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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definitions_and_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Alternative classifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abortive_critical_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abortive_critical_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Abortive critical term</span> 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id="toc-Influential_antecedents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influential_antecedents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Influential antecedents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influential_antecedents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_York_School" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York_School"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>New York School</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York_School-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musique_concrète" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musique_concrète"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Musique concrète</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musique_concrète-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fluxus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fluxus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Fluxus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fluxus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minimalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minimalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Minimalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minimalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transethnicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transethnicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Transethnicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transethnicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_improvisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_improvisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Free improvisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_improvisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Game_pieces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Game_pieces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Game pieces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Game_pieces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksperimentele_musiek" title="Eksperimentele musiek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eksperimentele musiek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="موسيقى تجريبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موسيقى تجريبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_experimental" title="Música experimental – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Música experimental" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_hudba" title="Experimentální hudba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Experimentální hudba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksperimentel_musik" title="Eksperimentel musik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eksperimentel musik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Πειραματική μουσική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πειραματική μουσική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_experimental" title="Música experimental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Música experimental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksperimenta_muziko" title="Eksperimenta muziko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eksperimenta muziko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="موسیقی تجربی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موسیقی تجربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_exp%C3%A9rimentale" title="Musique expérimentale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Musique expérimentale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_experimental" title="Música experimental – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Música experimental" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A4%ED%97%98_%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85" title="실험 음악 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="실험 음악" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_sperimentale" title="Musica sperimentale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Musica sperimentale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מוזיקה ניסיונית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוזיקה ניסיונית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ექსპერიმენტული მუსიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ექსპერიმენტული მუსიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_spurmental" title="Música spurmental – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Música spurmental" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimentele_muziek" title="Experimentele muziek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Experimentele muziek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%9F%E9%A8%93%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD" title="実験音楽 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="実験音楽" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzyka_eksperymentalna" title="Muzyka eksperymentalna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Muzyka eksperymentalna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_experimental" title="Música experimental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Música experimental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzic%C4%83_experimental%C4%83" title="Muzică experimentală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Muzică experimentală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Экспериментальная музыка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экспериментальная музыка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B9sica_spirimintali" title="Mùsica spirimintali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mùsica spirimintali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Експериментална музика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Експериментална музика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokeellinen_musiikki" title="Kokeellinen musiikki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kokeellinen musiikki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimentell_musik" title="Experimentell musik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Experimentell musik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="ดนตรีทดลอง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดนตรีทดลอง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deneysel_m%C3%BCzik" title="Deneysel müzik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Deneysel müzik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Експериментальна музика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Експериментальна музика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_(nh%E1%BA%A1c)" title="Experimental (nhạc) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Experimental (nhạc)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="實驗音樂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="實驗音樂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1640319#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="View the 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">Avant-garde music</a>.</div> <p><b>Experimental music</b> is a general label for any music or <a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">music genre</a> that pushes existing boundaries and genre definitions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.n.d._1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.n.d.-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experimental compositional practice is defined broadly by exploratory sensibilities radically opposed to, and questioning of, institutionalized compositional, performing, and aesthetic conventions in music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESun2013_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESun2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elements of experimental music include <a href="/wiki/Indeterminacy_in_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Indeterminacy in music">indeterminacy</a>, in which the composer introduces the elements of chance or unpredictability with regard to either the composition or its performance. Artists may approach a hybrid of disparate styles or incorporate unorthodox and unique elements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.n.d._1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.n.d.-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The practice became prominent in the mid-20th century, particularly in Europe and North America. <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a> was one of the earliest composers to use the term and one of experimental music's primary innovators, utilizing <a href="/wiki/Indeterminacy_(music)" title="Indeterminacy (music)">indeterminacy</a> techniques and seeking unknown outcomes. In France, as early as 1953, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer">Pierre Schaeffer</a> had begun using the term <i>musique expérimentale</i> to describe compositional activities that incorporated <a href="/wiki/Tape_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Tape music">tape music</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">musique concrète</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Elektronische_Musik" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektronische Musik">elektronische Musik</a></i>. In America, a quite distinct sense of the term was used in the late 1950s to describe <a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">computer-controlled composition</a> associated with composers such as <a href="/wiki/Lejaren_Hiller" title="Lejaren Hiller">Lejaren Hiller</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harry_Partch" title="Harry Partch">Harry Partch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivor_Darreg" title="Ivor Darreg">Ivor Darreg</a> worked with other tuning scales based on the physical laws for harmonic music. For this music they both developed a group of <a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">experimental musical instruments</a>. <i>Musique concrète</i> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_music" title="Electroacoustic music">electroacoustic music</a> that utilises <a href="/wiki/Acousmatic_sound" title="Acousmatic sound">acousmatic sound</a> as a compositional resource. <a href="/wiki/Free_improvisation" title="Free improvisation">Free improvisation</a> or free music is <a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">improvised music</a> without any rules beyond the taste or inclination of the musician(s) involved; in many cases, the musicians make an active effort to avoid <a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">clichés</a>; i.e., overt references to recognizable musical conventions or genres. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions_and_usage">Definitions and usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_music&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions and usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_music&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Groupe de Recherches de Musique Concrète (GRMC), under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer">Pierre Schaeffer</a>, organized the First International Decade of Experimental Music between 8 and 18 June 1953. This appears to have been an attempt by Schaeffer to reverse the assimilation of musique concrète into the German <i>elektronische Musik</i>, and instead tried to subsume musique concrète, <i>elektronische Musik</i>, tape music, and world music under the rubric "musique experimentale".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalombini1993a18_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalombini1993a18-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Publication of Schaeffer's manifesto<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaeffer1957_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaeffer1957-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was delayed by four years, by which time Schaeffer was favoring the term "recherche musicale" (music research), though he never wholly abandoned "musique expérimentale".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalombini1993a19_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalombini1993a19-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalombini1993b557_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalombini1993b557-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John Cage was also using the term as early as 1955. According to Cage's definition, "an experimental action is one the outcome of which is not foreseen",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECage196139_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECage196139-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he was specifically interested in completed works that performed an <a href="/wiki/Aleatorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleatorism">unpredictable action</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauceri1997197_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauceri1997197-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Germany, the publication of Cage's article was anticipated by several months in a lecture delivered by Wolfgang Edward Rebner at the <a href="/wiki/Darmst%C3%A4dter_Ferienkurse" title="Darmstädter Ferienkurse">Darmstädter Ferienkurse</a> on 13 August 1954, titled "Amerikanische Experimentalmusik". Rebner's lecture extended the concept back in time to include <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Charles Ives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Edgard Varèse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cowell" title="Henry Cowell">Henry Cowell</a>, as well as Cage, due to their focus on sound as such rather than compositional method.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERebner1997_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERebner1997-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_classifications">Alternative classifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_music&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Alternative classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Composer and critic <a href="/wiki/Michael_Nyman" title="Michael Nyman">Michael Nyman</a> starts from Cage's definition,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyman19741_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyman19741-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and develops the term "experimental" also to describe the work of other American composers (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(composer)" title="Christian Wolff (composer)">Christian Wolff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earle_Brown" title="Earle Brown">Earle Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meredith_Monk" title="Meredith Monk">Meredith Monk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Goldstein" title="Malcolm Goldstein">Malcolm Goldstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Morton Feldman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_Riley" title="Terry Riley">Terry Riley</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Monte_Young" title="La Monte Young">La Monte Young</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Reich" title="Steve Reich">Steve Reich</a>, etc.), as well as composers such as <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Bryars" title="Gavin Bryars">Gavin Bryars</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Cale" title="John Cale">John Cale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toshi_Ichiyanagi" title="Toshi Ichiyanagi">Toshi Ichiyanagi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Cardew" title="Cornelius Cardew">Cornelius Cardew</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Tilbury" title="John Tilbury">John Tilbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Rzewski" title="Frederic Rzewski">Frederic Rzewski</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Keith_Rowe" title="Keith Rowe">Keith Rowe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyman197478–81,_93–115_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyman197478–81,_93–115-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nyman opposes experimental music to the European <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> of the time (<a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Boulez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Kagel" title="Mauricio Kagel">Kagel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Xenakis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Birtwistle" title="Harrison Birtwistle">Birtwistle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Berio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Stockhausen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sylvano_Bussotti" title="Sylvano Bussotti">Bussotti</a>), for whom "The identity of a composition is of paramount importance".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyman19742,_9_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyman19742,_9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word "experimental" in the former cases "is apt, providing it is understood not as descriptive of an act to be later judged in terms of success or failure, but simply as of an act the outcome of which is unknown".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECage196113_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECage196113-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_Cope" title="David Cope">David Cope</a> also distinguishes between experimental and avant-garde, describing experimental music as that "which represents a refusal to accept the <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECope1997222_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECope1997222-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Nicholls, too, makes this distinction, saying that "...very generally, avant-garde music can be viewed as occupying an extreme position within the tradition, while experimental music lies outside it".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholls1998318_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholls1998318-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Warren_Burt" title="Warren Burt">Warren Burt</a> cautions that, as "a combination of leading-edge techniques and a certain exploratory attitude", experimental music requires a broad and inclusive definition, "a series of <i>ands</i>, if you will", encompassing such areas as "Cageian influences <em>and</em> work with low technology <em>and</em> improvisation <em>and</em> sound poetry <em>and</em> linguistics <em>and</em> new instrument building <em>and</em> multimedia <em>and</em> music theatre <em>and</em> work with high technology <em>and</em> community music, among others, when these activities are done with the aim of finding those musics 'we don't like, yet', [citing <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Br%C3%BCn" title="Herbert Brün">Herbert Brün</a>] in a 'problem-seeking environment' [citing <a href="/wiki/Chris_Mann_(composer)" title="Chris Mann (composer)">Chris Mann</a>]".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurt19915_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurt19915-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Benjamin Piekut argues that this "consensus view of experimentalism" is based on an <i><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">a priori</a></i> "grouping", rather than asking the question "How have these composers been collected together in the first place, that they can now be the subject of a description?" That is, "for the most part, experimental music studies <i>describes</i>  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] a category without really <i>explaining</i> it".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiekut20082–5_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiekut20082–5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He finds laudable exceptions in the work of David Nicholls and, especially, Amy Beal,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiekut20085_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiekut20085-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and concludes from their work that "The fundamental <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontological</a> shift that marks experimentalism as an achievement is that from <a href="/wiki/Representative_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Representative realism">representationalism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Performativity" title="Performativity">performativity</a>", so that "an explanation of experimentalism that already assumes the category it purports to explain is an exercise in <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>, not ontology".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiekut20087_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiekut20087-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Leonard_B._Meyer" title="Leonard B. Meyer">Leonard B. Meyer</a>, on the other hand, includes under "experimental music" composers rejected by Nyman, such as Berio, Boulez and Stockhausen, as well as the techniques of "total <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serialism</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyer1994106–107,_266_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer1994106–107,_266-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> holding that "there is no single, or even pre-eminent, experimental music, but rather a plethora of different methods and kinds".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyer1994237_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer1994237-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abortive_critical_term">Abortive critical term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_music&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Abortive critical term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1950s, the term "experimental" was often applied by conservative music critics—along with a number of other words, such as "engineers art", "musical splitting of the atom", "alchemist's kitchen", "atonal", and "serial"—as a deprecating jargon term, which must be regarded as "abortive concepts", since they did not "grasp a subject".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzger195921_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzger195921-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was an attempt to marginalize, and thereby dismiss various kinds of music that did not conform to established conventions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauceri1997189_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauceri1997189-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1955, Pierre Boulez identified it as a "new definition that makes it possible to restrict to a laboratory, which is tolerated but subject to inspection, all attempts to corrupt musical morals. Once they have set limits to the danger, the good ostriches go to sleep again and wake only to stamp their feet with rage when they are obliged to accept the bitter fact of the periodical ravages caused by experiment." He concludes, "There is no such thing as experimental music ... but there is a very real distinction between sterility and invention".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoulez1986430,_431_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulez1986430,_431-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in the 1960s, "experimental music" began to be used in America for almost the opposite purpose, in an attempt to establish an historical category to help legitimize a loosely identified group of radically innovative, "<a href="/wiki/Outsider_music" title="Outsider music">outsider</a>" composers. Whatever success this might have had in academe, this attempt to construct a genre was as abortive as the meaningless namecalling noted by Metzger, since by the "genre's" own definition the work it includes is "radically different and highly individualistic".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauceri1997190_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauceri1997190-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is therefore not a genre, but an open category, "because any attempt to classify a phenomenon as unclassifiable and (often) elusive as experimental music must be partial".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyman19745_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyman19745-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the characteristic indeterminacy in performance "guarantees that two versions of the same piece will have virtually no perceptible musical 'facts' in common".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyman19749_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyman19749-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_composition">Computer composition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_music&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Computer composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">Computer music</a></div> <p>In the late 1950s, Lejaren Hiller and L. M. Isaacson used the term in connection with computer-controlled composition, in the scientific sense of "experiment":<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiller_and_Isaacson1959_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiller_and_Isaacson1959-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making predictions for new compositions based on established musical technique (<a href="#CITEREFMauceri1997">Mauceri 1997</a>, 194–195). The term "experimental music" was used contemporaneously for <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a>, particularly in the early <i>musique concrète</i> work of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Henry" title="Pierre Henry">Henry</a> in France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVignal2003298_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVignal2003298-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a considerable overlap between <a href="/wiki/Downtown_music" title="Downtown music">Downtown music</a> and what is more generally called experimental music, especially as that term was defined at length by Nyman in his book <i>Experimental Music: Cage and Beyond</i> (1974, second edition 1999). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_music&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influential_antecedents">Influential antecedents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_music&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Influential antecedents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of early 20th-century American composers, seen as precedents to and influences on John Cage, are sometimes referred to as the "American Experimental School". These include Charles Ives, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Seeger" title="Charles Seeger">Charles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Crawford_Seeger" title="Ruth Crawford Seeger">Ruth Crawford Seeger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cowell" title="Henry Cowell">Henry Cowell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ruggles" title="Carl Ruggles">Carl Ruggles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_J._Becker" title="John J. Becker">John Becker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholls1990_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholls1990-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERebner1997_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERebner1997-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_York_School">New York School</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_music&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: New York School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_York_School_(art)#The_composers" title="New York School (art)">New York School (art) § The composers</a></div> <p>The New York School was an informal group of American poets, painters, dancers, and musicians active in the 1950s and 1960s in New York City. They often drew inspiration from <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a> and contemporary <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> art movements, in particular <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">conceptual art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">pop art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, improvisational theater, experimental music, and the interaction of friends in the New York City art world's <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">vanguard circle</a>. Composers/Musicians included <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earle_Brown" title="Earle Brown">Earle Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(composer)" title="Christian Wolff (composer)">Christian Wolff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Morton Feldman</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Tudor" title="David Tudor">David Tudor</a> among others. Dance related: <a href="/wiki/Merce_Cunningham" title="Merce Cunningham">Merce Cunningham</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musique_concrète"><span id="Musique_concr.C3.A8te"></span>Musique concrète</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_music&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Musique concrète"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">Musique concrète</a></div> <p>Musique concrète (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>; literally, "concrete music"), is a form of <a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_music" title="Electroacoustic music">electroacoustic music</a> that utilises <a href="/wiki/Acousmatic_sound" title="Acousmatic sound">acousmatic sound</a> as a compositional resource. The compositional material is not restricted to the inclusion of sonorities derived from <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instruments</a> or <a href="/wiki/Register_(music)" title="Register (music)">voices</a>, nor to elements traditionally thought of as "musical" (<a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meter_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (music)">metre</a> and so on). The theoretical underpinnings of the aesthetic were developed by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer">Pierre Schaeffer</a>, beginning in the late 1940s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fluxus">Fluxus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_music&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fluxus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></div> <p>Fluxus was an artistic movement started in the 1960s, characterized by an increased theatricality and the use of <a href="/wiki/Mixed_media" title="Mixed media">mixed media</a>. Another known musical aspect appearing in the Fluxus movement was the use of <a href="/wiki/Primal_therapy" title="Primal therapy">Primal Scream</a> at performances, derived from the <a href="/wiki/Primal_therapy" title="Primal therapy">primal therapy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yoko_Ono" title="Yoko Ono">Yoko Ono</a> used this technique of expression.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatemann.d._31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatemann.d.-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minimalism">Minimalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_music&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Minimalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minimalist_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimalist music">Minimalist music</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transethnicism">Transethnicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_music&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Transethnicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "experimental" has sometimes been applied to the mixture of recognizable music genres, especially those identified with specific ethnic groups, as found for example in the music of <a href="/wiki/Laurie_Anderson" title="Laurie Anderson">Laurie Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chou_Wen-chung" title="Chou Wen-chung">Chou Wen-chung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Reich" title="Steve Reich">Steve Reich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Volans" title="Kevin Volans">Kevin Volans</a>, Martin Scherzinger, Michael Blake, and Rüdiger Meyer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlake1999_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake1999-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffe1983_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffe1983-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubet1999_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubet1999-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_improvisation">Free improvisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_music&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Free improvisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Free_improvisation" title="Free improvisation">Free improvisation</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Free_improvisation" title="Free improvisation">Free improvisation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Free_music" title="Free music">free music</a> is <a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">improvised music</a> without any rules beyond the taste or inclination of the musician(s) involved; in many cases the musicians make an active effort to avoid overt references to recognizable musical genres. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Game_pieces">Game pieces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_music&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Game pieces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Game_piece_(music)" title="Game piece (music)">Game piece (music)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_music&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.n.d.-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.n.d._1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.n.d._1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon.n.d.">Anon. n.d</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESun2013-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESun2013_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSun2013">Sun 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalombini1993a18-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalombini1993a18_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalombini1993a">Palombini 1993a</a>, 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaeffer1957-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaeffer1957_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchaeffer1957">Schaeffer 1957</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalombini1993a19-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalombini1993a19_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalombini1993a">Palombini 1993a</a>, 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalombini1993b557-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalombini1993b557_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalombini1993b">Palombini 1993b</a>, 557.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECage196139-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECage196139_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCage1961">Cage 1961</a>, 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauceri1997197-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauceri1997197_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMauceri1997">Mauceri 1997</a>, 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERebner1997-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERebner1997_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERebner1997_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRebner1997">Rebner 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENyman19741-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyman19741_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNyman1974">Nyman 1974</a>, 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENyman197478–81,_93–115-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyman197478–81,_93–115_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNyman1974">Nyman 1974</a>, 78–81, 93–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENyman19742,_9-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyman19742,_9_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNyman1974">Nyman 1974</a>, 2, 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECage196113-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECage196113_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCage1961">Cage 1961</a>, 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECope1997222-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECope1997222_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCope1997">Cope 1997</a>, 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholls1998318-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholls1998318_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholls1998">Nicholls 1998</a>, 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurt19915-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurt19915_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurt1991">Burt 1991</a>, 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiekut20082–5-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiekut20082–5_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPiekut2008">Piekut 2008</a>, 2–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiekut20085-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiekut20085_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPiekut2008">Piekut 2008</a>, 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiekut20087-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiekut20087_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPiekut2008">Piekut 2008</a>, 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer1994106–107,_266-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyer1994106–107,_266_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyer1994">Meyer 1994</a>, 106–107, 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer1994237-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyer1994237_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyer1994">Meyer 1994</a>, 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzger195921-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzger195921_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetzger1959">Metzger 1959</a>, 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauceri1997189-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauceri1997189_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMauceri1997">Mauceri 1997</a>, 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulez1986430,_431-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoulez1986430,_431_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoulez1986">Boulez 1986</a>, 430, 431.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauceri1997190-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauceri1997190_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMauceri1997">Mauceri 1997</a>, 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENyman19745-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyman19745_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNyman1974">Nyman 1974</a>, 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENyman19749-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyman19749_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNyman1974">Nyman 1974</a>, 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiller_and_Isaacson1959-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiller_and_Isaacson1959_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHiller_and_Isaacson1959">Hiller and Isaacson 1959</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVignal2003298-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVignal2003298_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVignal2003">Vignal 2003</a>, 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholls1990-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholls1990_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholls1990">Nicholls 1990</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatemann.d.-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatemann.d._31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBatemann.d.">Bateman n.d</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake1999-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlake1999_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlake1999">Blake 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffe1983-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffe1983_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJaffe1983">Jaffe 1983</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELubet1999-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubet1999_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLubet1999">Lubet 1999</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFAnon.n.d.">Anon. n.d. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/experimental-ma0000002582">Avant-Garde » Modern Composition » Experimental</a>". <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBatemann.d.">Bateman, Shahbeila. n.d. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.wcsu.edu/mccarneyh/fva/O/YOno_bio.html">"Biography of Yoko Ono"</a>. Website of Hugh McCarney, Communication Department, Western Connecticut University. (Accessed 15 February 2009)</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBlake1999">Blake, Michael. 1999. "The Emergence of a South African Experimental Aesthetic". In <i>Proceedings of the 25th Annual Congress of the Musicological Society of Southern Africa</i>, edited by Izak J. Grové. Pretoria: Musicological Society of Southern Africa.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBoulez1986"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Boulez, Pierre</a>. 1986. "Experiment, Ostriches, and Music", in his <i>Orientations: Collected Writings</i>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Cooper_(musicologist)" title="Martin Cooper (musicologist)">Martin Cooper</a>, 430–431. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-64375-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-64375-5">0-674-64375-5</a> Originally published as "Expérience, autriches et musique". <i><a href="/wiki/La_Nouvelle_Revue_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="La Nouvelle Revue française">La Nouvelle Revue française</a></i>, no. 36 (December 1955): 1, 174–176.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBurt1991">Burt, Warren. 1991. "Australian Experimental Music 1963–1990". <i>Leonardo Music Journal</i> 1, no. 1:5–10.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFCage1961"><a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">Cage, John</a>. 1961. <i>Silence: Lectures and Writings</i>. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. Unaltered reprints: Wesleyan University press, 1966 (pbk), 1967 (cloth), 1973 (pbk ["First Wesleyan paperback edition"], 1975 (unknown binding); Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1966, 1967, 1969, 1970, 1971; London: Calder & Boyars, 1968, 1971, 1973 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7145-0526-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7145-0526-9">0-7145-0526-9</a> (cloth) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7145-1043-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7145-1043-2">0-7145-1043-2</a> (pbk). London: Marion Boyars, 1986, 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7145-1043-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7145-1043-2">0-7145-1043-2</a> (pbk); [n.p.]: Reprint Services Corporation, 1988 (cloth) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99911-780-1-5" title="Special:BookSources/99911-780-1-5">99911-780-1-5</a> [In particular the essays "Experimental Music", pp. 7–12, and "Experimental Music: Doctrine", pp. 13–17.]</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFCope1997">Cope, David. 1997. <i>Techniques of the Contemporary Composer</i>. New York: Schirmer Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-864737-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-864737-8">0-02-864737-8</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFHiller_and_Isaacson1959">Hiller, Lejaren, and L. M. Isaacson. 1959. <i>Experimental Music: Composition with an Electronic Computer</i>. New York: McGraw-Hill.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFJaffe1983">Jaffe, Lee David. 1983. "The Last Days of the Avant Garde; or How to Tell Your Glass from Your Eno". <i>Drexel Library Quarterly</i> 19, no. 1 (Winter): 105–122.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFLubet1999">Lubet, Alex. 1999. "Indeterminate Origins: A Cultural theory of American Experimental Music". In <i>Perspectives on American music since 1950</i>, edited by James R. Heintze. New York: General Music Publishing Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-2144-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-2144-9">0-8153-2144-9</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFMauceri1997">Mauceri, Frank X. 1997. "From Experimental Music to Musical Experiment". <i><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_of_New_Music" title="Perspectives of New Music">Perspectives of New Music</a></i> 35, no. 1 (Winter): 187-204.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFMetzger1959">Metzger, Heinz-Klaus. 1959. "Abortive Concepts in the Theory and Criticism of Music", translated by Leo Black. <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Reihe" title="Die Reihe">Die Reihe</a></i> 5: "Reports, Analysis" (English edition): 21–29).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFMeyer1994">Meyer, Leonard B. 1994. <i>Music, the Arts, and Ideas: Patterns and Predictions in Twentieth-Century Culture</i>. Second edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-52143-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-52143-5">0-226-52143-5</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFNicholls1990">Nicholls, David. 1990. <i>American Experimental Music, 1890–1940</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-34578-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-34578-2">0-521-34578-2</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFNicholls1998">Nicholls, David. 1998. "Avant-garde and Experimental Music". In <i>Cambridge History of American Music</i>. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-45429-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-45429-8">0-521-45429-8</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFNyman1974"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Nyman" title="Michael Nyman">Nyman, Michael</a>. 1974. <i>Experimental Music: Cage and Beyond</i>. London: Studio Vista <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-289-70182-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-289-70182-1">0-289-70182-1</a>. New York: Schirmer Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-871200-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-871200-5">0-02-871200-5</a>. Second edition, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-65297-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-65297-9">0-521-65297-9</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFPalombini1993a">Palombini, Carlos. 1993a. "Machine Songs V: Pierre Schaeffer: From Research into Noises to Experimental Music". <i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Music_Journal" title="Computer Music Journal">Computer Music Journal</a></i>, 17, No. 3 (Autumn): 14–19.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFPalombini1993b">Palombini, Carlos. 1993b. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423120112/http://www.rem.ufpr.br/REMv3.1/vol3/Schaefferi.html">"Pierre Schaeffer, 1953: Towards an Experimental Music"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Music_%26_Letters" title="Music & Letters">Music & Letters</a></i> 74, no. 4 (November): 542–557.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFPiekut2008">Piekut, Benjamin. 2008. "Testing, Testing ...: New York Experimentalism 1964". Ph.D. diss. New York: Columbia University.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFRebner1997">Rebner, Wolfgang Edward. 1997. "Amerikanische Experimentalmusik". In <i>Im Zenit der Moderne: Geschichte und Dokumentation in vier Bänden—Die Internationalen Ferienkurse für Neue Musik Darmstadt, 1946–1966</i>. Rombach Wissenschaften: Reihe Musicae 2, 4 vols., edited by Gianmario Borio and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Danuser" title="Hermann Danuser">Hermann Danuser</a>, 3:178–189. Freiburg im Breisgau: Rombach.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFSchaeffer1957">Schaeffer, Pierre. 1957. "Vers une musique experimentale". <i><a href="/wiki/La_Revue_musicale" title="La Revue musicale">La Revue musicale</a></i> no. 236 (Vers une musique experimentale), edited by Pierre Schaeffer, 18–23. Paris: Richard-Masse.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFSun2013">Sun, Cecilia. 2013. "Experimental Music". 2013. <i>The Grove Dictionary of American Music</i>, second edition, edited by Charles Hiroshi Garrett. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFVignal2003">Vignal, Marc (ed.). 2003. "Expérimentale (musique)". In <i>Dictionnaire de la musique</i>. Paris: Larousse. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-03-511354-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-03-511354-7">2-03-511354-7</a>.</cite></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_music&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li>Ballantine, Christopher. 1977. "Towards an Aesthetic of Experimental Music". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Quarterly" title="The Musical Quarterly">The Musical Quarterly</a></i> 63, no. 2 (April): 224–246.</li> <li>Beal, Amy C. 2006. <i>New Music, New Allies: American Experimental Music in West Germany from the Zero Hour to Reunification</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24755-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-24755-8">0-520-24755-8</a>.</li> <li>Benitez, Joaquim M. 1978. "Avant-Garde or Experimental? Classifying Contemporary Music". <i>International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music</i> 9, no. 1 (June): 53–77.</li> <li>Broyles, Michael. 2004. <i>Mavericks and Other Traditions in American Music</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press.</li> <li>Cameron, Catherine. 1996. <i>Dialectics in the Arts: The Rise of Experimentalism in American Music</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.</li> <li>Cox, Christoph. 2004. <i>Audio Culture</i>. Continuum International Publishing Group.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. Place and ISBN needed (September 2014)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Crumsho, Michael. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dustedmagazine.com/reviews/4112">"Dusted Reviews: Neptune—<i>Gong Lake</i>"</a>. <i>Dusted Magazine</i> (February 19).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensemble_Modern" title="Ensemble Modern">Ensemble Modern</a>. 1995. "Was ist experimentelles Musiktheater? Mitglieder des 'Ensemble Modern' befragen Hans Zender". <i>Positionen: Beiträge zur Neuen Musik</i> 22 (February): 17–20.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Bailey_(guitarist)" title="Derek Bailey (guitarist)">Bailey, Derek</a>. 1980. "Musical Improvisation: Its Nature and Practice in Music". Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall; Ashbourne: Moorland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-607044-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-607044-2">0-13-607044-2</a>. Second edition, London: British Library National Sound Archive, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7123-0506-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7123-0506-8">0-7123-0506-8</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Experimental_Musical_Instruments_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Experimental Musical Instruments (magazine)">Experimental Musical Instruments</a></i>. 1985–1999. A periodical (no longer published) devoted to experimental music and instruments.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nik%C5%A1a_Gligo" title="Nikša Gligo">Gligo, Nikša</a>. 1989. "Die musikalische Avantgarde als ahistorische Utopie: Die gescheiterten Implikationen der experimentellen Musik". <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Musicologica" title="Acta Musicologica">Acta Musicologica</a></i> 61, no. 2 (May–August): 217–237.</li> <li>Grant, Morag Josephine. 2003. "Experimental Music Semiotics". <i>International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music</i> 34, no. 2 (December): 173–191.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carla_Henius" title="Carla Henius">Henius, Carla</a>. 1977. "Musikalisches Experimentiertheater. Kommentare aus der Praxis". <i>Melos</i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Musik" title="Neue Zeitschrift für Musik">Neue Zeitschrift für Musik</a></i> 3, no. 6:489–492.</li> <li>Henius, Carla. 1994. "Experimentelles Musiktheater seit 1946". <i>Bayerische Akademie der Schönen Künste: Jahrbuch</i> 8:131–154.</li> <li>Holmes, Thomas B. 2008. <i>Electronic and Experimental Music: Pioneers in Technology and Composition</i>. Third edition. London and New York: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95781-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95781-6">978-0-415-95781-6</a> (hbk.) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95782-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95782-3">978-0-415-95782-3</a> (pbk.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Lucier" title="Alvin Lucier">Lucier, Alvin</a>. 2002. "An einem hellen Tag: Avantgarde und Experiment", trans. Gisela Gronemeyer. <i>MusikTexte: Zeitschrift für Neue Musik</i>, no. 92 (February), pp. 13–14.</li> <li>Lucier, Alvin. 2012. <i>Music 109: Notes on Experimental Music</i>. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-7297-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-7297-4">978-0-8195-7297-4</a> (cloth); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-7298-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-7298-1">978-0-8195-7298-1</a> (ebook).</li> <li>Masters, Marc. 2007. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114153805/http://www.blackdogonline.com/all-books/no-wave.html">No Wave</a></i>. London: Black Dog Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906155-02-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906155-02-5">978-1-906155-02-5</a>.</li> <li>Parkin, Chris. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeout.com/london/music/features/4316/Micachu-interview.html">"Micachu: Interview"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120924100100/http://www.timeout.com/london/music/features/4316/Micachu-interview.html">Archived</a> 2012-09-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Out_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Out London">Time Out London</a></i> (February 26).</li> <li>Piekut, Benjamin. 2011. <i>Experimentalism Otherwise: The New York Avant-Garde and its Limits</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26851-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26851-7">978-0-520-26851-7</a>.</li> <li>Saunders, James. 2009. <i>The Ashgate Research Companion to Experimental Music</i>. Aldershot, Hampshire, and Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6282-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6282-2">978-0-7546-6282-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Schnebel" title="Dieter Schnebel">Schnebel, Dieter</a>. 2001. "Experimentelles Musiktheater". In <i>Das Musiktheater: Exempel der Kunst</i>, edited by Otto Kolleritsch, 14–24. Vienna: Universal Edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7024-0263-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-7024-0263-2">3-7024-0263-2</a></li> <li>Shultis, Christopher. 1998. <i>Silencing the Sounded Self: John Cage and the American Experimental Tradition</i>. Boston: Northeastern University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55553-377-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55553-377-9">1-55553-377-9</a></li> <li>Smith Brindle, Reginald. 1987. <i>The New Music: The Avant-Garde Since 1945</i>, second edition. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-315471-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-315471-4">0-19-315471-4</a> (cloth) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-315468-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-315468-4">0-19-315468-4</a> (pbk.)</li> <li>Sutherland, Roger, 1994. <i>New Perspectives in Music</i>. London: Sun Tavern Fields. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9517012-6-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9517012-6-6">0-9517012-6-6</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_music&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Experimental_music_genres" title="Template:Experimental music genres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Experimental_music_genres" title="Template talk:Experimental music genres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Experimental_music_genres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Experimental music genres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Experimental_music373" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Experimental music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">contemporary<br />classical music</a> genres</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleatoric_music" title="Aleatoric music">Aleatoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indeterminacy_(music)" title="Indeterminacy (music)">indeterminacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_music" title="Drone music">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_music" title="Electroacoustic music">Electroacoustic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acousmatic_music" title="Acousmatic music">Acousmatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Tape music">Tape music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_music" title="Minimal music">Minimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musique_concrete" class="mw-redirect" title="Musique concrete">Musique concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">Noise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danger_music" title="Danger music">Danger</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Experimental popular<br />music genres</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_jazz" title="Avant-garde jazz">Avant-garde jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_metal" title="Avant-garde metal">Avant-garde metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-metal" title="Post-metal">Post-metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-pop" title="Avant-pop">Avant-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-prog" title="Avant-prog">Avant-prog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-punk" title="Avant-punk">Avant-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomusic" title="Biomusic">Biomusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstructed_club" title="Deconstructed club">Deconstructed club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_pop" title="Experimental pop">Experimental pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_rock" title="Experimental rock">Experimental rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">krautrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Math_rock" title="Math rock">math rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-prog" title="Neo-prog">neo-prog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_wave" title="No wave">no wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">noise rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">post-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">post-rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_dance_music" title="Intelligent dance music">Intelligent dance music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofolk" title="Neofolk">Neofolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_music" title="Wave music">Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_pop" title="Art pop">Art pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_punk" title="Art punk">Art punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">Art rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-funk" title="Avant-funk">Avant-funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_music" title="Ambient music">Ambient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_metal" title="Drone metal">Drone metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_improvisation" title="Free improvisation">Free improvisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">Free jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitch_(music)" title="Glitch (music)">Glitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperpop" title="Hyperpop">Hyperpop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_jazz" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive jazz">Progressive jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_jazz" title="Punk jazz">Punk jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_house_(genre)" title="Witch house (genre)">Witch house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extended_technique" title="Extended technique">Extended techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3rd_bridge" title="3rd bridge">3rd bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frippertronics" title="Frippertronics">Frippertronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunderphonics" title="Plunderphonics">Plunderphonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared_guitar" title="Prepared guitar">Prepared guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared_piano" title="Prepared piano">Prepared piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scordatura" title="Scordatura">Scordatura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">Turntablism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cymatics" title="Cymatics">Cymatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_sonification" title="Data sonification">Data sonification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_luthier" title="Experimental luthier">Experimental luthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_art" title="Sound art">Sound art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_collage" title="Sound collage">Sound collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_installation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound installation">Sound installation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound sculpture">Sound sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundscape" title="Soundscape">Soundscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_improvisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroacoustic improvisation">Electroacoustic improvisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_experimental_music_festivals" title="List of experimental music festivals">List of experimental music festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electronic_music_festivals" title="List of electronic music festivals">List of electronic music festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_experimental_musicians" title="List of experimental musicians">List of experimental musicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modernist_music517" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism_(music)" title="Template:Modernism (music)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modernism_(music)" title="Template talk:Modernism (music)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism_(music)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism (music)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modernist_music517" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Modernist music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_modernist_composers" title="List of modernist composers">List of modernist composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Composers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Austria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek">Krenek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a></li></ul></li> <li>Belgium <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Pousseur" title="Henri Pousseur">Pousseur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Czechia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alois_H%C3%A1ba" title="Alois Hába">Hába</a></li></ul></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Bergman" title="Erik Bergman">Bergman</a></li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Henry" title="Pierre Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Jolivet" title="André Jolivet">Jolivet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Koechlin" title="Charles Koechlin">Koechlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Messiaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Milhaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Poulenc" title="Francis Poulenc">Poulenc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Varèse</a></li></ul></li> <li>Germany <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Reger" title="Max Reger">Reger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greece <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Skalkottas" title="Nikos Skalkottas">Skalkottas</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hungary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a></li></ul></li> <li>Poland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Szymanowski</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Prokofiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">Antheil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Babbitt" title="Milton Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Carter" title="Elliott Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cowell" title="Henry Cowell">Cowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Ives</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Genres and<br />techniques</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">Atonality</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(music)" title="Futurism (music)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtonal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtonal music">Microtonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_limited_transposition" title="Mode of limited transposition">Modes of limited transposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotonality" title="Neotonality">Neotonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Complexity" title="New Complexity">New Complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">Noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandiatonicism" title="Pandiatonicism">Pandiatonicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyrhythm" title="Polyrhythm">Polyrhythms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytonality" title="Polytonality">Polytonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post-romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_music" title="Process music">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartal_and_quintal_harmony" title="Quartal and quintal harmony">Quartal and quintal harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">Serialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_mass" title="Sound mass">Sound mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_music" title="Spectral music">Spectral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic" title="Stochastic">Stochastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_music" title="Surrealist music">Surrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_cluster" title="Tone cluster">Tone cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">Twelve-tone technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Schools of composition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmstadt_School" title="Darmstadt School">Darmstadt School</a></li></ul> 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