg, Germany</a>, to embed pedestrian traffic lights in the pavement.<a href="#cite_note-337">[334]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="While_driving">While driving</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Mobile phones and driving safety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand_held_phones.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hand_held_phones.JPG/220px-Hand_held_phones.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hand_held_phones.JPG/330px-Hand_held_phones.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hand_held_phones.JPG/440px-Hand_held_phones.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1852" data-file-height="1616" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> driver holding two phones</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Range_Rover_mapping_app.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Range_Rover_mapping_app.jpg/220px-Range_Rover_mapping_app.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Range_Rover_mapping_app.jpg/330px-Range_Rover_mapping_app.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Range_Rover_mapping_app.jpg/440px-Range_Rover_mapping_app.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>A user consulting a mapping app on a phone</figcaption></figure> Mobile phone use while driving—including <a href="/wiki/Telephone_call" title="Telephone call">calling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">text messaging</a>, playing media, <a href="/wiki/Web_browsing" class="mw-redirect" title="Web browsing">web browsing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">gaming</a>, using mapping apps or operating other phone features—is common but controversial, since it is widely considered dangerous due to what is known as <a href="/wiki/Distracted_driving" title="Distracted driving">distracted driving</a>. Being distracted while operating a motor vehicle has been shown to increase the risk of <a href="/wiki/Accident" title="Accident">accidents</a>. In September 2010, the US <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</a> (NHTSA) reported that 995 people were killed by drivers distracted by phones. In March 2011 a US insurance company, <a href="/wiki/State_Farm_Insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="State Farm Insurance">State Farm Insurance</a>, announced the results of a study which showed 19% of drivers surveyed accessed the Internet on a smartphone while driving.<a href="#cite_note-post-338">[335]</a> Many jurisdictions prohibit the use of mobile phones while driving. In Egypt, Israel, Japan, Portugal and Singapore, both handheld and hands-free <a href="/wiki/Telephone_call" title="Telephone call">calling</a> on a mobile phone (which uses a <a href="/wiki/Speakerphone" title="Speakerphone">speakerphone</a>) is banned. In other countries, including the UK and France, and in many US states, calling is only banned on handheld phones, while hands-free calling is permitted. A 2011 study reported that over 90% of college students surveyed text (initiate, reply or read) while driving.<a href="#cite_note-339">[336]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Scientific_literature" title="Scientific literature">scientific literature</a> on the danger of driving while sending a text message from a mobile phone, or <a href="/wiki/Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">texting while driving</a>, is limited. A simulation study at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">University of Utah</a> found a sixfold increase in distraction-related accidents when texting.<a href="#cite_note-340">[337]</a> Due to the complexity of smartphones that began to grow more after, this has introduced additional difficulties for law enforcement officials when attempting to distinguish one usage from another in drivers using their devices. This is more apparent in countries which ban both handheld and hands-free usage, rather than those which ban handheld use only, as officials cannot easily tell which function of the phone is being used simply by looking at the driver. This can lead to drivers being stopped for using their device illegally for a call when, in fact, they were using the device legally, for example, when using the phone's incorporated controls for car stereo, <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> or <a href="/wiki/Satnav" class="mw-redirect" title="Satnav">satnav</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NocellphonesSouthsidePlaceTX.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/NocellphonesSouthsidePlaceTX.JPG/220px-NocellphonesSouthsidePlaceTX.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/NocellphonesSouthsidePlaceTX.JPG/330px-NocellphonesSouthsidePlaceTX.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/NocellphonesSouthsidePlaceTX.JPG/440px-NocellphonesSouthsidePlaceTX.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>A sign along <a href="/wiki/Bellaire_Boulevard" title="Bellaire Boulevard">Bellaire Boulevard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southside_Place,_Texas" title="Southside Place, Texas">Southside Place, Texas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greater_Houston" title="Greater Houston">Greater Houston</a>) states that using mobile phones while driving is prohibited from 7:30 am to 9:00 am and from 2:00 pm to 4:15 pm.</figcaption></figure> A 2010 study reviewed the incidence of phone use while <a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">cycling</a> and its effects on behavior and safety.<a href="#cite_note-341">[338]</a> In 2013 a national survey in the US reported the number of drivers who reported using their phones to access the Internet while driving had risen to nearly one of four.<a href="#cite_note-342">[339]</a> A study conducted by the University of Vienna examined approaches for reducing inappropriate and problematic use of mobile phones, such as using phones while driving.<a href="#cite_note-343">[340]</a> Accidents involving a driver being distracted by being in a <a href="/wiki/Telephone_call" title="Telephone call">call</a> on a phone have begun to be prosecuted as negligence similar to speeding. In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, from 27 February 2007, motorists who are caught using a handheld phone while driving will have three penalty points added to their license in addition to the fine of £60.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-344">[341]</a> This increase was introduced to try to stem the increase in drivers ignoring the law.<a href="#cite_note-BBC2-345">[342]</a> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> prohibits all use of phones while driving, including use of hands-free devices. New Zealand has banned handheld phone use since 1 November 2009. Many states in the United States have banned text messaging on phones while driving. Illinois became the 17th American state to enforce this law.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-346">[343]</a> As of July 2010, 30 states had banned texting while driving, with Kentucky becoming the most recent addition on July 15.<a href="#cite_note-Courier-Journal-347">[344]</a> Public Health Law Research maintains a list of distracted driving laws in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. This database of laws provides a comprehensive view of the provisions of laws that restrict the use of mobile devices while driving for all 50 states and the District of Columbia between 1992, when first law was passed through December 1, 2010. The dataset contains information on 22 dichotomous, continuous or categorical variables including, for example, activities regulated (e.g., texting versus talking, hands-free versus handheld calls, web browsing, gaming), targeted populations, and exemptions.<a href="#cite_note-348">[345]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal">Legal</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Smartphone_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartphone wars">Smartphone wars</a></div> A "patent war" between Samsung and Apple started when the latter claimed that the original <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S_(2010_smartphone)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Galaxy S (2010 smartphone)">Galaxy S</a> Android phone copied the interface‍—‌and possibly the hardware‍—‌of Apple's iOS for the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_3GS" title="IPhone 3GS">iPhone 3GS</a>. There was also smartphone patents licensing and litigation involving <a href="/wiki/Sony_Mobile" title="Sony Mobile">Sony Mobile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>, <a href="/wiki/HTC" title="HTC">HTC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a> and <a href="/wiki/ZTE" title="ZTE">ZTE</a>, among others. The conflict is part of the <a href="/wiki/Technology_patent_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology patent wars">wider "patent wars"</a> between multinational technology and software corporations. To secure and increase <a href="/wiki/Market_share" title="Market share">market share</a>, companies granted a <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> can sue to prevent competitors from using the methods the patent covers. Since the 2010s the number of lawsuits, counter-suits, and trade complaints based on patents and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_design_right" title="Industrial design right">designs</a> in the market for smartphones, and devices based on <a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">smartphone OSes</a> such as Android and iOS, has increased significantly. Initial suits, countersuits, rulings, license agreements, and other major events began in 2009 as the smartphone market stated to grow more rapidly by 2012. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical">Medical</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">Mobile app</a></div> With the rise in number of mobile medical apps in the market place, government regulatory agencies raised concerns on the safety of the use of such applications. These concerns were transformed into regulation initiatives worldwide with the aim of safeguarding users from untrusted medical advice.<a href="#cite_note-349">[346]</a> According to the findings of these medical experts in recent years, excessive smartphone use in society may lead to headaches, sleep disorders and insufficient sleep, while severe smartphone addiction may lead to physical health problems, such as hunchback, muscle relaxation and uneven nutrition.<a href="#cite_note-350">[347]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impacts_on_cognition_and_mental_health">Impacts on cognition and mental health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media use and mental health</a></div> There is a debate about beneficial and detrimental impacts of smartphones or smartphone-uses on cognition and mental health. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security">Security</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mobile_security" title="Mobile security">Mobile security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">Malware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile virus">Mobile virus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Media_Transfer_Protocol" title="Media Transfer Protocol">Media Transfer Protocol</a></div> Smartphone malware is easily distributed through an insecure app store.<a href="#cite_note-Juniper-malware-351">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-trustbus11-352">[349]</a> Often, malware is hidden in <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement_of_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright infringement of software">pirated</a> versions of legitimate apps, which are then distributed through third-party app stores.<a href="#cite_note-353">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[351]</a> Malware risk also comes from what is known as an "update attack", where a legitimate application is later changed to include a malware component, which users then install when they are notified that the app has been updated.<a href="#cite_note-Lookout-malware-355">[352]</a> As well, one out of three robberies in 2012 in the United States involved the theft of a mobile phone. An online petition has urged smartphone makers to install <a href="/wiki/Kill_switch" title="Kill switch">kill switches</a> in their devices.<a href="#cite_note-356">[353]</a> In 2014, Apple's "Find my iPhone" and Google's "Android Device Manager" can locate, disable, and wipe the data from phones that have been lost or stolen. With BlackBerry Protect in OS version 10.3.2, devices can be rendered unrecoverable to even BlackBerry's own Operating System recovery tools if incorrectly authenticated or dissociated from their account.<a href="#cite_note-357">[354]</a> Leaked documents from 2013 to 2016 codenamed <a href="/wiki/Vault_7" title="Vault 7">Vault 7</a> detail the capabilities of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) to perform electronic surveillance and <a href="/wiki/Cyber_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber warfare">cyber warfare</a>, including the ability to compromise the operating systems of most smartphones (including iOS and Android).<a href="#cite_note-358">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-359">[356]</a> In 2021, journalists and researchers reported the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">spyware</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Pegasus_(spyware)" title="Pegasus (spyware)">Pegasus</a>, developed and distributed by a private company which can and has been used to infect iOS and Android smartphones often—partly via use of <a href="/wiki/Zero-day_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero-day (computing)">0-day exploits</a>—without the need for any user-interaction or significant clues to the user and then be used to exfiltrate data, track user locations, capture film through its camera, and activate the microphone at any time.<a href="#cite_note-360">[357]</a> Analysis <a href="/wiki/Packet_analyzer" title="Packet analyzer">of data traffic</a> by popular smartphones running variants of Android found substantial by-default data collection and sharing with no opt-out by this <a href="/wiki/Pre-installed_software" title="Pre-installed software">pre-installed software</a>.<a href="#cite_note-361">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[359]</a> Guidelines for mobile device security were issued by NIST<a href="#cite_note-363">[360]</a> and many other organizations. For conducting a private, in-person meeting, at least one site recommends that the user switch the smartphone off and disconnect the battery.<a href="#cite_note-364">[361]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sleep">Sleep</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electronic_media_and_sleep" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic media and sleep">Electronic media and sleep</a></div> Using smartphones late at night can disturb sleep, due to the blue light and brightly lit screen, which affects <a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">melatonin</a> levels and <a href="/wiki/Sleep_cycles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep cycles">sleep cycles</a>. In an effort to alleviate these issues, "Night Mode" functionality to change the <a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">color temperature</a> of a screen to a warmer hue based on the time of day to reduce the amount of blue light generated became available through several apps for Android and the <a href="/wiki/F.lux" title="F.lux">f.lux</a> software for <a href="/wiki/Jailbreak_(iPhone_OS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jailbreak (iPhone OS)">jailbroken</a> iPhones.<a href="#cite_note-365">[362]</a> <a href="/wiki/IOS_9" title="IOS 9">iOS 9.3</a> integrated a similar, system-level feature known as "<a href="/wiki/Night_Shift_(software)" title="Night Shift (software)">Night Shift</a>." Several Android device manufacturers bypassed Google's initial reluctance to make Night Mode a standard feature in Android and included software for it on their hardware under varying names, before <a href="/wiki/Android_Oreo" title="Android Oreo">Android Oreo</a> added it to the OS for compatible devices.<a href="#cite_note-366">[363]</a> It has also been theorized that for some users, addiction to use of their phones, especially before they go to bed, can result in "<a href="/wiki/Ego_depletion" title="Ego depletion">ego depletion</a>." Many people also use their phones as alarm clocks, which can also lead to loss of sleep.<a href="#cite_note-cnet-bluelight-367">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-368">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-369">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-371">[368]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Replacement_of_dedicated_digital_cameras">Replacement of dedicated digital cameras</h2></div> As the 2010s decade commenced, the sale figures of dedicated compact cameras decreased sharply since mobile phone cameras were increasingly perceived as serving as a sufficient surrogate camera.<a href="#cite_note-372">[369]</a> Increases in computing power in mobile phones enabled fast image processing and high-resolution filming, with 1080p Full HD being achieved in 2011 and the barrier to 2160p 4K being breached in 2013. However, due to design and space limitations, smartphones lack several features found even on low-budget compact cameras, including a <a href="/wiki/Hot_swapping" title="Hot swapping">hot-swappable</a> memory card and battery for nearly uninterrupted operation, physical buttons and knobs for focusing and capturing and zooming, a <a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)#Bolt_threads" title="Tripod (photography)">bolt thread tripod mount</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitor</a>-charged <a href="/wiki/Xenon_flash" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenon flash">xenon flash</a> that exceeds the brightness of smartphones' LED flashlights, and an ergonomic grip for steadier holding during handheld shooting, which enables longer exposure times. Since dedicated cameras can be more spacious, they can house larger image sensors and feature <a href="/wiki/Optical_zoom" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical zoom">optical zooming</a>. Since the late 2010s, smartphone manufacturers have bypassed the lack of optical zoom to a limited extent by incorporating additional rear cameras with fixed magnification levels.<a href="#cite_note-373">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-374">[371]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lifespan">Lifespan</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery#Lifespan" title="Lithium-ion battery">Lithium-ion battery § Lifespan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Planned_obsolescence#Batteries" title="Planned obsolescence">Planned obsolescence § Batteries</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Day_4_Agbogloshie_(25891029818).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Day_4_Agbogloshie_%2825891029818%29.jpg/220px-Day_4_Agbogloshie_%2825891029818%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Day_4_Agbogloshie_%2825891029818%29.jpg/330px-Day_4_Agbogloshie_%2825891029818%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Day_4_Agbogloshie_%2825891029818%29.jpg/440px-Day_4_Agbogloshie_%2825891029818%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">E-waste</a> in <a href="/wiki/Agbogbloshie" title="Agbogbloshie">Agbogbloshie</a></figcaption></figure> In mobile phones released since the second half of the 2010s, operational life span commonly is limited by built-in batteries which are not designed to be interchangeable. The life expectancy of batteries depends on usage intensity of the powered device, where activity (longer usage) and tasks demanding more energy expire the battery earlier. <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">Lithium-ion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithium_polymer_battery" title="Lithium polymer battery">lithium-polymer</a> batteries, those commonly powering <a href="/wiki/Mobile_computing#Portable_computing_devices" title="Mobile computing">portable electronics</a>, additionally wear down more from fuller charge and deeper discharge cycles, and when unused for an extended amount of time while depleted, where self-discharging may lead to a harmful depth of discharge.<a href="#cite_note-Cycle-life-375">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[374]</a> Manufacturers have prevented some smartphones from operating after repairs, by associating components' unique serial numbers to the device so it will refuse to operate or disable some functionality in case of a mismatch that would occur after a replacement. Locking of the serial number was first documented in 2015 on the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_6" title="IPhone 6">iPhone 6</a>, which would become inoperable from a detected replacement of the "home" button. Later, some functionality was restricted on Apple and Samsung smartphones when a battery replacement not authorized by the vendor was detected.<a href="#cite_note-378">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-379">[376]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="telephone icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/28px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/42px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/56px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="722" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telephones" title="Portal:Telephones">Telephones portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/42px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/56px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Klepsydra-pt.svg/25px-Klepsydra-pt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Klepsydra-pt.svg/37px-Klepsydra-pt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Klepsydra-pt.svg/50px-Klepsydra-pt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="275" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Modern_history" title="Portal:Modern history">Modern history portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_smartphones" title="Comparison of smartphones">Comparison of smartphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mobile_computers" title="Lists of mobile computers">Lists of mobile computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_app_distribution_platforms" title="List of mobile app distribution platforms">List of mobile app distribution platforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Transfer_Protocol" title="Media Transfer Protocol">Media Transfer Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Internet_device" title="Mobile Internet device">Mobile Internet device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">Portable media player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_screen" title="Second screen">Second screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone_kill_switch" title="Smartphone kill switch">Smartphone kill switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone_zombie" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartphone zombie">Smartphone zombie</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> For example, Samsung starting with the <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_S6" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy S6">Galaxy S6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> Presuming common <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> support, which is usually given. Some software-specific data left over from a previous device might not be relevant on the new device. </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> I.e. while the device is not in stand-by mode or charging while the main operating system is powered off. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Tom's_Hardware-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tom's_Hardware_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tom's_Hardware_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIslam2012" class="citation web cs1">Islam, Zak (December 30, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tomshardware.com/news/Smartphones-iPod-MP3-Players-Sales,20062.html">"Smartphones Heavily Decrease Sales of iPod, MP3 Players"</a>. 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PLARAD Torque & Tension Systems. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plarad.de/fileadmin/downloads/FAQ_related%20to%20lithium%20ion%20rechargeable%20battery%20care_DA1_en_0216.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on November 11, 2020. Retrieved January 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Questions+and+answers+related+to+lithium+-+ion+rechargeable+b+attery+care&rft.pub=PLARAD+Torque+%26+Tension+Systems&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plarad.de%2Ffileadmin%2Fdownloads%2FFAQ_related%2520to%2520lithium%2520ion%2520rechargeable%2520battery%2520care_DA1_en_0216.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmartphone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahid2021" class="citation web cs1">Shahid, Furqan (January 18, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wccftech.com/samsung-secretly-restricts-3rd-party-hardware-repairs/">"Samsung Secretly Restricts 3rd Party Hardware Repairs"</a>. Wccftech. Retrieved January 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wccftech&rft.atitle=Samsung+Secretly+Restricts+3rd+Party+Hardware+Repairs&rft.date=2021-01-18&rft.aulast=Shahid&rft.aufirst=Furqan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwccftech.com%2Fsamsung-secretly-restricts-3rd-party-hardware-repairs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmartphone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macworld.com/article/671975/what-is-iphone-error-53-and-how-do-i-avoid-it.html">"Apple apologises, releases fix for iPhones bricked by Error 53"</a>. Macworld. July 26, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Macworld&rft.atitle=Apple+apologises%2C+releases+fix+for+iPhones+bricked+by+Error+53&rft.date=2018-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macworld.com%2Farticle%2F671975%2Fwhat-is-iphone-error-53-and-how-do-i-avoid-it.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmartphone" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wearable_computer" title="Wearable computer">Wearable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activity_tracker" title="Activity tracker">Activity tracker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smart_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart band">Smart band</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch#Digital" title="Watch">Digital wristwatch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calculator_watch" title="Calculator watch">Calculator watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartwatch" title="Smartwatch">Smartwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS_watch" title="GPS watch">Sportwatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartglasses" title="Smartglasses">Smartglasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_ring" title="Smart ring">Smart ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Midrange_computer" title="Midrange computer">Midrange</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superminicomputer" title="Superminicomputer">Supermini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grid_computing" title="Grid computing">Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">Mainframe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minisupercomputer" title="Minisupercomputer">Minisuper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">Super</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_appliance" title="Information appliance">Information appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">Microcontroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanocomputer" title="Nanocomputer">Nano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_computer" title="Rugged computer">Rugged</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_smartphone" title="Rugged smartphone">Rugged smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-board_computer" title="Single-board computer">Single-board</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-on-module" title="Computer-on-module">Computer-on-module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartdust" title="Smartdust">Smartdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_sensor_network" title="Wireless sensor network">Wireless sensor network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Classes_of_computers" title="Category:Classes of computers">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mobile_phones" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mobile_phones" title="Template:Mobile phones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mobile_phones" title="Template talk:Mobile phones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mobile_phones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mobile phones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mobile_phones" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phones</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Mobile networks</a>, protocols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_capacity" title="Channel capacity">Channel capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_frequencies" title="Cellular frequencies">Frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-band_device" title="Multi-band device">Multi-band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_operator" title="Mobile phone operator">Network operator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators" title="List of mobile network operators">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaming" title="Roaming">Roaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_signal" title="Mobile phone signal">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIM_card" title="SIM card">SIM card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_SIM" title="Dual SIM">dual SIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESIM" title="ESIM">eSIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIM_lock" title="SIM lock">SIM lock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards" title="Comparison of mobile phone standards">Standards comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethering" title="Tethering">Tethering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_VoIP" title="Mobile VoIP">VoIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol" title="Wireless Application Protocol">WAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML_Mobile_Profile" title="XHTML Mobile Profile">XHTML-MP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_phone_generations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mobile phone generations">Generations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Analogue:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_radio_telephone" title="Mobile radio telephone">0G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1G" title="1G">1G</a></li> <li>Digital:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3G_adoption" title="3G adoption">adoption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="High Speed Packet Access">3.5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="LTE Advanced Pro">4.5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6G" title="6G">6G</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General operation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_feature" title="Mobile phone feature">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSM_services" title="GSM services">services</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_security" title="Mobile security">Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phone_cloning" title="Phone cloning">phone cloning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Telephony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airplane_mode" title="Airplane mode">airplane mode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">Text messaging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short_Message_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Short Message Service">SMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Messaging_Service" title="Multimedia Messaging Service">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_Communication_Services" title="Rich Communication Services">RCS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_spam" title="Mobile phone spam">Spam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_tracking" title="Mobile phone tracking">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_web" title="Mobile web">Web browsing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">Mobile devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_phone_manufacturers" title="Category:Mobile phone manufacturers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D-enabled_mobile_phones" title="List of 3D-enabled mobile phones">3D phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Camera phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_phone" title="Car phone">Car phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_phone" title="Feature phone">Feature phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projector_phone" title="Projector phone">Projector phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Satellite phone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smartphone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Form factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Bar" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clamshell_design" title="Clamshell design">Flip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phablet" title="Phablet">Phablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Slider" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Slider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Slate" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartwatch" title="Smartwatch">Smartwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldable_smartphone" title="Foldable smartphone">Fold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_smartphones" title="Comparison of smartphones">Smartphones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android devices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rooting_(Android)" title="Rooting (Android)">rooting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_10#Devices" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_jailbreaking" title="IOS jailbreaking">iOS jailbreaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_mobile_phones" title="List of open-source mobile phones">Open-source mobile phones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Symbian_devices" title="Comparison of Symbian devices">Symbian devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Windows_phones" title="List of Windows phones">Windows Phone devices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile specific <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">Apps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_app_development" title="Mobile app development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_app_distribution_platforms" title="List of mobile app distribution platforms">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_application_management" title="Mobile application management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_cloud_computing" title="Mobile cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_commerce" title="Mobile commerce">Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_banking" title="Mobile banking">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Marketing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_advertising" title="Mobile advertising">advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_campaign" title="Mobile campaign">campaigns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_payment" title="Mobile payment">Payments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contactless_payment" title="Contactless payment">contactless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_donating" title="Mobile donating">donating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_ticketing" title="Mobile ticketing">Ticketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_content" title="Mobile content">Content</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_blogging" title="Mobile blogging">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_email" title="Push email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_gambling" title="Mobile gambling">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_game" title="Mobile game">Gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHealth" title="MHealth">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-learning" title="M-learning">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_music" title="Mobile music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_news" title="Mobile news">News</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_search&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile search (page does not exist)">Search</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_local_search" title="Mobile local search">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_social_network" title="Mobile social network">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_social_address_book" title="Mobile social address book">address book</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_phone_culture" title="Category:Mobile phone culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Box_breaker" title="Box breaker">Box breaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_charm" title="Mobile phone charm">Charms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_comic" title="Mobile comic">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_dating" title="Mobile dating">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mobile_phone_culture" title="Japanese mobile phone culture">Japanese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_phone_novel" title="Cell phone novel">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringtone" title="Ringtone">Ringtones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silent_mode" title="Silent mode">silent mode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMS_language" title="SMS language">Txt-spk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper_(computing)" title="Wallpaper (computing)">Wallpaper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment and health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Quervain_syndrome" title="De Quervain syndrome">BlackBerry thumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Driving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_external_power_supply" title="Common external power supply">External power supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Mental health from overuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_vibration_syndrome" title="Phantom vibration syndrome">Phantom vibration syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_device_radiation_and_health" title="Wireless device radiation and health">Radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_recycling" title="Mobile phone recycling">Recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_IQ" title="Carrier IQ">Carrier IQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_recording_by_civilians" title="Legality of recording by civilians">Legality of recording by civilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_in_prison" title="Mobile phones in prison">Mobile phones in prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_tapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone tapping">Telephone tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restrictions_on_cell_phone_use_while_driving_in_the_United_States" title="Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the United States">USA use restrictions while driving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/28px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/42px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/56px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><img alt="telephone icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/28px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/42px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/56px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="722" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Telephones" title="Portal:Telephones">Telephones portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_telecommunications" title="Category:Mobile telecommunications">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mobile_operating_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mobile_operating_systems" title="Template:Mobile operating systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mobile_operating_systems" title="Template talk:Mobile operating systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mobile_operating_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mobile operating systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mobile_operating_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Mobile operating systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_operating_systems" title="Comparison of mobile operating systems">Mobile OS comparisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_mobile_phones" title="List of open-source mobile phones">Open-source mobile phones / OSes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliance" title="Open Handset Alliance">Open Handset Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Mobile_Alliance" title="Open Mobile Alliance">Open Mobile Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_app_distribution_platforms" title="List of mobile app distribution platforms">Mobile app distributions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_app_development" title="Mobile app development">Mobile app development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linux</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux_Kernel" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux Kernel">Linux Kernel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Active: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_custom_Android_distributions" title="List of custom Android distributions">forks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Go" title="Android Go">Android Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wear_OS" title="Wear OS">Wear OS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMUI" title="EMUI">EMUI</a>/<a href="/wiki/HarmonyOS" title="HarmonyOS">HarmonyOS</a> (Linux kernel subsystem)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChromeOS_Flex" class="mw-redirect" title="ChromeOS Flex">ChromeOS Flex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KaiOS" title="KaiOS">KaiOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMD_Global#Smart_Feature_OS" title="HMD Global">Smart Feature OS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Kindle firmware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LuneOS" title="LuneOS">LuneOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maemo#Maemo_Leste" title="Maemo">Maemo Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tizen" title="Tizen">Tizen</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Defunct: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bada_(operating_system)" title="Bada (operating system)">Bada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefox_OS" title="Firefox OS">Firefox OS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B2G_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="B2G OS">B2G OS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeeGo" title="MeeGo">MeeGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MontaVista" title="MontaVista">MontaVista</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MotoMagx" title="MotoMagx">MotoMagx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilinux" title="Mobilinux">Mobilinux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenEmbedded" title="OpenEmbedded">OpenEmbedded</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m_distribution" title="Ångström distribution">Ångström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openmoko_Linux" title="Openmoko Linux">Openmoko Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QtMoko" class="mw-redirect" title="QtMoko">QtMoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHR_(operating_system)" title="SHR (operating system)">SHR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenEZX" title="OpenEZX">OpenEZX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebOS" title="WebOS">WebOS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a>/<a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Active: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora Mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjaro" title="Manjaro">Manjaro ARM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PostmarketOS" title="PostmarketOS">postmarketOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PureOS" title="PureOS">PureOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailfish_OS" title="Sailfish OS">Sailfish OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SteamOS" title="SteamOS">SteamOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Touch" title="Ubuntu Touch">Ubuntu Touch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UBports" class="mw-redirect" title="UBports">UBports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobian" title="Mobian">Mobian</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Defunct: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maemo" title="Maemo">Maemo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mer_(software_distribution)" title="Mer (software distribution)">Mer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moblin" title="Moblin">Moblin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/XNU" title="XNU">XNU</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_10" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_Tablet_OS" title="BlackBerry Tablet OS">BlackBerry Tablet OS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_editions#Tablet_PC_Edition" title="Windows XP editions">Windows XP Tablet PC Edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_7" title="Windows Phone 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_8" title="Windows Phone 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_8.1" title="Windows Phone 8.1">8.1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_RT" title="Windows RT">Windows RT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10_Mobile" title="Windows 10 Mobile">Windows 10 Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">Windows 8.1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_11" title="Windows 11">Windows 11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zircon_(microkernel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zircon (microkernel)">Zircon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuchsia_(operating_system)" title="Fuchsia (operating system)">Fuchsia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>/<a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Vita_system_software" title="PlayStation Vita system software">PlayStation Vita system software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/OpenHarmony" title="OpenHarmony">OpenHarmony</a>/<a href="/wiki/HarmonyOS_NEXT" title="HarmonyOS NEXT">HarmonyOS NEXT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Active: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OpenHarmony" title="OpenHarmony">OpenHarmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HarmonyOS" title="HarmonyOS">HarmonyOS</a> (<a href="/wiki/HarmonyOS_NEXT" title="HarmonyOS NEXT">HarmonyOS NEXT</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Defunct: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EMUI" title="EMUI">EMUI</a> (Non GMS based)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiteOS" title="LiteOS">LiteOS</a></li> <li>Huawei Band OS</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/FreeRTOS" title="FreeRTOS">FreeRTOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Amazfit OS <ul><li>Zepp OS</li></ul></li> <li>MIUI Band OS</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo system software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS_system_software" title="Nintendo 3DS system software">Nintendo 3DS system software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DSi_system_software" title="Nintendo DSi system software">Nintendo DSi system software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch_system_software" title="Nintendo Switch system software">Nintendo Switch system software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minix_3" title="Minix 3">Minix 3</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Management_Engine" title="Intel Management Engine">Intel Management Engine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S60_(software_platform)" title="S60 (software platform)">S60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_80_(software_platform)" title="Series 80 (software platform)">S80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_90_(software_platform)" title="Series 90 (software platform)">S90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UIQ" title="UIQ">UIQ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_Runtime_Environment_for_Wireless" title="Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless">Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless</a> (BREW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_OS" title="BlackBerry OS">BlackBerry OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPOC_(operating_system)" title="EPOC (operating system)">EPOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEOS_(16-bit_operating_system)" title="GEOS (16-bit operating system)">GEOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_Cap" title="Magic Cap">Magic Cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_Asha_platform" title="Nokia Asha platform">Nokia Asha platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PalmDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="PalmDOS">PalmDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_OS" title="Palm OS">Palm OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Portable_system_software" title="PlayStation Portable system software">PlayStation Portable system software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_30" title="Series 30">S30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_30%2B" title="Series 30+">S30+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_40" title="Series 40">S40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Ericsson_Java_Platform" title="Sony Ericsson Java Platform">Sony Ericsson Java Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThreadX" title="ThreadX">ThreadX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_operating_systems" title="Category:Mobile operating systems">Mobile operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_applications" title="Category:Mobile applications">Mobile applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Software">Software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. 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Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a> and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" 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