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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_soul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_soul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The soul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_soul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pantheons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pantheons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pantheons</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pantheons-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pantheons subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pantheons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_earth_pantheon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_earth_pantheon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The earth pantheon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_earth_pantheon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_water_pantheon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_water_pantheon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The water pantheon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_water_pantheon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_forest_pantheon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_forest_pantheon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>The forest pantheon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_forest_pantheon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_sky_pantheon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_sky_pantheon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>The sky pantheon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_sky_pantheon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > 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lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wintikult" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winti" title="Winti – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Winti" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winti" title="Winti – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Winti" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winti" title="Winti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Winti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Винти – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Винти" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinti" title="Vinti – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vinti" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winti" title="Winti – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Winti" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winti" title="Winti – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Winti" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Винти – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Винти" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winti" title="Winti – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Winti" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" 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role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Afro-Surinamese religion</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Swiss city locally known by this name, see <a href="/wiki/Winterthur" title="Winterthur">Winterthur</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_10019264_Portret_na_afloop_van_een_Winti_dans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_10019264_Portret_na_afloop_van_een_Winti_dans.jpg/250px-Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_10019264_Portret_na_afloop_van_een_Winti_dans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_10019264_Portret_na_afloop_van_een_Winti_dans.jpg/330px-Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_10019264_Portret_na_afloop_van_een_Winti_dans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_10019264_Portret_na_afloop_van_een_Winti_dans.jpg/500px-Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_10019264_Portret_na_afloop_van_een_Winti_dans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Dutch Royal Tropical Institute, Objectnumber 10019264, Portrait after a Winti-dance in a <a href="/wiki/Bushinengue" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushinengue">Maroon</a> village, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, 1948. The dance is called <i>Wintidansi</i> or <i>wentipee</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Ndyuka_language" title="Ndyuka language">Ndyuka</a> language. The dancers prepared their bodies with herbs and are therefore able to dance through the fire. While making music (striking the <a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">Apinti</a>, singing and dancing) it is possible for the dancer to go into a trance. The Winti-dance is only performed on special occasions.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Winti</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Afro-Surinamese" title="Afro-Surinamese">Afro-Surinamese</a> traditional religion that originated in <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Syncretization" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretization">syncretization</a> of the different African religious beliefs and practices brought in mainly by enslaved <a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fon_people" title="Fon people">Fon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Kongo</a> people during the Dutch slave trade. The religion has no written sources, nor a central authority. The term is also used for all supernatural beings or spirits (<i>Wintis</i>) created by <i>Anana</i>, the creator of the universe. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description(s)"><span id="Description.28s.29"></span>Description(s)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winti&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description(s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Winti is based on three principles: the belief in the supreme creator called <b>Anana Kedyaman Kedyanpon</b>; the belief in a pantheon of spirits called <i>Winti</i>; and the <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_veneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor veneration">veneration of the ancestors</a>. There is also a belief in <i>Ampuku</i> (also known as <i>Apuku</i>) which are <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphic</a> forest spirits. An Ampuku can possess people (both men and women) and can also pass itself off as another spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ampuku can also be water spirits, and are known in such cases as <i>Watra Ampuku</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>C. Wooding described Winti in 1972 as: "...an Afro American religion, within which the belief in personified supernatural beings occupies a central position. These personified supernatural beings can take possession of a human person, switch off their consciousness, as it were, and thereby reveal things concerning the past, present and future as well as cause and/or heal illnesses of a supernatural nature."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>H.J.M. Stephen described Winti as: "...primarily a religion, which means that respect for the divine, worship and prayer are central. In addition, it has a strong magical aspect, which often has been emphasized too one-sidedly and unfairly. Magic involves the influence of earthly events by supernatural means." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winti&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">slavery</a>, members of various West African tribes were brought to <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>. They came from kingdoms that had certain religious aspects in common, like the belief in a supreme creator God, who lives far away from the people, leaving the world to less-powerful gods or spirits, and the belief in an immortal human soul and the related ancestor worship. </p><p>After the abolition of slavery in 1863, a ten-year period of economic slavery followed known as "De Periode van Staatstoezicht" (The Period of State Supervision). It ended in 1873 and was followed by a very long period of mental and cultural slavery. The former slaves and their descendants were forced to convert to Christianity, and for nearly 100 years (1874–1971), practicing Winti was forbidden by law. They were also forced to speak <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>; education in their own language, <a href="/wiki/Sranan_Tongo" title="Sranan Tongo">Sranan Tongo</a>, was forbidden; and children were not allowed to speak Sranan Tongo in schools. </p><p>After the turn of the millennium, Winti gained momentum. In 2006, the Surinamese government incorporated the Winti interest foundation Tata Kwasi ku Tata Tinsensi into the database of religious organisations. In 2011 the first two Winti marriage officials were appointed. Winti priests were appointed informally already, but still without legal status. In 2014 Dorenia Babel became the first person officially recognized as Winti priest, appointed by the government in order to develop winti in the public realm. In 2019 psychiatrist Glenn Helberg made a public call to the Suriname-based Christian denominations to consider Winti as an equal religion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_soul">The soul</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winti&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The soul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is believed that a human being has three spiritual aspects, the <i>Dyodyo</i>, <i>Kra</i>, and <i>Yorka</i>. Through these aspects human beings are integrated into the supernatural world. The <i>Dyodyo</i> are the supernatural parents who protect their children and may be higher or lower spirits. They received the pure soul, the <i>Kra</i>, from <b>Anana</b> and give that to a child. The <i>Kra</i> and <i>Dyodyo</i> determine your reason and mentality, while the biological parents provide blood and the physical body. <i>Yorka</i>, the other spiritual part, absorbs the life experiences. After the death of the physical body, the <i>Kra</i> goes back to the <i>Dyodyo</i> and the <i>Yorka</i> goes to the realm of the dead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pantheons">Pantheons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winti&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pantheons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are four pantheons or groups. </p> <ul><li>1. The earth pantheon with the <i>Goron Winti</i>.</li> <li>2. The water pantheon with <i>Watra Winti</i>.</li> <li>3. The forest pantheon with <i>Busi Winti</i>.</li> <li>4. The sky pantheon with <i>Tapu Winti</i>.</li></ul> <p>Certain groups of <a href="/wiki/Maroon_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maroon (people)">maroons</a> also distinguish a fifth pantheon, the realm of the death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_earth_pantheon">The earth pantheon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winti&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The earth pantheon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aisa</li> <li>Loko</li> <li>Leba</li> <li>Fodu</li> <li>Luangu</li> <li>Grong-Ingi</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_water_pantheon">The water pantheon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winti&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The water pantheon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Watra Ingi</li> <li>Watra Kromanti</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_forest_pantheon">The forest pantheon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winti&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The forest pantheon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Busi Ingi</li> <li>Ampuku</li> <li>Kantasi</li> <li>Adumankama</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_sky_pantheon">The sky pantheon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winti&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The sky pantheon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Opete or Tata Ananka Yaw</li> <li>Sofia-Bada</li> <li>Awese</li> <li>Aladi</li> <li>Gisri</li> <li>Tando</li> <li>Gebry</li> <li>Adjaini</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winti&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Wooding, Ch.J. (1984) <i>Geesten genezen. Ethnopsychiatrie als nieuwe richting binnen de Nederlandse antropologie</i>. Groningen: Konstapel.</li> <li>Stephen, H.J.M. (1983). <i>Winti, Afro-Surinaamse religie en magische rituelen in Suriname en Nederland</i>. Amsterdam: Karnak.</li> <li>Stephen, H.J.M (1986). <i>De macht van de Fodoe-winti: Fodoe-rituelen in de winti-kultus in Suriname en Nederland</i>. Amsterdam: Karnak.</li> <li>Stephen, H.J.M. (1986). <i>Lexicon van de Winti-kultuur. Naar een beter begrip van de Winti-kultuur</i>. Z.pl.: De West.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winti&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akom" class="mw-redirect" title="Akom">Akom</a> (West Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> (West Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkisi" title="Nkisi">Nkisi</a> (Central Africa)</li></ul> <style 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class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg/40px-Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg/60px-Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Traditional_African_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Traditional African religion">Traditional African religion portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winti&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRijksuniversiteit_te_Utrecht_Center_for_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_Studies1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies (1979). <i>Nieuwe West-Indische gids</i>. Vol. <span class="nowrap">53–</span>55. Nijhoff. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nieuwe+West-Indische+gids&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Nijhoff&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Rijksuniversiteit+te+Utrecht+Center+for+Latin+American+and+Caribbean+Studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWim_Hoogbergen2008" class="citation book cs1">Wim Hoogbergen (2008). <i>Out of Slavery: A Surinamese Roots History</i>. LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783825881122" title="Special:BookSources/9783825881122"><bdi>9783825881122</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+Slavery%3A+A+Surinamese+Roots+History&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+Berlin-Hamburg-M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783825881122&rft.au=Wim+Hoogbergen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wooding, Ch.J. (1972). <i>Winti: een Afroamerikaanse godsdienst in Suriname; een cultureelhistorische analyse van de religieuze verschijnselen in de Para</i>. Meppel: Krips.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winti&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suriname.nu/201cult/winti01.html">Suriname.nu: Winti</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040413115939/http://www.geocities.com/milgeorge/official.html">For information about Winti and other aspects of Surinamese religion</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Afro-American_Religions" title="Template:Afro-American Religions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Afro-American_Religions" title="Template talk:Afro-American Religions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Afro-American_Religions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Afro-American Religions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_diaspora_religions175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African diaspora religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">African traditional religion-<br />derived systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaku%C3%A1" title="Abakuá">Abakuá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arar%C3%A1_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arará (religion)">Arará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birongo" title="Birongo">Birongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Vud%C3%BA" title="Dominican Vudú">Dominican Vudú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Haitian Vodou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou_in_Cuba" title="Haitian Vodou in Cuba">in Cuba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Louisiana Voodoo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Voodoo_Revival" title="New Orleans Voodoo Revival">New Orleans Voodoo Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Lionza" title="María Lionza">María Lionza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyotunji" title="Oyotunji">Orisha-Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Baptist" title="Spiritual Baptist">Spiritual Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_Vodunu" title="Trinidadian Vodunu">Trinidadian Vodunu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Winti</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiwara_male_drawing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Chiwara_male_drawing.png/40px-Chiwara_male_drawing.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Chiwara_male_drawing.png/60px-Chiwara_male_drawing.png 1.5x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="676" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Abrahamic<br /> and other new religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_the_African_diaspora" title="Atheism in the African diaspora">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Catholicism" title="Black Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_African_diaspora" title="Islam in the African diaspora">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Science Temple of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuwaubian_Nation" title="Nuwaubian Nation">Nuwaubian Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Practices and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice#Traditional_African_and_Afro-American_religions" title="Animal sacrifice">Animal sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedwardism" title="Bedwardism">Bedwardism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetish_priest" title="Fetish priest">Fetish priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birongo" title="Birongo">Birongo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bokor" title="Bokor">Bokor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houngan" class="mw-redirect" title="Houngan">Houngan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mambo_(Vodou)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mambo (Vodou)">Mambo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_foot_powder" title="Hot foot powder">Hot foot powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_funeral" title="Jazz funeral">Jazz funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kromanti_dance" title="Kromanti dance">Kromanti dance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macumba" title="Macumba">Macumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michari" title="Michari">Michari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(African-American_culture)" title="Mojo (African-American culture)">Mojo bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myal" title="Myal">Myal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_nights" title="Nine nights">Nine nights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituals" title="Spirituals">Spirituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veve" title="Veve">Veve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voodoo_doll" title="Voodoo doll">Voodoo doll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">Diverse roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alusi">Alusi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Igbo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nkisi" title="Nkisi">Nkisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_spirituality" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu spirituality">Bantu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loa" class="mw-redirect" title="Loa">Loa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orisha" title="Orisha">Orisha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemi" title="Zemi">Zemi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native American religions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2765545#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata866" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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