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</li> <li id="toc-Coalition_with_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coalition_with_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Coalition with the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coalition_with_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Дэмакратычныя сілы вызвалення Руанды – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэмакратычныя сілы вызвалення Руанды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_Democr%C3%A0tiques_d%27Alliberament_de_Ruanda" title="Forces Democràtiques d'Alliberament de Ruanda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Forces Democràtiques d'Alliberament de Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_D%C3%A9mocratiques_de_Lib%C3%A9ration_du_Rwanda" title="Forces Démocratiques de Libération du Rwanda – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Forces Démocratiques de Libération du Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerzas_Democr%C3%A1ticas_para_la_Liberaci%C3%B3n_de_Ruanda" title="Fuerzas Democráticas para la Liberación de Ruanda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fuerzas Democráticas para la Liberación de Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_d%C3%A9mocratiques_de_lib%C3%A9ration_du_Rwanda" title="Forces démocratiques de libération du Rwanda – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Forces démocratiques de libération du Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forzas_Democr%C3%A1ticas_para_a_Liberaci%C3%B3n_de_Ruanda" title="Forzas Democráticas para a Liberación de Ruanda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Forzas Democráticas para a Liberación de Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forze_Democratiche_per_la_liberazione_del_Ruanda" title="Forze Democratiche per la liberazione del Ruanda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Forze Democratiche per la liberazione del Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasukan_Demokratik_untuk_Pembebasan_Rwanda" title="Pasukan Demokratik untuk Pembebasan Rwanda – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pasukan Demokratik untuk Pembebasan Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratische_Strijdkrachten_voor_de_Bevrijding_van_Rwanda" title="Democratische Strijdkrachten voor de Bevrijding van Rwanda – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Democratische Strijdkrachten voor de 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href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%A7as_Democr%C3%A1ticas_pela_Liberta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Ruanda" title="Forças Democráticas pela Libertação de Ruanda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Forças Democráticas pela Libertação de Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Демократические силы освобождения Руанды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Демократические силы освобождения Руанды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #DEDFDE;">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="nickname"><span title="Kinyarwanda-language text"><i lang="rw">Ingabo za demokarasi zo kubohoza u Rwanda</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinyarwanda language">Kinyarwanda</a>)</span><br /><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Forces démocratiques de libération du Rwanda</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flagge_FDLR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flagge_FDLR.svg/150px-Flagge_FDLR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flagge_FDLR.svg/225px-Flagge_FDLR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flagge_FDLR.svg/300px-Flagge_FDLR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="350" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Flag of the FDLR</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leaders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Ignace_Murwanashyaka" title="Ignace Murwanashyaka">Ignace Murwanashyaka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Callixte_Mbarushimana" title="Callixte Mbarushimana">Callixte Mbarushimana</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sylvestre_Mudacumura" title="Sylvestre Mudacumura">Sylvestre Mudacumura</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Dates of operation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">30 September 2000<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2000-09-30</span>)</span> – present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kibua" title="Kibua">Kibua</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalonge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalonge (page does not exist)">Kalonge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active regions</th><td class="infobox-data label">Eastern <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu Power</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">6,000–7,000 (October 2007)<br />5,000 (October 2015)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 1,000 to 1,500 (2024) <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allies</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opponents</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda"><img alt="Rwanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles and wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Nord-Kivu_campaign" title="2008 Nord-Kivu campaign">2008 Nord-Kivu campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Eastern_Congo_offensive" title="2009 Eastern Congo offensive">2009 Eastern Congo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion" title="M23 rebellion">M23 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%932023)" class="mw-redirect" title="M23 offensive (2022–2023)">M23 offensive (2022–2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_tensions_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda tensions (2022–present)">Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda tensions (2022–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_refugee_crisis" title="Great Lakes refugee crisis">Refugee crisis</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_D%C3%A9mocratique_pour_le_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rassemblement Démocratique pour le Rwanda">RDR</a> (1995–1996)</td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">1st</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">2nd Congo War</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Army for the Liberation of Rwanda">ALiR</a> (1996–2001)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">FDLR</a> (2000–present)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hutu_militants" title="Template:Hutu militants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hutu_militants" title="Template talk:Hutu militants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hutu_militants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hutu militants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr"><b>Forces démocratiques de libération du Rwanda</b></i>, <b>FDLR</b>) (<a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinyarwanda language">Kinyarwanda</a>: <i lang="rw"><b>Ingabo za demokarasi zo kubohoza u Rwanda</b></i><b>, IDKR</b>) is an armed rebel group active in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">ethnic Hutu</a> group opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">ethnic Tutsi</a> influence, the FDLR is one of the last factions of Rwandan rebels active in the Congo. It was founded through an amalgamation of other groups of Rwandan refugees in September 2000, including the former <a href="/wiki/Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Army for the Liberation of Rwanda">Army for the Liberation of Rwanda</a> (ALiR), under the leadership of Paul Rwarakabije.<sup id="cite_ref-ICG03_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICG03-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was active during the latter phases of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">subsequent insurgencies in Kivu</a>. </p><p>As of December 2009, Major General <a href="/wiki/Sylvestre_Mudacumura" title="Sylvestre Mudacumura">Sylvestre Mudacumura</a> was the FDLR's overall military commander. He was the former deputy commander of the FAR Presidential Guard in Rwanda in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-RomkenaVennhoop_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RomkenaVennhoop-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mudacumura was killed by DRC security in 2019. The FDLR made a partial separation between its military and civilian wings in September 2003 when a formal armed branch, the Forces Combattantes Abacunguzi (FOCA), was created.<sup id="cite_ref-RomkenaVennhoop_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RomkenaVennhoop-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the U.S. National Counterterrorism Center, the FDLR is believed to be responsible for about a dozen terrorist attacks committed in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These acts of terrorism have killed hundreds of civilians in Eastern Congo. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dispositions_at_merger">Dispositions at merger</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Dispositions at merger"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before ALiR merged with the FDLR in September 2000, the military configuration was as follows: </p> <ul><li>ALiR was split into two divisions, each containing three brigades of about 2000 men (a total of 12,000 men). The first division was stationed in <a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu</a> and the second around the <a href="/wiki/Kahuzi-Bi%C3%A9ga_National_Park" title="Kahuzi-Biéga National Park">Kahuzi Biega forest</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Shabunda_Territory" title="Shabunda Territory">Shabunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mwenga_Territory" title="Mwenga Territory">Mwenga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalehe_Territory" title="Kalehe Territory">Kalehe</a> territories) and in <a href="/wiki/South_Kivu" title="South Kivu">South Kivu</a>.</li> <li>The FDLR troops consisted of one division of three brigades, plus one more incomplete brigade. After fighting for Kinshasa, troop numbers were down to little more than 7000 to 8000 men, according to the FDLR. But this figure does not take into account the probable recruitment and training of three supplementary brigades, as reported and denounced by the Rwandan government. After the ALiR/FDLR merger, for logistical reasons, an operations centre for troops present in southern Kivu remained in Kamina."<sup id="cite_ref-ICG03_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICG03-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Prunier" title="Gérard Prunier">Gérard Prunier</a> presents a different picture to the ICG's assessment. As of approximately August 2001, he describes two separate ALiR groups, the 'old' ALiR I in <a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu</a>, made up of ex-FAR and <i><a href="/wiki/Interahamwe" title="Interahamwe">Interahamwe</a>,</i> about 4,000 strong, and the 'new' ALiR II operating in <a href="/wiki/South_Kivu" title="South Kivu">South Kivu</a> out of DR Congo government supported bases in <a href="/wiki/Kasai_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasai region">Kasai</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katanga</a>. Prunier says of ALiR II that '..it had over 10,000 men, and although many of the officers were old <i>genocidaires</i> most of the combatants were recruited after 1997. They were the ones that fought around <a href="/wiki/Pepa,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Pepa, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Pepa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moba,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Moba, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Moba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pweto" title="Pweto">Pweto</a> in late 2000.'<sup id="cite_ref-Prunier_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prunier-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'The even newer FDLR had around 3,000 men, based in <a href="/wiki/Kamina" title="Kamina">Kamina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katanga</a>. Still untried in combat, they had been trained by the Zimbabweans and were a small, fully equipped conventional army.'<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is not clear which if either of these two accounts is correct. The ALiR is currently listed on the U.S. Department of State's Terrorist Exclusion List as a terrorist organization.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The FDLR counts among its number the original members of the <a href="/wiki/Interahamwe" title="Interahamwe">Interahamwe</a> that led the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a>. It received extensive backing from, and cooperation from, the government of Congolese President <a href="/wiki/Laurent-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila" title="Laurent-Désiré Kabila">Laurent-Désiré Kabila</a>, who used the FDLR as a <a href="/wiki/War_by_proxy" class="mw-redirect" title="War by proxy">proxy</a> force against the foreign Rwandan armies operating in the country, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwandan Patriotic Army">Rwandan Patriotic Army</a> (RPF military wing) and Rwanda-backed <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_Congolese_Democracy" title="Rally for Congolese Democracy">Rally for Congolese Democracy</a>. In July 2002, FDLR units still in Kinshasa-held territory moved into <a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Kivu" title="South Kivu">South Kivu</a>. At this time it was thought to have between 15,000 and 20,000 members. Even after the official end of the Second Congo War in 2002, FDLR units continued to attack Tutsi forces both in eastern DRC and across the border into Rwanda, vastly increasing tensions in the region and raising the possibility of another Rwandan offensive into the DRC – what would be their third since 1996. In mid-2004, a number of attacks forced 25,000 Congolese to <a href="/wiki/Forced_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced migration">flee their homes</a>. </p><p>Following several days of talks with Congolese government representatives, the FDLR announced on 31 March 2005 that they were abandoning their armed struggle and returning to Rwanda as a <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a>. The talks held in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> were mediated by <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a>. The Rwandan government stated that any returning genocidaires would face justice, most probably through the <a href="/wiki/Gacaca_court" title="Gacaca court">gacaca court</a> system. It was stated that if all of the FDLR commanders, who are believed to control about 10,000 militants, disarmed and returned, a key source of cross-border tensions would be removed.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 4, 2005, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> issued a statement demanding the FDLR disarm and leave the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> immediately. Under an agreement reached in August, the rebels had pledged to leave Congo by September 30.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congolese military</a> announced that it was ending a seven-month offensive against the FDLR, prompting a sharp rebuke by the government of Rwanda. Prior to this, Gen. <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Nkunda" title="Laurent Nkunda">Laurent Nkunda</a> had split from the government, taking <a href="/wiki/Banyamulenge" title="Banyamulenge">Banyamulenge</a> (ethnic Tutsis in the DRC) soldiers from the former <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_Congolese_Democracy" title="Rally for Congolese Democracy">Rally for Congolese Democracy</a> and assaulting FDLR positions, displacing a further 160,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2007 the <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a> said that the group's military forces had dropped from an estimated 15,000 in 2001 to 6–7,000 then, organised into four battalions and a reserve brigade in <a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu</a> and four battalions in <a href="/wiki/South_Kivu" title="South Kivu">South Kivu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It named the political and military headquarters as Kibua and Kalonge respectively, both in the jungle covered <a href="/wiki/Walikale" title="Walikale">Walikale</a> region of <a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu</a>. It also said that 'about the same number' of Rwandan citizens, family members of combatants, and unrelated refugees remained behind FDLR lines in separate communities. </p><p>In December 2008 DR Congo and Rwanda agreed to attempt to disband the FDLR,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though they will have to destroy the organisation by force or otherwise shut it down. On January 20, 2009, the Rwandan Army, in concert with the Congolese government, <a href="/wiki/2009_Eastern_Congo_offensive" title="2009 Eastern Congo offensive">entered the DR Congo</a> to hunt down lingering FDLR fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_developments">Later developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 9 and 10 May 2009, FDLR rebels were blamed for attacks on the villages of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekingi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekingi (page does not exist)">Ekingi</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Kivu" title="South Kivu">South Kivu</a>) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Busurungi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Busurungi (page does not exist)">Busurungi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walikale" title="Walikale">Walikale</a> territory, southern boundary of <a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 90 people were killed at Ekingi, including 60 civilians and 30 government troops, and "dozens more" were said to be killed at Busurungi.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FDLR were blamed by the United Nations' <a href="/wiki/Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UN Group of Experts' report, S/2009/603, issued 9 November 2009, said "Consistent statements collected by the Group from FDLR elements who participated in this attack confirmed that it was conducted in retaliation against the FARDC for the killings in late April 2009 at Shalio."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Group further commented that "The attack at Busurungi on 10 May 2009 was conducted in clear violation of international human rights law and international humanitarian law. The systematic nature of attacks by the FDLR against the civilian population at Busurungi suggests that they could qualify as crimes against humanity. The attack on Busurungi was perpetrated by the elements of the FDLR battalion "Zodiac" under the command of Lt Col Nzegiyumva of the FDLR Reserve Brigade, in turn under the command of Col Kalume. Reportedly, the attacks were also perpetrated by the Special Company under the command of Capt Mugisha Vainquer. Some information received by the Group indicated that the operation was supported by an FDLR commando unit."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FDLR had attacked several other villages in the preceding weeks and clashes occurred between FDLR forces and the Congolese Army, during which government forces are reported to have lost men killed and wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-AP_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most recent attacks have forced a significant number of people from their homes in Busurungi to <a href="/wiki/Hombo" title="Hombo">Hombo</a>, 20 kilometres (12 mi) north.<sup id="cite_ref-AP_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Congolese Army and MONUC have conducted Operation Kimia II in North and South Kivu to try to eliminate the FDLR, which has not been very successful.<sup id="cite_ref-AP_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FDLR website was hosted in Germany, but after the request of the German newspaper <a href="/wiki/Die_tageszeitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Die tageszeitung">Die Tageszeitung</a>, it was taken offline. The website is now hosted by the Italian provider Register.it.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The UN peacekeeping mission <a href="/wiki/MONUC" class="mw-redirect" title="MONUC">MONUC</a> has been accused of sharing intelligence with the FDLR.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these accusations are unreliable at best as they were made by the New Times, a media outlet under Rwanda state control. The government of Rwanda has been hostile towards MONUC and during its proxy war with the Congo, its military forces even attacked peacekeepers while part of the CNDP. </p><p>On August 24, 2010, the United Nations confirmed that rebels from the FDLR and from the <a href="/wiki/Mai_Mai" class="mw-redirect" title="Mai Mai">Mai Mai</a> militia raped and assaulted at least 154 civilians from July 30 to August 3, in the town of <a href="/wiki/Luvungi" title="Luvungi">Luvungi</a> in North Kivu province. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary-General" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Secretary-General">United Nations Secretary-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a>, who had made protecting civilians and combating sexual violence central themes of his presidency, was reported to be outraged by the attack. Atul Khare, deputy head of the U.N.'s peacekeeping department, was dispatched to the region, and <a href="/wiki/Margot_Wallstr%C3%B6m" title="Margot Wallström">Margot Wallström</a>, the organisation's special representative for sexual violence in conflict, was instructed to take charge of the U.N. response and follow up. The United Nations had withdrawn 1,700 peace keepers in recent months, responding to the Congolese government's demand to end the UN peacekeeping mission (recently renamed MONUSCO). Earlier Wallstrom was quoted as saying that this withdrawal would make the struggle against sexual violence in the region significantly more difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrests">Arrests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Arrests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>FDLR chairman <a href="/wiki/Ignace_Murwanashyaka" title="Ignace Murwanashyaka">Ignace Murwanashyaka</a> was arrested in Mannheim, Germany, in April 2006, but released shortly thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in November 2009, after pressure applied by the United Nations, the German <a href="/wiki/Federal_Criminal_Police_Office_(Germany)" title="Federal Criminal Police Office (Germany)">Bundeskriminalamt</a> captured Murwanashyaka, the 46-year-old chairman of the FDLR, again, along with his 48-year-old deputy, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Straton_Musoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Straton Musoni (page does not exist)">Straton Musoni</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FDLR_leaders_arrest_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDLR_leaders_arrest-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was considered a severe blow to the FDLR organization. </p><p>The trial for Murwanashyaka and Musoni began on May 4, 2011, before the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Oberlandesgericht" title="Oberlandesgericht">Oberlandesgericht</a></i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>. They are accused of several counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity according to the German <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkerstrafgesetzbuch" title="Völkerstrafgesetzbuch">Völkerstrafgesetzbuch</a>. Their trial is the first to be held in Germany for crimes against this law.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2010, the Executive Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Callixte_Mbarushimana" title="Callixte Mbarushimana">Callixte Mbarushimana</a>, was arrested in France under a sealed warrant from the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> (ICC) for crimes against humanity and war crimes allegedly committed in the Kivus (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>). The warrant concerns widespread attacks allegedly committed by FDLR troops against civilians in North and South <a href="/wiki/Kivu" title="Kivu">Kivu</a> in 2009. The Court's judges state that there are reasonable grounds to believe that Mbarushimana bears criminal responsibility for these attacks, including murder, torture, rape, persecution and inhumane acts. The warrant alleges that Mbarushimana was part of a plan to create a humanitarian catastrophe to extract concessions of political power for the FDLR.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 July 2012, the ICC announced an arrest mandate against the FDLR chief <a href="/wiki/Sylvestre_Mudacumura" title="Sylvestre Mudacumura">Sylvestre Mudacumura</a> for war crimes committed in the Kivus<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as against <a href="/wiki/Bosco_Ntaganda" title="Bosco Ntaganda">Bosco Ntaganda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 November 2019, Trial Chamber VI of International Criminal Court (ICC) sentenced Bosco Ntaganda to a total of 30 years of imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2020, the FLDR was accused of attacking a civilian convoy in the <a href="/wiki/Virunga_National_Park" title="Virunga National Park">Virunga National Park</a>, killing a dozen park rangers,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in February 2021, it was accused of killing the Italian ambassador to DRC, <a href="/wiki/Luca_Attanasio" title="Luca Attanasio">Luca Attanasio</a>, his bodyguard and his driver.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coalition_with_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo">Coalition with the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Coalition with the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2022, findings from reports by <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> revealed that the Congolese military provided support to the FDRL rebel group in their engagement against the <a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">M23</a> rebel group.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rasta_(Congo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasta (Congo)">Rasta (Congo)</a> – a rebel splinter group of the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128154221/http://www.newsofrwanda.com/featured1/29861/fdlr-has-5000-combatants-in-four-dr-congo-provinces/">"FDLR Has 5,000 Combatants In Four DR Congo Provinces"</a>. <i>News of Rwanda</i>. 29 October 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsofrwanda.com/featured1/29861/fdlr-has-5000-combatants-in-four-dr-congo-provinces/">the original</a> on 28 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+of+Rwanda&rft.atitle=FDLR+Has+5%2C000+Combatants+In+Four+DR+Congo+Provinces&rft.date=2015-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsofrwanda.com%2Ffeatured1%2F29861%2Ffdlr-has-5000-combatants-in-four-dr-congo-provinces%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Forces+for+the+Liberation+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n24/118/80/pdf/n2411880.pdf?token=cxiLV48yAnu1NioZpH&fe=true">"S/2024/432"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United Nations</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=S%2F2024%2F432&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments.un.org%2Fdoc%2Fundoc%2Fgen%2Fn24%2F118%2F80%2Fpdf%2Fn2411880.pdf%3Ftoken%3DcxiLV48yAnu1NioZpH%26fe%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Forces+for+the+Liberation+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAutesserreGbowee2021" class="citation book cs1">Autesserre, Séverine; Gbowee, Leymah (2021-05-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780197530351.001.0001/oso-9780197530351"><i>The Frontlines of Peace: An Insider's Guide to Changing the World</i></a> (1 ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197530351.001.0001">10.1093/oso/9780197530351.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-753035-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-753035-1"><bdi>978-0-19-753035-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Frontlines+of+Peace%3A+An+Insider%27s+Guide+to+Changing+the+World&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021-05-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197530351.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-753035-1&rft.aulast=Autesserre&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9verine&rft.au=Gbowee%2C+Leymah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxford.universitypressscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197530351.001.0001%2Foso-9780197530351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Forces+for+the+Liberation+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICG03-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICG03_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICG03_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">ICG, Rwandan Hutu Rebels in the Congo; A New Approach to Disarmament and Reintegration, ICG Africa Report No.63, 23 May 2003, p.6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RomkenaVennhoop-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RomkenaVennhoop_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RomkenaVennhoop_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Romkena, De Vennhoop <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1417&fuseaction=topics.event_summary&event_id=276321">Opportunities and Constraints for the Disarmament and Repatriation of Foreign Armed Groups in the DRC</a>, Multi Country Demobilization and Recovery Program, April 2007, report on FDLR described as 'excellent' by Prunier 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>2009 Report on Terrorism</i>. U.S. National Counterterrorism Center. Office of the Director of National Intelligence. April 30, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2009+Report+on+Terrorism&rft.pub=U.S.+National+Counterterrorism+Center.+Office+of+the+Director+of+National+Intelligence&rft.date=2010-04-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Forces+for+the+Liberation+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prunier-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prunier_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gérard Prunier, From Genocide to Continental War: The "Congolese" Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa, C. Hurst & Co, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-523-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-523-7">978-1-85065-523-7</a>, p.268</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prunier, 2009, p.268, drawing upon interview with EU Great Lakes Political Officer Christian Manahl, Nairobi, September 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170625150135/https://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/other/des/123086.htm">"Terrorist Exclusion List"</a>. Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/other/des/123086.htm">the original</a> on 25 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Terrorist+Exclusion+List&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Coordinator+for+Counterterrorism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fs%2Fct%2Frls%2Fother%2Fdes%2F123086.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Forces+for+the+Liberation+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4396785.stm">Rwandan Hutus end armed struggle</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, 31 March 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=16090&Cr=democratic&Cr1=congo">Security Council calls on Rwandan rebel group to disarm, leave DR of Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/UN_News_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="UN News Centre">UN News Centre</a>, 4 October 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/sc8518.doc.htm">Security Council deplores failure of foreign armed group to disarm, repatriate combatants from Democratic Republic of Congo</a> 4 October 2005 <a href="/wiki/UN_News" class="mw-redirect" title="UN News">UN News</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6947399.stm">"Rwanda anger at Congo rebel move"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>, 15 August 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Crisis Group <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=5134">Congo: Bringing Peace to North Kivu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206043953/http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=5134">Archived</a> 2008-12-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Africa Report No.133, 31 October 2007, Annex D, p.27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081213194711/http://africa.reuters.com/top/news/usnJOE4B900I.html">"Mediator says Congo rebel talks make progress"</a>. Reuters. 2008-12-09. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://africa.reuters.com/top/news/usnJOE4B900I.html">the original</a> on 2008-12-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DR+Congo%3A+Army+Units+Aided+Abusive+Armed+Groups+%7C+Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2022-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2022%2F10%2F18%2Fdr-congo-army-units-aided-abusive-armed-groups&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Forces+for+the+Liberation+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15334.doc.htm">"Mission Drawdown in Democratic Republic of Congo Must Not Create Stability Vacuum, Jeopardize Civilian Protection, Senior Official Tells Security Council | UN Press"</a>. <i>press.un.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=press.un.org&rft.atitle=Mission+Drawdown+in+Democratic+Republic+of+Congo+Must+Not+Create+Stability+Vacuum%2C+Jeopardize+Civilian+Protection%2C+Senior+Official+Tells+Security+Council+%7C+UN+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.un.org%2Fen%2F2023%2Fsc15334.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Forces+for+the+Liberation+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmall_Arms_Survey_2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Small_Arms_Survey" title="Small Arms Survey">Small Arms Survey</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150701142546/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2015/eng/Small-Arms-Survey-2015-Highlights-EN.pdf">"Waning Cohesion: The Rise and Fall of the FDLR–FOCA"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2015/eng/Small-Arms-Survey-2015-Highlights-EN.pdf"><i>Small Arms Survey 2015: weapons and the world</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2015/eng/Small-Arms-Survey-2015-Chapter-07-EN.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 1, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Waning+Cohesion%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+FDLR%E2%80%93FOCA&rft.btitle=Small+Arms+Survey+2015%3A+weapons+and+the+world&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Small+Arms+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smallarmssurvey.org%2Ffileadmin%2Fdocs%2FA-Yearbook%2F2015%2Feng%2FSmall-Arms-Survey-2015-Chapter-07-EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Forces+for+the+Liberation+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Brig. Gen. Jacques Musemakweli, SSR in the Great Lakes Region: A Tool for Security and Sustainable Development, Department for Defence Management and Security Analysis, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Science" title="Royal Military College of Science">Defence College of Management and Technology</a> thesis, August 2006, R/06/963, accessible via Defence Academy Library, <a href="/wiki/Defence_Academy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Defence Academy of the United Kingdom">Defence Academy of the United Kingdom</a> Shrivenham, UK</li> <li>Hans Romkena, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727074355/http://www.mdrp.org/PDFs/MDRP_Diss_Note6.pdf">The End in Sight?</a>, Updated MDRP study, August 2009</li> <li>United Nations Group of Experts on the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Final Report, dated 9 November 2009, S/2009/603, French language in official UN form accessible at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/EGUA-7YHV4X?OpenDocument">[2]</a>, bootleg English version accessible at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://rabbitsliketrumpets.typepad.com/Group_of_Experts_Report_DRC_november_2009.pdf">[3]</a></li> <li>Miller, Eric: "The Inability of Peacekeeping to Address the Security Dilemma," 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8383-4027-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8383-4027-2">978-3-8383-4027-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedlund2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hedlund, Anna (2017). "Simple Soldiers? Blurring the distinction between compulsion and commitment among Rwandan rebels in Eastern Congo". <i>Africa: Journal of the International African Institute</i>. <b>87</b> (4): 720–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS000197201700033X">10.1017/S000197201700033X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148841627">148841627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa%3A+Journal+of+the+International+African+Institute&rft.atitle=Simple+Soldiers%3F+Blurring+the+distinction+between+compulsion+and+commitment+among+Rwandan+rebels+in+Eastern+Congo&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=720-37&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS000197201700033X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148841627%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hedlund&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Forces+for+the+Liberation+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cartogracy.com/conflict/drc">Cartogracy: Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oenz.de/">FDLR-Studie von OENZ 2009</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060111050057/http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?l=1&id=3426">"The Congo: Solving the FDLR Problem Once and for All"</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a>, 12 May 2005</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&#124;link=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo–Rwanda_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Rwanda&#124;link=Rwanda" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Template:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Template 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lusaka_Ceasefire_Agreement" title="Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement">Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Accord" title="Pretoria Accord">Pretoria Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_City_Agreement" title="Sun City Agreement">Sun City Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa" title="Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa">COMESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Conservation_of_Gorillas_and_Their_Habitats" title="Agreement on the Conservation of Gorillas and Their Habitats">Gorilla Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_the_Great_Lakes_Countries" title="Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries">Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Military relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East African campaign (World War I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFDL" title="AFDL">AFDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemera_massacre" title="Lemera massacre">Lemera massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War" title="Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War">Massacres of Hutus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongo_conflict" title="Dongo conflict">Dongo conflict</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Kivu_conflict" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makobola_massacre" title="Makobola massacre">Makobola massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Nord-Kivu_campaign" title="2008 Nord-Kivu campaign">2008 Nord-Kivu campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Eastern_Congo_offensive" title="2009 Eastern Congo offensive">2009 Eastern Congo offensive</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="March_23Movement" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">March 23<br />Movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion" title="M23 rebellion">M23 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="M23 offensive (2022–present)">M23 offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kishishe_massacre" title="Kishishe massacre">Kishishe massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Congolese%E2%80%93Rwandan_border_clash" title="2012 Congolese–Rwandan border clash">2012 Congolese–Rwandan border clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_tensions_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda tensions (2022–present)">Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda tensions (2022–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_border" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda border">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyamulenge" title="Banyamulenge">Banyamulenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwito_Chiefdom" title="Bwito Chiefdom">Bwito Chiefdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaziba_Chiefdom" title="Kaziba Chiefdom">Kaziba Chiefdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngweshe_Chiefdom" title="Ngweshe Chiefdom">Ngweshe Chiefdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian colonial empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_frontier_incident" title="Kivu frontier incident">Kivu frontier incident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenaries_and_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mercenaries and the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Mercenaries and the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">Rwandan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katanga_insurgency" title="Katanga insurgency">Katanga insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyarwanda_War" title="Kanyarwanda War">Kanyarwanda War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_refugee_crisis" title="Great Lakes refugee crisis">Great Lakes refugee crisis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">FDLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_Congolese_Democracy" title="Rally for Congolese Democracy">RCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">MONUSCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Mutarule_attack" title="2014 Mutarule attack">2014 Mutarule attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipupu_massacre" title="Kipupu massacre">Kipupu massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armed_groups_in_the_Congo_wars" title="Template talk:Armed groups in the Congo wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armed_groups_in_the_Congo_wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armed groups in the Congo wars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_groups_in_the_First_and_Second_Congo_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed groups in the <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Zaire</a> (FAZ, under <a href="/wiki/Mobuto_Sese_Seko" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobuto Sese Seko">Mobuto Sese Seko</a> / FARDC, after Mobutu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Armed_Forces" title="Angolan Armed Forces">Angola</a> (FAA, in Second War)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Chad">Chad</a> (FANT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_of_the_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia_Defence_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibia Defence Force">Namibia</a> (NDF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan People's Armed Forces">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_National_Army" title="Zimbabwe National Army">Zimbabwe</a> (ZNA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Armed_Forces" title="Angolan Armed Forces">Angola</a> (FAA, in First War)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Burundi">Burundi</a> (FAB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Defense_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwandan Defense Forces">Rwanda</a> (RPF/RDF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_People%27s_Defence_Force" title="Uganda People's Defence Force">Uganda</a> (UPDF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Militias and<br />rebel groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rwanda-aligned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFDL" title="AFDL">AFDL</a> (Rwanda-Uganda backed alliance)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_Congolese_Democracy" title="Rally for Congolese Democracy">Rally for Congolese Democracy</a> (RCD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_Congolese_Democracy%E2%80%93Goma" title="Rally for Congolese Democracy–Goma">RCD–Goma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyamulenge" title="Banyamulenge">Banyamulenge</a> (ethnic <a href="/wiki/Tutsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tutsis">Tutsis</a> in South Kivu)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RCD-Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RCD-Congo (page does not exist)">RCD-Congo</a> (faction of RCD-Goma created in 2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uganda-aligned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for the Liberation of Congo">Movement for the Liberation of Congo</a> (MLC, created in 1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forces_for_Renewal" title="Forces for Renewal">RCD-Kisangani/Mouvement de Libération</a> (RCD-K/ML or "RCD-Wamba", created 1999)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RCD-National&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RCD-National (page does not exist)">RCD-National</a> (RCD-N, split from RCD-K/ML)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Congolese_Patriots" title="Union of Congolese Patriots">Union of Congolese Patriots</a> (UPC)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_de_Lib%C3%A9ration_du_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Front de Libération du Congo (page does not exist)">Front de Libération du Congo</a> (FLC, formed from the MLC, RCD-N and RCD-ML from 2000 to 2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-government,<br />other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Army/Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement">Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement</a> (SPLA/M)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNITA" title="UNITA">National Union for Total Independence of Angola</a> (UNITA, in Second War)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CODECO" title="CODECO">CODECO</a> (in Ituri)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-Rwanda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interahamwe" title="Interahamwe">Interahamwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Rally_for_Democracy_in_Rwanda" title="Republican Rally for Democracy in Rwanda">Rassemblement Démocratique pour le Rwanda</a> (RDR, alleged successor organization to the <a href="/wiki/Interahamwe" title="Interahamwe">Interahamwe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Army for the Liberation of Rwanda">Army for the Liberation of Rwanda</a> (ALiR, successor to RDR in 1997)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</a> (FDLR, created in 2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-Uganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces" title="Allied Democratic Forces">Allied Democratic Forces</a> (ADF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army" title="Lord's Resistance Army">Lord's Resistance Army</a> (LRA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_and_Integrationist_Front" title="Nationalist and Integrationist Front">Nationalist and Integrationist Front</a> (FNI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-Burundi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Defense_of_Democracy_%E2%80%93_Forces_for_the_Defense_of_Democracy" title="National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy">National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy</a> (CNDD-FDD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Burundi)" title="National Liberation Front (Burundi)">National Liberation Front</a> (FLN/FROLINA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government-aligned,<br />other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mai-Mai" title="Mai-Mai">Mai-Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNITA" title="UNITA">National Union for Total Independence of Angola</a> (UNITA, in First War)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Legion_(Zaire)" title="White Legion (Zaire)">White Legion (First Congo War)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">MONUSCO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Alliances sometimes changed dramatically over the course of the wars. Some groups may be associated with multiple, ostensibly opposed factions.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249015#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249015#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249015#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/45146825465407631953">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2016118470">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Forces démocratiques de libération du Rwanda"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko20191031200&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987010649376005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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