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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Keirsey" title="David Keirsey – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="David Keirsey" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Keirsey" title="David Keirsey – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="David Keirsey" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Keirsey" title="David Keirsey – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="David Keirsey" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">David Keirsey</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:David_west_keirsey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/David_west_keirsey.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1921-08-31</span>)</span>August 31, 1921<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 30, 2013<span style="display:none">(2013-07-30)</span> (aged 91)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pomona_College" title="Pomona College">Pomona College</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Graduate_University" title="Claremont Graduate University">Claremont Graduate University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Please_Understand_Me" title="Please Understand Me">Please Understand Me</a></i>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Keirsey_Temperament_Sorter" title="Keirsey Temperament Sorter">Keirsey Temperament Sorter</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">Personality psychology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data">formerly <a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_Fullerton" title="California State University, Fullerton">California State University</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>David West Keirsey</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span>; August 31, 1921 – July 30, 2013<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was an American <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologist</a>, a professor emeritus at <a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_Fullerton" title="California State University, Fullerton">California State University, Fullerton</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Author" title="Author">author</a> of several books. In his most popular publications, <i><a href="/wiki/Please_Understand_Me" title="Please Understand Me">Please Understand Me</a></i> (1978, co-authored by Marilyn Bates) and the revised and expanded second volume <i>Please Understand Me II</i> (1998), he laid out a self-assessed <a href="/wiki/Personality_test" title="Personality test">personality</a> questionnaire, known as the <a href="/wiki/Keirsey_Temperament_Sorter" title="Keirsey Temperament Sorter">Keirsey Temperament Sorter</a>, which links human behavioral patterns to four temperaments and sixteen character types. Both volumes of <i>Please Understand Me</i> contain the questionnaire for type evaluation with detailed portraits and a systematic treatment of descriptions of temperament traits and personality characteristics. With a focus on <a href="/wiki/Conflict_management" title="Conflict management">conflict management</a> and cooperation, Keirsey specialized in family and partnership <a href="/wiki/Counseling" class="mw-redirect" title="Counseling">counseling</a> and the coaching of children and adults. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life,_education_and_professional_experience"><span id="Early_life.2C_education_and_professional_experience"></span>Early life, education and professional experience</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Keirsey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life, education and professional experience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Keirsey was born in <a href="/wiki/Ada,_Oklahoma" title="Ada, Oklahoma">Ada, Oklahoma</a>. He moved with his family at the age of two years to Southern California. Drafted by the Army during World War II, he joined the Navy and became a Marine fighter pilot, and served in the Pacific theatre off an aircraft carrier. He earned his bachelor's degree from <a href="/wiki/Pomona_College" title="Pomona College">Pomona College</a> and his master's<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and doctorate degrees from <a href="/wiki/Claremont_Graduate_University" title="Claremont Graduate University">Claremont Graduate University</a> (then known as Claremont Graduate School). In 1950, he started his career dealing with youth as a counselor at a probation ranch home for <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency" title="Juvenile delinquency">delinquent</a> boys. Subsequently, he spent twenty years working in <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (government funded)">public schools</a>, engaged in corrective interventions intended to help troubled and troublesome children stay out of trouble. Over the next eleven years at <a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_Fullerton" title="California State University, Fullerton">California State University, Fullerton</a>, he trained corrective counselors to identify deviant habits of children, parents, and teachers, and to apply techniques aimed at enabling them to abandon such habits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_temperament_theories">Development of temperament theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Keirsey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development of temperament theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Keirsey has written extensively about his model of four <a href="/wiki/Temperament" title="Temperament">temperaments</a> (<a href="/wiki/Artisan_temperament" class="mw-redirect" title="Artisan temperament">Artisan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guardian_temperament" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardian temperament">Guardian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idealist_temperament" class="mw-redirect" title="Idealist temperament">Idealist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rational_temperament" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational temperament">Rational</a>) and sixteen role variants. His research and observation of human behavior started after he returned from World War II, when he served in the Pacific as a Marine fighter pilot. </p><p>Keirsey traced his work back to <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. Among his modern influences he counts the works of <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kretschmer" title="Ernst Kretschmer">Ernst Kretschmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Herbert_Sheldon" title="William Herbert Sheldon">William Sheldon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jay_Haley" title="Jay Haley">Jay Haley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Wertheimer" title="Max Wertheimer">Max Wertheimer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Kohler" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfgang Kohler">Wolfgang Kohler</a>, Raymond Holden Wheeler, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">Alfred Adler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Dreikurs" title="Rudolf Dreikurs">Rudolf Dreikurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Erickson" class="mw-redirect" title="Milton Erickson">Milton Erickson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Erving Goffman</a>. He considered himself the last of the <a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">Gestalt psychologists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1921, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a> published the book <i>Psychological Types</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which proposed a concept of <a href="/wiki/Psychological_Types" title="Psychological Types">psychological types</a> based on introversion versus extraversion, thinking versus feeling as rational functions, sensation versus intuition as irrational functions, and the coexistence of dominant and auxiliary functions. <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Briggs_Myers" title="Isabel Briggs Myers">Isabel Briggs Myers</a> and her mother, Katharine Cook Briggs, subsequently extended and codified Jung's ideas into a test for sixteen psychological types, called the <a href="/wiki/Myers-Briggs_Type_Indicator" class="mw-redirect" title="Myers-Briggs Type Indicator">Myers-Briggs Type Indicator</a>. In a two-page chart of "Characteristics of Types in High School" (Myers Briggs Manual, Form E 1958), Isabel Myers described the sixteen types briefly. Keirsey recognized these very brief sixteen descriptions as being accurate, mirroring his observations as a school psychologist, and used these descriptions as a basis in a greatly expanded and modified form of his own. Keirsey's critical innovation was organizing these types into four temperaments and describing "observable behavior" rather than speculation about unobservable thoughts and feelings. Keirsey provided his own definitions of the sixteen types, and related them to the four temperaments based on his studies of five <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral science">behavioral sciences</a>: <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">ethology</a>, psychology, and <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>. While Myers wrote mostly about the Jungian psychological functions, which are mental processes, Keirsey focused more on how people use words in sending messages and use tools in getting things done, which are observable actions. Keirsey performed an in-depth, systematic analysis and synthesis of aspects of personality for temperament, which included the temperament's unique interests, orientation, values, self-image, and social roles.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Keirsey's theory blended the sixteen Myers-Briggs types with Ernst Kretschmer's model of four "temperament types", which Keirsey traced back to the classical Greek philosophers, Plato and Aristotle, as well as other ancient writers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Myers grouped types according to dominant cognitive function,<sup id="cite_ref-Myers_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myers-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as follows: </p> <ul><li>Introverted Thinking: INTPs and ISTPs</li> <li>Introverted Intuition: <a href="/wiki/Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator" title="Myers–Briggs Type Indicator">INFJs</a> and INTJs</li> <li>Introverted Feeling: <a href="/wiki/Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator" title="Myers–Briggs Type Indicator">INFPs</a> and ISFPs</li> <li>Introverted Sensing: ISTJs and ISFJs</li> <li>Extraverted Feeling: ENFJs and <a href="/wiki/Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator" title="Myers–Briggs Type Indicator">ESFJs</a></li> <li>Extraverted Thinking: <a href="/wiki/Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator" title="Myers–Briggs Type Indicator">ENTJs</a> and ESTJs</li> <li>Extraverted iNtuition: ENFPs and <a href="/wiki/Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator" title="Myers–Briggs Type Indicator">ENTPs</a></li> <li>Extraverted Sensing: ESFPs and ESTPs</li></ul> <p>Keirsey, however, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kretschmer" title="Ernst Kretschmer">Kretschmer</a>'s types (Hyperesthetics, Anesthetics, Melancholics, and Hypomanics), grouped the types differently, arguing that the four <b>NF</b>s (iNtuitive/Feeling types) were Hyperesthetic (oversensitive), the four <b>NT</b>s (iNtuitive/Thinking) were Anesthetic (insensitive), the four <b>SJ</b>s (Sensing/Judging) were Melancholic (depressive), and the four <b>SP</b>s (Sensing/Perceiving) were Hypomanic (excitable). At the time (mid-1950s), Keirsey was mainly interested in the relationship between temperament and abnormal behavior, finding that Ernst Kretschmer and his disciple William Sheldon were the only ones who wrote about this relationship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ADHD_controversy">ADHD controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Keirsey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: ADHD controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a clinical psychologist, Keirsey regarded the prescription of <a href="/wiki/Psychotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychotropic">psychotropic</a> stimulants as a treatment of <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (ADHD), where activity or temperament of school children is considered disruptive to classroom proceedings, as not only unnecessary but harmful to these children. He was an ardent critic of what he saw as an "epidemic abuse of children", and claimed to be successful in the management of such children by applying what he called the "method of logical consequences".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Keirsey asserted that <a href="/wiki/Attention_Deficit_Disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention Deficit Disorder">Attention Deficit Disorder</a> (ADD) was an altogether different matter, in that these children were inactive and paid no attention to the teacher's agenda, and that ADD was defined exclusively by stating what they do not do, and in no way defined their observable behavior. Thus, in his opinion, ADD was a misleading label assigned to children who ignored the teacher while bothering nobody, unlike the children who are actually disruptive. Keirsey referred to the practice of medicating children with ADD as "The Great ADD Hoax".<sup id="cite_ref-hoax_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoax-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His main claim was that children labeled ADHD or ADD, typically, have an SP, or <a href="/wiki/Artisan_temperament" class="mw-redirect" title="Artisan temperament">Artisan temperament</a>, meaning concrete in thought and speech, and utilitarian in implementing goals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Keirsey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-psychiatry" title="Anti-psychiatry">Anti-psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_psychiatry" title="Biological psychiatry">Biological psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_imbalance_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical imbalance theory">Chemical imbalance theory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Keirsey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://davidmarkkeirsey.wordpress.com/2013/08/14/my-father/">"My Father, The Greatest, and Of the Greatest Generation"</a>, Obituary by his son, David Mark Keirsey, 14 August 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://davidmarkkeirsey.wordpress.com/2015/07/30/a-turning-point/">"A Turning Point"</a>. 30 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Turning+Point&rft.date=2015-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdavidmarkkeirsey.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F07%2F30%2Fa-turning-point%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Keirsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://davidmarkkeirsey.wordpress.com/2015/07/30/a-turning-point/">"A Turning Point"</a>, Annual Tribute, David Mark Keirsey, 31 July 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jung, Carl Gustav (August 1, 1971). <i>Psychological Types (Collected Works of C.G. Jung, Volume 6)</i>. Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-09770-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-09770-4">0-691-09770-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Keirsey, David (1998). <i>Please Understand Me II: Temperament Character Intelligence</i> Prometheus Nemesis Book Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-885705-02-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-885705-02-6">1-885705-02-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Myers-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Myers_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers,_Isabel_Briggs_with_Peter_B._Myers1995" class="citation book cs1">Myers, Isabel Briggs with Peter B. Myers (1995) [1980]. <i>Gifts Differing: Understanding Personality Type</i>. Mountain View, CA: Davies-Black Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89106-074-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-89106-074-X"><bdi>0-89106-074-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gifts+Differing%3A+Understanding+Personality+Type&rft.place=Mountain+View%2C+CA&rft.pub=Davies-Black+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-89106-074-X&rft.au=Myers%2C+Isabel+Briggs+with+Peter+B.+Myers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Keirsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://davidmarkkeirsey.wordpress.com/2020/06/26/abuse-it-lose-it/">"Abuse it – Lose it"</a>. 26 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abuse+it+%E2%80%93+Lose+it&rft.date=2020-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdavidmarkkeirsey.wordpress.com%2F2020%2F06%2F26%2Fabuse-it-lose-it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Keirsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoax-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hoax_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://davidmarkkeirsey.wordpress.com/2019/10/19/the-evil-practice-of-narcotherapy/">"The Great A.D.D. Hoax"</a>. 19 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+A.D.D.+Hoax&rft.date=2019-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdavidmarkkeirsey.wordpress.com%2F2019%2F10%2F19%2Fthe-evil-practice-of-narcotherapy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Keirsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Keirsey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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Keirsey</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Please_Understand_Me" title="Please Understand Me">Please Understand Me</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">Personality psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_psychology" title="Analytical psychology">Analytical psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Analytical_psychology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Louise_von_Franz" title="Marie-Louise von Franz">Marie-Louise von Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">David Keirsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Briggs_Myers" title="Isabel Briggs Myers">Isabel Myers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Cook_Briggs" title="Katharine Cook Briggs">Katharine Cook Briggs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jungian_archetypes" title="Jungian archetypes">Archetype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_unconscious" title="Collective unconscious">Collective unconscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind" title="Unconscious mind">Personal 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