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id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aqueous_solutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aqueous_solutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Aqueous solutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aqueous_solutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_analogues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_analogues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Comparison with analogues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_analogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Natural occurrence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Discovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Historical methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Other routes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reactions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reactions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acid-base" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acid-base"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Acid-base</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acid-base-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disproportionation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disproportionation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Disproportionation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disproportionation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oxidation_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxidation_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Oxidation reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxidation_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reduction_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduction_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Reduction reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduction_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organic_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organic_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Organic reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organic_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precursor_to_other_peroxide_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursor_to_other_peroxide_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Precursor to other peroxide compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursor_to_other_peroxide_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biochemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biochemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Biochemistry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biochemistry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biochemistry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biochemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Production_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fenton_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fenton_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Fenton reaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fenton_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bleaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bleaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bleaching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bleaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_of_organic_peroxy_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_of_organic_peroxy_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Production of organic peroxy compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_of_organic_peroxy_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_of_inorganic_peroxides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_of_inorganic_peroxides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Production of inorganic peroxides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_of_inorganic_peroxides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sewage_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sewage_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Sewage treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sewage_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disinfectant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disinfectant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Disinfectant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disinfectant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propellant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propellant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Propellant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propellant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Household_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Household_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Household use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Household_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Niche_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niche_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Niche uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niche_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Safety subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wound_healing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wound_healing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Wound healing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wound_healing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_alternative_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_alternative_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Use in alternative medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_alternative_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Historical incidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydrogen peroxide</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterstofperoksied" title="Waterstofperoksied – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Waterstofperoksied" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بيروكسيد الهيدروجين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيروكسيد الهيدروجين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen_peroksid" title="Hidrogen peroksid – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hidrogen peroksid" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="هیدروژن پراوکسید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیدروژن پراوکسید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1" title="হাইড্রোজেন পারক্সাইড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাইড্রোজেন পারক্সাইড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B2_sng-ho%C3%A0_ch%C3%BAi-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Kò sng-hoà chúi-sò͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kò sng-hoà chúi-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Диводороден пероксид – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Диводороден пероксид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodik-peroksid" title="Vodik-peroksid – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vodik-peroksid" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%B2xid_d%27hidrogen" title="Peròxid d'hidrogen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Peròxid d'hidrogen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Пергидроль – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пергидроль" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxid_vod%C3%ADku" title="Peroxid vodíku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Peroxid vodíku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brintoverilte" title="Brintoverilte – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brintoverilte" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserstoffperoxid" title="Wasserstoffperoxid – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wasserstoffperoxid" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesinikperoksiid" title="Vesinikperoksiid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vesinikperoksiid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%85%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Υπεροξείδιο του υδρογόνου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υπεροξείδιο του υδρογόνου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%B3xido_de_hidr%C3%B3geno" title="Peróxido de hidrógeno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Peróxido de hidrógeno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogena_peroksido" title="Hidrogena peroksido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hidrogena peroksido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%B3xidu_de_hidr%C3%B3genu" title="Peróxidu de hidrógenu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Peróxidu de hidrógenu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogeno_peroxido" title="Hidrogeno peroxido – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hidrogeno peroxido" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="هیدروژن پراکسید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیدروژن پراکسید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxyde_d%27hydrog%C3%A8ne" title="Peroxyde d'hydrogène – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Peroxyde d'hydrogène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1rocsa%C3%ADd_hidrigine" title="Sárocsaíd hidrigine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sárocsaíd hidrigine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%B3xido_de_hidr%C3%B3xeno" title="Peróxido de hidróxeno – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Peróxido de hidróxeno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94_%EC%88%98%EC%86%8C" title="과산화 수소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="과산화 수소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%85%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A4" title="Ջրածնի պերօքսիդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջրածնի պերօքսիդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1" title="हाइड्रोजन पेरॉक्साइड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हाइड्रोजन पेरॉक्साइड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodikov_peroksid" title="Vodikov peroksid – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vodikov peroksid" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen_peroksida" title="Hidrogen peroksida – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hidrogen peroksida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetnisperox%C3%AD%C3%B0" title="Vetnisperoxíð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vetnisperoxíð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perossido_di_idrogeno" title="Perossido di idrogeno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Perossido di idrogeno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%A2%D7%9C-%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A0%D7%99" title="מימן על-חמצני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מימן על-חמצני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಹೈಡ್ರೋಜನ್ ಪೆರಾಕ್ಸೈಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹೈಡ್ರೋಜನ್ ಪೆರಾಕ್ಸೈಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="წყალბადის პეროქსიდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წყალბადის პეროქსიდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Сутек пероксиді – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сутек пероксиді" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroksidi_ya_hidrojeni" title="Peroksidi ya hidrojeni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Peroksidi ya hidrojeni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D3%A9%D1%82%D3%A9_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Суутек өтө кычкылы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Суутек өтө кычкылы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AAde%C5%86ra%C5%BEa_peroks%C4%ABds" title="Ūdeņraža peroksīds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ūdeņraža peroksīds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenilio_peroksidas" title="Vandenilio peroksidas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vandenilio peroksidas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrog%C3%A9n-peroxid" title="Hidrogén-peroxid – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hidrogén-peroxid" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Водород пероксид – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Водород пероксид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹൈഡ്രജൻ പെറോക്സൈഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹൈഡ്രജൻ പെറോക്സൈഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen_peroksida" title="Hidrogen peroksida – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hidrogen peroksida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ဟိုက်ဒရိုဂျင်ပါအောက်ဆိုက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟိုက်ဒရိုဂျင်ပါအောက်ဆိုက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterstofperoxide" title="Waterstofperoxide – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Waterstofperoxide" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E9%85%B8%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%B4%E7%B4%A0" title="過酸化水素 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="過酸化水素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenperoksid" title="Hydrogenperoksid – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hydrogenperoksid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenperoksid" title="Hydrogenperoksid – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hydrogenperoksid" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A1" title="ਹਾਈਡਰੋਜਨ ਪਰਆਕਸਾਈਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਾਈਡਰੋਜਨ ਪਰਆਕਸਾਈਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%B1_%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DA%88" title="ہائیڈروجن پر آکسائڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہائیڈروجن پر آکسائڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="هايدروجن پراکسايد – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هايدروجن پراکسايد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadtlenek_wodoru" title="Nadtlenek wodoru – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nadtlenek wodoru" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%B3xido_de_hidrog%C3%AAnio" title="Peróxido de hidrogênio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Peróxido de hidrogênio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxid_de_hidrogen" title="Peroxid de hidrogen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Peroxid de hidrogen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Пероксид водорода – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пероксид водорода" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hydrogen peroxide" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hydrogen peroxide" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxid_vod%C3%ADka" title="Peroxid vodíka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Peroxid vodíka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodikov_peroksid" title="Vodikov peroksid – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vodikov peroksid" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%8E%DA%95%DB%86%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="ھایدرۆجین پێڕۆکساید – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھایدرۆجین پێڕۆکساید" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodonik-peroksid" title="Vodonik-peroksid – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Vodonik-peroksid" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodonik_peroksid" title="Vodonik peroksid – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vodonik peroksid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetyperoksidi" title="Vetyperoksidi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vetyperoksidi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4teperoxid" title="Väteperoxid – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Väteperoxid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="ஐதரசன் பேரொட்சைடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐதரசன் பேரொட்சைடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ไฮโดรเจนเพอร์ออกไซด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไฮโดรเจนเพอร์ออกไซด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrojen_peroksit" title="Hidrojen peroksit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hidrojen peroksit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8E" title="Пероксид водню – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пероксид водню" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%B1_%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88" title="ہائیڈروجن پر آکسائیڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہائیڈروجن پر آکسائیڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydro_peroxide" title="Hydro peroxide – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hydro peroxide" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hydrogen peroxide" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E6%B0%A7%E6%B0%B4" title="雙氧水 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="雙氧水" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%A2" title="过氧化氢 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="过氧化氢" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q171877#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> </p> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Hydrogen peroxide </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wasserstoffperoxid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Structural formula of hydrogen peroxide"><img alt="Structural formula of hydrogen peroxide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wasserstoffperoxid.svg/220px-Wasserstoffperoxid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wasserstoffperoxid.svg/330px-Wasserstoffperoxid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wasserstoffperoxid.svg/440px-Wasserstoffperoxid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="94" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="borderless" style="text-align:center"> <table border="0" style="width:100%;display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-right:1px solid #aaa; width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrogen-peroxide-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hydrogen-peroxide-3D-balls.png/110px-Hydrogen-peroxide-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hydrogen-peroxide-3D-balls.png/165px-Hydrogen-peroxide-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hydrogen-peroxide-3D-balls.png/220px-Hydrogen-peroxide-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrogen-peroxide-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Space filling model of the hydrogen peroxide molecule"><img alt="Space filling model of the hydrogen peroxide molecule" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hydrogen-peroxide-3D-vdW.png/110px-Hydrogen-peroxide-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hydrogen-peroxide-3D-vdW.png/165px-Hydrogen-peroxide-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hydrogen-peroxide-3D-vdW.png/220px-Hydrogen-peroxide-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption>Space filling model of the hydrogen peroxide molecule</figcaption></figure><div style="text-align:center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span> Oxygen, O</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; color:black;"> </span> Hydrogen, H</div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Hydrogen peroxide</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature#Systematic_name" title="Chemical nomenclature">Systematic IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; max-width:22em;">Peroxol</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Dioxidane<br />Oxidanyl<br />Perhydroxic acid<br />0-hydroxyol<br />Oxygenated water<br />Peroxaan</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7722-84-1">7722-84-1</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=OO">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=16240">CHEBI:16240</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL71595">ChEMBL71595</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.763.html">763</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.028.878">100.028.878</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Community_number" title="European Community number"><span title="European Community number (chemical identifier)">EC Number</span></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>231-765-0</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/IUPHAR/BPS" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPHAR/BPS">IUPHAR/BPS</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.guidetopharmacology.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?tab=summary&ligandId=2448">2448</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D00008">D00008</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/784">784</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RTECS" class="mw-redirect" title="RTECS">RTECS number</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>MX0900000 (>90% soln.)<br />MX0887000 (>30% soln.)</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/BBX060AN9V">BBX060AN9V</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UN_number" title="UN number">UN number</a> </td> <td>2015 (>60% soln.)<br />2014 (20–60% soln.)<br />2984 (8–20% soln.) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID2020715">DTXSID2020715</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/H2O2/c1-2/h1-2H<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1/H2O2/c1-2/h1-2H</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYAL</div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">OO</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>2</sub><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>2</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001340140000000000♠"></span>34.014</span> g·mol<sup>−1</sup>   </td></tr> <tr> <td>Appearance </td> <td>Very light blue liquid </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">Odor</a> </td> <td>slightly sharp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> </td> <td>1.11 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (20 °C, 30% (w/w) solution)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />1.450 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (20 °C, pure) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> </td> <td>−0.43 °C (31.23 °F; 272.72 K) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a> </td> <td>150.2 °C (302.4 °F; 423.3 K) (decomposes) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">Solubility in water</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miscible" class="mw-redirect" title="Miscible">Miscible</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">Solubility</a> </td> <td>soluble in <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">ether</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohol</a><br /> insoluble in petroleum ether </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Partition_coefficient" title="Partition coefficient">log <i>P</i></a> </td> <td>−0.43<sup id="cite_ref-chemsrc_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chemsrc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a> </td> <td>5 mmHg (30 °C)<sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">Acidity</a> (p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub>) </td> <td>11.75 </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Magnetic susceptibility</a> (χ)</div> </td> <td>−17.7·10<sup>−6</sup> cm<sup>3</sup>/mol </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a> (<i>n</i><sub>D</sub>)</div> </td> <td>1.4061 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">Viscosity</a> </td> <td>1.245 c<a href="/wiki/Poise_(unit)" title="Poise (unit)">P</a> (20 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dipole#Molecular_dipoles" title="Dipole">Dipole moment</a></div> </td> <td>2.26 <a href="/wiki/Debye" title="Debye">D</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Thermochemistry </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Heat_capacity" title="Heat capacity">Heat capacity</a> <span style="font-size:112%;">(<i>C</i>)</span></div> </td> <td>1.267 J/(g·K) (gas)<br /> 2.619 J/(g·K) (liquid) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard enthalpy change of formation">Std enthalpy of<br />formation</a> <span style="font-size:112%;">(Δ<sub>f</sub><i>H</i><sup>⦵</sup><sub>298</sub>)</span></div> </td> <td>−187.80 kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Pharmacology </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_A01" title="ATC code A01">A01AB02</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=A01AB02">WHO</a></span>) <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D08" title="ATC code D08">D08AX01</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=D08AX01">WHO</a></span>), <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D11" title="ATC code D11">D11AX25</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=D11AX25">WHO</a></span>), <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_S02" title="ATC code S02">S02AA06</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=S02AA06">WHO</a></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals"><b>GHS</b> labelling</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS03: Oxidizing"><img alt="GHS03: Oxidizing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-acid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS05: Corrosive"><img alt="GHS05: Corrosive" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS07: Exclamation mark"><img alt="GHS07: Exclamation mark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td><b>Danger</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H271: May cause fire or explosion: strong oxidizer">H271</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H302: Harmful if swallowed">H302</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage">H314</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H332: Harmful if inhaled">H332</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H335: May cause respiratory irritation">H335</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects">H412</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P280: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.">P280</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P305+P351+P338: IF IN EYES: Rinse continuously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.">P305+P351+P338</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P310: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.">P310</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704"><b>NFPA 704</b></a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_77e09a46cdc50f95" /></span><map name="ImageMap_77e09a46cdc50f95"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gas" title="Health 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gas" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 3: Capable of detonation or explosive decomposition but requires a strong initiating source, must be heated under confinement before initiation, reacts explosively with water, or will detonate if severely shocked. E.g. hydrogen peroxide" title="Instability 3: Capable of detonation or explosive decomposition but requires a strong initiating source, must be heated under confinement before initiation, reacts explosively with water, or will detonate if severely shocked. E.g. hydrogen peroxide" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazard OX: Oxidizer. E.g. potassium perchlorate" title="Special hazard OX: Oxidizer. E.g. potassium perchlorate" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Health 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gas" class="notheme mw-no-invert">3</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Instability 3: Capable of detonation or explosive decomposition but requires a strong initiating source, must be heated under confinement before initiation, reacts explosively with water, or will detonate if severely shocked. E.g. hydrogen peroxide" class="notheme mw-no-invert">3</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-text mw-no-invert"><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" title="NFPA 704"><span class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors" title="Special hazard OX: Oxidizer. E.g. potassium perchlorate">OX</span></a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">Flash point</a> </td> <td>Non-flammable </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><b>Lethal dose</b> or concentration (LD, LC): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">LD<sub>50</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Lethal_dose#LD50" title="Lethal dose">median dose</a>)</div> </td> <td>1518 mg/kg<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />2000 mg/kg (oral, mouse)<sup id="cite_ref-IDLH_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDLH-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">LC<sub>50</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Lethal_dose#LC50" title="Lethal dose">median concentration</a>)</div> </td> <td>1418 ppm (rat, 4 hr)<sup id="cite_ref-IDLH_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDLH-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">LC<sub>Lo</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Lethal_dose#LCLo" title="Lethal dose">lowest published</a>)</div> </td> <td>227 ppm (mouse)<sup id="cite_ref-IDLH_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDLH-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health"><b>NIOSH</b></a> (US health exposure limits): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">PEL</a> (Permissible)</div> </td> <td>TWA 1 ppm (1.4 mg/m<sup>3</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">REL</a> (Recommended)</div> </td> <td>TWA 1 ppm (1.4 mg/m<sup>3</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">IDLH</a> (Immediate danger)</div> </td> <td>75 ppm<sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a> (SDS) </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0164.htm">ICSC 0164 (>60% soln.)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Related compounds </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related compounds</div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Water_(molecule)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water (molecule)">Water</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">Hydrazine</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_disulfide" title="Hydrogen disulfide">Hydrogen disulfide</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dioxygen_difluoride" title="Dioxygen difluoride">Dioxygen difluoride</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/12px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/18px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/24px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=477315142&page2=Hydrogen+peroxide">verify</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup> ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p><b>Hydrogen peroxide</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compound</a> with the formula <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a><sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a><sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>. In its pure form, it is a very pale blue<sup id="cite_ref-House_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-House-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a> that is slightly more <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscous</a> than <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">water</a>. It is used as an <a href="/wiki/Oxidizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidizer">oxidizer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bleach" title="Bleach">bleaching</a> agent, and <a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">antiseptic</a>, usually as a dilute solution (3%–6% by weight) in water for consumer use and in higher concentrations for industrial use. Concentrated hydrogen peroxide, or "<a href="/wiki/High-test_peroxide" title="High-test peroxide">high-test peroxide</a>", decomposes explosively when heated and has been used as both a <a href="/wiki/Monopropellant" title="Monopropellant">monopropellant</a> and an oxidizer in <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rocketry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hydrogen peroxide is a <a href="/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species" title="Reactive oxygen species">reactive oxygen species</a> and the simplest <a href="/wiki/Peroxide" title="Peroxide">peroxide</a>, a compound having an oxygen–oxygen <a href="/wiki/Single_bond" title="Single bond">single bond</a>. It decomposes slowly into water and elemental <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> when exposed to light, and rapidly in the presence of organic or reactive compounds. It is typically stored with a <a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_(chemistry)" title="Stabilizer (chemistry)">stabilizer</a> in a weakly acidic solution in an opaque bottle. Hydrogen peroxide is found in biological systems including the human body. Enzymes that use or decompose hydrogen peroxide are classified as <a href="/wiki/Peroxidases" class="mw-redirect" title="Peroxidases">peroxidases</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The boiling point of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> has been extrapolated as being 150.2 °C (302.4 °F), approximately 50 °C (90 °F) higher than water. In practice, hydrogen peroxide will undergo potentially explosive <a href="/wiki/Thermal_decomposition" title="Thermal decomposition">thermal decomposition</a> if heated to this temperature. It may be safely distilled at lower temperatures under reduced pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hydrogen peroxide forms stable <a href="/wiki/Adduct" title="Adduct">adducts</a> with <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide%E2%80%93urea" title="Hydrogen peroxide–urea">hydrogen peroxide–urea</a>), sodium carbonate (<a href="/wiki/Sodium_percarbonate" title="Sodium percarbonate">sodium percarbonate</a>) and other compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An acid-base adduct with <a href="/wiki/Triphenylphosphine_oxide" title="Triphenylphosphine oxide">triphenylphosphine oxide</a> is a useful "carrier" for <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> in some reactions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:428px;max-width:428px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H2O2_gas_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="O−O bond length = 147.4 pm O−H bond length = 95.0 pm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/H2O2_gas_structure.svg/210px-H2O2_gas_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/H2O2_gas_structure.svg/315px-H2O2_gas_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/H2O2_gas_structure.svg/420px-H2O2_gas_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Structure and dimensions of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> in the gas phase</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H2O2_solid_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="O−O bond length = 145.8 pm O−H bond length = 98.8 pm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/H2O2_solid_structure.svg/210px-H2O2_solid_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/H2O2_solid_structure.svg/315px-H2O2_solid_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/H2O2_solid_structure.svg/420px-H2O2_solid_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Structure and dimensions of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> in the solid (crystalline) phase</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Hydrogen peroxide (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>) is a nonplanar molecule with (twisted) C<sub>2</sub> <a href="/wiki/Molecular_symmetry#Common_point_groups" title="Molecular symmetry">symmetry</a>; this was first shown by <a href="/wiki/Paul-Antoine_Gigu%C3%A8re" title="Paul-Antoine Giguère">Paul-Antoine Giguère</a> in 1950 using <a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">infrared spectroscopy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the O−O bond is a <a href="/wiki/Single_bond" title="Single bond">single bond</a>, the molecule has a relatively high <a href="/wiki/Rotational_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotational barrier">rotational barrier</a> of 386 <a href="/wiki/Inverse_centimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverse centimeter">cm<sup>−1</sup></a> (4.62 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule">kJ</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mole_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mole (chemistry)">mol</a>) for rotation between <a href="/wiki/Enantiomer" title="Enantiomer">enantiomers</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Cis%E2%80%93trans_isomerism" title="Cis–trans isomerism"><i>trans</i></a> configuration, and 2460 cm<sup>−1</sup> (29.4 kJ/mol) via the <a href="/wiki/Cis%E2%80%93trans_isomerism" title="Cis–trans isomerism"><i>cis</i></a> configuration.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunt1965_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunt1965-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These barriers are proposed to be due to <a href="/wiki/Repulsion_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Repulsion (chemistry)">repulsion</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Lone_pair" title="Lone pair">lone pairs</a> of the adjacent oxygen atoms and dipolar effects between the two O–H bonds. For comparison, the rotational barrier for <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">ethane</a> is 1040 cm<sup>−1</sup> (12.4 kJ/mol). </p><p>The approximately 100° <a href="/wiki/Dihedral_angle" title="Dihedral angle">dihedral angle</a> between the two O–H bonds makes the molecule <a href="/wiki/Chiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiral">chiral</a>. It is the smallest and simplest molecule to exhibit <a href="/wiki/Enantiomer" title="Enantiomer">enantiomerism</a>. It has been proposed that the <a href="/wiki/Stereospecific" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereospecific">enantiospecific</a> interactions of one rather than the other may have led to amplification of one enantiomeric form of <a href="/wiki/Ribonucleic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribonucleic acid">ribonucleic acids</a> and therefore an origin of <a href="/wiki/Homochirality" title="Homochirality">homochirality</a> in an <a href="/wiki/RNA_world" title="RNA world">RNA world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The molecular structures of gaseous and <a href="/wiki/Crystalline" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystalline">crystalline</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> are significantly different. This difference is attributed to the effects of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bonding" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen bonding">hydrogen bonding</a>, which is absent in the gaseous state.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crystals of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> are <a href="/wiki/Tetragonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetragonal">tetragonal</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">space group</a> <i>D</i><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span> or <i>P</i>4<sub>1</sub>2<sub>1</sub>2.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aqueous_solutions">Aqueous solutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aqueous solutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">aqueous solutions</a>, hydrogen peroxide forms a <a href="/wiki/Eutectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutectic">eutectic</a> mixture, exhibiting <a href="/wiki/Freezing-point_depression" title="Freezing-point depression">freezing-point depression</a> down as low as –56 °C; pure water has a freezing point of 0 °C and pure hydrogen peroxide of –0.43 °C. The boiling point of the same mixtures is also depressed in relation with the mean of both boiling points (125.1 °C). It occurs at 114 °C. This boiling point is 14 °C greater than that of pure water and 36.2 °C less than that of pure hydrogen peroxide.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <li style="display: inline-table; vertical-align:top;"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phase_diagram_hydrogen_peroxide_water.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Phase_diagram_hydrogen_peroxide_water.svg/423px-Phase_diagram_hydrogen_peroxide_water.svg.png" decoding="async" width="423" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Phase_diagram_hydrogen_peroxide_water.svg/635px-Phase_diagram_hydrogen_peroxide_water.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Phase_diagram_hydrogen_peroxide_water.svg/846px-Phase_diagram_hydrogen_peroxide_water.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phase_diagram" title="Phase diagram">Phase diagram</a> of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> and water: Area above blue line is liquid. Dotted lines separate solid–liquid phases from solid–solid phases.</figcaption></figure> </li> <li style="display: inline-table; vertical-align:top;"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Density of aqueous solution of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> (<a href="/wiki/W/w" class="mw-redirect" title="W/w">w/w</a>)</th> <th>Density<br />(g/cm<sup>3</sup>)</th> <th>Temp.<br />(°C) </th></tr> <tr> <td>3%</td> <td>1.0095</td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>27%</td> <td>1.10</td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35%</td> <td>1.13</td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>50%</td> <td>1.20</td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>70%</td> <td>1.29</td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>75%</td> <td>1.33</td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>96%</td> <td>1.42</td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>98%</td> <td>1.43</td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>100%</td> <td>1.45</td> <td>20 </td></tr></tbody></table> </li><p> Hydrogen peroxide is most commonly available as a solution in water. For consumers, it is usually available from pharmacies at 3 and 6 <a href="/wiki/Wt%25" class="mw-redirect" title="Wt%">wt%</a> concentrations. The concentrations are sometimes described in terms of the volume of oxygen gas generated; one milliliter of a 20-volume solution generates twenty milliliters of oxygen gas when completely decomposed. For laboratory use, 30 wt% solutions are most common. Commercial grades from 70% to 98% are also available, but due to the potential of solutions of more than 68% hydrogen peroxide to be converted entirely to steam and oxygen (with the temperature of the steam increasing as the concentration increases above 68%) these grades are potentially far more hazardous and require special care in dedicated storage areas. Buyers must typically allow inspection by commercial manufacturers. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_with_analogues">Comparison with analogues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Comparison with analogues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hydrogen peroxide has several structural analogues with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub"><i>m</i></sub>X−XH<sub class="template-chem2-sub"><i>n</i></sub></span> bonding arrangements (water also shown for comparison). It has the highest (theoretical) boiling point of this series (X = O, S, N, P). Its melting point is also fairly high, being comparable to that of <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a> and water, with only <a href="/wiki/Hydroxylamine" title="Hydroxylamine">hydroxylamine</a> crystallising significantly more readily, indicative of particularly strong hydrogen bonding. <a href="/wiki/Diphosphane" title="Diphosphane">Diphosphane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_disulfide" title="Hydrogen disulfide">hydrogen disulfide</a> exhibit only weak hydrogen bonding and have little chemical similarity to hydrogen peroxide. Structurally, the analogues all adopt similar skewed structures, due to repulsion between adjacent <a href="/wiki/Lone_pair" title="Lone pair">lone pairs</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Properties of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> and its analogues<br />Values marked * are extrapolated </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Formula</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a><br />(g/mol)</th> <th>Melting<br />point (°C)</th> <th>Boiling<br />point (°C) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">Water</a></td> <td>HOH</td> <td>18.02</td> <td>0.00</td> <td>99.98 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hydrogen peroxide</td> <td>HOOH</td> <td>34.01</td> <td>−0.43</td> <td>150.2* </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_disulfide" title="Hydrogen disulfide">Hydrogen disulfide</a></td> <td>HSSH</td> <td>66.15</td> <td>−89.6</td> <td>70.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">Hydrazine</a></td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>NNH<sub>2</sub></td> <td>32.05</td> <td>2</td> <td>114 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroxylamine" title="Hydroxylamine">Hydroxylamine</a></td> <td>NH<sub>2</sub>OH</td> <td>33.03</td> <td>33</td> <td>58* </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diphosphane" title="Diphosphane">Diphosphane</a></td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>PPH<sub>2</sub></td> <td>65.98</td> <td>−99</td> <td>63.5* </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_occurrence">Natural occurrence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Natural occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hydrogen peroxide is produced by various biological processes mediated by <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a>. </p><p>Hydrogen peroxide has been detected in surface water, in groundwater, and in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>. It can also form when water is exposed to UV light.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sea water contains 0.5 to 14 μg/L of hydrogen peroxide, and freshwater contains 1 to 30 μg/L.<sup id="cite_ref-offer_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-offer-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concentrations in air are about 0.4 to 4 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, varying over several <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of magnitude">orders of magnitude</a> depending in conditions such as season, altitude, daylight and water vapor content. In rural nighttime air it is less than 0.014 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, and in moderate <a href="/wiki/Smog#Photochemical_smog" title="Smog">photochemical smog</a> it is 14 to 42 μg/m<sup>3</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-OEL_1996_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEL_1996-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The amount of hydrogen peroxide in biological systems can be assayed using a <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_assay" title="Enzyme assay">fluorometric assay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8074285_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8074285-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> is sometimes said to have been the first to report the first synthetic peroxide, <a href="/wiki/Barium_peroxide" title="Barium peroxide">barium peroxide</a>, in 1799 as a by-product of his attempts to decompose air, although this is disputed due to von Humboldt's ambiguous wording.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nineteen years later <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jacques_Th%C3%A9nard" title="Louis Jacques Thénard">Louis Jacques Thénard</a> recognized that this compound could be used for the preparation of a previously unknown compound, which he described as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">eau oxygénée</i></span> ("oxygenated water") — subsequently known as hydrogen peroxide.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An improved version of Thénard's process used <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>, followed by addition of <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> to precipitate the <a href="/wiki/Barium_sulfate" title="Barium sulfate">barium sulfate</a> byproduct. This process was used from the end of the 19th century until the middle of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-jonesclark_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jonesclark-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bleaching effect of peroxides and their salts on <a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">natural dyes</a> had been known since Thénard's experiments in the 1820s, but early attempts of industrial production of peroxides failed. The first plant producing hydrogen peroxide was built in 1873 in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. The discovery of the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide by <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> introduced the more efficient electrochemical method. It was first commercialized in 1908 in <a href="/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fenstein" title="Weißenstein">Weißenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (state)">Carinthia</a>, Austria. The <a href="/wiki/Anthraquinone_process" title="Anthraquinone process">anthraquinone process</a>, which is still used, was developed during the 1930s by the German chemical manufacturer <a href="/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben">IG Farben</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ludwigshafen" title="Ludwigshafen">Ludwigshafen</a>. The increased demand and improvements in the synthesis methods resulted in the rise of the annual production of hydrogen peroxide from 35,000 tonnes in 1950, to over 100,000 tonnes in 1960, to 300,000 tonnes by 1970; by 1998 it reached 2.7 million tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-offer_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-offer-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early attempts failed to produce neat hydrogen peroxide. Anhydrous hydrogen peroxide was first obtained by <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_distillation" title="Vacuum distillation">vacuum distillation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Determination of the molecular structure of hydrogen peroxide proved to be very difficult. In 1892, the Italian physical chemist Giacomo Carrara (1864–1925) determined its molecular mass by <a href="/wiki/Freezing-point_depression" title="Freezing-point depression">freezing-point depression</a>, which confirmed that its molecular formula is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O=O</span> seemed to be just as possible as the modern structure, and as late as in the middle of the 20th century at least half a dozen hypothetical isomeric variants of two main options seemed to be consistent with the available evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1934, the English mathematical physicist <a href="/wiki/William_Penney,_Baron_Penney" title="William Penney, Baron Penney">William Penney</a> and the Scottish physicist <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Sutherland" title="Gordon Sutherland">Gordon Sutherland</a> proposed a molecular structure for hydrogen peroxide that was very similar to the presently accepted one.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riedl-Pfleiderer_process.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Riedl-Pfleiderer_process.svg/420px-Riedl-Pfleiderer_process.svg.png" decoding="async" width="420" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Riedl-Pfleiderer_process.svg/630px-Riedl-Pfleiderer_process.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Riedl-Pfleiderer_process.svg/840px-Riedl-Pfleiderer_process.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catalytic_cycle" title="Catalytic cycle">Catalytic cycle</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Anthraquinone_process" title="Anthraquinone process">anthraquinone process</a> to produce hydrogen peroxide: an anthraquinone (right) is reduced using hydrogen to produce the corresponding anthrahydroquinone (left). This is oxidized using oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide and recover anthraquinone.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1994, world production of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> was around 1.9 million tonnes and grew to 2.2 million in 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-HageLienke_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HageLienke-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most of which was at a concentration of 70% or less. In that year, bulk 30% <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> sold for around 0.54 <a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">USD</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a>, equivalent to US$1.50/kg (US$0.68/<a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">lb</a>) on a "100% basis".<sup id="cite_ref-Antra_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antra-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Today, hydrogen peroxide is manufactured almost exclusively by the <a href="/wiki/Anthraquinone_process" title="Anthraquinone process">anthraquinone process</a>, which was originally developed by <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a> in 1939. It begins with the reduction of an <a href="/wiki/Anthraquinone" title="Anthraquinone">anthraquinone</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/2-Ethylanthraquinone" title="2-Ethylanthraquinone">2-ethylanthraquinone</a> or the 2-amyl derivative) to the corresponding anthrahydroquinone, typically by <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenation" title="Hydrogenation">hydrogenation</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a> <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalyst</a>. In the presence of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, the anthrahydroquinone then undergoes <a href="/wiki/Autoxidation" title="Autoxidation">autoxidation</a>: the labile hydrogen atoms of the <a href="/wiki/Hydroxy_group" title="Hydroxy group">hydroxy groups</a> transfer to the oxygen molecule, to give hydrogen peroxide and regenerating the anthraquinone. Most commercial processes achieve oxidation by bubbling <a href="/wiki/Compressed_air" title="Compressed air">compressed air</a> through a solution of the anthrahydroquinone, with the hydrogen peroxide then <a href="/wiki/Liquid%E2%80%93liquid_extraction" title="Liquid–liquid extraction">extracted</a> from the solution and the anthraquinone recycled back for successive cycles of hydrogenation and oxidation.<sup id="cite_ref-Antra_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antra-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Riedl&Pleiderer_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riedl&Pleiderer-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The net reaction for the anthraquinone-catalyzed process is:<sup id="cite_ref-Antra_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antra-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> → H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></dd></dl> <p>The economics of the process depend heavily on effective recycling of the extraction solvents, the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenation" title="Hydrogenation">hydrogenation</a> catalyst and the expensive <a href="/wiki/Quinone" title="Quinone">quinone</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Container_JOTU501003_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Container_JOTU501003_9.jpg/220px-Container_JOTU501003_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Container_JOTU501003_9.jpg/330px-Container_JOTU501003_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Container_JOTU501003_9.jpg/440px-Container_JOTU501003_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>ISO tank container for hydrogen peroxide transportation</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HydrogenPeroxideTankCarBoltonON.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/HydrogenPeroxideTankCarBoltonON.jpg/220px-HydrogenPeroxideTankCarBoltonON.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/HydrogenPeroxideTankCarBoltonON.jpg/330px-HydrogenPeroxideTankCarBoltonON.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/HydrogenPeroxideTankCarBoltonON.jpg/440px-HydrogenPeroxideTankCarBoltonON.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>A tank car designed for transporting hydrogen peroxide by rail</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_methods">Historical methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Historical methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hydrogen peroxide was once prepared industrially by <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_persulfate" title="Ammonium persulfate">ammonium persulfate</a>: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>S<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">8</sub> + 2 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O → 2 [NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]HSO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub> + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></dd></dl> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>S<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">8</sub></span> was itself obtained by the <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> of a solution of <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_bisulfate" title="Ammonium bisulfate">ammonium bisulfate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]HSO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_routes">Other routes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other routes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Small amounts are formed by electrolysis, <a href="/wiki/Photochemistry" title="Photochemistry">photochemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc" title="Electric arc">electric arc</a>, and related methods.<sup id="cite_ref-Mell1922_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mell1922-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A commercially viable route for hydrogen peroxide via the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen favours production of water but can be stopped at the peroxide stage.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hutchings_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutchings-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One economic obstacle has been that direct processes give a dilute solution uneconomic for transportation. None of these has yet reached a point where it can be used for industrial-scale synthesis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acid-base">Acid-base</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Acid-base"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hydrogen peroxide is about 1000 times stronger as an acid than water.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> ⇌ H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup> + HO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>2</span></span></span> (p<i>K</i> = 11.65)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disproportionation">Disproportionation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Disproportionation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hydrogen peroxide disproportionates to form water and oxygen with a <a href="/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard enthalpy change of reaction">Δ<i>H</i><sup><s>o</s></sup></a> of –2884.5 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule">kJ</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a Δ<a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">S</a> of 70.5 J/(mol·K): </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">2 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> → 2 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O + O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></dd></dl> <p>The rate of decomposition increases with rise in temperature, concentration, and <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> is unstable under alkaline conditions. Decomposition is catalysed by various redox-active ions or compounds, including most <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metals</a> and their compounds (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Manganese_dioxide" title="Manganese dioxide">manganese dioxide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">MnO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>), <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxidation_reactions">Oxidation reactions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Oxidation reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">redox</a> properties of hydrogen peroxide depend on pH. In acidic solutions, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> is a powerful <a href="/wiki/Oxidizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidizer">oxidizer</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Oxidant" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidant">Oxidizing<br />reagent</a></th> <th>Reduced<br />product </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation potential">Oxidation<br />potential</a><br />(V) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">F<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">HF</a> </td> <td align="center">3.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a> </td> <td align="center">2.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></a> </td> <td align="center">1.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_permanganate" title="Potassium permanganate"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">KMnO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese_dioxide" title="Manganese dioxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">MnO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a> </td> <td align="center">1.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_dioxide" title="Chlorine dioxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">ClO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hypochlorous_acid" title="Hypochlorous acid">HClO</a> </td> <td align="center">1.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Cl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Cl<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span></a> </td> <td align="center">1.4 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Sulfite" title="Sulfite">Sulfite</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">SO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>3</span></span></span>) is oxidized to <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">SO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>4</span></span></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reduction_reactions">Reduction reactions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reduction reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/Alkaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline">alkaline</a> conditions, hydrogen peroxide is a reductant. When <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> acts as a reducing agent, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> gas is also produced. For example, hydrogen peroxide will reduce <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite" title="Sodium hypochlorite">sodium hypochlorite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium_permanganate" title="Potassium permanganate">potassium permanganate</a>, which is a convenient method for preparing <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> in the laboratory: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaOCl + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> → O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + NaCl + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">2 KMnO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub> + 3 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> → 2 MnO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + 2 KOH + 2 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O + 3 O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></dd></dl> <p>The oxygen produced from hydrogen peroxide and sodium <a href="/wiki/Hypochlorite" title="Hypochlorite">hypochlorite</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Singlet_oxygen" title="Singlet oxygen">the singlet state</a>. </p><p>Hydrogen peroxide also reduces <a href="/wiki/Silver_oxide" title="Silver oxide">silver oxide</a> to <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ag<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> → 2 Ag + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O + O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></dd></dl> <p>Although usually a reductant, alkaline hydrogen peroxide converts Mn(II) to the dioxide: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + Mn<sup>2+</sup> + 2 OH<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup> → MnO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + 2 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></dd></dl> <p>In a related reaction, <a href="/wiki/Potassium_permanganate" title="Potassium permanganate">potassium permanganate</a> is reduced to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Mn<sup>2+</sup></span> by <i>acidic</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>:<sup id="cite_ref-House_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-House-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">2 MnO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>4</span></span> + 5 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + 6 H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup> → 2 Mn<sup class="template-chem2-sup">2+</sup> + 8 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O + 5 O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organic_reactions">Organic reactions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Organic reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hydrogen peroxide is frequently used as an <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidizing agent</a>. Illustrative is oxidation of <a href="/wiki/Thioether" class="mw-redirect" title="Thioether">thioethers</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Sulfoxide" title="Sulfoxide">sulfoxides</a>, such as conversion of <a href="/wiki/Thioanisole" title="Thioanisole">thioanisole</a> to <a href="/wiki/Methyl_phenyl_sulfoxide" title="Methyl phenyl sulfoxide">methyl phenyl sulfoxide</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ph-S-CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> → Ph-S(O)-CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></dd></dl> <p>Alkaline hydrogen peroxide is used for <a href="/wiki/Epoxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoxidation">epoxidation</a> of electron-deficient alkenes such as <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_acid" title="Acrylic acid">acrylic acid</a> derivatives,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for the oxidation of <a href="/wiki/Alkylborane" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkylborane">alkylboranes</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohols</a>, the second step of <a href="/wiki/Hydroboration-oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroboration-oxidation">hydroboration-oxidation</a>. It is also the principal reagent in the <a href="/wiki/Dakin_oxidation" title="Dakin oxidation">Dakin oxidation</a> process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursor_to_other_peroxide_compounds">Precursor to other peroxide compounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Precursor to other peroxide compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hydrogen peroxide is a weak acid, forming <a href="/wiki/Hydroperoxide" title="Hydroperoxide">hydroperoxide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Peroxide" title="Peroxide">peroxide</a> <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> with many metals. </p><p>It also converts metal oxides into the corresponding peroxides. For example, upon treatment with hydrogen peroxide, <a href="/wiki/Chromic_acid" title="Chromic acid">chromic acid</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CrO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>) forms a blue peroxide <a href="/wiki/Chromium(VI)_oxide_peroxide" title="Chromium(VI) oxide peroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CrO(O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Biochemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ascaridol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ascaridol.svg/110px-Ascaridol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ascaridol.svg/165px-Ascaridol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ascaridol.svg/220px-Ascaridol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="221" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ascaridole" title="Ascaridole">Ascaridole</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_2">Production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The aerobic oxidation of <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> in the presence of the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Glucose_oxidase" title="Glucose oxidase">glucose oxidase</a> produces hydrogen peroxide. The conversion affords <a href="/wiki/Gluconolactone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluconolactone">gluconolactone</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub> + O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> → C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">10</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub> + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Superoxide_dismutase" title="Superoxide dismutase">Superoxide dismutases</a> (SOD)s are <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> that promote the <a href="/wiki/Disproportionation" title="Disproportionation">disproportionation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Superoxide" title="Superoxide">superoxide</a> into <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and hydrogen peroxide.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">2 O<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>2</span></span> + 2 H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup> → O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">2 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> → O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + 2 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Peroxisome" title="Peroxisome">Peroxisomes</a> are <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">organelles</a> found in virtually all <a href="/wiki/Eukaryotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotic">eukaryotic</a> cells.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20124343_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20124343-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are involved in the <a href="/wiki/Catabolism" title="Catabolism">catabolism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Very_long_chain_fatty_acid" title="Very long chain fatty acid">very long chain fatty acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Branched-chain-fatty-acid_kinase" title="Branched-chain-fatty-acid kinase">branched chain fatty acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/D-amino_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="D-amino acid"><small>D</small>-amino acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyamine" title="Polyamine">polyamines</a>, and biosynthesis of <a href="/wiki/Plasmalogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasmalogens">plasmalogens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ether_phospholipid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ether phospholipid">ether phospholipids</a>, which are found in mammalian brains and lungs.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16756494_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16756494-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They produce hydrogen peroxide in a process catalyzed by <a href="/wiki/Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide" title="Flavin adenine dinucleotide">flavin adenine dinucleotide</a> (FAD):<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">R-CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>-CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>-CO-SCoA + O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {->[{\ce {FAD}}]}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>FAD</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {->[{\ce {FAD}}]}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cfe32866bbddda63271e58f329b21caad5946b64" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.028ex; margin-top: -0.441ex; margin-bottom: -0.477ex; width:4.885ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {->[{\ce {FAD}}]}}}"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">R-CH=CH-CO-SCoA + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></dd></dl> <p>Hydrogen peroxide arises by the degradation of <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate" title="Adenosine monophosphate">adenosine monophosphate</a>, which yields <a href="/wiki/Hypoxanthine" title="Hypoxanthine">hypoxanthine</a>. Hypoxanthine is then oxidatively <a href="/wiki/Catabolism" title="Catabolism">catabolized</a> first to <a href="/wiki/Xanthine" title="Xanthine">xanthine</a> and then to <a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric acid</a>, and the reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Xanthine_oxidase" title="Xanthine oxidase">xanthine oxidase</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-lehninger932_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lehninger932-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="center"><div class="thumb tnone" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:602px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:600px;"> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:lightgreen;"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hypoxanthine" title="Hypoxanthine">Hypoxanthine</a></p> </div><div style="margin: auto 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hypoxanthin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hypoxanthin.svg/100px-Hypoxanthin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hypoxanthin.svg/150px-Hypoxanthin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hypoxanthin.svg/200px-Hypoxanthin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="155" data-file-height="149" /></a></span></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:#ffcccc;"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Xanthine_oxidase" title="Xanthine oxidase">Xanthine oxidase</a></p> </div><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around; align-items: flex-end;"><div style="width: 45%; float:left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></div> <div style="width: 45%; float:right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></div> </div><div style="width: 100%; clear:both; overflow: hidden; height: 45px;"><div style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rightward reaction arrow with minor substrate(s) from top left and minor product(s) to top right"><img alt="Rightward reaction arrow with minor substrate(s) from top left and minor product(s) to top right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg/75px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg/113px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg/150px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span></div></div><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around; min-height: 37.5px;"></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:lightgreen;"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Xanthine" title="Xanthine">Xanthine</a></p> </div><div style="margin: auto 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xanthin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Xanthin.svg/100px-Xanthin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Xanthin.svg/150px-Xanthin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Xanthin.svg/200px-Xanthin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="173" data-file-height="157" /></a></span></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:#ffcccc;"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Xanthine_oxidase" title="Xanthine oxidase">Xanthine oxidase</a></p> </div><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around; align-items: flex-end;"><div style="width: 45%; float:left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></div> <div style="width: 45%; float:right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></div> </div><div style="width: 100%; clear:both; overflow: hidden; height: 45px;"><div style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rightward reaction arrow with minor substrate(s) from top left and minor product(s) to top right"><img alt="Rightward reaction arrow with minor substrate(s) from top left and minor product(s) to top right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg/75px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg/113px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg/150px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span></div></div><div style="line-height: 1; flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; justify-content: space-around; min-height: 37.5px;"></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column; flex: 1; vertical-align:top;"><div style="width: 100%; display: block; background-color:lightgreen;"> <p style="margin: 0.1em 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">Uric acid</a></p> </div><div style="margin: auto 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harns%C3%A4ure_Ketoform.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Harns%C3%A4ure_Ketoform.svg/120px-Harns%C3%A4ure_Ketoform.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Harns%C3%A4ure_Ketoform.svg/180px-Harns%C3%A4ure_Ketoform.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Harns%C3%A4ure_Ketoform.svg/240px-Harns%C3%A4ure_Ketoform.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="156" /></a></span></div> </div></div><div class="thumbcaption">Degradation of hypoxanthine through xanthine to uric acid to form hydrogen peroxide.</div></div></div></div> <p>The degradation of <a href="/wiki/Guanosine_monophosphate" title="Guanosine monophosphate">guanosine monophosphate</a> yields xanthine as an intermediate product which is then converted in the same way to uric acid with the formation of hydrogen peroxide.<sup id="cite_ref-lehninger932_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lehninger932-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumption">Consumption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Catalase" title="Catalase">Catalase</a>, another peroxisomal enzyme, uses this <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> to oxidize other substrates, including <a href="/wiki/Phenols" title="Phenols">phenols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">formic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohol</a>, by means of a peroxidation reaction: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + R'H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> → R' + 2 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></dd></dl> <p>thus eliminating the poisonous hydrogen peroxide in the process. </p><p>This reaction is important in liver and kidney cells, where the peroxisomes neutralize various toxic substances that enter the blood. Some of the <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> humans drink is oxidized to <a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">acetaldehyde</a> in this way.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, when excess <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> accumulates in the cell, catalase converts it to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span> through this reaction: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> → 0.5 O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Glutathione_peroxidase" title="Glutathione peroxidase">Glutathione peroxidase</a>, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selenoenzyme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selenoenzyme (page does not exist)">selenoenzyme</a>, also catalyzes the disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fenton_reaction">Fenton reaction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Fenton reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reaction of <a href="/wiki/Ferrous" title="Ferrous"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<sup>2+</sup></span></a> and hydrogen peroxide is the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Fenton_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenton reaction">Fenton reaction</a>, which generates <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">hydroxyl radicals</a>, which are of significance in biology: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Fe(II) + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> → Fe(III)OH + HO·</span></dd></dl> <p>The Fenton reaction explains the toxicity of hydrogen peroxides because the hydroxyl radicals rapidly and irreversibly oxidize all organic compounds, including <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Membrane_lipid" title="Membrane lipid">membrane lipids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydrogen peroxide is a significant source of <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)">oxidative DNA damage</a> in living cells. DNA damage includes formation of <a href="/wiki/8-Oxo-2%27-deoxyguanosine" title="8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine">8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine</a> among many other altered bases, as well as strand breaks, inter-strand crosslinks, and deoxyribose damage.<sup id="cite_ref-Halliwell2021_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halliwell2021-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By interacting with Cl¯, hydrogen peroxide also leads to chlorinated DNA bases.<sup id="cite_ref-Halliwell2021_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halliwell2021-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydroxyl radicals readily damage vital cellular components, especially those of the <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The compound is a major factor implicated in the <a href="/wiki/Free-radical_theory_of_aging" title="Free-radical theory of aging">free-radical theory of aging</a>, based on its ready conversion into a <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">hydroxyl radical</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Function">Function</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pheropsophus_verticalis_01_Pengo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Pheropsophus_verticalis_01_Pengo.jpg/130px-Pheropsophus_verticalis_01_Pengo.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Pheropsophus_verticalis_01_Pengo.jpg/195px-Pheropsophus_verticalis_01_Pengo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Pheropsophus_verticalis_01_Pengo.jpg/260px-Pheropsophus_verticalis_01_Pengo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1439" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption>Australian <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_beetle" title="Bombardier beetle">bombardier beetle</a></figcaption></figure><p>Eggs of <a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">sea urchin</a>, shortly after fertilization by a sperm, produce hydrogen peroxide. It is then converted to <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">hydroxyl radicals</a> (HO•), which initiate <a href="/wiki/Radical_polymerization" title="Radical polymerization">radical polymerization</a>, which surrounds the eggs with a protective layer of <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_beetle" title="Bombardier beetle">bombardier beetle</a> combines <a href="/wiki/Hydroquinone" title="Hydroquinone">hydroquinone</a> and hydrogen peroxide, leading to a violent <a href="/wiki/Exothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Exothermic">exothermic</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reaction</a> to produce boiling, foul-smelling liquid that partially becomes a <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flash_evaporation" title="Flash evaporation">flash evaporation</a>) and is expelled through an outlet valve with a loud popping sound.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ncse_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncse-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-to_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-to-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a proposed <a href="/wiki/Signaling_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Signaling molecule">signaling molecule</a>, hydrogen peroxide may regulate a wide variety of biological processes.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least one study has tried to link hydrogen peroxide production to cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bleaching">Bleaching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bleaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About 60% of the world's production of hydrogen peroxide is used for <a href="/wiki/Bleaching_of_wood_pulp" title="Bleaching of wood pulp">pulp- and paper-bleaching</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HageLienke_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HageLienke-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second major industrial application is the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_percarbonate" title="Sodium percarbonate">sodium percarbonate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_perborate" title="Sodium perborate">sodium perborate</a>, which are used as mild bleaches in <a href="/wiki/Laundry" title="Laundry">laundry</a> <a href="/wiki/Detergent" title="Detergent">detergents</a>. A representative conversion is: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Na<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>B<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">7</sub> + 4 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + 2 NaOH → 2 Na<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>B<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub> + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></dd></dl> <p>Sodium percarbonate, which is an adduct of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a> and hydrogen peroxide, is the active ingredient in such laundry products as <a href="/wiki/OxiClean" title="OxiClean">OxiClean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tide_(detergent)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tide (detergent)">Tide laundry detergent</a>. When dissolved in water, it releases hydrogen peroxide and sodium carbonate.<sup id="cite_ref-jonesclark_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jonesclark-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By themselves these bleaching agents are only effective at wash temperatures of 60 °C (140 °F) or above and so, often are used in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Bleach_activator" title="Bleach activator">bleach activators</a>, which facilitate cleaning at lower temperatures. </p><p>Hydrogen peroxide has also been used as a <a href="/wiki/Flour_bleaching_agent" title="Flour bleaching agent">flour bleaching agent</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Tooth_whitening" title="Tooth whitening">tooth and bone whitening</a> agent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_of_organic_peroxy_compounds">Production of organic peroxy compounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Production of organic peroxy compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is used in the production of various <a href="/wiki/Organic_peroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic peroxide">organic peroxides</a> with <a href="/wiki/Dibenzoyl_peroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Dibenzoyl peroxide">dibenzoyl peroxide</a> being a high volume example.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peroxy_acid" title="Peroxy acid">Peroxy acids</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Peracetic_acid" title="Peracetic acid">peracetic acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meta-Chloroperoxybenzoic_acid" title="Meta-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid"><i>meta</i>-chloroperoxybenzoic acid</a> also are produced using hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide has been used for creating <a href="/wiki/Organic_peroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic peroxide">organic peroxide</a>-based explosives, such as <a href="/wiki/Acetone_peroxide" title="Acetone peroxide">acetone peroxide</a>. It is used as an initiator in <a href="/wiki/Radical_polymerization" title="Radical polymerization">polymerizations</a>. Hydrogen peroxide reacts with certain di-<a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Phenyl_oxalate_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenyl oxalate ester">phenyl oxalate ester</a> (cyalume), to produce <a href="/wiki/Chemiluminescence" title="Chemiluminescence">chemiluminescence</a>; this application is most commonly encountered in the form of <a href="/wiki/Glow_stick" title="Glow stick">glow sticks</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_of_inorganic_peroxides">Production of inorganic peroxides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Production of inorganic peroxides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reaction with <a href="/wiki/Borax" title="Borax">borax</a> leads to <a href="/wiki/Sodium_perborate" title="Sodium perborate">sodium perborate</a>, a bleach used in laundry detergents: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Na<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>B<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">7</sub> + 4 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + 2 NaOH → 2 Na<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>B<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub> + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sewage_treatment">Sewage treatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sewage treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hydrogen peroxide is used in certain waste-water treatment processes to remove organic impurities. In <a href="/wiki/Advanced_oxidation_process" title="Advanced oxidation process">advanced oxidation processing</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fenton_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenton reaction">Fenton reaction</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gives the highly reactive <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">hydroxyl radical</a> (•OH). This degrades organic compounds, including those that are ordinarily robust, such as <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_hydrocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic hydrocarbon">aromatic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Halogenated_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Halogenated compound">halogenated compounds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also oxidize <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>-based compounds present in the waste; which is beneficial as it generally reduces their odour.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disinfectant">Disinfectant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Disinfectant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hydrogen peroxide may be used for the sterilization of various surfaces,<sup id="cite_ref-ascenzi_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ascenzi-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including surgical instruments,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may be deployed as a vapour (<a href="/wiki/Vaporized_hydrogen_peroxide" title="Vaporized hydrogen peroxide">VHP</a>) for room sterilization.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> demonstrates broad-spectrum efficacy against viruses, bacteria, yeasts, and bacterial spores.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cdc_sporicidal_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc_sporicidal-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, greater activity is seen against <a href="/wiki/Gram-positive" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-positive">Gram-positive</a> than <a href="/wiki/Gram-negative" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-negative">Gram-negative</a> bacteria; however, the presence of <a href="/wiki/Catalase" title="Catalase">catalase</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Peroxidase" title="Peroxidase">peroxidases</a> in these organisms may increase tolerance in the presence of lower concentrations.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lower levels of concentration (3%) will work against most spores; higher concentrations (7 to 30%) and longer contact times will improve sporicidal activity.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc_sporicidal_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc_sporicidal-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hydrogen peroxide is seen as an environmentally safe alternative to <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>-based bleaches, as it degrades to form oxygen and water and it is <a href="/wiki/Generally_recognized_as_safe" title="Generally recognized as safe">generally recognized as safe</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimicrobial agent">antimicrobial agent</a> by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propellant">Propellant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Propellant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/High-test_peroxide" title="High-test peroxide">High-test peroxide</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rocket_Belt_Propulsion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Rocket_Belt_Propulsion.svg/170px-Rocket_Belt_Propulsion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Rocket_Belt_Propulsion.svg/255px-Rocket_Belt_Propulsion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Rocket_Belt_Propulsion.svg/340px-Rocket_Belt_Propulsion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bell_Rocket_Belt" title="Bell Rocket Belt">Rocket-belt</a> hydrogen peroxide propulsion system used in a <a href="/wiki/Jet_pack" title="Jet pack">jet pack</a></figcaption></figure> <p>High-concentration <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> is referred to as "high-test peroxide" (HTP). It can be used as either a <a href="/wiki/Monopropellant" title="Monopropellant">monopropellant</a> (not mixed with fuel) or the oxidizer component of a <a href="/wiki/Bipropellant_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipropellant rocket">bipropellant rocket</a>. Use as a monopropellant takes advantage of the decomposition of 70–98% concentration hydrogen peroxide into steam and oxygen. The propellant is pumped into a reaction chamber, where a catalyst, usually a silver or platinum screen, triggers decomposition, producing steam at over 600 °C (1,100 °F), which is expelled through a <a href="/wiki/Nozzle" title="Nozzle">nozzle</a>, generating <a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">thrust</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> monopropellant produces a maximal <a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">specific impulse</a> (<i>I</i><sub>sp</sub>) of 161 s (1.6 <a href="/wiki/Newton-second" title="Newton-second">kN·s</a>/kg). Peroxide was the first major monopropellant adopted for use in rocket applications. <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">Hydrazine</a> eventually replaced hydrogen peroxide monopropellant thruster applications primarily because of a 25% increase in the vacuum specific impulse.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydrazine (toxic) and hydrogen peroxide (less toxic [ACGIH TLV 0.01 and 1 ppm respectively]) are the only two monopropellants (other than cold gases) to have been widely adopted and utilized for propulsion and power applications.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bell_Rocket_Belt" title="Bell Rocket Belt">Bell Rocket Belt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reaction_control_system" title="Reaction control system">reaction control systems</a> for <a href="/wiki/Bell_X-1" title="Bell X-1">X-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/X-15" class="mw-redirect" title="X-15">X-15</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centaur_(rocket_stage)" title="Centaur (rocket stage)">Centaur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_(rocket)" title="Little Joe (rocket)">Little Joe</a>, as well as the turbo-pump gas generators for X-1, X-15, Jupiter, Redstone and Viking used hydrogen peroxide as a monopropellant.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/RD-107" title="RD-107">RD-107</a> engines (used from 1957 to present) in the <a href="/wiki/R-7_(rocket_family)" title="R-7 (rocket family)">R-7</a> series of rockets decompose hydrogen peroxide to power the turbopumps. </p><p>In bipropellant applications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> is decomposed to oxidize a burning fuel. Specific impulses as high as 350 s (3.5 kN·s/kg) can be achieved, depending on the fuel. Peroxide used as an oxidizer gives a somewhat lower <i>I</i><sub>sp</sub> than liquid oxygen but is dense, storable, and non-cryogenic and can be more easily used to drive gas turbines to give high pressures using an efficient <i>closed cycle</i>. It may also be used for regenerative cooling of rocket engines. Peroxide was used very successfully as an oxidizer in World War II German rocket motors (e.g., <a href="/wiki/T-Stoff" title="T-Stoff">T-Stoff</a>, containing oxyquinoline stabilizer, for both the <a href="/wiki/Walter_HWK_109-500" title="Walter HWK 109-500">Walter HWK 109-500</a> <i>Starthilfe</i> <a href="/wiki/RATO" class="mw-redirect" title="RATO">RATO</a> externally podded monopropellant booster system and the <a href="/wiki/Walter_HWK_109-509" title="Walter HWK 109-509">Walter HWK 109-509</a> rocket motor series used for the <a href="/wiki/Me_163" class="mw-redirect" title="Me 163">Me 163</a>B), most often used with <a href="/wiki/C-Stoff" title="C-Stoff">C-Stoff</a> in a self-igniting <a href="/wiki/Hypergolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypergolic">hypergolic</a> combination, and for the low-cost British <a href="/wiki/Black_Knight_(rocket)" title="Black Knight (rocket)">Black Knight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Arrow" title="Black Arrow">Black Arrow</a> launchers. Presently, HTP is used on ILR-33 AMBER<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Nucleus<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suborbital rockets. </p><p>In the 1940s and 1950s, the <a href="/wiki/Hellmuth_Walter_Kommanditgesellschaft" title="Hellmuth Walter Kommanditgesellschaft">Hellmuth Walter KG</a>–conceived <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">turbine</a> used hydrogen peroxide for use in <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a> while submerged; it was found to be too noisy and require too much maintenance compared to <a href="/wiki/Submarine#Propulsion" title="Submarine">diesel-electric</a> power systems. Some <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoes</a> used hydrogen peroxide as oxidizer or propellant. Operator error in the use of hydrogen peroxide torpedoes was named as possible causes for the sinking of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Sidon_(P259)" title="HMS Sidon (P259)">HMS <i>Sidon</i></a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_submarine_Kursk_(K-141)" title="Russian submarine Kursk (K-141)">Russian submarine <i>Kursk</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SAAB Underwater Systems is manufacturing the Torpedo 2000. This torpedo, used by the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Navy" title="Swedish Navy">Swedish Navy</a>, is powered by a piston engine propelled by HTP as an oxidizer and <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> as a fuel in a bipropellant system.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Household_use">Household use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Household use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Contact_lens_case_for_Hydrogen_Peroxide_solution_showing_bubbles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Contact_lens_case_for_Hydrogen_Peroxide_solution_showing_bubbles.jpg/170px-Contact_lens_case_for_Hydrogen_Peroxide_solution_showing_bubbles.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Contact_lens_case_for_Hydrogen_Peroxide_solution_showing_bubbles.jpg/255px-Contact_lens_case_for_Hydrogen_Peroxide_solution_showing_bubbles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Contact_lens_case_for_Hydrogen_Peroxide_solution_showing_bubbles.jpg/340px-Contact_lens_case_for_Hydrogen_Peroxide_solution_showing_bubbles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2255" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Contact_lens" title="Contact lens">Contact lenses</a> soaking in a 3% hydrogen peroxide-based solution. The case includes a catalytic disc which neutralises the hydrogen peroxide over time.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hydrogen peroxide has various domestic uses, primarily as a cleaning and disinfecting agent. </p> <dl><dt>Hair bleaching</dt></dl> <p>Diluted <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> (between 1.9% and 12%) mixed with <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_ammonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueous ammonia">aqueous ammonia</a> has been used to bleach human <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a>. The chemical's bleaching property lends its name to the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Peroxide_blonde" class="mw-redirect" title="Peroxide blonde">peroxide blonde</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydrogen peroxide is also used for <a href="/wiki/Tooth_whitening" title="Tooth whitening">tooth whitening</a>. It may be found in most whitening toothpastes. Hydrogen peroxide has shown positive results involving teeth lightness and chroma shade parameters.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It works by oxidizing colored pigments onto the <a href="/wiki/Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">enamel</a> where the shade of the tooth may become lighter.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Are pigments being oxidized onto the enamel, or pigments being oxidized off the enamel? (November 2019)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Hydrogen peroxide may be mixed with baking soda and salt to make a homemade toothpaste.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Removal of blood stains</dt></dl> <p>Hydrogen peroxide reacts with blood as a bleaching agent, and so if a blood stain is fresh, or not too old, liberal application of hydrogen peroxide, if necessary in more than single application, will bleach the stain fully out. After about two minutes of the application, the blood should be firmly blotted out.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Acne treatment</dt></dl> <p>Hydrogen peroxide may be used to treat <a href="/wiki/Acne_vulgaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Acne vulgaris">acne</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although <a href="/wiki/Benzoyl_peroxide" title="Benzoyl peroxide">benzoyl peroxide</a> is a more common treatment. </p> <dl><dt>Oral cleaning agent</dt></dl> <p>The use of dilute hydrogen peroxide as an oral cleansing agent has been reviewed academically to determine its usefulness in treating <a href="/wiki/Gingivitis" title="Gingivitis">gingivitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dental_plaque" title="Dental plaque">plaque</a>. Although there is a positive effect when compared with a placebo, it was concluded that <a href="/wiki/Chlorhexidine" title="Chlorhexidine">chlorhexidine</a> is a much more effective treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Niche_uses">Niche uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Niche uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chemiluminescance.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Chemiluminescance.JPG/170px-Chemiluminescance.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Chemiluminescance.JPG/255px-Chemiluminescance.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Chemiluminescance.JPG/340px-Chemiluminescance.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chemiluminescence" title="Chemiluminescence">Chemiluminescence</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cyalume" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyalume">cyalume</a>, as found in a glow stick</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Horticulture</dt></dl> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulturists</a> and users of <a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">hydroponics</a> advocate the use of weak hydrogen peroxide solution in watering solutions. Its spontaneous decomposition releases oxygen that enhances a plant's root development and helps to treat <a href="/wiki/Root_rot" title="Root rot">root rot</a> (cellular root death due to lack of oxygen) and a variety of other pests.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For general watering concentrations, around 0.1% is in use. This can be increased up to one percent for antifungal actions.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tests show that plant foliage can safely tolerate concentrations up to 3%.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Fishkeeping</dt></dl> <p>Hydrogen peroxide is used in <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> for controlling <a href="/wiki/Fish_mortality" title="Fish mortality">mortality</a> caused by various microbes. In 2019, the U.S. FDA approved it for control of <i>Saprolegniasis</i> in all coldwater finfish and all fingerling and adult coolwater and warmwater finfish, for control of external <a href="/wiki/Columnaris" title="Columnaris">columnaris</a> disease in warm-water finfish, and for control of <i><a href="/wiki/Gyrodactylus" title="Gyrodactylus">Gyrodactylus</a></i> spp. in freshwater-reared salmonids.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laboratory tests conducted by fish culturists have demonstrated that common household hydrogen peroxide may be used safely to provide oxygen for small fish. The hydrogen peroxide releases oxygen by decomposition when it is exposed to catalysts such as <a href="/wiki/Manganese_dioxide" title="Manganese dioxide">manganese dioxide</a>. </p> <dl><dt>Removing yellowing from aged plastics</dt></dl> <p>Hydrogen peroxide may be used in combination with a UV-light source to remove yellowing from white or light grey <a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene" title="Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene">acrylonitrile butadiene styrene</a> (ABS) plastics to partially or fully restore the original color. In the <a href="/wiki/Retrocomputing" title="Retrocomputing">retrocomputing</a> scene, this process is commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Retrobright" title="Retrobright">retrobright</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrogen_peroxide_35_percent_on_skin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fingertips" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hydrogen_peroxide_35_percent_on_skin.jpg/220px-Hydrogen_peroxide_35_percent_on_skin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hydrogen_peroxide_35_percent_on_skin.jpg/330px-Hydrogen_peroxide_35_percent_on_skin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hydrogen_peroxide_35_percent_on_skin.jpg/440px-Hydrogen_peroxide_35_percent_on_skin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="1342" /></a><figcaption>Skin shortly after exposure to 35% <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></figcaption></figure> <p>Regulations vary, but low concentrations, such as 5%, are widely available and legal to buy for medical use. Most over-the-counter peroxide solutions are not suitable for ingestion. Higher concentrations may be considered hazardous and typically are accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">safety data sheet</a> (SDS). In high concentrations, hydrogen peroxide is an aggressive oxidizer and will corrode many materials, including human skin. In the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Reducing_agent" title="Reducing agent">reducing agent</a>, high concentrations of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> will react violently.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While concentrations up to 35% produce only "white" oxygen bubbles in the skin (and some biting pain) that disappear with the blood within 30–45 minutes, concentrations of 98% dissolve paper. However, concentrations as low as 3% can be dangerous for the eye because of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_evolution" title="Oxygen evolution">oxygen evolution</a> within the eye.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High-concentration hydrogen peroxide streams, typically above 40%, should be considered hazardous due to concentrated hydrogen peroxide's meeting the definition of a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">DOT</a> oxidizer according to U.S. regulations if released into the environment. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a> Reportable Quantity (RQ) for D001 hazardous wastes is 100 pounds (45 kg), or approximately 10 US gallons (38 L), of concentrated hydrogen peroxide. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrogen_Peroxide_Bottle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Hydrogen_Peroxide_Bottle.jpg/220px-Hydrogen_Peroxide_Bottle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Hydrogen_Peroxide_Bottle.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>A commercial bottle of H2O2</figcaption></figure> <p>Hydrogen peroxide should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area and away from any flammable or combustible substances. It should be stored in a container composed of non-reactive materials such as stainless steel or glass (other materials including some plastics and aluminium alloys may also be suitable).<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As it breaks down quickly when exposed to light, it should be stored in an opaque container, and pharmaceutical formulations typically come in brown bottles that block light.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hydrogen peroxide, either in pure or diluted form, may pose several risks, the main one being that it forms explosive mixtures upon contact with organic compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-osha_safety_guidelines_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osha_safety_guidelines-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a> of hydrogen peroxide at normal pressures is highly dangerous. It is corrosive, especially when concentrated, but even domestic-strength solutions may cause irritation to the eyes, <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucous membranes</a>, and skin.<sup id="cite_ref-hazards_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hazards-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swallowing hydrogen peroxide solutions is particularly dangerous, as decomposition in the stomach releases large quantities of gas (ten times the volume of a 3% solution), leading to internal bloating. Inhaling over 10% can cause severe pulmonary irritation.<sup id="cite_ref-atsdr_toxic_facts_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atsdr_toxic_facts-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With a significant vapour pressure (1.2 kPa at 50 °C),<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hydrogen peroxide vapour is potentially hazardous. According to U.S. NIOSH, the <a href="/wiki/Immediately_dangerous_to_life_and_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Immediately dangerous to life and health">immediately dangerous to life and health</a> (IDLH) limit is only 75 ppm.<sup id="cite_ref-dangerous_concentrations_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dangerous_concentrations-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) has established a permissible exposure limit of 1.0 ppm calculated as an 8-hour time-weighted average (29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z-1).<sup id="cite_ref-osha_safety_guidelines_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osha_safety_guidelines-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydrogen peroxide has been classified by the <a href="/wiki/American_Conference_of_Governmental_Industrial_Hygienists" title="American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists">American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists</a> (ACGIH) as a "known animal carcinogen, with unknown relevance on humans".<sup id="cite_ref-carcinogen_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carcinogen-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For workplaces where there is a risk of exposure to the hazardous concentrations of the vapours, continuous monitors for hydrogen peroxide should be used. Information on the hazards of hydrogen peroxide is available from OSHA<sup id="cite_ref-osha_safety_guidelines_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osha_safety_guidelines-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from the ATSDR.<sup id="cite_ref-atsdr_toxic_substance_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atsdr_toxic_substance-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wound_healing">Wound healing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Wound healing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, hydrogen peroxide was used for disinfecting wounds, partly because of its low cost and prompt availability compared to other <a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">antiseptics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is conflicting evidence on hydrogen peroxide's effect on wound healing. Some research finds benefit, while other research find delays and healing inhibition.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its use for home treatment of wounds is generally not recommended.<sup id="cite_ref-Don't_use_hydrogen_peroxide_on_wounds_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Don't_use_hydrogen_peroxide_on_wounds-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1.5–3% hydrogen peroxide is used as a disinfectant in dentistry, especially in endodotic treatments together with hypochlorite and chlorhexidin and 1–1.5% is also useful for treatment of inflammation of third molars (wisdom teeth).<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_alternative_medicine">Use in alternative medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Use in alternative medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Practitioners of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a> have advocated the use of hydrogen peroxide for various conditions, including <a href="/wiki/Emphysema" title="Emphysema">emphysema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>, and in particular <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no evidence of effectiveness and in some cases it has proved fatal.<sup id="cite_ref-largeOral_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-largeOral-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-baddrink_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baddrink-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-snopesH2O2_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snopesH2O2-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lethalInjection_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lethalInjection-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both the effectiveness and safety of hydrogen peroxide therapy is scientifically questionable. Hydrogen peroxide is produced by the immune system, but in a carefully controlled manner. Cells called <a href="/wiki/Phagocyte" title="Phagocyte">phagocytes</a> engulf pathogens and then use hydrogen peroxide to destroy them. The peroxide is toxic to both the cell and the pathogen and so is kept within a special compartment, called a <a href="/wiki/Phagosome" title="Phagosome">phagosome</a>. Free hydrogen peroxide will damage any tissue it encounters via <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_stress" title="Oxidative stress">oxidative stress</a>, a process that also has been proposed as a cause of cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claims that hydrogen peroxide therapy increases cellular levels of oxygen have not been supported. The quantities administered would be expected to provide very little additional oxygen compared to that available from normal respiration. It is also difficult to raise the level of oxygen around cancer cells within a tumour, as the blood supply tends to be poor, a situation known as <a href="/wiki/Tumor_hypoxia" title="Tumor hypoxia">tumor hypoxia</a>. </p><p>Large oral doses of hydrogen peroxide at a 3% concentration may cause irritation and blistering to the mouth, throat, and abdomen as well as abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea.<sup id="cite_ref-largeOral_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-largeOral-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ingestion of hydrogen peroxide at concentrations of 35% or higher has been implicated as the cause of numerous <a href="/wiki/Air_embolism" title="Air embolism">gas embolism</a> events resulting in hospitalisation. In these cases, <a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicine" title="Hyperbaric medicine">hyperbaric oxygen therapy</a> was used to treat the embolisms.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">Intravenous injection</a> of hydrogen peroxide has been linked to several deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-deaths_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deaths-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-snopesH2O2_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snopesH2O2-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lethalInjection_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lethalInjection-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/American_Cancer_Society" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a> states that "there is no scientific evidence that hydrogen peroxide is a safe, effective, or useful cancer treatment."<sup id="cite_ref-baddrink_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baddrink-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the therapy is not approved by the U.S. FDA. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_incidents">Historical incidents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Historical incidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>On 16 July 1934, in <a href="/wiki/Kummersdorf" title="Kummersdorf">Kummersdorf</a>, Germany, a propellant tank containing an experimental monopropellant mixture consisting of hydrogen peroxide and <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> exploded during a test, killing three people.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, doctors in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">German concentration camps</a> experimented with the use of hydrogen peroxide injections in the killing of human subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In December 1943, the pilot <a href="/wiki/Josef_P%C3%B6hs" title="Josef Pöhs">Josef Pöhs</a> died after being exposed to the <a href="/wiki/T-Stoff" title="T-Stoff">T-Stoff</a> of his <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_163" class="mw-redirect" title="Messerschmitt Me 163">Messerschmitt Me 163</a>.</li> <li>In June 1955, Royal Navy submarine <a href="/wiki/HMS_Sidon_(P259)#Accident" title="HMS Sidon (P259)">HMS <i>Sidon</i></a> sank after leaking high-test peroxide in a torpedo caused it to explode in its tube, killing twelve crew members; a member of the rescue party also succumbed.</li> <li>In April 1992, an explosion occurred at the hydrogen peroxide plant at <a href="/wiki/Jarrie" title="Jarrie">Jarrie</a> in France, due to technical failure of the computerised control system and resulting in one fatality and wide destruction of the plant.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Several people received minor injuries after a hydrogen peroxide spill on board a <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Airlines" title="Northwest Airlines">Northwest Airlines</a> flight from <a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando, Florida</a> to <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a> on 28 October 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Russian submarine <a href="/wiki/Russian_submarine_Kursk_(K-141)" title="Russian submarine Kursk (K-141)">K-141 <i>Kursk</i></a> sailed to perform an exercise of firing dummy torpedoes at the <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_battlecruiser_Pyotr_Velikiy" title="Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy">Pyotr Velikiy</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Kirov-class_battlecruiser" title="Kirov-class battlecruiser"><i>Kirov</i>-class battlecruiser</a>. On 12 August 2000, at 11:28 local time (07:28 UTC), <a href="/wiki/Kursk_submarine_disaster" title="Kursk submarine disaster">there was an explosion</a> while preparing to fire the torpedoes. The only credible report to date is that this was due to the failure and explosion of one of the <i>Kursk'</i>s hydrogen peroxide-fueled torpedoes. It is believed that <a href="/wiki/High_test_peroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="High test peroxide">HTP</a>, a form of highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide used as propellant for the torpedo, seeped through its container, damaged either by rust or in the loading procedure on land where an incident involving one of the torpedoes accidentally touching ground went unreported. The vessel was lost with all hands.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 15 August 2010, a spill of about 30 US gallons (110 L) of cleaning fluid occurred on the 54th floor of 1515 Broadway, in <a href="/wiki/Times_Square" title="Times Square">Times Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. The spill, which a spokesperson for the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Fire_Department" title="New York City Fire Department">New York City Fire Department</a> said was of hydrogen peroxide, shut down Broadway between West 42nd and West 48th streets as fire engines responded to the <a href="/wiki/HAZMAT" class="mw-redirect" title="HAZMAT">hazmat</a> situation. There were no reported injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FOX_reagent" title="FOX reagent">FOX reagent</a>, used to measure levels of hydrogen peroxide in biological systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chalcogenide" title="Hydrogen chalcogenide">Hydrogen chalcogenide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrobright" title="Retrobright">Retrobright</a>, a process using hydrogen peroxide to restore yellowed <a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene" title="Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene">acrylonitrile butadiene styrene</a> plastic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bis(trimethylsilyl)_peroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Bis(trimethylsilyl) peroxide">Bis(trimethylsilyl) peroxide</a>, an aprotic substitute</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEastonMitchellWynne-Jones1952" class="citation journal cs1">Easton MF, Mitchell AG, Wynne-Jones WF (1952). "The behaviour of mixtures of hydrogen peroxide and water. 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Imperial College Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86094-268-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86094-268-6"><bdi>978-1-86094-268-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413211242/https://books.google.com/books?id=AzoCJfTmRDsC">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: Academic Press. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-126601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-126601-1"><bdi>978-0-12-126601-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+preparative+inorganic+chemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=140&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-12-126601-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+peroxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChernyshovVenerPrikhodchenkoMedvedev2017" class="citation journal cs1">Chernyshov IY, Vener MV, Prikhodchenko PV, Medvedev AG, Lev O, Churakov AV (4 January 2017). "Peroxosolvates: Formation Criteria, H2O2 Hydrogen Bonding, and Isomorphism with the Corresponding Hydrates". <i>Crystal Growth & Design</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 214–220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.cgd.6b01449">10.1021/acs.cgd.6b01449</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1528-7483">1528-7483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crystal+Growth+%26+Design&rft.atitle=Peroxosolvates%3A+Formation+Criteria%2C+H2O2+Hydrogen+Bonding%2C+and+Isomorphism+with+the+Corresponding+Hydrates&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=214-220&rft.date=2017-01-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.cgd.6b01449&rft.issn=1528-7483&rft.aulast=Chernyshov&rft.aufirst=IY&rft.au=Vener%2C+MV&rft.au=Prikhodchenko%2C+PV&rft.au=Medvedev%2C+AG&rft.au=Lev%2C+O&rft.au=Churakov%2C+AV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+peroxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiguère1950" class="citation journal cs1">Giguère PA (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu/11457/1/GIGjcp50.pdf">"The Infra-Red Spectrum of Hydrogen Peroxide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Chemical Physics</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 88. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1950JChPh..18...88G">1950JChPh..18...88G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1747464">10.1063/1.1747464</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171202122026/https://authors.library.caltech.edu/11457/1/GIGjcp50.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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the description of the starting materials ("Alaun-Erden" or "schwere Erden") were just too unprecise to understand what kind of chemical experiments he performed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antioxidants&rft.atitle=Looking+Back+at+the+Early+Stages+of+Redox+Biology&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1254&rft.date=2020-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7763103%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33317108&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fantiox9121254&rft.aulast=Floh%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7763103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+peroxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1820" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gilbert LW (1820). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xwYAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3">"Der tropfbar flüssige Sauerstoff, oder das oxygenierte Wasser"</a>. <i>Annals of Physics</i> (in German). 65–66 (1): 3. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1820AnP....64....1T">1820AnP....64....1T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18200640102">10.1002/andp.18200640102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Der+tropfbar+fl%C3%BCssige+Sauerstoff%2C+oder+das+oxygenierte+Wasser&rft.volume=65%E2%80%9366&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1820&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.18200640102&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1820AnP....64....1T&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=LW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxwYAAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+peroxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThénard1818" class="citation journal cs1">Thénard LJ (1818). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-N43AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA306">"Observations sur des nouvelles combinaisons entre l'oxigène et divers acides"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Annales_de_chimie_et_de_physique" title="Annales de chimie et de physique">Annales de chimie et de physique</a></i>. 2nd series. <b>8</b>: 306–312. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160903130555/https://books.google.com/books?id=-N43AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA306">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+de+chimie+et+de+physique&rft.atitle=Observations+sur+des+nouvelles+combinaisons+entre+l%27oxig%C3%A8ne+et+divers+acides&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=306-312&rft.date=1818&rft.aulast=Th%C3%A9nard&rft.aufirst=LJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-N43AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+peroxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiguère" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul-Antoine_Gigu%C3%A8re" title="Paul-Antoine Giguère">Giguère PA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessscience.com/content/hydrogen-peroxide/329200">"Hydrogen peroxide"</a>. <i>Access Science</i>. McGraw-Hill Education. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1036%2F1097-8542.329200">10.1036/1097-8542.329200</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181130071610/https://www.accessscience.com/content/hydrogen-peroxide/329200">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2018</span>. <q>Hydrogen peroxide was discovered in 1818 by the French chemist Louis-Jacques Thenard, who named it eau oxygénée (oxygenated water).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Access+Science&rft.atitle=Hydrogen+peroxide&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1036%2F1097-8542.329200&rft.aulast=Gigu%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=PA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessscience.com%2Fcontent%2Fhydrogen-peroxide%2F329200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+peroxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jonesclark-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jonesclark_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jonesclark_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesClark1999" class="citation book cs1">Jones CW, Clark JH (1999). <i>Applications of Hydrogen Peroxide and Derivatives</i>. Royal Society of Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-536-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-536-5"><bdi>978-0-85404-536-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Applications+of+Hydrogen+Peroxide+and+Derivatives&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-85404-536-5&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=CW&rft.au=Clark%2C+JH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+peroxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolffenstein1894" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wolffenstein R (October 1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k90736r/f704.image.langEN">"Concentration und Destillation von Wasserstoffsuperoxyd"</a>. <i>Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft</i> (in German). <b>27</b> (3): 3307–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcber.189402703127">10.1002/cber.189402703127</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160213231934/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k90736r/f704.image.langEN">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berichte+der+Deutschen+Chemischen+Gesellschaft&rft.atitle=Concentration+und+Destillation+von+Wasserstoffsuperoxyd&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=3307-12&rft.date=1894-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcber.189402703127&rft.aulast=Wolffenstein&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k90736r%2Ff704.image.langEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+peroxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrara1892" class="citation journal cs1">Carrara G (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160904175937/https://books.google.com/books?id=Yk46AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA19">"Sul peso molecolare e sul potere rifrangente dell' acqua ossigenata"</a> [On the molecular weight and on the refracting power of hydrogen peroxide]. <i>Atti della Reale Accademia dei Lincei</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 19–24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yk46AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA19">the original</a> on 4 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atti+della+Reale+Accademia+dei+Lincei&rft.atitle=Sul+peso+molecolare+e+sul+potere+rifrangente+dell%27+acqua+ossigenata&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=19-24&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Carrara&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYk46AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+peroxide" class="Z3988"></span><br /> Carrara's findings were confirmed by: W. R. Orndorff and John White (1893) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKYwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA347">"The molecular weight of hydrogen peroxide and of benzoyl peroxide,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160904221021/https://books.google.com/books?id=QKYwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA347">Archived</a> 4 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>American Chemical Journal</i>, <b>15</b> : 347–356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example: <ul><li>In 1882, Kingzett proposed as a structure <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O=O</span>. See: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingzett1882" class="citation journal cs1">Kingzett T (29 September 1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1OYEAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA141">"On the activity of oxygen and the mode of formation of hydrogen dioxide"</a>. <i>The Chemical News</i>. <b>46</b> (1192): 141–2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160903031312/https://books.google.com/books?id=1OYEAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA141">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chemical+News&rft.atitle=On+the+activity+of+oxygen+and+the+mode+of+formation+of+hydrogen+dioxide&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1192&rft.pages=141-2&rft.date=1882-09-29&rft.aulast=Kingzett&rft.aufirst=T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1OYEAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+peroxide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>In his 1922 textbook, Joseph Mellor considered three hypothetical molecular structures for hydrogen peroxide, admitting (p. 952): "... the constitution of this compound has not been yet established by unequivocal experiments". See: Joseph William Mellor, <i>A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry</i>, vol. 1 (London, England: Longmans, Green and Co., 1922), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PnjVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA952">p. 952–956.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160903145901/https://books.google.com/books?id=PnjVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA952">Archived</a> 3 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>W. C. Schumb, C. N. Satterfield, and R. L. Wentworth (1 December 1953) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hydrogen-peroxide.us/chemical-properties/MIT-Schumb_etal-hydrogen_Peroxide_ch5_n_ch6-1954.pdf">"Report no. 43: Hydrogen peroxide, Part two"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150226181901/https://hydrogen-peroxide.us/chemical-properties/MIT-Schumb_etal-hydrogen_Peroxide_ch5_n_ch6-1954.pdf">Archived</a> 26 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Office of Naval Research, Contract No. N5ori-07819 On p. 178, the authors present six hypothetical models (including cis-trans isomers) for hydrogen peroxide's molecular structure. On p. 184, the present structure is considered almost certainly correct—although a small doubt remained. (Note: The report by Schumb et al. was reprinted as: W. C. Schumb, C. N. Satterfield, and R. L. Wentworth, <i>Hydrogen Peroxide</i> (New York, New York: Reinhold Publishing Corp. (American Chemical Society Monograph), 1955).)</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenneySutherland1934" class="citation journal cs1">Penney WG, Sutherland GB (1934). 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Vol. 88. pp. 313–377. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0065-2113%2805%2988008-3">10.1016/S0065-2113(05)88008-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-000786-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-000786-8"><bdi>978-0-12-000786-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxygation+Unlocks+Yield+Potentials+of+Crops+in+Oxygen-Limited+Soil+Environments&rft.series=Advances+in+Agronomy&rft.pages=313-377&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0065-2113%2805%2988008-3&rft.isbn=978-0-12-000786-8&rft.aulast=Bhattarai&rft.aufirst=SP&rft.au=Su%2C+N&rft.au=Midmore%2C+DJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+peroxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gardeningdream.com/hydrogen-peroxide-for-plants-and-garden-how-much-hydrogen-peroxide-to-use-on-plants/">"Hydrogen Peroxide for Plants and Garden"</a>. 7 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210510112806/https://www.gardeningdream.com/hydrogen-peroxide-for-plants-and-garden-how-much-hydrogen-peroxide-to-use-on-plants/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hydrogen+Peroxide+for+Plants+and+Garden.&rft.date=2019-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gardeningdream.com%2Fhydrogen-peroxide-for-plants-and-garden-how-much-hydrogen-peroxide-to-use-on-plants%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+peroxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edepot.wur.nl/180309">"Effect of hydrogen peroxide spraying on Hydrocotyle ranunculoides"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200324072427/https://edepot.wur.nl/180309">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Effect+of+hydrogen+peroxide+spraying+on+Hydrocotyle+ranunculoides&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedepot.wur.nl%2F180309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+peroxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/cvm-updates/fda-approves-additional-indications-35-perox-aid-hydrogen-peroxide-use-certain-finfish/">"FDA Approves Additional Indications for 35% PEROX-AID (hydrogen peroxide) for Use in Certain Finfish"</a>. <i>FDA</i>. 26 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212181148/https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/cvm-updates/fda-approves-additional-indications-35-perox-aid-hydrogen-peroxide-use-certain-finfish">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FDA&rft.atitle=FDA+Approves+Additional+Indications+for+35%25+PEROX-AID+%28hydrogen+peroxide%29+for+Use+in+Certain+Finfish&rft.date=2019-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fanimal-veterinary%2Fcvm-updates%2Ffda-approves-additional-indications-35-perox-aid-hydrogen-peroxide-use-certain-finfish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+peroxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreeneBakerFrazier" class="citation web cs1">Greene B, Baker D, Frazier W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20050217417.pdf">"Hydrogen Peroxide Accidents and Incidents: What we can learn from history"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190406223209/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20050217417.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hydrogen+Peroxide+Accidents+and+Incidents%3A+What+we+can+learn+from+history&rft.pub=NASA&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Baker%2C+D&rft.au=Frazier%2C+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F20050217417.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+peroxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Hans Marquardt, Lehrbuch der Toxikologie</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043621/https://www.ozoneservices.com/articles/004.htm">"Material Compatibility with Hydrogen Peroxide"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ozoneservices.com/articles/004.htm">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Material+Compatibility+with+Hydrogen+Peroxide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ozoneservices.com%2Farticles%2F004.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+peroxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220023527/https://www.hydrogenperoxidemouthwash.org/">"Hydrogen Peroxide Mouthwash is it Safe?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hydrogenperoxidemouthwash.org/">the original</a> on 20 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hydrogen+Peroxide+Mouthwash+is+it+Safe%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydrogenperoxidemouthwash.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+peroxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-osha_safety_guidelines-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-osha_safety_guidelines_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osha_safety_guidelines_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osha_safety_guidelines_97-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513085633/https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/hydrogenperoxide/recognition.html">"Occupational Safety and Health Guideline for Hydrogen Peroxide"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/hydrogenperoxide/recognition.html">the original</a> on 13 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Occupational+Safety+and+Health+Guideline+for+Hydrogen+Peroxide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osha.gov%2FSLTC%2Fhealthguidelines%2Fhydrogenperoxide%2Frecognition.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+peroxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hazards-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hazards_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, see an <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415061436/https://hazard.com/msds/mf/baker/baker/files/h4070.htm">"MSDS for a 3% peroxide solution"</a>. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MSDS+for+a+3%25+peroxide+solution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhazard.com%2Fmsds%2Fmf%2Fbaker%2Fbaker%2Ffiles%2Fh4070.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+peroxide" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atsdr_toxic_facts-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atsdr_toxic_facts_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tfacts174.pdf">H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> toxicity and dangers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120605150238/https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tfacts174.pdf">Archived</a> 5 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry" title="Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry</a> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 76th Ed, 1995–1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dangerous_concentrations-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dangerous_concentrations_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/intridl4.html">"CDC — Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Chemical Listing and Documentation of Revised IDLH Values — NIOSH Publications and Products"</a>. 25 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121117012820/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/intridl4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CDC+%E2%80%94+Immediately+Dangerous+to+Life+or+Health+Concentrations+%28IDLH%29%3A+Chemical+Listing+and+Documentation+of+Revised+IDLH+Values+%E2%80%94+NIOSH+Publications+and+Products&rft.date=2017-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fidlh%2Fintridl4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+peroxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carcinogen-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-carcinogen_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602121656/https://www2.worksafebc.com/PDFs/regulation/exposure_limits.pdf">"Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents & Biological Exposure Indices, ACGIH"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.worksafebc.com/PDFs/regulation/exposure_limits.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Threshold+Limit+Values+for+Chemical+Substances+and+Physical+Agents+%26+Biological+Exposure+Indices%2C+ACGIH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.worksafebc.com%2FPDFs%2Fregulation%2Fexposure_limits.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+peroxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atsdr_toxic_substance-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atsdr_toxic_substance_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221446/https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/MHMI/mmg174.html">"ATSDR — Redirect — MMG: Hydrogen Peroxide"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/MHMI/mmg174.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ATSDR+%E2%80%94+Redirect+%E2%80%94+MMG%3A+Hydrogen+Peroxide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atsdr.cdc.gov%2FMHMI%2Fmmg174.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+peroxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilgusBergdallDipietroOberyszyn2005" class="citation journal cs1">Wilgus TA, Bergdall VK, Dipietro LA, Oberyszyn TM (2005). "Hydrogen peroxide disrupts scarless fetal wound repair". <i>Wound Repair and Regeneration</i>. <b>13</b> (5): 513–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1067-1927.2005.00072.x">10.1111/j.1067-1927.2005.00072.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16176460">16176460</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1028923">1028923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wound+Repair+and+Regeneration&rft.atitle=Hydrogen+peroxide+disrupts+scarless+fetal+wound+repair&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=513-9&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1028923%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16176460&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1067-1927.2005.00072.x&rft.aulast=Wilgus&rft.aufirst=TA&rft.au=Bergdall%2C+VK&rft.au=Dipietro%2C+LA&rft.au=Oberyszyn%2C+TM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+peroxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrbanRathRadtke2019" class="citation journal cs1">Urban MV, Rath T, Radtke C (June 2019). "Hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>): a review of its use in surgery". <i>Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift</i>. <b>169</b> (9–10): 222–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10354-017-0610-2">10.1007/s10354-017-0610-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29147868">29147868</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35739209">35739209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wiener+Medizinische+Wochenschrift&rft.atitle=Hydrogen+peroxide+%28H%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3EO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%29%3A+a+review+of+its+use+in+surgery&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=9%E2%80%9310&rft.pages=222-5&rft.date=2019-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35739209%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29147868&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10354-017-0610-2&rft.aulast=Urban&rft.aufirst=MV&rft.au=Rath%2C+T&rft.au=Radtke%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+peroxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Don't_use_hydrogen_peroxide_on_wounds-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Don't_use_hydrogen_peroxide_on_wounds_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://health.clevelandclinic.org/what-is-hydrogen-peroxide-good-for/">"Cleveleand Clinic: What Is Hydrogen Peroxide Good For?"</a>. December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cleveleand+Clinic%3A+What+Is+Hydrogen+Peroxide+Good+For%3F&rft.date=2021-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhealth.clevelandclinic.org%2Fwhat-is-hydrogen-peroxide-good-for%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+peroxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see e.g. Detlev Heidemann, Endodontie, Urban&Fischer 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglass1995" class="citation book cs1">Douglass WC (1995). <i>Hydrogen peroxide : medical miracle</i>. 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Wiley. pp. 109–254, See pp. 112–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470666357.ch3">10.1002/9780470666357.ch3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-93970-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-93970-2"><bdi>978-0-471-93970-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/521033898">521033898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.+Synthesis+of+Sulphoxides&rft.btitle=The+Syntheses+of+Sulphones%2C+Sulphoxides+and+Cyclic+Sulphides&rft.pages=109-254%2C+See+pp.+112-6&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F521033898&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470666357.ch3&rft.isbn=978-0-471-93970-2&rft.aulast=Drabowicz&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Kie%C5%82basinski%2C+P.&rft.au=Miko%C5%82ajczyk%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+peroxide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1">Greenwood NN, Earnshaw A (1997). <i>Chemistry of the Elements</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford UK: Butterworth-Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59124-291-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-59124-291-6"><bdi>1-59124-291-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49708420">49708420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford+UK&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49708420&rft.isbn=1-59124-291-6&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=NN&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+peroxide" class="Z3988"></span> A great description of properties & chemistry of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarch1992" class="citation book cs1">March J (1992). <i>Advanced Organic Chemistry</i> (4th ed.). New York: Wiley. p. 723. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-585-36749-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-585-36749-3"><bdi>0-585-36749-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47010289">47010289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Organic+Chemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=723&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47010289&rft.isbn=0-585-36749-3&rft.aulast=March&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+peroxide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess1995" class="citation book cs1">Hess WT (1995). "Hydrogen Peroxide". <i>Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology</i>. Vol. 13 (4th ed.). Wiley. pp. 961–995. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-52686-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-52686-X"><bdi>0-471-52686-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34412578">34412578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hydrogen+Peroxide&rft.btitle=Kirk-Othmer+Encyclopedia+of+Chemical+Technology&rft.pages=961-995&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34412578&rft.isbn=0-471-52686-X&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=WT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+peroxide" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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Phys. Chem.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://youtube.com/shorts/cF-MUrqVX0A">Bleaching action of Hydrogen peroxide</a> at YouTube</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hydrogen_compounds" title="Template:Hydrogen compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hydrogen_compounds" title="Template talk:Hydrogen compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hydrogen_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hydrogen compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hydrogen_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_compounds" title="Hydrogen compounds">Hydrogen compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arsenous_acid" title="Arsenous acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>AsO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_acid" title="Arsenic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>AsO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argon_fluorohydride" title="Argon fluorohydride">HArF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_astatide" title="Hydrogen astatide">HAt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorosulfuric_acid" title="Fluorosulfuric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HSO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>F</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoroboric_acid" title="Fluoroboric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H[BF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bromide" title="Hydrogen bromide">HBr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypobromous_acid" title="Hypobromous acid">HBrO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromous_acid" title="Bromous acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HBrO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromic_acid" title="Bromic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HBrO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perbromic_acid" title="Perbromic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HBrO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">HCl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypochlorous_acid" title="Hypochlorous acid">HClO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorous_acid" title="Chlorous acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HClO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloric_acid" title="Chloric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HClO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchloric_acid" title="Perchloric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HClO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">HCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminic_acid" title="Fulminic acid">HCNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromic_acid" title="Chromic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CrO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>/<span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Cr<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">7</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocarbonic_acid" title="Thiocarbonic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CS<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">HF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypofluorous_acid" title="Hypofluorous acid">HFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_iodide" title="Hydrogen iodide">HI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoiodous_acid" title="Hypoiodous acid">HIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodous_acid" title="Iodous acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HIO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodic_acid" title="Iodic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HIO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_acid" title="Periodic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HIO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanganic_acid" title="Permanganic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HMnO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>MnO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdic_acid" title="Molybdic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>MoO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">HNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaHCO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">HNCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">HNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_acid" title="Nitrous acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyponitrous_acid" title="Hyponitrous acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>N<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrosylsulfuric_acid" title="Nitrosylsulfuric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>S</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfamic_acid" title="Sulfamic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>NSO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trioxidane" title="Trioxidane"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraoxidane" title="Tetraoxidane"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaoxidane" title="Pentaoxidane"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypophosphorous_acid" title="Hypophosphorous acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>PO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorous_acid" title="Phosphorous acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>PO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>PO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrophosphoric_acid" title="Pyrophosphoric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">7</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphosphoric_acid" title="Triphosphoric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">10</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroplatinic_acid" title="Chloroplatinic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>[PtCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>]</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>S</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_disulfide" title="Hydrogen disulfide"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>S<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_selenide" title="Hydrogen selenide"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Se</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenous_acid" title="Selenous acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SeO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenic_acid" title="Selenic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SeO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicic_acid" title="Silicic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>SiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexafluorosilicic_acid" title="Hexafluorosilicic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>[SiF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>]</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">HSCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isothiocyanic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Isothiocyanic acid">HNCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfurous_acid" title="Sulfurous acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxymonosulfuric_acid" title="Peroxymonosulfuric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiosulfuric_acid" title="Thiosulfuric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>S<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_oxide" title="Trihydrogen oxide"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dithionic_acid" title="Dithionic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>S<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfuric_acid" title="Disulfuric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>S<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">7</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxydisulfuric_acid" title="Peroxydisulfuric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>S<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">8</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triflic_acid" title="Triflic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">CF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>H</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_telluride" title="Hydrogen telluride"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Te</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellurous_acid" title="Tellurous acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>TeO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telluric_acid" title="Telluric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>TeO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_acid" title="Titanic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>TiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_hydride" title="Polonium hydride"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Po</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_tetracarbonyl_hydride" title="Cobalt tetracarbonyl hydride"><span class="chemf nowrap">H[Co(CO)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antiseptics_and_disinfectants_(D08)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antiseptics_and_disinfectants" title="Template:Antiseptics and disinfectants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antiseptics_and_disinfectants" title="Template talk:Antiseptics and disinfectants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antiseptics_and_disinfectants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antiseptics and disinfectants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antiseptics_and_disinfectants_(D08)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">Antiseptics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disinfectant" title="Disinfectant">disinfectants</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D08" title="ATC code D08">D08</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acridine" title="Acridine">Acridine</a> derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethacridine_lactate" title="Ethacridine lactate">Ethacridine lactate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9-Aminoacridine" title="9-Aminoacridine">9-Aminoacridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euflavine" title="Euflavine">Euflavine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biguanide" title="Biguanide">Biguanides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amidine" title="Amidine">amidines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dibrompropamidine" title="Dibrompropamidine">Dibrompropamidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorhexidine" title="Chlorhexidine">Chlorhexidine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propamidine" title="Propamidine">Propamidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexamidine" title="Hexamidine">Hexamidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyhexanide" title="Polyhexanide">Polihexanide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">Phenol</a> and derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hexachlorophene" title="Hexachlorophene">Hexachlorophene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policresulen" title="Policresulen">Policresulen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">Phenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triclosan" title="Triclosan">Triclosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triclocarban" title="Triclocarban">Triclocarban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroxylenol" title="Chloroxylenol">Chloroxylenol</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphenylol" class="mw-redirect" title="Biphenylol">Biphenylol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenticlor" title="Fenticlor">Fenticlor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nitrofuran" title="Nitrofuran">Nitrofuran</a> derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrofurazone" title="Nitrofurazone">Nitrofurazone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iodine/octylphenoxypolyglycolether" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine/octylphenoxypolyglycolether">Iodine/octylphenoxypolyglycolether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Povidone-iodine" title="Povidone-iodine">Povidone-iodine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diiodohydroxypropane" title="Diiodohydroxypropane">Diiodohydroxypropane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quinoline" title="Quinoline">Quinoline</a> derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dequalinium" title="Dequalinium">Dequalinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorquinaldol" title="Chlorquinaldol">Chlorquinaldol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyquinoline" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyquinoline">Oxyquinoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clioquinol" title="Clioquinol">Clioquinol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary ammonium compounds">Quaternary ammonium compounds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzalkonium_chloride" title="Benzalkonium chloride">Benzalkonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzethonium_chloride" title="Benzethonium chloride">Benzethonium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetrimonium" title="Cetrimonium">Cetrimonium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cetrimonium_bromide" title="Cetrimonium bromide">bromide</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cetrimonium_chloride" title="Cetrimonium chloride">chloride</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetylpyridinium_chloride" title="Cetylpyridinium chloride">Cetylpyridinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetrimide" title="Cetrimide">Cetrimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzoxonium_chloride" title="Benzoxonium chloride">Benzoxonium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didecyldimethylammonium_chloride" title="Didecyldimethylammonium chloride">Didecyldimethylammonium chloride</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercurial</a> products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercuric_amidochloride" title="Mercuric amidochloride">Mercuric amidochloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylmercuric_borate" title="Phenylmercuric borate">Phenylmercuric borate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_chloride" title="Mercury(II) chloride">Mercuric chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merbromin" title="Merbromin">Merbromin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitromersol" title="Nitromersol">Nitromersol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiomersal" title="Thiomersal">Thiomersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_iodide" title="Mercury(II) iodide">Mercuric iodide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silver_nitrate" title="Silver nitrate">Silver nitrate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcohols_in_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohols in medicine">Alcohols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1-Propanol" title="1-Propanol">Propanol (propyl alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopropyl_alcohol" title="Isopropyl alcohol">Isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol (ethyl alcohol)</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_permanganate" title="Potassium permanganate">Potassium permanganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite" title="Sodium hypochlorite">Sodium hypochlorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halazone" title="Halazone">Halazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monalazone" title="Monalazone">Monalazone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosin" title="Eosin">Eosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloramine-T" title="Chloramine-T">Chloramine-T (tosylchloramide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octenidine_dihydrochloride" title="Octenidine dihydrochloride">Octenidine dihydrochloride</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Other_dermatological_preparations_(D11)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Other_dermatological_preparations" title="Template:Other dermatological preparations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Other_dermatological_preparations" title="Template talk:Other dermatological preparations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Other_dermatological_preparations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Other dermatological preparations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Other_dermatological_preparations_(D11)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other <a href="/wiki/Dermatological" class="mw-redirect" title="Dermatological">dermatological</a> preparations (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D11" title="ATC code D11">D11</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-seborrheic" title="Anti-seborrheic">Anti-seborrheics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiandrogen" title="Antiandrogen">Antiandrogens</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">Bicalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutamide" title="Flutamide">Flutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antifungal" title="Antifungal">Antifungals</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bifonazole" title="Bifonazole">Bifonazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetrimonium_bromide" title="Cetrimonium bromide">Cetrimonium bromide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cetrimide" title="Cetrimide">cetrimide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclopirox_olamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciclopirox olamine">Ciclopirox olamine (ciclopirox)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbazole" title="Climbazole">Climbazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotrimazole" title="Clotrimazole">Clotrimazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">Ketoconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miconazole" title="Miconazole">Miconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piroctone_olamine" title="Piroctone olamine">Piroctone olamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_disulfide" title="Selenium disulfide">Selenium disulfide (selenium sulfide)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xenysalate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xenysalate (page does not exist)">Xenysalate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_pyrithione" title="Zinc pyrithione">Zinc pyrithione (pyrithione zinc)</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">Antihistamines</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calcineurin_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcineurin inhibitor">Calcineurin inhibitors</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclosporin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclosporin">Cyclosporin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimecrolimus" title="Pimecrolimus">Pimecrolimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacrolimus" title="Tacrolimus">Tacrolimus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotretinoin" title="Isotretinoin">Isotretinoin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keratolytic" title="Keratolytic">Keratolytics</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_tar" title="Coal tar">Coal tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resorcinol" title="Resorcinol">Resorcinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">Salicylic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">Urea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Urea-containing_cream" title="Urea-containing cream">urea-containing cream</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lithium_(medication)" title="Lithium (medication)">Lithium salts</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_gluconate" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium gluconate">Lithium gluconate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_succinate" title="Lithium succinate">Lithium succinate</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Topical_steroid" title="Topical steroid">Topical corticosteroids</a></i> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Hydrocortisone" title="Hydrocortisone">hydrocortisone</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Skin_whitening" title="Skin whitening">Skin lightening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydroquinone" title="Hydroquinone">Hydroquinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mequinol" title="Mequinol">Mequinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monobenzone" title="Monobenzone">Monobenzone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sun_tanning" title="Sun tanning">Skin darkening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afamelanotide" title="Afamelanotide">Afamelanotide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanotan_II" title="Melanotan II">Melanotan II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatories" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-inflammatories">Anti-inflammatories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alitretinoin" title="Alitretinoin">Alitretinoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Linolenic acid">Gamolenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaceprol" title="Oxaceprol">Oxaceprol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimecrolimus" title="Pimecrolimus">Pimecrolimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacrolimus" title="Tacrolimus">Tacrolimus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Topical_steroid" title="Topical steroid">Topical corticosteroids</a></i> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Hydrocortisone" title="Hydrocortisone">hydrocortisone</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Management_of_hair_loss" title="Management of hair loss">Alopecia treatments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Reductase_inhibitor" title="5α-Reductase inhibitor">5α-Reductase inhibitors</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfatradiol" title="Alfatradiol">Alfatradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutasteride" title="Dutasteride">Dutasteride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finasteride" title="Finasteride">Finasteride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saw_palmetto_extract" title="Saw palmetto extract">Saw palmetto extract</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiandrogen" title="Antiandrogen">Antiandrogens</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">Bicalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutamide" title="Flutamide">Flutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topilutamide" title="Topilutamide">Topilutamide (fluridil)</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Potassium channel openers</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minoxidil" title="Minoxidil">Minoxidil</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Others</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepidermin" title="Nepidermin">Nepidermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritlecitinib" title="Ritlecitinib">Ritlecitinib</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hair_growth_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair growth inhibitor">Hair growth inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Reductase_inhibitor" title="5α-Reductase inhibitor">5α-Reductase inhibitors</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutasteride" title="Dutasteride">Dutasteride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finasteride" title="Finasteride">Finasteride</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiandrogen" title="Antiandrogen">Antiandrogens</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">Bicalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutamide" title="Flutamide">Flutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eflornithine" title="Eflornithine">Eflornithine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrocitinib" title="Abrocitinib">Abrocitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminobenzoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Aminobenzoate">Aminobenzoate potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">Androgens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">testosterone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzoylperoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzoylperoxide">Benzoylperoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brimonidine" title="Brimonidine">Brimonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_gluconate" title="Calcium gluconate">Calcium gluconate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">Collagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisaborole" title="Crisaborole">Crisaborole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromoglicic_acid" title="Cromoglicic acid">Cromoglicic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delgocitinib" title="Delgocitinib">Delgocitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxycholic_acid" title="Deoxycholic acid">Deoxycholic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclofenac" title="Diclofenac">Diclofenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dupilumab" title="Dupilumab">Dupilumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">Estrogens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">estradiol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycopyrronium_bromide" title="Glycopyrronium bromide">Glycopyrronium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycopyrronium_tosylate" title="Glycopyrronium tosylate">Glycopyrronium tosylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaluronic_acid" title="Hyaluronic acid">Hyaluronic acid</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivermectin" title="Ivermectin">Ivermectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebrikizumab" title="Lebrikizumab">Lebrikizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokivetmab" title="Lokivetmab">Lokivetmab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_sulfate" title="Magnesium sulfate">Magnesium sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metandienone" title="Metandienone">Metandienone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemolizumab" title="Nemolizumab">Nemolizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oclacitinib" title="Oclacitinib">Oclacitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymetazoline" title="Oxymetazoline">Oxymetazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Povidone-iodine" title="Povidone-iodine">Povidone-iodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_acetate" title="Pregnenolone acetate">Pregnenolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progestogen" title="Progestogen">Progestogens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">progesterone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruxolitinib" title="Ruxolitinib">Ruxolitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiratricol" title="Tiratricol">Tiratricol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tralokinumab" title="Tralokinumab">Tralokinumab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stomatological_preparations_(A01)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stomatological_preparations" title="Template:Stomatological preparations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stomatological_preparations" title="Template talk:Stomatological preparations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stomatological_preparations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stomatological preparations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stomatological_preparations_(A01)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stomatological" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomatological">Stomatological</a> preparations (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_A01" title="ATC code A01">A01</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caries" class="mw-redirect" title="Caries">Caries</a> <a href="/wiki/Prophylaxis" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophylaxis">prophylaxis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dectaflur" title="Dectaflur">Dectaflur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaflur" title="Olaflur">Olaflur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluoride" title="Sodium fluoride">Sodium fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_monofluorophosphate" title="Sodium monofluorophosphate">Sodium monofluorophosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin(II)_fluoride" title="Tin(II) fluoride">Stannous fluoride</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">antiseptics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphotericin_B" title="Amphotericin B">Amphotericin B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzoxonium_chloride" title="Benzoxonium chloride">Benzoxonium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorhexidine_gluconate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorhexidine gluconate">Chlorhexidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlortetracycline" title="Chlortetracycline">Chlortetracycline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotrimazole" title="Clotrimazole">Clotrimazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetylpyridinium_chloride" title="Cetylpyridinium chloride">Cetylpyridinium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domiphen_bromide" title="Domiphen bromide">Domiphen bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxycycline" title="Doxycycline">Doxycycline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenol" title="Eugenol">Eugenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexetidine" title="Hexetidine">Hexetidine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepartricin" title="Mepartricin">Mepartricin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metronidazole" title="Metronidazole">Metronidazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miconazole" title="Miconazole">Miconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minocycline" title="Minocycline">Minocycline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natamycin" title="Natamycin">Natamycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomycin" title="Neomycin">Neomycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyquinoline" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyquinoline">Oxyquinoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynoxylin" title="Polynoxylin">Polynoxylin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_perborate" title="Sodium perborate">Sodium perborate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracycline" title="Tetracycline">Tetracycline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibezonium_iodide" title="Tibezonium iodide">Tibezonium iodide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a><br /> (<a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">Glucocorticoids</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">Dexamethasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">Hydrocortisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triamcinolone" title="Triamcinolone">Triamcinolone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amlexanox" title="Amlexanox">Amlexanox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Acetylsalicylic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becaplermin" title="Becaplermin">Becaplermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzydamine" title="Benzydamine">Benzydamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">Epinephrine</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adrenalone" title="Adrenalone">Adrenalone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Drugs_used_for_diseases_of_the_ear_(S02)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Otologicals" title="Template:Otologicals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Otologicals" title="Template talk:Otologicals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Otologicals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Otologicals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Drugs_used_for_diseases_of_the_ear_(S02)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Drugs used for diseases of the <a href="/wiki/Human_ear" class="mw-redirect" title="Human ear">ear</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_S02" title="ATC code S02">S02</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">Acetic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_acetotartrate" title="Aluminium acetotartrate">Aluminium acetotartrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_triacetate" title="Aluminium triacetate">Aluminium triacetate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burow%27s_solution" title="Burow's solution">Burow's solution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boric_acid" title="Boric acid">Boric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloramphenicol" title="Chloramphenicol">Chloramphenicol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorhexidine" title="Chlorhexidine">Chlorhexidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciprofloxacin" title="Ciprofloxacin">Ciprofloxacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clioquinol" title="Clioquinol">Clioquinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentamicin" title="Gentamicin">Gentamicin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miconazole" title="Miconazole">Miconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomycin" title="Neomycin">Neomycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrofurazone" title="Nitrofurazone">Nitrofurazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofloxacin" title="Ofloxacin">Ofloxacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymyxin_B" title="Polymyxin B">Polymyxin B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifamycin" title="Rifamycin">Rifamycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracycline" title="Tetracycline">Tetracycline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betamethasone" title="Betamethasone">Betamethasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">Dexamethasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluocinolone_acetonide" title="Fluocinolone acetonide">Fluocinolone acetonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocortisone" title="Hydrocortisone">Hydrocortisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednisolone" title="Prednisolone">Prednisolone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">Analgesics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">anesthetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">Lidocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazone" title="Phenazone">Phenazone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_hair_color" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hair_colors" title="Template:Hair colors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hair_colors" title="Template talk:Hair colors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hair_colors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hair colors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_hair_color" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_hair_color" title="Human hair color">Human hair color</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hair color</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auburn_hair" title="Auburn hair">Auburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_hair" title="Black hair">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blond" title="Blond">Blond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_hair" title="Brown hair">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray hair">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_hair" title="Red hair">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titian_hair" title="Titian hair">Titian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="White hair">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hair_coloring" title="Hair coloring">Hair coloring</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_hair" title="Blue hair">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_rinse" title="Blue rinse">Blue rinse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_dye_stripping" title="Hair dye stripping">Dye stripping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_highlighting" title="Hair highlighting">Highlighting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disappearing_blonde_gene" title="Disappearing blonde gene">Disappearing blonde gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Saller_scale" title="Fischer–Saller scale">Fischer–Saller scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greying_of_hair" title="Greying of hair">Greying of hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_1_receptor" title="Melanocortin 1 receptor">Melanocortin 1 receptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template talk:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Molecules detected in outer space</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_molecule" title="Diatomic molecule">Diatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monochloride" title="Aluminium monochloride">Aluminium monochloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monofluoride" title="Aluminium monofluoride">Aluminium monofluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(II)_oxide" title="Aluminium(II) oxide">Aluminium(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonium" title="Argonium">Argonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon cation">Carbon cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monophosphide" title="Carbon monophosphide">Carbon monophosphide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monosulfide" title="Carbon monosulfide">Carbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyano_radical" title="Cyano radical">Cyano radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_carbon" title="Diatomic carbon">Diatomic carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoromethylidynium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoromethylidynium (page does not exist)">Fluoromethylidynium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_hydride_ion" title="Helium hydride ion">Helium hydride ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">Hydrogen chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">Hydrogen fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">Hydroxyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_monohydride" title="Magnesium monohydride">Magnesium monohydride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidyne_radical" title="Methylidyne radical">Methylidyne radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidogen" title="Imidogen">Imidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mononitride" title="Sulfur mononitride">Sulfur mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_monoxide" title="Phosphorus monoxide">Phosphorus monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_mononitride" title="Phosphorus mononitride">Phosphorus mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">Potassium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">Silicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monoxide" title="Silicon monoxide">Silicon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monosulfide" title="Silicon monosulfide">Silicon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodide" title="Sodium iodide">Sodium iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfanyl" title="Sulfanyl">Sulfanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_monoxide" title="Sulfur monoxide">Sulfur monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_oxide" title="Titanium(II) oxide">Titanium(II) oxide</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/60px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/90px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/120px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="441" /></a></span> <br /><br /><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/60px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/90px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/120px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="754" /></a></span> <br /><br /><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/60px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/90px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/120px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triatomic_molecule" title="Triatomic molecule">Triatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(I)_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium(I) hydroxide">Aluminium(I) hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Aluminium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_radical" title="Amino radical">Amino radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">Carbonyl sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CCP_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CCP radical (page does not exist)">CCP radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halonium_ion" title="Halonium ion">Chloronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">Diazenylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicarbon_monoxide" title="Dicarbon monoxide">Dicarbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disilicon_carbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disilicon carbide (page does not exist)">Disilicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethynyl_radical" title="Ethynyl radical">Ethynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formyl radical (page does not exist)">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a> (HCN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a> (HNC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroperoxyl" title="Hydroperoxyl">Hydroperoxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_cyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iron cyanide (page does not exist)">Iron cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoformyl (page does not exist)">Isoformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_cyanide" title="Magnesium cyanide">Magnesium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Magnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylene_(compound)" title="Methylene (compound)">Methylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N<sub>2</sub>H<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">Nitroxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidynephosphane" title="Methylidynephosphane">Methylidynephosphane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_cyanide" title="Potassium cyanide">Potassium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanide" title="Sodium cyanide">Sodium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">Sodium hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbonitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon carbonitride (page does not exist)">Silicon carbonitride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C-Silicon_dicarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C-Silicon dicarbide (page does not exist)">c-Silicon dicarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SiNC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SiNC (page does not exist)">SiNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thioformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thioformyl (page does not exist)">Thioformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioxoethenylidene" title="Thioxoethenylidene">Thioxoethenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon" title="Tricarbon">Tricarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Four<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">Acetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Cyanoethynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminic_acid" title="Fulminic acid">Fulminic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HCCN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HCCN (page does not exist)">HCCN</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydromagnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydromagnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Hydromagnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Isothiocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketenyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketenyl (page does not exist)">Ketenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylene_amidogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylene amidogen (page does not exist)">Methylene amidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl cation">Methyl cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_radical" title="Methyl radical">Methyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynylidyne" title="Propynylidyne">Propynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_carbon_dioxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated carbon dioxide (page does not exist)">Protonated carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonated_hydrogen_cyanide" title="Protonated hydrogen cyanide">Protonated hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_tricarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon tricarbide (page does not exist)">Silicon tricarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioformaldehyde" title="Thioformaldehyde">Thioformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monoxide" title="Tricarbon monoxide">Tricarbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monosulfide" title="Tricarbon monosulfide">Tricarbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Thiocyanic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Five<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Butadiynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbodiimide" title="Carbodiimide">Carbodiimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">Cyanamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanoacetylene" title="Cyanoacetylene">Cyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoformaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoformaldehyde (page does not exist)">Cyanoformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanomethyl" title="Cyanomethyl">Cyanomethyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenylidene" title="Cyclopropenylidene">Cyclopropenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">Formic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Isocyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketene" title="Ketene">Ketene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Methoxy">Methoxy radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylenimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylenimine (page does not exist)">Methylenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propadienylidene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propadienylidene (page does not exist)">Propadienylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_formaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated formaldehyde (page does not exist)">Protonated formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">Silane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon-carbide_cluster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon-carbide cluster (page does not exist)">Silicon-carbide cluster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Six<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetonitrile" title="Acetonitrile">Acetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanobutadiynyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanobutadiynyl radical (page does not exist)">Cyanobutadiynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-Cyanomethanimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E-Cyanomethanimine (page does not exist)">E-Cyanomethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenone" title="Cyclopropenone">Cyclopropenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylene" title="Diacetylene">Diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formamide" title="Formamide">Formamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HC4N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HC4N (page does not exist)">HC<sub>4</sub>N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketenimine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketenimine">Ketenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanethiol" title="Methanethiol">Methanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanide" title="Methyl isocyanide">Methyl isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Pentynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynal" class="mw-redirect" title="Propynal">Propynal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_cyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated cyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Protonated cyanoacetylene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Seven<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">Acetaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">Acrylonitrile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_cyanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl cyanide">Vinyl cyanide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">Ethylene oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolonitrile" title="Glycolonitrile">Glycolonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexatriynyl_radical" title="Hexatriynyl radical">Hexatriynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylamine" title="Methylamine">Methylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanate" title="Methyl isocyanate">Methyl isocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_alcohol" title="Vinyl alcohol">Vinyl alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Eight<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">Acetic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminoacetonitrile" title="Aminoacetonitrile">Aminoacetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoallene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoallene (page does not exist)">Cyanoallene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanimine" title="Ethanimine">Ethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">Glycolaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Hexapentaenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methylcyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_formate" title="Methyl formate">Methyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Nine<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetamide" title="Acetamide">Acetamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanohexatriyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_ether" title="Dimethyl ether">Dimethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyldiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octatetraynyl_radical" title="Octatetraynyl radical">Octatetraynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propene">Propene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanethiol" title="Ethanethiol">Ethanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionitrile" title="Propionitrile">Propionitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylformamide" title="N-Methylformamide">N-Methylformamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Ten<br />atoms<br />or more</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzonitrile" title="Benzonitrile">Benzonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">Buckminsterfullerene</a> (C<sub>60</sub>, C<sub>60</sub><sup>+</sup>, fullerene, buckyball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C70_fullerene" title="C70 fullerene">C<sub>70</sub> fullerene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodecapentayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">Ethylene glycol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_formate" title="Ethyl formate">Ethyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_acetate" title="Methyl acetate">Methyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Methyl-cyano-diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyltriacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionaldehyde" title="Propionaldehyde">Propionaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyronitrile" title="Butyronitrile">Butyronitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">Pyrimidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptatrienyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptatrienyl radical (page does not exist)">Heptatrienyl radical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">Deuterated</a><br />molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde#Interstellar_reactions" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">Heavy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_deuteride" title="Hydrogen deuteride">Hydrogen deuteride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N<sub>2</sub>D<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Unconfirmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracene" title="Anthracene">Anthracene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone" title="Dihydroxyacetone">Dihydroxyacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyethane" title="Methoxyethane">Methoxyethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">Graphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolithin" title="Hemolithin">Hemolithin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H2NCO%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H2NCO+ (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>NCO<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Linear C<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">Naphthalene cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">Phosphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrene" title="Pyrene">Pyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silylidyne" title="Silylidyne">Silylidyne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#See_also" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_and_molecular_astrophysics" title="Atomic and molecular astrophysics">Atomic and molecular astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">Cosmic ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_interstellar_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffuse interstellar band">Diffuse interstellar band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_mechanism" title="Forbidden mechanism">Forbidden mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homochirality" title="Homochirality">Homochirality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_dust" title="Intergalactic dust">Intergalactic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodissociation_region" title="Photodissociation region">Photodissociation region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_world_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron–sulfur world theory">Iron–sulfur world theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">Kerogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecules_in_stars" title="Molecules in stars">Molecules in stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">Organic compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAH_world_hypothesis" title="PAH world hypothesis">PAH world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-panspermia" title="Pseudo-panspermia">Pseudo-panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a> (PAH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA world hypothesis">RNA world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Astrochemistry" title="Category:Astrochemistry">Category:Astrochemistry</a></b></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/16px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/24px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/24px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/32px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oxygen_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oxygen_compounds" title="Template:Oxygen compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oxygen_compounds" title="Template talk:Oxygen compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oxygen_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oxygen compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oxygen_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_compounds" title="Oxygen compounds">Oxygen compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silver(I,III)_oxide" title="Silver(I,III) oxide">Ag<sub>4</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americium_dioxide" title="Americium dioxide">AmO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americium(III)_oxide" title="Americium(III) oxide">Am<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trioxide" title="Arsenic trioxide">As<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_pentoxide" title="Arsenic pentoxide">As<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold(III)_oxide" title="Gold(III) oxide">Au<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_trioxide" title="Boron trioxide">B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_oxide" title="Barium oxide">BaO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryllium_oxide" title="Beryllium oxide">BeO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth(III)_oxide" title="Bismuth(III) oxide">Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismuth_tetroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bismuth tetroxide (page does not exist)">BiO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_pentoxide" title="Bismuth pentoxide">Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromine_dioxide" title="Bromine dioxide">BrO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibromine_trioxide" title="Dibromine trioxide">Br<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibromine_pentoxide" title="Dibromine pentoxide">Br<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribromine_octoxide" title="Tribromine octoxide"><span class="chemf nowrap">Br<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">8</sub></span></span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_suboxide" title="Carbon suboxide">C<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">CaO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_peroxide" title="Calcium peroxide">CaO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_oxide" title="Cadmium oxide">CdO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerium(IV)_oxide" title="Cerium(IV) oxide">CeO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerium(III,IV)_oxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerium(III,IV) oxide (page does not exist)">Ce<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerium(III)_oxide" title="Cerium(III) oxide">Ce<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_dioxide" title="Chlorine dioxide">ClO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_monoxide" title="Dichlorine monoxide">Cl<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_peroxide" title="Chlorine peroxide">Cl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_trioxide" title="Dichlorine trioxide">Cl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_perchlorate" title="Chlorine perchlorate">Cl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_hexoxide" title="Dichlorine hexoxide">Cl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_heptoxide" title="Dichlorine heptoxide">Cl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_oxide" title="Cobalt(II) oxide">CoO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(III)_oxide" title="Cobalt(III) oxide">Co<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II,III)_oxide" title="Cobalt(II,III) oxide">Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_trioxide" title="Chromium trioxide">CrO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_oxide" title="Chromium(III) oxide">Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(IV)_oxide" title="Chromium(IV) oxide">Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromic_chromate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chromic chromate (page does not exist)">Cr<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesium_superoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesium superoxide">CsO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_sesquioxide" title="Caesium sesquioxide">Cs<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_oxide" title="Copper(II) oxide">CuO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium(III)_oxide" title="Dysprosium(III) oxide">Dy<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbium(III)_oxide" title="Erbium(III) oxide">Er<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europium(III)_oxide" title="Europium(III) oxide">Eu<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">FeO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide" title="Iron(III) oxide">Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II,III)_oxide" title="Iron(II,III) oxide">Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(I)_oxide" title="Gallium(I) oxide">Ga<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_oxide" title="Gallium(III) oxide">Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanium_monoxide" title="Germanium monoxide">GeO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanium_dioxide" title="Germanium dioxide">GeO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">H<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water"><sup>2</sup>H<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritiated_water" title="Tritiated water"><sup>3</sup>H<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">H<sub>2</sub><sup>18</sup>O</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafnium(IV)_oxide" title="Hafnium(IV) oxide">HfO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_oxide" title="Mercury(II) oxide">HgO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(I)_oxide" title="Mercury(I) oxide">Hg<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmium(III)_oxide" title="Holmium(III) oxide">Ho<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_monoxide" title="Iodine monoxide">IO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_tetroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine tetroxide">I<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_pentoxide" title="Iodine pentoxide">I<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iodine_hexoxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iodine hexoxide (page does not exist)">I<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraiodine_nonoxide" title="Tetraiodine nonoxide">I<sub>4</sub>O<sub>9</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium(III)_oxide" title="Indium(III) oxide">In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium(IV)_oxide" title="Iridium(IV) oxide">IrO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_superoxide" title="Potassium superoxide">KO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_peroxide" title="Potassium peroxide">K<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum_oxide" title="Lanthanum oxide">La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_oxide" title="Lithium oxide">Li<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_peroxide" title="Lithium peroxide">Li<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetium(III)_oxide" title="Lutetium(III) oxide">Lu<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">MgO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_peroxide" title="Magnesium peroxide">Mg<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_oxide" title="Manganese(II) oxide">MnO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_dioxide" title="Manganese dioxide">MnO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(III)_oxide" title="Manganese(III) oxide">Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_heptoxide" title="Manganese heptoxide">Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_dioxide" title="Molybdenum dioxide">MoO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_trioxide" title="Molybdenum trioxide">MoO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum(III)_oxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molybdenum(III) oxide (page does not exist)">Mo<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">NO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">NO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">N<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_trioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen trioxide">N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_pentoxide" title="Dinitrogen pentoxide">N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_superoxide" title="Sodium superoxide">NaO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxide" title="Sodium oxide">Na<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_peroxide" title="Sodium peroxide">Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_monoxide" title="Niobium monoxide">NbO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_dioxide" title="Niobium dioxide">NbO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium(III)_oxide" title="Neodymium(III) oxide">Nd<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dioxygen_monofluoride" title="Dioxygen monofluoride">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>F</a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_monofluoride" title="Oxygen monofluoride">OF</a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_difluoride" title="Oxygen difluoride">OF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dioxygen_difluoride" title="Dioxygen difluoride">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>F<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Trioxygen_difluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Trioxygen difluoride">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>F<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tetraoxygen_difluoride" title="Tetraoxygen difluoride">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>F<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pentaoxygen_difluoride" title="Pentaoxygen difluoride">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>F<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hexaoxygen_difluoride" title="Hexaoxygen difluoride">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>F<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dioxygenyl_hexafluoroplatinate" title="Dioxygenyl hexafluoroplatinate">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>PtF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Oxides" title="Template:Oxides">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="TRP_channel_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Template:Transient receptor potential channel modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Template talk:Transient receptor potential channel modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transient receptor potential channel modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="TRP_channel_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_channel" title="Transient receptor potential channel"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential">TRP</abbr> channel</a> <a href="/wiki/Channel_modulator" title="Channel modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential ankyrin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPA_(ion_channel)" title="TRPA (ion channel)">TRPA</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxynonenal" title="4-Hydroxynonenal">4-Hydroxynonenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Oxo-2-nonenal" title="4-Oxo-2-nonenal">4-Oxo-2-nonenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">4,5-EET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">12S-HpETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentenone_prostaglandins" title="Cyclopentenone prostaglandins">15-Deoxy-Δ<sup>12,14</sup>-prostaglandin J2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxy_alpha_sanshool" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxy alpha sanshool">α-Sanshool</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allicin" title="Allicin">Allicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyl_isothiocyanate" title="Allyl isothiocyanate">Allyl isothiocyanate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">mustard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radish" title="Radish">radish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horseradish" title="Horseradish">horseradish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasabi" title="Wasabi">wasabi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM404" title="AM404">AM404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP-7663" title="ASP-7663">ASP-7663</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin" title="Bradykinin">Bradykinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabichromene" title="Cannabichromene">Cannabichromene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerol" title="Cannabigerol">Cannabigerol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamaldehyde" title="Cinnamaldehyde">Cinnamaldehyde</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CR_gas" title="CR gas">CR gas (dibenzoxazepine; DBO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CS_gas" title="CS gas">CS gas (2-chlorobenzal malononitrile)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuminaldehyde" title="Cuminaldehyde">Cuminaldehyde</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">cumin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcumin" title="Curcumin">Curcumin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dehydroligustilide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dehydroligustilide (page does not exist)">Dehydroligustilide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diallyl_disulfide" title="Diallyl disulfide">Diallyl disulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicentrine" title="Dicentrine">Dicentrine</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Lindera" title="Lindera">Lindera</a></i> spp.)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farnesyl_thiosalicylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid (page does not exist)">Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Formalin">Formalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerol" title="Gingerol">Gingerols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin A3">Hepoxilin A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin B3">Hepoxilin B3</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icilin" title="Icilin">Icilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isothiocyanate" title="Isothiocyanate">Isothiocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JT-010" title="JT-010">JT-010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligustilide" title="Ligustilide">Ligustilide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Angelica_acutiloba" title="Angelica acutiloba">Angelica acutiloba</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linalool" title="Linalool">Linalool</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylglyoxal" title="Methylglyoxal">Methylglyoxal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_salicylate" title="Methyl salicylate">Methyl salicylate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wintergreen" title="Wintergreen">wintergreen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylmaleimide" title="N-Methylmaleimide">N-Methylmaleimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleocanthal" title="Oleocanthal">Oleocanthal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paclitaxel" title="Paclitaxel">Paclitaxel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taxus_brevifolia" title="Taxus brevifolia">Pacific yew</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol (acetaminophen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-4840154" title="PF-4840154">PF-4840154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacyl_chloride" title="Phenacyl chloride">Phenacyl chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygodial" title="Polygodial">Polygodial</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tasmannia_stipitata" title="Tasmannia stipitata">Dorrigo pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shogaol" title="Shogaol">Shogaols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">Tear gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">Tetrahydrocannabinol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabiorcol" title="Tetrahydrocannabiorcol">Tetrahydrocannabiorcol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syn-Propanethial-S-oxide" title="Syn-Propanethial-S-oxide">Thiopropanal S-oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbellulone" title="Umbellulone">Umbellulone</a> (<i>Umbellularia californica</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIN_55,212-2" title="WIN 55,212-2">WIN 55,212-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-967079" title="A-967079">A-967079</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM-0902" title="AM-0902">AM-0902</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dehydroligustilide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dehydroligustilide (page does not exist)">Dehydroligustilide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HC-030031" title="HC-030031">HC-030031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-04745637" title="PF-04745637">PF-04745637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential canonical channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPC" title="TRPC">TRPC</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhyperforin" title="Adhyperforin">Adhyperforin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum" title="Hypericum perforatum">St John's wort</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diglyceride" title="Diglyceride">Diacyl glycerol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK1702934A" title="GSK1702934A">GSK1702934A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperforin" title="Hyperforin">Hyperforin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum" title="Hypericum perforatum">St John's wort</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_P" title="Substance P">Substance P</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%E2%80%B2-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3′-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">DCDPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK417651A" title="GSK417651A">GSK417651A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSK2293017A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSK2293017A (page does not exist)">GSK2293017A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic_acid" title="N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid">N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyr3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyr3 (page does not exist)">Pyr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential melastatin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPM" title="TRPM">TRPM</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate_ribose" title="Adenosine diphosphate ribose">ADP-ribose</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BCTC_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCTC (drug) (page does not exist)">BCTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> (intracellular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIM-0216" title="CIM-0216">CIM-0216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold" title="Cold">Cold</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coolact_P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coolact P (page does not exist)">Coolact P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_Agent_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooling Agent 10">Cooling Agent 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frescolat_MGA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frescolat MGA (page does not exist)">Frescolat MGA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frescolat_ML&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frescolat ML (page does not exist)">Frescolat ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraniol" title="Geraniol">Geraniol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycitronellal" title="Hydroxycitronellal">Hydroxycitronellal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icilin" title="Icilin">Icilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linalool" title="Linalool">Linalool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PMD_38&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMD 38 (page does not exist)">PMD 38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutamarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutamarin (page does not exist)">Rutamarin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Ruta graveolens</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steviol_glycoside" title="Steviol glycoside">Steviol glycosides</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Stevioside" title="Stevioside">stevioside</a>) (<i><a href="/wiki/Stevia_rebaudiana" title="Stevia rebaudiana">Stevia rebaudiana</a></i>)</li> <li>Sweet <a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">tastants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a>; indirectly)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thio-BCTC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thio-BCTC (page does not exist)">Thio-BCTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WS-12" class="mw-redirect" title="WS-12">WS-12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMG-333" title="AMG-333">AMG-333</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsazepine" title="Capsazepine">Capsazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotrimazole" title="Clotrimazole">Clotrimazole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%E2%80%B2-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3′-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">DCDPC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elismetrep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elismetrep (page does not exist)">Elismetrep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">Mefenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic_acid" title="N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid">N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ononetin" title="Ononetin">Ononetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-05105679" title="PF-05105679">PF-05105679</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RQ-00203078" title="RQ-00203078">RQ-00203078</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutamarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutamarin (page does not exist)">Rutamarin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Ruta graveolens</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphenylphosphine_oxide" title="Triphenylphosphine oxide">TPPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM4-IN-5" title="TRPM4-IN-5">TRPM4-IN-5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential mucolipin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPML" title="TRPML">TRPML</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EVP21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EVP21 (page does not exist)">EVP21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MK6-83" title="MK6-83">MK6-83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML-SA1" title="ML-SA1">ML-SA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML2-SA1" title="ML2-SA1">ML2-SA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_3,5-bisphosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate">PI(3,5)P<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SF-22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SF-22 (page does not exist)">SF-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN-2" title="SN-2">SN-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ML-SI3" title="ML-SI3">ML-SI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_4,5-bisphosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate">PI(4,5)P<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential polycystin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPP" title="TRPP">TRPP</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triptolide" title="Triptolide">Triptolide</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tripterygium_wilfordii" title="Tripterygium wilfordii">Tripterygium wilfordii</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential vanilloid channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPV" title="TRPV">TRPV</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl_borate" title="2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate">2-APB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">5',6'-EET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">9-HODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">9-oxoODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">12S-HETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">12S-HpETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">13-HODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">13-oxoODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid" title="20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid">20-HETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxy_alpha_sanshool" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxy alpha sanshool">α-Sanshool</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allicin" title="Allicin">Allicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM404" title="AM404">AM404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamide" title="Anandamide">Anandamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisandrographolide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bisandrographolide (page does not exist)">Bisandrographolide</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Andrographis_paniculata" title="Andrographis paniculata">Andrographis paniculata</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_camphora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinnamomum camphora">camphor laurel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">rosemary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camphorweed" title="Camphorweed">camphorweed</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_blue_basil" title="African blue basil">African blue basil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocimum_kilimandscharicum" title="Ocimum kilimandscharicum">camphor basil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidivarin" title="Cannabidivarin">Cannabidivarin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">Capsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvacrol" title="Carvacrol">Carvacrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">oregano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lepidium" title="Lepidium">pepperwort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarda_fistulosa" title="Monarda fistulosa">wild bergamot</a>, others)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diglyceride" title="Diglyceride">Diacyl glycerol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrocapsaicin" title="Dihydrocapsaicin">Dihydrocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenol" title="Eugenol">Eugenol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">basil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">clove</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evodiamine" title="Evodiamine">Evodiamine</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tetradium_ruticarpum" title="Tetradium ruticarpum">Euodia ruticarpa</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerol" title="Gingerol">Gingerols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK1016790A" title="GSK1016790A">GSK1016790A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">Heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin A3">Hepoxilin A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin B3">Hepoxilin B3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homocapsaicin" title="Homocapsaicin">Homocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homodihydrocapsaicin" title="Homodihydrocapsaicin">Homodihydrocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incensole" title="Incensole">Incensole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophosphatidic_acid" title="Lysophosphatidic acid">Lysophosphatidic acid</a></li> <li>Low <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> (acidic conditions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Arachidonoyl_dopamine" title="N-Arachidonoyl dopamine">N-Arachidonoyl dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Oleoyldopamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Oleoyldopamine (page does not exist)">N-Oleoyldopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleoylethanolamide" title="Oleoylethanolamide">N-Oleoylethanolamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonivamide" title="Nonivamide">Nonivamide (PAVA)</a> (<a href="/wiki/PAVA_spray" title="PAVA spray">PAVA spray</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordihydrocapsaicin" title="Nordihydrocapsaicin">Nordihydrocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paclitaxel" title="Paclitaxel">Paclitaxel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taxus_brevifolia" title="Taxus brevifolia">Pacific yew</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol (acetaminophen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylacetylrinvanil" title="Phenylacetylrinvanil">Phenylacetylrinvanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorbol_esters" title="Phorbol esters">Phorbol esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/w/index.php?title=4%CE%B1-phorbol_12,13-didecanoate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4α-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (page does not exist)">4α-PDD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperine" title="Piperine">Piperine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_pepper" title="Long pepper">long pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygodial" title="Polygodial">Polygodial</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tasmannia_stipitata" title="Tasmannia stipitata">Dorrigo pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probenecid" title="Probenecid">Probenecid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">Protons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RhTx" title="RhTx">RhTx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutamarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutamarin (page does not exist)">Rutamarin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Ruta graveolens</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resiniferatoxin" title="Resiniferatoxin">Resiniferatoxin</a> (RTX) (<i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_resinifera" title="Euphorbia resinifera">Euphorbia resinifera</a>/<a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_poissonii" title="Euphorbia poissonii">pooissonii</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shogaol" title="Shogaol">Shogaols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabivarin" title="Tetrahydrocannabivarin">Tetrahydrocannabivarin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymol" title="Thymol">Thymol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">oregano</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinyatoxin" title="Tinyatoxin">Tinyatoxin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_resinifera" title="Euphorbia resinifera">Euphorbia resinifera</a>/<a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_poissonii" title="Euphorbia poissonii">pooissonii</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanillin" title="Vanillin">Vanillin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zucapsaicin" title="Zucapsaicin">Zucapsaicin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinasterol" title="Spinasterol">α-Spinasterol</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Vernonia" title="Vernonia">Vernonia tweediana</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMG-517" title="AMG-517">AMG-517</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMG-9810" title="AMG-9810">AMG-9810</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asivatrep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asivatrep (page does not exist)">Asivatrep</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BCTC_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCTC (drug) (page does not exist)">BCTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerol" title="Cannabigerol">Cannabigerol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerolic_acid" title="Cannabigerolic acid">Cannabigerolic acid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerovarin" title="Cannabigerovarin">Cannabigerovarin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinol" title="Cannabinol">Cannabinol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsazepine" title="Capsazepine">Capsazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%E2%80%B2-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3′-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">DCDPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRC-6211" title="GRC-6211">GRC-6211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HC-067047" title="HC-067047">HC-067047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavatrep" title="Mavatrep">Mavatrep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic_acid" title="N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid">N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGD-8243&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGD-8243 (page does not exist)">NGD-8243</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RN-1734&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RN-1734 (page does not exist)">RN-1734</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RN-9893" title="RN-9893">RN-9893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-366791" title="SB-366791">SB-366791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-705498" title="SB-705498">SB-705498</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tivanisiran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tivanisiran (page does not exist)">Tivanisiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV3-74a" title="TRPV3-74a">TRPV3-74a</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Ion_channel_modulators" title="Template:Ion channel modulators">Ion channel modulators</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Binary_compounds_of_hydrogen" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hydrides_by_group" title="Template:Hydrides by group"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hydrides_by_group" title="Template talk:Hydrides by group"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hydrides_by_group" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hydrides by group"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Binary_compounds_of_hydrogen" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Binary_compounds_of_hydrogen" title="Binary compounds of hydrogen">Binary compounds of hydrogen</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydride#Ionic_hydrides" title="Hydride">Alkali metal <br />(Group 1) hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_hydride" title="Lithium hydride">LiH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydride" title="Sodium hydride">NaH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydride" title="Potassium hydride">KH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubidium_hydride" title="Rubidium hydride">RbH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_hydride" title="Caesium hydride">CsH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydride#Ionic_hydrides" title="Hydride">Alkaline <br />(Group 2) <br />earth hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monohydrides" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monohydrides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beryllium_monohydride" title="Beryllium monohydride">BeH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_monohydride" title="Magnesium monohydride">MgH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_monohydride" title="Calcium monohydride">CaH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strontium_monohydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strontium monohydride (page does not exist)">SrH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barium_monohydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barium monohydride (page does not exist)">BaH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dihydrides" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dihydrides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beryllium_hydride" title="Beryllium hydride">BeH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_hydride" title="Magnesium hydride">MgH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydride" title="Calcium hydride">CaH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strontium_hydride" title="Strontium hydride">SrH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_hydride" title="Barium hydride">BaH<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_13_hydride" title="Group 13 hydride">Group 13 <br />hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Boranes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boranes" title="Boranes">Boranes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borane" title="Borane">BH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_monohydride" title="Boron monohydride">BH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diborane" title="Diborane">B<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diborane(2)" title="Diborane(2)">B<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diborane(4)" title="Diborane(4)">B<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraborane" title="Tetraborane">B<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaborane(9)" title="Pentaborane(9)">B<sub>5</sub>H<sub>9</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaborane(11)" title="Pentaborane(11)">B<sub>5</sub>H<sub>11</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexaborane(10)" title="Hexaborane(10)">B<sub>6</sub>H<sub>10</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexaborane(12)" title="Hexaborane(12)">B<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decaborane" title="Decaborane">B<sub>10</sub>H<sub>14</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octadecaborane" title="Octadecaborane">B<sub>18</sub>H<sub>22</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Alanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_hydride" title="Aluminium hydride">AlH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialane" title="Dialane">Al<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gallanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gallanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallane" title="Gallane">GaH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digallane" title="Digallane">Ga<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Indiganes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indiganes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indium_trihydride" title="Indium trihydride">InH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diindigane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diindigane (page does not exist)">In<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Thallanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thallanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thallane" title="Thallane">TlH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dithallane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dithallane (page does not exist)">Tl<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nihonanes_(predicted)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonanes</a> (<i>predicted</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>NhH</i></li> <li><i>NhH<sub>3</sub></i></li> <li><i>Nh<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></i></li> <li><i>NhH<sub>5</sub></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_14_hydride" title="Group 14 hydride">Group 14 hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hydrocarbons" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">Hydrocarbons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkane" title="Alkane">alkanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkene" title="Alkene">alkenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkyne" title="Alkyne">alkynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloalkane" title="Cycloalkane">Cycloalkanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloalkene" title="Cycloalkene">Cycloalkenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloalkyne" title="Cycloalkyne">Cycloalkynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annulenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Annulenes">Annulenes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methylidyne_radical" title="Methylidyne radical">CH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylene_(compound)" title="Methylene (compound)">CH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_radical" title="Methyl radical">CH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethynyl_radical" title="Ethynyl radical">C<sub>2</sub>H</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Silanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Silanes" title="Silanes">Silanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">SiH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disilane" title="Disilane">Si<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisilane" title="Trisilane">Si<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrasilane" title="Tetrasilane">Si<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentasilane" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentasilane">Si<sub>5</sub>H<sub>12</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexasilane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexasilane">Si<sub>6</sub>H<sub>14</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptasilane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptasilane (page does not exist)">Si<sub>7</sub>H<sub>16</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octasilane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Octasilane (page does not exist)">Si<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonasilane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nonasilane (page does not exist)">Si<sub>9</sub>H<sub>20</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decasilane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decasilane (page does not exist)">Si<sub>10</sub>H<sub>22</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silanes" title="Silanes">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Silenes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Silenes" title="Silenes">Silenes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disilene" title="Disilene">Si<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Silynes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silynes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silynes (page does not exist)">Silynes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disilyne" title="Disilyne">Si<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monohydride" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon monohydride">SiH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Germanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanes (page does not exist)">Germanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germane" title="Germane">GeH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digermane" title="Digermane">Ge<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trigermane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trigermane (page does not exist)">Ge<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragermane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetragermane (page does not exist)">Ge<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagermane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentagermane (page does not exist)">Ge<sub>5</sub>H<sub>12</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Stannanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stannanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Stannanes">Stannanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stannane" title="Stannane">SnH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distannane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distannane (page does not exist)">Sn<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Plumbanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plumbanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plumbane" title="Plumbane">PbH<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Flerovanes_(predicted)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovanes</a> (<i>predicted</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>FlH</i></li> <li><i>FlH<sub>2</sub></i></li> <li><i>FlH<sub>4</sub></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen_hydride" title="Pnictogen hydride">Pnictogen <br />(Group 15) hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Azanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Azane" title="Azane">Azanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">NH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triazane" title="Triazane">N<sub>3</sub>H<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrazane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrazane (page does not exist)">N<sub>4</sub>H<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentazane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentazane (page does not exist)">N<sub>5</sub>H<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hexazane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hexazane (page does not exist)">N<sub>6</sub>H<sub>8</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptazane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptazane (page does not exist)">N<sub>7</sub>H<sub>9</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octazane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Octazane (page does not exist)">N<sub>8</sub>H<sub>10</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonazane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nonazane (page does not exist)">N<sub>9</sub>H<sub>11</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decazane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decazane (page does not exist)">N<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azane" title="Azane">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Azenes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Azo_compound" title="Azo compound">Azenes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diazene" class="mw-redirect" title="Diazene">N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triazene" title="Triazene">N<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrazene" title="Tetrazene">N<sub>4</sub>H<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Phosphanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphanes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phosphanes (page does not exist)">Phosphanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">PH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphosphane" title="Diphosphane">P<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphosphane" title="Triphosphane">P<sub>3</sub>H<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraphosphane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetraphosphane (page does not exist)">P<sub>4</sub>H<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentaphosphane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentaphosphane (page does not exist)">P<sub>5</sub>H<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hexaphosphane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hexaphosphane (page does not exist)">P<sub>6</sub>H<sub>8</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptaphosphane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptaphosphane (page does not exist)">P<sub>7</sub>H<sub>9</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octaphosphane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Octaphosphane (page does not exist)">P<sub>8</sub>H<sub>10</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonaphosphane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nonaphosphane (page does not exist)">P<sub>9</sub>H<sub>11</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decaphosphane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decaphosphane (page does not exist)">P<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphanes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phosphanes (page does not exist)">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Phosphenes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diphosphenes" title="Diphosphenes">Phosphenes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diphosphene" title="Diphosphene">P<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triphosphene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triphosphene (page does not exist)">P<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraphosphene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetraphosphene (page does not exist)">P<sub>4</sub>H<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Arsanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arsane" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsane">Arsanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arsine" title="Arsine">AsH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarsine" class="mw-redirect" title="Diarsine">As<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Stibanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stibanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stibine" title="Stibine">SbH<sub>3</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bismuthanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bismuthanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bismuthine" title="Bismuthine">BiH<sub>3</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moscovanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Moscovanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">McH<sub>3</sub></a></i> (<i>predicted</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrazoic_acid" title="Hydrazoic acid">HN<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidogen" title="Imidogen">NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazole" title="Pentazole">HN<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_pentahydride" title="Nitrogen pentahydride">NH<sub>5</sub></a> <i>(hypothetical)</i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chalcogenide" title="Hydrogen chalcogenide">Hydrogen <br />chalcogenides <br />(Group 16 hydrides)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Polyoxidanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_polyoxide" title="Hydrogen polyoxide">Polyoxidanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">H<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trioxidane" title="Trioxidane">H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraoxidane" title="Tetraoxidane">H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaoxidane" title="Pentaoxidane">H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_polyoxide" title="Hydrogen polyoxide">more...</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Polysulfanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polysulfane" title="Polysulfane">Polysulfanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">H<sub>2</sub>S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_disulfide" title="Hydrogen disulfide">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisulfane" title="Trisulfane">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_tetrasulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen tetrasulfide (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_pentasulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen pentasulfide (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_hexasulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen hexasulfide (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_heptasulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen heptasulfide (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_octasulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen octasulfide (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>8</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_nonasulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen nonasulfide (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>9</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_decasulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen decasulfide (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>10</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysulfane" title="Polysulfane">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Selanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Selanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Selanes">Selanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_selenide" title="Hydrogen selenide">H<sub>2</sub>Se</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_diselenide" title="Hydrogen diselenide">H<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tellanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tellanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_telluride" title="Hydrogen telluride">H<sub>2</sub>Te</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_ditelluride" title="Hydrogen ditelluride">H<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Polanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_hydride" title="Polonium hydride">PoH<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Livermoranes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Livermoranes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">LvH<sub>2</sub></a></i> (<i>predicted</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">HO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroperoxyl" title="Hydroperoxyl">HO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_ozonide" title="Hydrogen ozonide">HO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxywater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxywater (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>O<sup>+</sup>–O<sup>–</sup></a> <i>(hypothetical)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfanyl" title="Sulfanyl">HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiheavy_water" title="Semiheavy water">HDO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">D<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritiated_water" title="Tritiated water">T<sub>2</sub>O</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_halide" title="Hydrogen halide">Hydrogen halides <br />(Group 17 hydrides)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">HF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">HCl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bromide" title="Hydrogen bromide">HBr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_iodide" title="Hydrogen iodide">HI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_astatide" title="Hydrogen astatide">HAt</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">HTs</a></i> (<i>predicted</i>)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_hydrides" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition metal hydrides">Transition metal hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandium_hydride" title="Scandium hydride">ScH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yttrium_hydride" title="Yttrium hydride">YH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yttrium trihydride (page does not exist)">YH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium_hexahydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yttrium hexahydride (page does not exist)">YH<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium_nonahydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yttrium nonahydride (page does not exist)">YH<sub>9</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutetium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutetium dihydride (page does not exist)">LuH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutetium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutetium trihydride (page does not exist)">LuH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_hydride" title="Titanium hydride">TiH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(IV)_hydride" title="Titanium(IV) hydride">TiH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(II)_hydride" title="Zirconium(II) hydride">ZrH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_hydride" title="Zirconium hydride">ZrH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hafnium(II)_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hafnium(II) hydride (page does not exist)">HfH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hafnium_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hafnium hydride (page does not exist)">HfH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium(I)_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanadium(I) hydride (page does not exist)">VH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium(II)_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanadium(II) hydride (page does not exist)">VH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium_monohydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niobium monohydride (page does not exist)">NbH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niobium dihydride (page does not exist)">NbH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tantalum_monohydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tantalum monohydride (page does not exist)">TaH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tantalum_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tantalum dihydride (page does not exist)">TaH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(I)_hydride" title="Chromium(I) hydride">CrH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_hydride" title="Chromium(II) hydride">CrH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_hydride" title="Chromium hydride">CrH<sub>x</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(I)_hydride" title="Iron(I) hydride">FeH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_hydride" title="Iron(II) hydride">FeH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_pentahydride" title="Iron pentahydride">FeH<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_hydride" title="Cobalt(II) hydride">CoH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodium_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhodium hydride (page does not exist)">RhH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_trihydride" title="Iridium trihydride">IrH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_hydride" title="Nickel hydride">NiH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium_hydride" title="Palladium hydride">PdH<sub><i>x</i></sub> (<i>x</i> < 1)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platinum_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platinum hydride (page does not exist)">PtH<sub><i>x</i></sub> (<i>x</i>< 1) </a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">DsH<sub>2</sub></a></i> (<i>predicted</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_hydride" title="Copper hydride">CuH</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">RgH</a></i> (<i>predicted</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_hydride" title="Zinc hydride">ZnH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_hydride" title="Cadmium hydride">CdH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(I)_hydride" title="Mercury(I) hydride">HgH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(I)_hydride" title="Mercury(I) hydride">Hg<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_hydride" title="Mercury(II) hydride">HgH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">CnH<sub>2</sub></a></i> (<i>predicted</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanthanide_hydrides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanthanide hydrides (page does not exist)">Lanthanide hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanthanum_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanthanum dihydride (page does not exist)">LaH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanthanum_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanthanum trihydride (page does not exist)">LaH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum_decahydride" title="Lanthanum decahydride">LaH<sub>10</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerium dihydride (page does not exist)">CeH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerium trihydride (page does not exist)">CeH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praseodymium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praseodymium dihydride (page does not exist)">PrH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praseodymium_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praseodymium hydride (page does not exist)">PrH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neodymium(II)_hydride" title="Neodymium(II) hydride">NdH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neodymium(III)_hydride" title="Neodymium(III) hydride">NdH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samarium dihydride (page does not exist)">SmH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samarium trihydride (page does not exist)">SmH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europium_hydride" title="Europium hydride">EuH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gadolinium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gadolinium dihydride (page does not exist)">GdH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gadolinium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gadolinium trihydride (page does not exist)">GdH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terbium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terbium dihydride (page does not exist)">TbH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terbium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terbium trihydride (page does not exist)">TbH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysprosium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dysprosium dihydride (page does not exist)">DyH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysprosium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dysprosium trihydride (page does not exist)">DyH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holmium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holmium dihydride (page does not exist)">HoH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holmium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holmium trihydride (page does not exist)">HoH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erbium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erbium dihydride (page does not exist)">ErH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erbium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erbium trihydride (page does not exist)">ErH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thulium dihydride (page does not exist)">TmH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thulium trihydride (page does not exist)">TmH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(II)_hydride" title="Ytterbium(II) hydride">YbH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutetium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutetium dihydride (page does not exist)">LuH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutetium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutetium trihydride (page does not exist)">LuH<sub>3</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinide_hydrides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Actinide hydrides (page does not exist)">Actinide hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Actinium dihydride (page does not exist)">AcH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thorium hydride (page does not exist)">ThH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium(IV)_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thorium(IV) hydride (page does not exist)">ThH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li>Th<sub>4</sub>H<sub>15</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactinium_trihydride" title="Protactinium trihydride">PaH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium(III)_hydride" title="Uranium(III) hydride">UH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium(IV)_hydride" title="Uranium(IV) hydride">UH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neptunium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neptunium dihydride (page does not exist)">NpH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neptunium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neptunium trihydride (page does not exist)">NpH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_hydride" title="Plutonium hydride">PuH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_hydride" title="Plutonium hydride">PuH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Americium dihydride (page does not exist)">AmH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americium_trihydride" title="Americium trihydride">AmH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curium_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curium hydride (page does not exist)">CmH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berkelium dihydride (page does not exist)">BkH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berkelium trihydride (page does not exist)">BkH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Californium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Californium dihydride (page does not exist)">CfH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Californium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Californium trihydride (page does not exist)">CfH<sub>3</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exotic_atoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Exotic atoms">Exotic matter hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Positronium_hydride" title="Positronium hydride">PsH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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