CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Pierre Schaeffer - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"09b0d23c-0c88-48e6-ad7b-53cad287aec0","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Pierre_Schaeffer","wgTitle":"Pierre Schaeffer","wgCurRevisionId":1266901553,"wgRevisionId":1266901553,"wgArticleId":55104,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from December 2014","Articles with hCards","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Pages with French IPA","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022", "Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015","Commons category link from Wikidata","Articles with French-language sources (fr)","Articles with Portuguese-language sources (pt)","Pierre Schaeffer","1910 births","1995 deaths","20th-century French classical composers","20th-century French writers","Academic staff of the Conservatoire de Paris","French acoustical engineers","École Polytechnique alumni","Electroacoustic music composers","Experimental composers","French electronic musicians","French experimental musicians","20th-century French inventors","French music critics","French music theorists","French radio presenters","French record producers","French Roman Catholics","Inventors of musical instruments","French writers about music","Musique concrète","Sound collage artists","French opera composers","French male opera composers","French people of German descent","Musicians from Nancy, France","20th-century French musicologists","20th-century French male musicians"], "wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Pierre_Schaeffer","wgRelevantArticleId":55104,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q315744","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands", "architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.phonos.init","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc", "skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Pierre_Schaeffer%2C_1973.jpeg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Pierre_Schaeffer%2C_1973.jpeg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Pierre Schaeffer - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Schaeffer&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Pierre_Schaeffer rootpage-Pierre_Schaeffer skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Pierre+Schaeffer" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Pierre+Schaeffer" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Pierre+Schaeffer" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Pierre+Schaeffer" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_experimentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_experimentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early experimentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_experimentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beginnings_of_writing_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginnings_of_writing_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Beginnings of writing career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginnings_of_writing_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Club_d'essai_and_the_origin_of_musique_concrète" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Club_d'essai_and_the_origin_of_musique_concrète"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Club d'essai and the origin of musique concrète</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Club_d'essai_and_the_origin_of_musique_concrète-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Groupe_de_Recherche_de_Musique_Concrète" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groupe_de_Recherche_de_Musique_Concrète"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Groupe de Recherche de Musique Concrète</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Groupe_de_Recherche_de_Musique_Concrète-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Later life and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Musique_concrète" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musique_concrète"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Musique concrète</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musique_concrète-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences_on_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences_on_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Influences on music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences_on_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broadcast_narratives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadcast_narratives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Broadcast narratives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadcast_narratives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Selected writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Novels_and_short_stories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels_and_short_stories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1.1</span> <span>Novels and short stories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels_and_short_stories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1.2</span> <span>Plays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Non-fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pierre Schaeffer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1" title="بيير شايفر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيير شايفر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%B1" title="پیر شفر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پیر شفر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pierre Schaeffer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pierre Schaeffer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pierre Schaeffer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pierre Schaeffer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pierre Schaeffer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pierre Schaeffer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%B1" title="پیر شفر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیر شفر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pierre Schaeffer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4_%EC%85%B0%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4" title="피에르 셰페르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피에르 셰페르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%BC_%D5%87%D5%A5%D6%86%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պիեռ Շեֆեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պիեռ Շեֆեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pierre Schaeffer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%A8" title="פייר שפר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פייר שפר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pierre Schaeffer" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1" title="بيير شايفر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيير شايفر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Пьер Шеффер – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Пьер Шеффер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pierre Schaeffer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ピエール・シェフェール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピエール・シェフェール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pierre Schaeffer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pierre Schaeffer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pierre Schaeffer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шеффер, Пьер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шеффер, Пьер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pierre Schaeffer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pierre Schaeffer" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pierre Schaeffer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pierre Schaeffer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pierre Schaeffer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pierre Schaeffer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%27%D1%94%D1%80_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80" title="П'єр Шеффер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="П'єр Шеффер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E8%88%8D%E8%B2%BB%E7%88%BE" title="皮埃爾·舍費爾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="皮埃爾·舍費爾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q315744#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Pierre_Schaeffer" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Schaeffer&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Schaeffer&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Schaeffer&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Schaeffer&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Pierre_Schaeffer" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Schaeffer&oldid=1266901553" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Schaeffer&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Pierre_Schaeffer&id=1266901553&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPierre_Schaeffer"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPierre_Schaeffer"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Pierre_Schaeffer&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Schaeffer&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pierre_Schaeffer" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Pierre_Schaeffer" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q315744" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French musicologist</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Pierre Schaeffer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Schaeffer,_1973.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Pierre_Schaeffer%2C_1973.jpeg/220px-Pierre_Schaeffer%2C_1973.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Pierre_Schaeffer%2C_1973.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Schaeffer in 1973</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Pierre Henri Marie Schaeffer</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1910-08-14</span>)</span>14 August 1910<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorraine (region)">Lorraine</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">19 August 1995<span style="display:none">(1995-08-19)</span> (aged 85)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix-en-Provence</a>, Bouches-du-Rhône, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Composer, musician, writer, engineer, professor, broadcaster, acoustician, musicologist, record producer, inventor, entrepreneur, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">cultural critic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1942–1990</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Labels</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_de_Recherches_Musicales" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupe de Recherches Musicales">GRMC/GRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_l%27audiovisuel" title="Institut national de l'audiovisuel">INA</a></li> <li>Phonurgia Nova, <a href="/wiki/Philips_Records" title="Philips Records">Philips</a></li> <li>Disques Adès</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Music_Foundation" title="Electronic Music Foundation">EMF</a></li> <li>Prospective 21e Siècle</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pierre Henri Marie Schaeffer</b> (<small>English pronunciation:</small> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɛər/: 'are' in 'bare'">ɛər</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d0\/Pierre_Schaeffer_-_Pronunciation.ogg\/Pierre_Schaeffer_-_Pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pierre Schaeffer - Pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Pierre_Schaeffer_-_Pronunciation.ogg/Pierre_Schaeffer_-_Pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Schaeffer_-_Pronunciation.ogg" title="File:Pierre Schaeffer - Pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʃɛfɛʁ]</a></span>; 14 August 1910 – 19 August 1995)<sup id="cite_ref-Schaeffer2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaeffer2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a French composer, writer, broadcaster, engineer, <a href="/wiki/Musicologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Musicologist">musicologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acoustician" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustician">acoustician</a> and founder of <b>Groupe de Recherche de Musique Concrète</b> (<b>GRMC</b>). His innovative work in both the sciences—particularly <a href="/wiki/Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications">communications</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">acoustics</a>—and the various arts of music, literature and radio presentation after the end of World War II, as well as his <a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">anti-nuclear activism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural criticism">cultural criticism</a> garnered him widespread recognition in his lifetime. </p><p>Schaeffer is most widely and currently recognized for his accomplishments in <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">experimental music</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Schaeffer7_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaeffer7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the core of which stands his role as the chief developer of a unique and early <a href="/wiki/Genre_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genre (music)">form</a> of <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">avant-garde music</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">musique concrète</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaeffer1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaeffer1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genre emerged in Europe from the utilization of new <a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">music technology</a> developed in the <a href="/wiki/Post-war" title="Post-war">post-war</a> era, following the advance of <a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_music" title="Electroacoustic music">electroacoustic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acousmatic_music" title="Acousmatic music">acousmatic music</a>. </p><p>Schaeffer's writings (which include written and radio-narrated essays, biographies, short novels, a number of musical <a href="/wiki/Treatises" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatises">treatises</a> and several plays)<sup id="cite_ref-Schaeffer2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaeffer2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schaeffer1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaeffer1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schaeffer6_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaeffer6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are often oriented towards his development of the genre, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">theoretics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">philosophy of music</a> in general.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaeffer3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaeffer3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, Schaeffer is considered one of the most influential experimental, electroacoustic and subsequently <a href="/wiki/Electronic_musician" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic musician">electronic musicians</a>, having been the first composer to develop a number of <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">recording</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">sampling</a> techniques that are ubiquitous in modern sound and music production .<sup id="cite_ref-Schaeffer7_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaeffer7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His collaborative endeavors are considered milestones in the histories of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music#History" title="Electronic music">electronic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Experimental_music#History" title="Experimental music">experimental</a> music. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Schaeffer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Schaeffer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schaeffer was born in <a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a> in 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaeffer1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaeffer1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His parents were both musicians (his father was a violinist; his mother, a singer),<sup id="cite_ref-Schaeffer3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaeffer3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at first it seemed that Pierre would also take on music as a career. However, his parents discouraged his musical pursuits from childhood and had him educated in engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaeffer7_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaeffer7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He studied at several universities in this inclination, the first of which was <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Saint-Sigisbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycée Saint-Sigisbert">Lycée Saint-Sigisbert</a>, located in his hometown of Nancy. Afterwards he moved westwards in 1929 to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a> in Paris<sup id="cite_ref-Schaeffer1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaeffer1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schaeffer4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaeffer4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schaeffer8_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaeffer8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and finally completed his education in the capital at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27%C3%A9lectricit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="École supérieure d'électricité">École supérieure d'électricité</a>, in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaeffer8_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaeffer8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schaeffer received a diploma in radio broadcasting from the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaeffer10_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaeffer10-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He may have also received a similar qualification from the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure des télécommunications">École nationale supérieure des télécommunications</a>, although it is not verifiable as to whether or not he ever actually attended this university.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaeffer10_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaeffer10-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_experimentation">Early experimentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Schaeffer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early experimentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Later in 1934 Schaeffer entered his first employment as an engineer, briefly working in <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> for the Postes et Télécommunications in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaeffer8_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaeffer8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schaeffer5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaeffer5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1935 he began a relationship with a woman named Elisabeth Schmitt, and later in the year married her and with her had his first child, Marie-Claire Schaeffer.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaeffer8_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaeffer8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his new family then officially relocated to Paris in 1936 where began his work in radio broadcasting and presentation.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaeffer4_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaeffer4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was there that he began to move away from his initial interests in telecommunications and to pursue music instead, combining his abilities as an engineer with his passion for sound. In his work at the station, Schaeffer experimented with records and an assortment of other devices—the sounds they made and the applications of those sounds—after convincing the radio station's management to allow him to use their equipment. This period of experimentation was significant for Schaeffer's development, bringing forward many fundamental questions he had on the limits of modern <a href="/wiki/Musical_expression" title="Musical expression">musical expression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaeffer4_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaeffer4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Psconcer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Psconcer.jpg/220px-Psconcer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Psconcer.jpg/330px-Psconcer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Psconcer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption>Pierre Schaeffer presenting the <a href="/wiki/Acousmonium" title="Acousmonium">Acousmonium</a> (1974) that consisted of 80 loudspeakers for tape playback at <a href="/wiki/Groupe_de_Recherches_Musicales" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupe de Recherches Musicales">GRM</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In these experiments, Pierre tried playing sounds backwards, slowing them down, speeding them up and juxtaposing them with other sounds,<sup id="cite_ref-Schaeffer9_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaeffer9-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all techniques which were virtually unknown at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaeffer4_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaeffer4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had begun working with new contemporaries whom he had met through RTF, and as such his experimentation deepened. Schaeffer's work gradually became more <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a>, as he challenged traditional musical style with the use of various devices and practices. Eventually, a unique variety of electronic instruments—ones which Schaeffer and his colleagues created, using their own engineering skills—came into play in his work, like the <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_phonogene" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromatic phonogene">chromatic, sliding and universal phonogenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayle" title="François Bayle">François Bayle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Acousmonium" title="Acousmonium">Acousmonium</a> and a host of other devices such as <a href="/wiki/Gramaphones" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramaphones">gramaphones</a> and some of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Tape_recorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Tape recorders">tape recorders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaeffer9_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaeffer9-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginnings_of_writing_career">Beginnings of writing career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Schaeffer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Beginnings of writing career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1938 Schaeffer began his career as a writer, penning various articles and essays for the <i>Revue Musicale</i>, a French journal of music. His first column, <i>Basic Truths</i>, provided a critical examination of musical aspects of the time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An ardent <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>, Schaeffer began to write religiously based pieces, and in the same year as his <i>Basic Truths</i> he published his first novel: <i>Chlothar Nicole</i> — a short <a href="/wiki/Christian_novel" title="Christian novel">Christian novel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Club_d'essai_and_the_origin_of_musique_concrète"><span id="Club_d.27essai_and_the_origin_of_musique_concr.C3.A8te"></span>Club d'essai and the origin of musique concrète</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Schaeffer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Club d'essai and the origin of musique concrète"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Studio_d%27Essai" title="Studio d'Essai">Studio d'Essai</a>, later Club d'Essai, was founded in 1942 by Pierre Schaeffer at the <a href="/wiki/Radiodiffusion_Nationale_(France)" title="Radiodiffusion Nationale (France)">Radiodiffusion Nationale (France)</a>. It played a role in the activities of the French resistance during World War II, and later became a center of musical activity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Groupe_de_Recherche_de_Musique_Concrète"><span id="Groupe_de_Recherche_de_Musique_Concr.C3.A8te"></span>Groupe de Recherche de Musique Concrète</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Schaeffer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Groupe de Recherche de Musique Concrète"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1949, Schaeffer met the percussionist-composer <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Henry" title="Pierre Henry">Pierre Henry</a>, with whom he collaborated on many compositions, and in 1951, he founded the <i>Groupe de Recherche de Musique Concrète</i> (<b>GRMC</b>) in the French Radio Institution.<sup id="cite_ref-120years_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120years-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gave him a new studio, which included a <a href="/wiki/Tape_recorder" title="Tape recorder">tape recorder</a>. This was a significant development for Schaeffer, who previously had to work with <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonographs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">turntables</a> to produce music.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schaeffer is generally acknowledged as being the first composer to make music using <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> His continued experimentation led him to publish <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%80_la_Recherche_d%27une_Musique_Concr%C3%A8te" class="mw-redirect" title="À la Recherche d'une Musique Concrète">À la Recherche d'une Musique Concrète</a></i> (French for "<i>In Search of a Concrete Music</i>") in 1952, which was a summation of his working methods up to that point. His only opera, <i>Orphée 53</i> ("<i>Orpheus 53</i>"), premiered in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-120years_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120years-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schaeffer left the GRMC in 1953 and reformed the group in 1958 as the <i>Groupe de Recherche Musicale[s]</i> (GRM) (at first without "s", then with "s"). </p><p>In 1954 Schaeffer founded traditional music label <a href="/wiki/Ocora" title="Ocora">Ocora</a> ("Office de Coopération Radiophonique") alongside composer, pianist, and musicologist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Duvelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Duvelle">Charles Duvelle</a>, with a worldwide coverage in order to preserve African rural soundscapes. Ocora also served as a facility to train technicians in African national broadcasting services. </p><p>Over the years, Schaeffer mentored a number of students who went on to have successful careers, including <a href="/wiki/%C3%89liane_Radigue" title="Éliane Radigue">Éliane Radigue</a> and the young <a href="/wiki/Jean_Michel_Jarre" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Michel Jarre">Jean Michel Jarre</a>, who called his mentor the first <a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">disc jockey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His last "<i>étude</i>" (<i>study</i>) came in 1959: the "<i>Study of Objects</i>" (<i>Études aux Objets</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life_and_death">Later life and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Schaeffer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schaeffer became an <a href="/wiki/Associate_professor" title="Associate professor">associate professor</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Conservatoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Conservatoire">Paris Conservatoire</a> from 1968 to 1980 after creating a "class of fundamental music and application to the audiovisual."<sup id="cite_ref-Schaeffer2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaeffer2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/1988_Armenian_earthquake" title="1988 Armenian earthquake">1988 Armenian earthquake</a>, the 78-year-old Schaeffer led a 498-member French rescue team to look for survivors in Leninakan, and worked there until all foreign personnel were asked to leave.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_Dec16_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt_Dec16-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schaeffer suffered from <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a> later in his life, and died from the condition in <a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix-en-Provence</a> in 1995.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He was 85 years old. He is buried in Delincourt in the green Vexin region (55 minutes from Paris) where he used to have his countryside property.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Schaeffer was thereafter remembered by many of his colleagues with the title, "Musician of Sounds".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Schaeffer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musique_concrète"><span id="Musique_concr.C3.A8te"></span>Musique concrète</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Schaeffer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Musique concrète"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">Musique concrète</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Acousmatic_music" title="Acousmatic music">Acousmatic music</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steam_Locomotive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Steam_Locomotive.jpg/200px-Steam_Locomotive.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Steam_Locomotive.jpg/300px-Steam_Locomotive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Steam_Locomotive.jpg/400px-Steam_Locomotive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption>Schaeffer often created his "concrete music" with real-world sounds. The notable <i>Railroad Study</i> (French: "<i><a href="/wiki/Cinq_%C3%A9tudes_de_bruits" title="Cinq études de bruits">Étude aux chemins de fer</a></i>"), for instance, featured recordings of the noises made by <a href="/wiki/Trains" class="mw-redirect" title="Trains">trains</a> running along railroad tracks.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;"><p>Sound is the vocabulary of nature.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Pierre Schaeffer</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The term <b>musique concrète</b> (French for "<b>real music</b>", literally "<b>concrete music</b>"), was coined by Schaeffer in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schaeffer believed traditionally classical (or as he called it, "serious") music begins as an abstraction (musical notation) that is later produced as audible music. Musique concrète, by contrast, strives to start with the "concrete" sounds that emanate from base <a href="/wiki/Phenomena" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomena">phenomena</a> and then abstracts them into a composition. The term musique concrète is then, in essence, the breaking down of the structured production of traditional instruments, <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a>, rhythm, and even <a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">music theory</a> itself, in an attempt to reconstruct music from the bottom up. </p><p>From the contemporary point of view, the importance of Schaeffer's musique concrète is threefold. He developed the concept of including any and all sounds into the vocabulary of music. At first he concentrated on working with sounds other than those produced by traditional musical instruments. Later on, he found it was possible to remove the familiarity of musical instrument sounds and abstract them further by techniques such as removing the attack of the recorded sound. He was among the first musicians to manipulate recorded sound for the purpose of using it in conjunction with other sounds in order to compose a musical piece. Techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Tape_looping" class="mw-redirect" title="Tape looping">tape looping</a> and tape splicing were used in his research, often comparing to <a href="/wiki/Sound_collage" title="Sound collage">sound collage</a>. The advent of Schaeffer's manipulation of recorded sound became possible only with technologies that were developed after World War II had ended in Europe. His work is recognized today as an essential precursor to contemporary sampling practices. Schaeffer was among the first to use recording technology in a creative and specifically musical way, harnessing the power of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">electronic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">experimental</a> instruments in a manner similar to <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Russolo" title="Luigi Russolo">Luigi Russolo</a>, whom he admired and from whose work he drew inspiration. </p><p>Furthermore, he emphasized the importance of "playing" (in his term, <i>jeu</i>) in the creation of music. Schaeffer's idea of <i>jeu</i> comes from the French verb <i>jouer</i>, which carries the same double meaning as the English verb <a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">play</a>: 'to enjoy oneself by interacting with one's surroundings', as well as 'to operate a musical instrument'. This notion is at the core of the concept of musique concrète, and reflects on <a href="/wiki/Free_improvisation" title="Free improvisation">freely improvised sound</a>, or perhaps more specifically <a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_improvisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroacoustic improvisation">electroacoustic improvisation</a>, from the standpoint of Schaeffer's work and research. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influences_on_music">Influences on music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Schaeffer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Influences on music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1955, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89liane_Radigue" title="Éliane Radigue">Éliane Radigue</a>, an apprentice of Pierre Schaeffer at <a href="/wiki/Studio_d%27Essai" title="Studio d'Essai">Studio d'Essai</a>, learned to cut, splice and edit tape using his techniques. She then went on to work as an assistant to <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Henry" title="Pierre Henry">Pierre Henry</a> in 1967. However, she became more interested in tape feedback and began working on her own pieces. She composed several works (<i>Jouet Electronique</i> [1967], <i>Elemental I</i> [1968], <i>Stress-Osaka</i> [1969]<i>, Usral</i> [1969]<i>, Ohmnht</i> [1970] <i>Vice Versa, etc</i> [1970]) by processing the feedback between two tape recorders and a microphone.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pierre's GRM student <a href="/wiki/Jean_Michel_Jarre" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Michel Jarre">Jean Michel Jarre</a> went on to great international success. Jarre's 1997 album <a href="/wiki/Oxygene_7-13" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygene 7-13">Oxygene 7-13</a> is dedicated to Schaeffer. <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Henry" title="Pierre Henry">Pierre Henry</a> also made a tribute to the man, composing his <i>Écho d'Orphée, Pour P. Schaeffer</i> alongside him for Schaeffer's last work and second compilation, <i>L'Œuvre Musicale</i>. His other notable pupils include <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Bruzdowicz" title="Joanna Bruzdowicz">Joanna Bruzdowicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Antunes_(composer)" title="Jorge Antunes (composer)">Jorge Antunes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Parmegiani" title="Bernard Parmegiani">Bernard Parmegiani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micheline_Coulombe_Saint-Marcoux" title="Micheline Coulombe Saint-Marcoux">Micheline Coulombe Saint-Marcoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armando_Santiago" title="Armando Santiago">Armando Santiago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elzbieta_Sikora" class="mw-redirect" title="Elzbieta Sikora">Elzbieta Sikora</a>. </p><p>In the early 1980s, Pierre Schaeffer distanced himself from the contemporary musical scene after criticizing the avant-garde of the 1950s, which intended to break with tradition. Schaeffer recognized the virtuoso <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otavio_Henrique_Soares_Brand%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otavio Henrique Soares Brandão (page does not exist)">Otavio Henrique Soares Brandão</a> as his most faithful disciple, who under his guidance performed a reading of his work "Traité des Objets Musicaux". This reading aims to create an innovative piano and musical instrumental technique that does not break with tradition. Pierre Schaeffer wrote four texts on the topic: "Apropos de la Transcription pour Piano par Otavio Brandão de l'Étude aux Objets" (1988); "Réponse à Otávio", in text of the program of the Soares Brandão concert at Salle Pleyel in honor of Schaeffer's eightieth birthday (1990); "Declaration de Pierre Schaeffer sur Ibis et Otavio Soares Brandão" (1990); and "Déclaration de Pierre Schaeffer (Porte Parole)" (1993).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Rap">rap</a> albums, such as <i><a href="/wiki/It_Takes_A_Nation_of_Millions_To_Hold_Us_Back" class="mw-redirect" title="It Takes A Nation of Millions To Hold Us Back">It Takes A Nation of Millions To Hold Us Back</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Public_Enemy_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Enemy (group)">Public Enemy</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/3_Feet_High_And_Rising" class="mw-redirect" title="3 Feet High And Rising">3 Feet High And Rising</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/De_La_Soul" title="De La Soul">De La Soul</a> take ordinary sounds and use them to create a finished product.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Schaeffer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Qwartz_Electronic_Music_Awards" title="Qwartz Electronic Music Awards">Qwartz Electronic Music Awards</a> has named several of its past events after Schaeffer. Pierre himself was a prize winner at the awards more than once. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Schaeffer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Schaeffer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commercial release of Schaeffer's work was limited at best; Schaeffer released his work to the public primarily to disseminate a new and <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> form of music. The original production of his marketed work was done by the "<i>Groupe de Recherches Musicales</i>" (a.k.a. GRM; now owned and operated by INA or the <i><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_l%27audiovisuel" title="Institut national de l'audiovisuel">Institut national de l'audiovisuel</a></i>), the company which he initially had formed around his creations. Other music was broadcast live (Pierre himself being notable on French radio at the time). Some individual tracks found their way into the use of other artists, with Pierre's work being fronted in mime performances and <a href="/wiki/Ballets" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballets">ballets</a>. Now after his death, various musical production companies, such as <i>Disques Adès</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Phonurgia_Nova" title="Phonurgia Nova">Phonurgia Nova</a></i> have been granted rights to distribute his work. </p><p>Below is a list of Schaeffer's musical works, showing his compositions and the year(s) they were recorded. </p> <ul><li><i>Concertino-Diapason</i> (1948; collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Grunenwald" title="Jean-Jacques Grunenwald">J.-J. Grunenwald</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cinq_%C3%A9tudes_de_bruits" title="Cinq études de bruits">Cinq études de bruits</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i>Suite pour 14 instruments</i> (1949)</li> <li><i>Variations sur une flûte mexicaine</i> (1949)</li> <li><i>Bidule en ut</i> (1950; collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Henry" title="Pierre Henry">Pierre Henry</a>)</li> <li><i>La course au kilocycle</i> (1950; radio score, collaboration with Pierre Henry)</li> <li><i>L'oiseau r.a.i.</i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Symphonie_pour_un_homme_seul" title="Symphonie pour un homme seul">Symphonie pour un homme seul</a></i> (1950; collaboration with Pierre Henry; revised versions in 1953, 1955, and 1966 (Henry))</li> <li><i>Toute la lyre</i> (1951; pantomime, collaboration with Pierre Henry. Also known as <i>Orphée 51</i>)</li> <li><i>Masquerage</i> (1952; film score)</li> <li><i>Les paroles dégelées</i> (1952; music for a radio production)</li> <li><i>Scènes de Don Juan</i> (1952; incidental music, collaboration with Monique Rollin)</li> <li><i>Orphée 53</i> (1953; opera)</li> <li><i>Sahara d'aujourd'hui</i> (1957; film score, collaboration with Pierre Henry)</li> <li><i>Continuo</i> (1958; collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Luc_Ferrari" title="Luc Ferrari">Luc Ferrari</a>)</li> <li><i>Etude aux sons animés</i> (1958)</li> <li><i>Etude aux allures</i> (1958)</li> <li><i>Exposition française à Londres</i> (1958; collaboration with Luc Ferrari)</li> <li><i>Etude aux objets</i> (1959)</li> <li><i>Nocturne aux chemins de fer</i> (1959; incidental music)</li> <li><i>Phèdre </i> (1959; incidental music)</li> <li><i>Simultané camerounais</i> (1959)</li> <li><i>Phèdre</i> (1961)</li> <li><i>L'aura d'Olga</i> (1962; music for a radio production, collaboration with Claude Arrieu)</li> <li><i>Le trièdre fertile</i> (1975; collaboration with Bernard Durr)</li> <li><i>Bilude</i> (1979)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadcast_narratives">Broadcast narratives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Schaeffer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Broadcast narratives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apart from his published and publicized music, Schaeffer conducted several musical (and specifically musique concrète-related) presentations via French radio. Although these broadcasts contained musical pieces by Schaeffer they cannot be adequately described as part of his main line of musical output. This is because the radio "<i>essays</i>", as they were appropriately named, were mainly narration on Schaeffer's musical theories philosophies rather than compositions in and of themselves. </p><p>Schaeffer's radio narratives include the following: </p> <ul><li><i>The Shell Filled With Planets</i> (1944)</li> <li><i>Cantata to Alsace</i> (1945)</li> <li><i>An Hour of the World</i> (1946)</li> <li><i>From Claudel to Brangues</i> (1953)</li> <li><i>Ten Years of Radiophonic Experiments from the 'Studio' to the 'Club' d'Essai: 1942–1952</i> (1955)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_writings">Selected writings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Schaeffer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Selected writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a complete list of literary works by Pierre Schaeffer, see <a href="/wiki/The_bibliography_of_Pierre_Schaeffer" class="mw-redirect" title="The bibliography of Pierre Schaeffer">the bibliography of Pierre Schaeffer</a>.</div> <p>Schaeffer's literary works, fiction and non-fiction, span a range of genres. He predominantly wrote treatises and essays, but also penned a film review and two plays. An ardent <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>, Schaeffer wrote <i>Chlothar Nicole</i> (French: <i>Clotaire Nicole</i>; published 1938)—a <a href="/wiki/Christian_novel" title="Christian novel">Christian novel</a> or short story—and <i>Tobias</i> (French: <i>Tobie</i>; published 1939) a religiously based play. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fiction">Fiction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Schaeffer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Novels_and_short_stories">Novels and short stories</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Schaeffer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Novels and short stories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Chlothar Nicole</i> (1938)</li> <li><i>The Guardian of The Volcano</i> (1969)</li> <li><i>Prelude, Chorale and Fugue</i> (1981)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Plays">Plays</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Schaeffer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Plays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Tobie</i> (1939)</li> <li><i>Secular Games</i> (1946)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Schaeffer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Non-fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>America, We Ignore You</i> (1946)</li> <li><i>The Non-Visual Element of Films</i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_a_Concrete_Music" title="In Search of a Concrete Music">In Search of a Concrete Music</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i>Traité des objets musicaux</i> (1966)</li> <li><i>Solfège de l'objet sonore</i> (1967)</li> <li><i>Music and Acoustics</i> (1967)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Schaeffer&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Schaeffer2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schaeffer2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaeffer2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaeffer2_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/526992/Pierre-Schaeffer">"Pierre Schaeffer"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica: ¶2</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pierre+Schaeffer&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%3A+%C2%B62&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F526992%2FPierre-Schaeffer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Schaeffer" class="Z3988"></span> "Schaeffer taught electronic composition at the Paris Conservatory from 1968 until 1980. His writings include novels, short stories, and essays, as well as theoretical works in music, such as À la recherche d'une musique concrète (1952; 'In Search of a Concrete Music"'), Traité des objets musicaux (1966; 'Treatise on Musical Objects'), and the two-volume Machines à communiquer (1970–72; 'Machines for Communicating')."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaeffer7-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schaeffer7_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaeffer7_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaeffer7_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091207081234/http://emusician.com/em_spotlight/Pioneers_Sampling/">"Pierre Schaeffer & Pierre Henry: Pioneers in Sampling"</a>. <i>Unknown author (reproduction via Diliberto, John 2005: Electronic Musician) 1986: Electronic Musician</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emusician.com/em_spotlight/Pioneers_Sampling/">the original</a> on 7 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unknown+author+%28reproduction+via+Diliberto%2C+John+2005%3A+Electronic+Musician%29+1986%3A+Electronic+Musician&rft.atitle=Pierre+Schaeffer+%26+Pierre+Henry%3A+Pioneers+in+Sampling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femusician.com%2Fem_spotlight%2FPioneers_Sampling%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Schaeffer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaeffer1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schaeffer1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaeffer1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaeffer1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaeffer1_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515172405/http://csunix1.lvc.edu/~snyder/em/schaef.html">"Pierre Schaeffer"</a>. <i>Snyder, Jeff 2007: CsUNIX1/Lebanon Valley College: 1, 3</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csunix1.lvc.edu/~snyder/em/schaef.html">the original</a> on 15 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Snyder%2C+Jeff+2007%3A+CsUNIX1%2FLebanon+Valley+College%3A+1%2C+3&rft.atitle=Pierre+Schaeffer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsunix1.lvc.edu%2F~snyder%2Fem%2Fschaef.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Schaeffer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaeffer6-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schaeffer6_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200510012727/http://www.olats.org/pionniers/pp/schaeffer/oeuvreSchaeffer.php">"Les écrits de Pierre Schaeffer"</a>. <i>Couprie, Pierre & OLATS 2000</i> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olats.org/pionniers/pp/schaeffer/oeuvreSchaeffer.php">the original</a> on 10 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Couprie%2C+Pierre+%26+OLATS+2000&rft.atitle=Les+%C3%A9crits+de+Pierre+Schaeffer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olats.org%2Fpionniers%2Fpp%2Fschaeffer%2FoeuvreSchaeffer.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Schaeffer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaeffer3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schaeffer3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaeffer3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081023035425/http://www.rem.ufpr.br/REMv4/vol4/arti-palombini.htm">"Musique Concrète Revisited"</a>. <i>Palombini, Carlos 1999: The Electronic Musicological Review</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rem.ufpr.br/REMv4/vol4/arti-palombini.htm">the original</a> on 23 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Palombini%2C+Carlos+1999%3A+The+Electronic+Musicological+Review&rft.atitle=Musique+Concr%C3%A8te+Revisited&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rem.ufpr.br%2FREMv4%2Fvol4%2Farti-palombini.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Schaeffer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaeffer4-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schaeffer4_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaeffer4_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaeffer4_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaeffer4_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discogs.com/artist/Pierre+Schaeffer">"Pierre Schaeffer: Profile on Discogs.com"</a>. <i>Anonymous/Various, submitted 2003: Discogs.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anonymous%2FVarious%2C+submitted+2003%3A+Discogs.com&rft.atitle=Pierre+Schaeffer%3A+Profile+on+Discogs.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discogs.com%2Fartist%2FPierre%2BSchaeffer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Schaeffer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaeffer8-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schaeffer8_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaeffer8_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaeffer8_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaeffer8_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200510012820/http://www.olats.org/pionniers/pp/schaeffer/biographieSchaeffer.php">"Pierre Schaeffer Biographie"</a>. <i>Couprie, Pierre & OLATS 2000</i> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olats.org/pionniers/pp/schaeffer/biographieSchaeffer.php">the original</a> on 10 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Couprie%2C+Pierre+%26+OLATS+2000&rft.atitle=Pierre+Schaeffer+Biographie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olats.org%2Fpionniers%2Fpp%2Fschaeffer%2FbiographieSchaeffer.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Schaeffer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaeffer10-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schaeffer10_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaeffer10_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717095536/https://www.arts.rpi.edu/rolnick/classes/computermusic/Cross%20Article.pdf">"Excerpt from <i>Electronic Music, 1948–1953</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cross, Lowell [unverifiable date]: Forum: Electronic Music and Computer Research</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arts.rpi.edu/rolnick/classes/computermusic/Cross%20Article.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cross%2C+Lowell+%5Bunverifiable+date%5D%3A+Forum%3A+Electronic+Music+and+Computer+Research&rft.atitle=Excerpt+from+Electronic+Music%2C+1948%E2%80%931953&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.rpi.edu%2Frolnick%2Fclasses%2Fcomputermusic%2FCross%2520Article.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Schaeffer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaeffer5-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schaeffer5_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSitsky2002" class="citation book cs1">Sitsky, Larry (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9-M_jhnOuboC&pg=PA432"><i>Excerpt from </i>Music of the Twentieth-century Avant-garde<i><span></span></i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313296895" title="Special:BookSources/9780313296895"><bdi>9780313296895</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Excerpt+from+Music+of+the+Twentieth-century+Avant-garde&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780313296895&rft.aulast=Sitsky&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9-M_jhnOuboC%26pg%3DPA432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Schaeffer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaeffer9-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schaeffer9_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaeffer9_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030422021238/http://www.foundry.co.uk/musicfirebox/a-zofinstrumentb.html">"<i>A-Z of Instruments – Other</i>"</a>. <i>The Foundry Creative Media Company Ltd. 2005: sec. 2</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foundry.co.uk/musicfirebox/a-zofinstrumentb.html">the original</a> on 22 April 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Foundry+Creative+Media+Company+Ltd.+2005%3A+sec.+2&rft.atitle=A-Z+of+Instruments+%E2%80%93+Other&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foundry.co.uk%2Fmusicfirebox%2Fa-zofinstrumentb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Schaeffer" class="Z3988"></span> "Musique concrète was an experimental technique that combined pre-recorded sounds natural as well as musical to make musical compositions. Using only the earliest tape recorders, sounds were edited, played backwards and speeded up and down to create fascinating 'sound-scapes'. Pierre Henry was a prolific composer of musique concrète and collaborated with Schaeffer on many compositions. Luciano Berio and Steve Reich are also key figures in musique concrète composition. Karlheinz Stockhausen combined electronic and concrète sounds to become a leader of avant-garde music making."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Reydellet1996" class="citation journal cs1">de Reydellet, Jean (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3681324">"Pierre Schaeffer, 1910–1995: The Founder of "Musique Concrète"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Computer Music Journal</i>. <b>20</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">10–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0148-9267">0148-9267</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3681324">3681324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Music+Journal&rft.atitle=Pierre+Schaeffer%2C+1910%E2%80%931995%3A+The+Founder+of+%22Musique+Concr%C3%A8te%22&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3681324%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0148-9267&rft.aulast=de+Reydellet&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3681324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Schaeffer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120years-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-120years_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-120years_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://120years.net/the-grm-group-and-rtf-electronic-music-studio-pierre-schaeffer-jacques-poullin-france-1951/">"The 'Groupe de Recherches Musicales' Pierre Schaeffer, Pierre Henry & Jacques Poullin, France 1951"</a>. 26 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%27Groupe+de+Recherches+Musicales%27+Pierre+Schaeffer%2C+Pierre+Henry+%26+Jacques+Poullin%2C+France+1951&rft.date=2013-12-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F120years.net%2Fthe-grm-group-and-rtf-electronic-music-studio-pierre-schaeffer-jacques-poullin-france-1951%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Schaeffer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeruggi2007" class="citation journal cs1">Teruggi, Daniel (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/organised-sound/article/abs/technology-and-musique-concrete-the-technical-developments-of-the-groupe-de-recherches-musicales-and-their-implication-in-musical-composition/8832D40838033A9B6743648DD373DC97">"Technology and musique concrète: the technical developments of the Groupe de Recherches Musicales and their implication in musical composition"</a>. <i>Organised Sound</i>. <b>12</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">213–</span>231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1355771807001914">10.1017/S1355771807001914</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-8153">1469-8153</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37881462">37881462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organised+Sound&rft.atitle=Technology+and+musique+concr%C3%A8te%3A+the+technical+developments+of+the+Groupe+de+Recherches+Musicales+and+their+implication+in+musical+composition&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E231&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37881462%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1469-8153&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1355771807001914&rft.aulast=Teruggi&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Forganised-sound%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Ftechnology-and-musique-concrete-the-technical-developments-of-the-groupe-de-recherches-musicales-and-their-implication-in-musical-composition%2F8832D40838033A9B6743648DD373DC97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Schaeffer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ardmediathek.de/video/wdr-klassik/electronic-vibrations/wdr/Y3JpZDovL3dkci5kZS9CZWl0cmFnLWE5ZmY3Y2M3LTRiMDgtNDkwYy04ZmE4LTczNWJiYjBhODQ3YQ">"Electronic Vibrations: Ein Sound erobert die Welt"</a> [Electronic Vibrations: A sound conquers the world]. <i>WDR Klassik</i> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk">Westdeutscher Rundfunk</a>. 19 October 2022. 8:00-8:50<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WDR+Klassik&rft.atitle=Electronic+Vibrations%3A+Ein+Sound+erobert+die+Welt&rft.pages=8%3A00-8%3A50&rft.date=2022-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ardmediathek.de%2Fvideo%2Fwdr-klassik%2Felectronic-vibrations%2Fwdr%2FY3JpZDovL3dkci5kZS9CZWl0cmFnLWE5ZmY3Y2M3LTRiMDgtNDkwYy04ZmE4LTczNWJiYjBhODQ3YQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Schaeffer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt_Dec16-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt_Dec16_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeller1988" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Keller" title="Bill Keller">Keller, Bill</a> (16 December 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/16/world/as-hope-dies-quake-rescuers-pull-out.html?pagewanted=all">"As Hope Dies, Quake Rescuers Pull Out"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=As+Hope+Dies%2C+Quake+Rescuers+Pull+Out&rft.date=1988-12-16&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F12%2F16%2Fworld%2Fas-hope-dies-quake-rescuers-pull-out.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Schaeffer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<a href="/wiki/Michael_Kennedy_(music_critic)" title="Michael Kennedy (music critic)">Kennedy, Michael</a> (2006), <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Music</i>, 985 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-861459-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-861459-4">0-19-861459-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodgers2010" class="citation book cs1">Rodgers, Tara (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://read.dukeupress.edu/books/book/2189/Pink-NoisesWomen-on-Electronic-Music-and-Sound"><i>Pink Noises: Women on Electronic Music and Sound</i></a>. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F9780822394150">10.1215/9780822394150</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4661-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4661-6"><bdi>978-0-8223-4661-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pink+Noises%3A+Women+on+Electronic+Music+and+Sound&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F9780822394150&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-4661-6&rft.aulast=Rodgers&rft.aufirst=Tara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fread.dukeupress.edu%2Fbooks%2Fbook%2F2189%2FPink-NoisesWomen-on-Electronic-Music-and-Sound&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Schaeffer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/ibisfsb/docs/textes_de_pierre_schaeffer_sur_ohsb">Textes de Pierre Schaeffer à propos d´Otavio Henrique Soares Brandão, by Ibis Soares Brandão – Issuu</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624234818/https://fandalism.com/ibisfsb/bBWf">"Otavio Henrique Soares Brandao – Piano – Resposta a Schaeffer I, by Otavio Soares Brandão"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fandalism.com/ibisfsb/bBWf">the original</a> on 24 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Otavio+Henrique+Soares+Brandao+%E2%80%93+Piano+%E2%80%93+Resposta+a+Schaeffer+I%2C+by+Otavio+Soares+Brand%C3%A3o.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffandalism.com%2Fibisfsb%2FbBWf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Schaeffer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Effects of Musique Concrete</i> at <i>Musique Concrete</i> – <i>History and Figures</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130618093101/http://wise.fau.edu/~hieronym/EMMusiqueConcrete.htm">"FAU Electronic Music - Musique Concrete: History and Figures"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wise.fau.edu/~hieronym/EMMusiqueConcrete.htm">the original</a> on 18 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAU+Electronic+Music+-+Musique+Concrete%3A+History+and+Figures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwise.fau.edu%2F~hieronym%2FEMMusiqueConcrete.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Schaeffer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Sources</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalibor_Davidovi%C4%87" title="Dalibor Davidović">Dalibor Davidović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nik%C5%A1a_Gligo" title="Nikša Gligo">Nikša Gligo</a>, Seadeta Midžić, Daniel Teruggi, and Jerica Ziherl (eds.) (2011). <i>Proceedings of the International Conference Pierre Schaeffer: mediArt</i>, with a foreword by <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Malec" title="Ivo Malec">Ivo Malec</a>, papers by Daniel Teruggi, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayle" title="François Bayle">François Bayle</a>, Jocelyne Tournet-Lammer, <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Kaufmann" title="Dieter Kaufmann">Dieter Kaufmann</a>, Francisco Rivas, Seadeta Midžić, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Battier" title="Marc Battier">Marc Battier</a>, Brian Willems, <a href="/wiki/Leigh_Landy" title="Leigh Landy">Leigh Landy</a>, Cedric Maridet, Hans Peter Kuhn, Tatjana Böhme-Mehner, Jelena Novak, Martin Laliberté, Suk-Jun Kim, Darko Fritz, Stephen McCourt, Biljana Srećković, and <a href="/wiki/Elzbieta_Sikora" class="mw-redirect" title="Elzbieta Sikora">Elzbieta Sikora</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a>: Muzej moderne i suvremene umjetnosti. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-6501-78-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-6501-78-6">978-953-6501-78-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartial_Robert1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martial Robert (1999). <i>Communication et musique en France entre 1936 et 1986</i> (in French). Paris, France: L'Harmattan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7384-7975-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-7384-7975-8"><bdi>2-7384-7975-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communication+et+musique+en+France+entre+1936+et+1986&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=2-7384-7975-8&rft.au=Martial+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Schaeffer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierre_Schaeffer1966" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pierre Schaeffer (1966). <i>Traité des objets musicaux (Treatise on Musical Objects)</i> (in French). Paris, France: Le Seuil. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-02-002608-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-02-002608-6"><bdi>978-2-02-002608-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trait%C3%A9+des+objets+musicaux+%28Treatise+on+Musical+Objects%29&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pub=Le+Seuil&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-2-02-002608-6&rft.au=Pierre+Schaeffer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Schaeffer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierre_Schaeffer1987" class="citation book cs1">Pierre Schaeffer (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timhodgkinson.co.uk/articles.html"><i>Interview with Pierre Schaeffer</i></a>. London, U.K.: Rer Quarterly Vol 2,1, 1987.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interview+with+Pierre+Schaeffer&rft.place=London%2C+U.K.&rft.pub=Rer+Quarterly+Vol+2%2C1%2C+1987&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Pierre+Schaeffer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timhodgkinson.co.uk%2Farticles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Schaeffer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Schaeffer&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1285601/">Pierre Schaeffer</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pierre_Schaeffer" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pierre Schaeffer"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Pierre Schaeffer</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" class="extiw" title="q:Pierre Schaeffer">Pierre Schaeffer</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Pierre_Schaeffer" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Pierre Schaeffer">Pierre Schaeffer</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inagrm.com"><i>Le Groupe de Recherches Musicales</i></a> at the <a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_l%27audiovisuel" title="Institut national de l'audiovisuel">Institut national de l'audiovisuel</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clubdessai.tripod.com/"><i>Club d'Essai</i></a> – Unofficial website of Club d'Essai <span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://x-musique.polytechnique.org/pub/musicien/schaeffer.html"><i>Pierre Schaeffer</i></a> at the online <a href="/wiki/List_of_%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_alumni" title="List of École Polytechnique alumni">alumni</a> community of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721204903/http://www.emfmedia.org/artists/schaeffer.html"><i>Pierre Schaeffer</i></a> at the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Music_Foundation" title="Electronic Music Foundation">Electronic Music Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p3058"><i>Pierre Schaeffer</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMusic_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="AllMusic (identifier)">AllMusic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artist/xcxm/"><i>Pierre Schaeffer</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/BBC_Music" title="BBC Music">BBC Music</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discogs.com/artist/Pierre+Schaeffer"><i>Pierre Schaeffer</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pierre_Schaeffer219" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Template:Pierre Schaeffer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Template talk:Pierre Schaeffer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pierre Schaeffer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pierre_Schaeffer219" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Schaeffer</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer_bibliography" title="Pierre Schaeffer bibliography">Bibliography</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cinq_%C3%A9tudes_de_bruits" title="Cinq études de bruits">Cinq études de bruits</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Symphonie_pour_un_homme_seul" title="Symphonie pour un homme seul">Symphonie pour un homme seul</a></i> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te#Groupe_de_Recherches_Musicales" title="Musique concrète">GRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_jeune_France" title="La jeune France">La Jeune France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocora" title="Ocora">Ocora</a></li> <li>RTF Electronic Studio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_d%27Essai" title="Studio d'Essai">Studio d'Essai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acousmatic_music" title="Acousmatic music">Acousmatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acousmatic_sound" title="Acousmatic sound">Acousmatic sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_electronic_music" title="French electronic music">French electronic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">Musique concrète</a></li> <li>Schaefferian theory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_object" title="Sound object">Sound object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectromorphology" title="Spectromorphology">Spectromorphology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Category:Pierre Schaeffer">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="La_jeune_France19" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_jeune_France" title="Template:La jeune France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_jeune_France" title="Template talk:La jeune France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_jeune_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La jeune France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="La_jeune_France19" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/La_jeune_France" title="La jeune France">La jeune France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Baudrier" title="Yves Baudrier">Yves Baudrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Daniel-Lesur" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Yves Daniel-Lesur">Jean-Yves Daniel-Lesur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Jolivet" title="André Jolivet">André Jolivet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Schaeffer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315744#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2870" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315744#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2870" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315744#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120968738">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/112592291">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/66260/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhmP4JXfdg3yFqR7JbyBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11917989X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81003306">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13899458d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13899458d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20060324015&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX989982">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/207877">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071186557">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=235057">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810561973905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007599369205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000208575">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14296101">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA06614956?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/cc48f77c-32c5-46e1-9f35-119d61671e1b">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brahms.ircam.fr/pierre-schaeffer">BRAHMS</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_11917989X">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1236445">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/11917989X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11917989X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027609189">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6258xdr">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Schaeffer&oldid=1266901553">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Schaeffer&oldid=1266901553</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Category:Pierre Schaeffer">Pierre Schaeffer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1910_births" title="Category:1910 births">1910 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1995_deaths" title="Category:1995 deaths">1995 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_classical_composers" title="Category:20th-century French classical composers">20th-century French classical composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_writers" title="Category:20th-century French writers">20th-century French writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_Conservatoire_de_Paris" title="Category:Academic staff of the Conservatoire de Paris">Academic staff of the Conservatoire de Paris</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_acoustical_engineers" title="Category:French acoustical engineers">French acoustical engineers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_alumni" title="Category:École Polytechnique alumni">École Polytechnique alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electroacoustic_music_composers" title="Category:Electroacoustic music composers">Electroacoustic music composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Experimental_composers" title="Category:Experimental composers">Experimental composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_electronic_musicians" title="Category:French electronic musicians">French electronic musicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_experimental_musicians" title="Category:French experimental musicians">French experimental musicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_inventors" title="Category:20th-century French inventors">20th-century French inventors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_music_critics" title="Category:French music critics">French music critics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_music_theorists" title="Category:French music theorists">French music theorists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_radio_presenters" title="Category:French radio presenters">French radio presenters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_record_producers" title="Category:French record producers">French record producers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_Roman_Catholics" title="Category:French Roman Catholics">French Roman Catholics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Inventors_of_musical_instruments" title="Category:Inventors of musical instruments">Inventors of musical instruments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_writers_about_music" title="Category:French writers about music">French writers about music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Category:Musique concrète">Musique concrète</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sound_collage_artists" title="Category:Sound collage artists">Sound collage artists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_opera_composers" title="Category:French opera composers">French opera composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_male_opera_composers" title="Category:French male opera composers">French male opera composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_people_of_German_descent" title="Category:French people of German descent">French people of German descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Musicians_from_Nancy,_France" title="Category:Musicians from Nancy, France">Musicians from Nancy, France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_musicologists" title="Category:20th-century French musicologists">20th-century French musicologists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_male_musicians" title="Category:20th-century French male musicians">20th-century French male musicians</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2014" title="Category:Use dmy dates from December 2014">Use dmy dates from December 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_French_IPA" title="Category:Pages with French IPA">Pages with French IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_August_2015" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:Articles with French-language sources (fr)">Articles with French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt)" title="Category:Articles with Portuguese-language sources (pt)">Articles with Portuguese-language sources (pt)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 January 2025, at 19:16<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Schaeffer&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pierre Schaeffer</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>31 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-684b8fd8bd-kx7zx","wgBackendResponseTime":165,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.989","walltime":"1.237","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5212,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":93360,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8106,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":114055,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1005.201 1 -total"," 24.03% 241.561 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.41% 164.930 1 Template:Infobox_person"," 9.66% 97.096 1 Template:Cite_encyclopedia"," 9.64% 96.938 1 Template:IPA"," 8.92% 89.684 1 Template:Pierre_Schaeffer"," 8.90% 89.510 2 Template:Navbox"," 8.61% 86.598 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.92% 69.581 12 Template:Cite_web"," 6.70% 67.325 4 Template:Br_separated_entries"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.560","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22593131,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-65b64b4b74-knnvw","timestamp":"20250219140013","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Pierre Schaeffer","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pierre_Schaeffer","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q315744","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q315744","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-06-06T04:08:30Z","dateModified":"2025-01-02T19:16:32Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/a\/a4\/Pierre_Schaeffer%2C_1973.jpeg","headline":"French composer and musicologist (1910-1995)"}</script> </body> </html>