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Columnaris - Wikipedia

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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&amp;q=%22columnaris%22">"columnaris"</a>&#160;–&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&amp;q=%22columnaris%22+-wikipedia&amp;tbs=ar:1">news</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&amp;q=%22columnaris%22&amp;tbs=bkt:s&amp;tbm=bks">newspapers</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&amp;q=%22columnaris%22+-wikipedia">books</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22columnaris%22">scholar</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22columnaris%22&amp;acc=on&amp;wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columnaris_disease.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Columnaris_disease.jpg/300px-Columnaris_disease.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Columnaris_disease.jpg/450px-Columnaris_disease.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Columnaris_disease.jpg/600px-Columnaris_disease.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Columnaris in a <a href="/wiki/Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">Chinook salmon</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Columnaris </b>(also referred to as <b>cottonmouth</b> and <b>saddle-back disease</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> which results from an <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a> caused by the <a href="/wiki/Gram-negative" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-negative">Gram-negative</a>, aerobic, rod-shaped <a href="/wiki/Bacterium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterium">bacterium</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Flavobacterium_columnare" title="Flavobacterium columnare">Flavobacterium columnare</a></i>. It was previously known as <i>Bacillus columnaris, Chondrococcus columnaris, Cytophaga columnaris</i> and <i>Flexibacter columnaris</i>. The bacteria are ubiquitous in fresh water, and cultured fish reared in ponds or raceways are the primary concern – with disease most prevalent in air temperatures above 12–14&#160;°C. Due to the appearance of bacterial clumps, it can be mistaken for a fungal infection. The disease is highly contagious, and the outcome is commonly fatal. It is not <a href="/wiki/Zoonotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoonotic">zoonotic</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columnaris&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Columnaris disease occurs in both wild and <a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">farmed</a> freshwater fish and is caused by the bacteria <i>F. columnare</i>. The age of an infected fish impacts the course of the infection.<sup id="cite_ref-Declercq2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Declercq2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The bacteria usually enter fish through gills, mouth, or small wounds, and is prevalent where high <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bioload" class="extiw" title="wikt:bioload">bioloads</a> exist, or where conditions may be stressful due to overcrowding or low dissolved oxygen levels in the water column. The bacteria can persist in water for up to 32 days when the hardness is 50&#160;ppm or more.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Minerals are however essential for fish and the reduction or removal of such minerals in treatment for Columnaris would affect fish mineral uptake and thus affect: oxygen utilization, osmotic regulation, metabolic processes, among may other biological processes and poor minerals (GH) may be a contributing cause to the advancement in severity of this disease, as deficits can increase vulnerability to opportunistic infections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symptoms">Symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columnaris&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Columnaris disease can occur in both acute and chronic cases. In acute cases of columnaris, the disease may progress so quickly that it shows no superficial signs at death. Signs of acute disease may manifest in the form of shortness of breath, gill discolouration, and itching as indicated by flashing, quick movements of a fish rubbing skin against other surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Hadfield2020_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hadfield2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Columnaris disease in young fish is acute and damages the gills, leading to death by <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_distress" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory distress">respiratory distress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Declercq2013_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Declercq2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In chronic cases, <a href="/wiki/Fin_rot" title="Fin rot">fin rot</a>, or frayed and ragged fins, can appear. These begin at the base of the <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_fin" title="Dorsal fin">dorsal fin</a> on the back of a fish and spread over time, hence the name <i>saddleback disease</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hadfield2020_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hadfield2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ulcerations on the skin, and subsequent epidermal loss, identifiable as white or cloudy, fungus-like patches – particularly on the gill filaments, may appear. Mucus also accumulates on the gills, head and dorsal regions. Gills will change colour, either becoming light or dark brown, and may also manifest necrosis. Fish will breathe rapidly and laboriously as a sign of gill damage. Anorexia and lethargy are common, as are mortalities, especially in young fish. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columnaris&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bacteria can be isolated from gills, skin and the kidneys. For definitive diagnosis, the pathogen should then be cultured on reduced nutrient agar. Inhibiting contaminant growth on the agar by adding antibiotics and keeping the temperature at 37&#160;°C should improve culture results. Colonies are small, 3–4&#160;mm in diameter, and grow within 24&#160;hours. They are characteristically rhizoid in structure and pale yellow in colour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columnaris&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Prognosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early detection of the disease is vital to reducing spread and financial loss to fish farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-Declercq2013_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Declercq2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ulcerations develop within 24 to 48 hours. Fatality occurs between 48 and 72 hours if no treatment is pursued; however, at higher temperatures death may occur within hours. Other symptoms may accompany the disease, including lethargy, color loss, redness around the infection site, loss of appetite and twitching or rubbing the body against objects.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columnaris&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As <i>Flavobacterium columnare</i> is <a href="/wiki/Gram-negative" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-negative">Gram-negative</a>, fish can be treated with a combination of the antibiotics <a href="/wiki/Nitrofurazone" title="Nitrofurazone">nitrofurazone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanamycin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanamycin">kanamycin</a> administered together synergistically. A medicated fish bath (ideally using aquarium <a href="/wiki/Merbromin" title="Merbromin">merbromin</a>, alternately <a href="/wiki/Methylene_blue" title="Methylene blue">methylene blue</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Potassium_permanganate" title="Potassium permanganate">potassium permanganate</a> and salt),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> is generally a first step, as well lowering the aquarium temperature to 75&#160;°F (24&#160;°C) is a must, since columnaris is much more virulent at higher temperatures, especially 85–90&#160;°F.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medicated food containing <a href="/wiki/Oxytetracycline" title="Oxytetracycline">oxytetracycline</a> is also an effective treatment for internal infections, but resistance is emerging. Potassium permanganate, <a href="/wiki/Copper_sulfate" title="Copper sulfate">copper sulfate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a> can also be applied externally to adult fish and fry, but can be toxic at high concentrations. Vaccines can also be given in the face of an outbreak or to prevent disease occurrence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columnaris&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1922, columnaris disease was first described by Herbert Spencer Davis in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Bureau_of_Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Bureau of Fisheries">U.S. Bureau of Fisheries</a> Bulletin, where he stated the bacteria responsible for the disease should be called <i>Bacillus columnaris</i> due to its shape. He was unsuccessful in culturing the disease artificially but acknowledged that "<i>Bacillus columnaris</i> is widely distributed over the country" being most deadly during warm weather and to fish already injured in some way.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis1922_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis1922-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> EJ Ordal and Rucker isolated the first culture in 1944, identified it as a <a href="/wiki/Slime_bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Slime bacteria">slime bacterium</a>, and named it <i>Chondrococcus columnaris</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bullock_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bullock-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Laura Garnjobst evaluated the bacterium to be <i>Cytophaga columnaris</i> in a 1945 article due to its behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-Garnjobst1945_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garnjobst1945-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> After further research in 1989 on <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_genetics" title="Bacterial genetics">DNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phenotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenotypes">phenotypes</a>, Jean-Francois Bernardet and Patrick A. D. Grimont reclassified the bacterium <i>Flexibacter columnaris</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernardet1989_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernardet1989-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> After further study led by Bernardet in 1996, the name was changed to <i>Flavobacterium columnare</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Declercq2013_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Declercq2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bernardet1996_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernardet1996-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columnaris&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Declercq2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Declercq2013_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Declercq2013_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Declercq2013_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Declercq2013_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDeclercqHaesebrouckVan_den_BroeckBossier2013" class="citation journal cs1">Declercq, Annelies Maria; Haesebrouck, Freddy; Van den Broeck, Wim; Bossier, Peter; Decostere, Annemie (24 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3648355">"Columnaris Disease in Fish: A Review with Emphasis on Bacterium-Host Interactions"</a>. <i>Veterinary Research</i>. <b>44</b> (1): 27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1297-9716-44-27">10.1186/1297-9716-44-27</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3648355">3648355</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23617544">23617544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Veterinary+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Columnaris+Disease+in+Fish%3A+A+Review+with+Emphasis+on+Bacterium-Host+Interactions&amp;rft.volume=44&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=27&amp;rft.date=2013-04-24&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3648355%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23617544&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1297-9716-44-27&amp;rft.aulast=Declercq&amp;rft.aufirst=Annelies+Maria&amp;rft.au=Haesebrouck%2C+Freddy&amp;rft.au=Van+den+Broeck%2C+Wim&amp;rft.au=Bossier%2C+Peter&amp;rft.au=Decostere%2C+Annemie&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3648355&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumnaris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aukes, G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishyfarmacy.com/articles/columnaris.html"><i>Fish disease articles: Columnaris disease</i></a>. Retrieved 25 July 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hadfield2020-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hadfield2020_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hadfield2020_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadfieldClayton2020" class="citation book cs1">Hadfield, Catherine; Clayton, Leigh, eds. (10 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NvoyEAAAQBAJ"><i>Clinical Guide to Fish Medicine</i></a>. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. pp.&#160;328, 445–447. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-25955-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-25955-8"><bdi>978-1-119-25955-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Clinical+Guide+to+Fish+Medicine&amp;rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&amp;rft.pages=328%2C+445-447&amp;rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&amp;rft.date=2020-06-10&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-119-25955-8&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNvoyEAAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumnaris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fournier, Christie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nippyfish.net/sick-betta/cotton-wool-disease-flex/">"Cotton Wool Disease (Flexibacter Columnaris)"</a>. Nippyfish.net. March 2, 2011. Retrieved March 16, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aquarium-pond-answers.com/2009/07/fish-baths.html">"Fish Baths"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Fish+Baths&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aquarium-pond-answers.com%2F2009%2F07%2Ffish-baths.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumnaris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanaquariumproducts.com/Columnaris.html">"Columnaris in Fish"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Columnaris+in+Fish&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanaquariumproducts.com%2FColumnaris.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumnaris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis1922-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davis1922_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._S._Davis1922" class="citation report cs1">H. S. Davis (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/pdf-content/fish-bull/fb38.7.pdf">A New Bacterial Disease of Fresh-Water Fishes</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. pp.&#160;261–280. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240822223536/https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/pdf-content/fish-bull/fb38.7.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=report&amp;rft.btitle=A+New+Bacterial+Disease+of+Fresh-Water+Fishes&amp;rft.pages=261-280&amp;rft.pub=U.+S.+Bureau+of+Fisheries&amp;rft.date=1922&amp;rft.au=H.+S.+Davis&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspo.nmfs.noaa.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpdf-content%2Ffish-bull%2Ffb38.7.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumnaris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bullock-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bullock_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullockHsuShotts1986" class="citation report cs1">Bullock, G. L.; Hsu, Ta-Chun; Shotts, E. B. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1128&amp;context=usfwspubs">Columnaris Disease of Fishes</a> (Report). U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Fisheries and Wetlands Research. p.&#160;1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240731124040/https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1128&amp;context=usfwspubs">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=report&amp;rft.btitle=Columnaris+Disease+of+Fishes&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+the+Interior%2C+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service%2C+Division+of+Fisheries+and+Wetlands+Research&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.aulast=Bullock&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+L.&amp;rft.au=Hsu%2C+Ta-Chun&amp;rft.au=Shotts%2C+E.+B.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1128%26context%3Dusfwspubs&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumnaris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garnjobst1945-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garnjobst1945_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaura1945" class="citation journal cs1">Laura, Garnjobst (1 February 1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.49.2.113-128.1945">"Cytophaga columnaris (Davis) in Pure Culture: A Myxobacterium Pathogenic to Fish"</a>. <i>Journal of Bacteriology</i>. <b>49</b> (2): 113–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fjb.49.2.113-128.1945">10.1128/jb.49.2.113-128.1945</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9193">0021-9193</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC518003">518003</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16560903">16560903</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Bacteriology&amp;rft.atitle=Cytophaga+columnaris+%28Davis%29+in+Pure+Culture%3A+A+Myxobacterium+Pathogenic+to+Fish&amp;rft.volume=49&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=113-128&amp;rft.date=1945-02-01&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC518003%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft.issn=0021-9193&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16560903&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2Fjb.49.2.113-128.1945&amp;rft.aulast=Laura&amp;rft.aufirst=Garnjobst&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1128%2Fjb.49.2.113-128.1945&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumnaris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernardet1989-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bernardet1989_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-FrancoisGrimont1989" class="citation journal cs1">Jean-Francois, Bernardet; Grimont, Patrick A. D. (1 July 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-39-3-346">"Deoxyribonucleic Acid Relatedness and Phenotypic Characterization of Flexibacter columnaris sp. nov., nom. rev., Flexibacter psychrophilus sp. nov., nom. rev., and Flexibacter maritimus Wakabayashi, Hikida, and Masumura 1986"</a>. <i>International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology</i>. <b>39</b> (3): 346–354. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00207713-39-3-346">10.1099/00207713-39-3-346</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Systematic+Bacteriology&amp;rft.atitle=Deoxyribonucleic+Acid+Relatedness+and+Phenotypic+Characterization+of+Flexibacter+columnaris+sp.+nov.%2C+nom.+rev.%2C+Flexibacter+psychrophilus+sp.+nov.%2C+nom.+rev.%2C+and+Flexibacter+maritimus+Wakabayashi%2C+Hikida%2C+and+Masumura+1986&amp;rft.volume=39&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=346-354&amp;rft.date=1989-07-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1099%2F00207713-39-3-346&amp;rft.aulast=Jean-Francois&amp;rft.aufirst=Bernardet&amp;rft.au=Grimont%2C+Patrick+A.+D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1099%2F00207713-39-3-346&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumnaris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernardet1996-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bernardet1996_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernardetSegersVancanneytBerthe1996" class="citation journal cs1">Bernardet; Segers; Vancanneyt; Berthe; Kersters; Vandamme (1 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-46-1-128">"Cutting a Gordian Knot: Emended Classification and Description of the Genus Flavobacterium, Emended Description of the Family Flavobacteriaceae, and Proposal of Flavobacterium hydatis nom. nov. (Basonym, Cytophaga aquatilis Strohl and Tait 1978)"</a>. <i>International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology</i>. <b>39</b>: 128–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00207713-46-1-128">10.1099/00207713-46-1-128</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Systematic+Bacteriology&amp;rft.atitle=Cutting+a+Gordian+Knot%3A+Emended+Classification+and+Description+of+the+Genus+Flavobacterium%2C+Emended+Description+of+the+Family+Flavobacteriaceae%2C+and+Proposal+of+Flavobacterium+hydatis+nom.+nov.+%28Basonym%2C+Cytophaga+aquatilis+Strohl+and+Tait+1978%29&amp;rft.volume=39&amp;rft.pages=128-148&amp;rft.date=1996-01-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1099%2F00207713-46-1-128&amp;rft.au=Bernardet&amp;rft.au=Segers&amp;rft.au=Vancanneyt&amp;rft.au=Berthe&amp;rft.au=Kersters&amp;rft.au=Vandamme&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.microbiologyresearch.org%2Fcontent%2Fjournal%2Fijsem%2F10.1099%2F00207713-46-1-128&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumnaris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columnaris&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Columnaris Disease, expert reviewed and published by Wikivet at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://en.wikivet.net/Columnaris_Disease">http://en.wikivet.net/Columnaris_Disease</a>, accessed 31/08/2011.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetropicaltank.co.uk/hdcolumn.htm">Columnaris disease</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Fish_disease_topics" title="Template:Fish disease topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fish_disease_topics" title="Template talk:Fish disease topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fish_disease_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fish disease topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fish_diseases_and_parasites" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pathogens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeromonas_salmonicida" title="Aeromonas salmonicida">Aeromonas salmonicida</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betanodavirus" title="Betanodavirus">Nervous necrosis virus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Columnaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteric_redmouth_disease" title="Enteric redmouth disease">Enteric redmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fin_rot" title="Fin rot">Fin rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_dropsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish dropsy">Fish dropsy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flavobacterium" title="Flavobacterium">Flavobacterium</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_hematopoietic_necrosis_virus" title="Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus">Hematopoietic necrosis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heterosigma_akashiwo" title="Heterosigma akashiwo">Heterosigma akashiwo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_and_lateral_line_erosion" title="Head and lateral line erosion">Hole in the head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_hypodermal_and_hematopoietic_necrosis" title="Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis">Hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_pancreatic_necrosis" title="Infectious pancreatic necrosis">Infectious pancreatic necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprinid_herpesvirus_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprinid herpesvirus 3">Koi herpes virus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_marinum" title="Mycobacterium marinum">Mycobacterium marinum</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Aquarium_granuloma" title="Aquarium granuloma">Aquarium granuloma</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novirhabdovirus" title="Novirhabdovirus">Novirhabdovirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pfiesteria_piscicida" title="Pfiesteria piscicida">Pfiesteria piscicida</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photobacterium_damselae_subsp._piscicida" title="Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida">Photobacterium damselae ssp piscicida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_salmon_anemia_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious salmon anemia virus">Salmon anemia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_iniae" title="Streptococcus iniae">Streptococcus iniae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_viraemia_of_carp" title="Spring viraemia of carp">Spring viraemia of carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taura_syndrome" title="Taura syndrome">Taura syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_dermal_necrosis" title="Ulcerative dermal necrosis">UDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_septicemia" title="Viral hemorrhagic septicemia">VHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_spot_syndrome" title="White spot syndrome">White spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowhead_disease" title="Yellowhead disease">Yellowhead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parasites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abergasilus" title="Abergasilus">Abergasilus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoebic_gill_disease" title="Amoebic gill disease">Amoebic gill disease</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anisakis" title="Anisakis">Anisakis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argulidae" title="Argulidae">Carp lice</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ceratomyxa_shasta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratomyxa shasta">Ceratomyxa shasta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clinostomum_marginatum" title="Clinostomum marginatum">Clinostomum marginatum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dactylogyrus_vastator" title="Dactylogyrus vastator">Dactylogyrus vastator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothrium" title="Diphyllobothrium">Diphyllobothrium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cymothoa_exigua" title="Cymothoa exigua">Cymothoa exigua</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustrongylidosis" title="Eustrongylidosis">Eustrongylidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epizootic_ulcerative_syndrome" title="Epizootic ulcerative syndrome">Epizootic ulcerative syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trematoda" title="Trematoda">Flukes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glugea" title="Glugea">Glugea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gyrodactylus_salaris" title="Gyrodactylus salaris">Gyrodactylus salaris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henneguya_zschokkei" title="Henneguya zschokkei">Henneguya zschokkei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyophthirius_multifiliis" title="Ichthyophthirius multifiliis">Ich (freshwater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocaryon" title="Cryptocaryon">Ich (marine)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kudoa_thyrsites" title="Kudoa thyrsites">Kudoa thyrsites</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lernaeocera_branchialis" title="Lernaeocera branchialis">Lernaeocera branchialis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsporidia" title="Microsporidia">Microsporidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogenea" title="Monogenea">Monogenea</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis" title="Myxobolus cerebralis">Myxobolus cerebralis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxosporea" title="Myxosporea">Myxosporea</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanophyetus_salmincola" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanophyetus salmincola">Nanophyetus salmincola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudorhabdosynochus" title="Pseudorhabdosynochus">Pseudorhabdosynochus</a></i> spp.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_louse" title="Salmon louse">Salmon lice</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saprolegnia" title="Saprolegnia">Saprolegnia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schistocephalus_solidus" title="Schistocephalus solidus">Schistocephalus solidus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_louse" title="Sea louse">Sea louse</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sphaerothecum_destruens" title="Sphaerothecum destruens">Sphaerothecum destruens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swim_bladder_disease" title="Swim bladder disease">Swim bladder disease</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tetracapsuloides_bryosalmonae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae">Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_(fish_disease)" title="Velvet (fish disease)">Velvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoma" title="Xenoma">Xenoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fish groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_and_parasites_in_cod" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases and parasites in cod">Diseases and parasites in cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_and_parasites_in_salmon" title="Diseases and parasites in salmon">Diseases and parasites in salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_in_ornamental_fish" title="Disease in ornamental fish">Disease in ornamental fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aquarium_diseases" title="List of aquarium diseases">List of aquarium diseases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amnesic_shellfish_poisoning" title="Amnesic shellfish poisoning">Amnesic shellfish poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brevetoxin" title="Brevetoxin">Brevetoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciguatera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciguatera">Ciguatera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarrheal_shellfish_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Diarrheal shellfish poisoning">Diarrheal shellfish poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_kill" title="Fish kill">Fish kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_viruses" title="Marine viruses">Marine viruses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxic_shellfish_poisoning" title="Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning">Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralytic_shellfish_poisoning" title="Paralytic shellfish poisoning">Paralytic shellfish poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">Saxitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scombroid_food_poisoning" title="Scombroid food poisoning">Scombroid food poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5dc468848‐h7nm9 Cached time: 20241122150515 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.306 seconds Real time usage: 0.431 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 846/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 43525/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 389/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 46413/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.211/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6068847/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 372.940 1 -total 24.62% 91.808 4 Template:Cite_journal 22.57% 84.163 1 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