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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ancient Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germanic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Germanic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Czech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a 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class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Uralic</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uralic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uralic subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uralic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hungarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Hungarian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finnish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finnish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Finnish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finnish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uto-Aztecan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uto-Aztecan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uto-Aztecan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uto-Aztecan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uto-Aztecan subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uto-Aztecan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nahuatl" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nahuatl"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Nahuatl</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nahuatl-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Turkic</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Turkic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Turkic subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Turkic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turkish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Turkish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Japanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northeast_Caucasian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northeast_Caucasian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Northeast Caucasian</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Northeast_Caucasian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Northeast Caucasian subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Northeast_Caucasian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vainakh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vainakh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Vainakh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vainakh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Instrumental case</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حالة أداتية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حالة أداتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Գործիական հոլով – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գործիական հոլով" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95" title="করণ কারক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="করণ কারক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Творны склон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Творны склон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Творны склон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Творны склон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6" title="Творителен падеж – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Творителен падеж" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental" title="Instrumental – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Instrumental" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental" title="Instrumental – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Instrumental" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troad_instrumentel" title="Troad instrumentel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Troad instrumentel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cas_instrumental" title="Cas instrumental – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cas instrumental" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument%C3%A1l" title="Instrumentál – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Instrumentál" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentalis" title="Instrumentalis – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Instrumentalis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentalis" title="Instrumentalis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Instrumentalis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%80%CF%84%CF%8E%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Οργανική πτώση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οργανική πτώση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso_instrumental" title="Caso instrumental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caso instrumental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentalo" title="Instrumentalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Instrumentalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_(gramatika)" title="Instrumental (gramatika) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Instrumental (gramatika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="حالت ابزاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حالت ابزاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_(cas)" title="Instrumental (cas) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Instrumental (cas)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EA%B5%AC%EA%B2%A9" title="도구격 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도구격" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Գործիական հոլով – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գործիական հոլով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental" title="Instrumental – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Instrumental" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentalis" title="Instrumentalis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Instrumentalis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A6kisfall" title="Tækisfall – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tækisfall" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strumentale" title="Strumentale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Strumentale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasus_instrum%C3%A8ntalis" title="Kasus instrumèntalis – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kasus instrumèntalis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="მოქმედებითი ბრუნვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოქმედებითი ბრუნვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B4rz%C3%A3dz%C3%B4cz" title="Nôrzãdzôcz – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Nôrzãdzôcz" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Септік жалғау – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Септік жалғау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentalis" title="Instrumentalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Instrumentalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument%C4%81lis" title="Instrumentālis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Instrumentālis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AEnagininkas" title="Įnagininkas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Įnagininkas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentalis" title="Instrumentalis – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Instrumentalis" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eszk%C3%B6zhat%C3%A1roz%C3%B3_eset" title="Eszközhatározó eset – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eszközhatározó eset" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Инструментал – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Инструментал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentalis" title="Instrumentalis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Instrumentalis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B7%E6%A0%BC" title="具格 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="具格" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentalis" title="Instrumentalis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Instrumentalis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentalis" title="Instrumentalis – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Instrumentalis" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosita_kelishigi" title="Vosita kelishigi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vosita kelishigi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narz%C4%99dnik" title="Narzędnik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Narzędnik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso_instrumental" title="Caso instrumental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caso instrumental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazul_instrumental" title="Cazul instrumental – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cazul instrumental" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6" title="Творительный падеж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Творительный падеж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%C5%A1trument%C3%A1l" title="Inštrumentál – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Inštrumentál" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Инструментал – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Инструментал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental" title="Instrumental – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Instrumental" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentaali" title="Instrumentaali – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Instrumentaali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentalis" title="Instrumentalis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Instrumentalis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vas%C4%B1ta_eki" title="Vasıta eki – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vasıta eki" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Орудний відмінок – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Орудний відмінок" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strumental" title="Strumental – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Strumental" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E6%A0%BC" title="工具格 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="工具格" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentalis" title="Instrumentalis – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Instrumentalis" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:18em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_category" title="Grammatical category">Grammatical features</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related to nouns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">Animacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">Case</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dative_construction" title="Dative construction">Dative construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dative_shift" title="Dative shift">Dative shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirky_subject" title="Quirky subject">Quirky subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">Comitative</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Instrumental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">Classifier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Measure_word" title="Measure word">Measure word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construct_state" title="Construct state">Construct state</a></li> <li>Countability <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Count_noun" title="Count noun">Count noun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">Mass noun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">Collective noun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">Definiteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genitive_construction" title="Genitive construction">Genitive construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)" title="Possession (linguistics)">Possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffixaufnahme" title="Suffixaufnahme">Suffixaufnahme (case stacking)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun_class" title="Noun class">Noun class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">Number</a> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Singular</li><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">Dual</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">Plural</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singulative_number" title="Singulative number">Singulative-Collective-Plurative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specificity_(linguistics)" title="Specificity (linguistics)">Specificity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_grinder" title="Universal grinder">Universal grinder</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related to verbs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_motion" title="Associated motion">Associated motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">Clusivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">Conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidentiality" title="Evidentiality">Evidentiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modality_(semantics)" title="Modality (semantics)">Modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telicity" title="Telicity">Telicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirativity" title="Mirativity">Mirativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">Grammatical aspect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_aspect" title="Lexical aspect">Lexical aspect (Aktionsart)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">Mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Tense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_(grammar)" title="Voice (grammar)">Voice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General features</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(linguistics)" title="Affect (linguistics)">Affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundedness_(linguistics)" title="Boundedness (linguistics)">Boundedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_(grammar)" title="Comparison (grammar)">Comparison (degree)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egophoricity" title="Egophoricity">Egophoricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluractionality" title="Pluractionality">Pluractionality</a> (verbal number)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorifics_(linguistics)" title="Honorifics (linguistics)">Honorifics (politeness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affirmation_and_negation" title="Affirmation and negation">Polarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_construction" title="Reciprocal construction">Reciprocity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">Reflexive pronoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_verb" title="Reflexive verb">Reflexive verb</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Syntax relationships</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_(linguistics)" title="Argument (linguistics)">Argument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transitivity_(grammar)" title="Transitivity (grammar)">Transitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valency_(linguistics)" title="Valency (linguistics)">Valency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branching_(linguistics)" title="Branching (linguistics)">Branching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_verb_construction" title="Serial verb construction">Serial verb construction</a></li> <li>Traditional grammar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">Predicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">Subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">Object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjunct_(grammar)" title="Adjunct (grammar)">Adjunct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicative_expression" title="Predicative expression">Predicative</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Semantics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(linguistics)" title="Contrast (linguistics)">Contrast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirativity" title="Mirativity">Mirativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thematic_relation" title="Thematic relation">Thematic relation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_(grammar)" title="Agent (grammar)">Agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_(grammar)" title="Patient (grammar)">Patient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_and_comment" title="Topic and comment">Topic and Comment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Focus_(linguistics)" title="Focus (linguistics)">Focus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volition_(linguistics)" title="Volition (linguistics)">Volition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veridicality" title="Veridicality">Veridicality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Phenomena</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polypersonal_agreement" title="Polypersonal agreement">Polypersonal agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">Declension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_category" title="Empty category">Empty category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(linguistics)" title="Incorporation (linguistics)">Incorporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">Inflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markedness" title="Markedness">Markedness</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grammatical_categories" title="Template:Grammatical categories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grammatical_categories" title="Template talk:Grammatical categories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical_categories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical categories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, the <b>instrumental case</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_glossing_abbreviations" title="List of glossing abbreviations">abbreviated</a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><b>INS</b></span></span> or <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><b>INSTR</b></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">grammatical case</a> used to indicate that a noun is the <i>instrument</i> or means by or with which the <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a> achieves or accomplishes an action. The noun may be either a physical object or an abstract concept. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_discussion">General discussion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instrumental_case&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General discussion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The instrumental case appears in this <a href="/wiki/Russian_grammar" title="Russian grammar">Russian</a> sentence: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ru" style="margin: 0px;">Я</p><p lang="ru-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ya</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ru" style="margin: 0px;">написал</p><p lang="ru-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">napisal</p><p style="margin: 0px;">wrote</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ru" style="margin: 0px;">письмо</p><p lang="ru-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pis'mo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">(the) letter</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ru" style="margin: 0px;">пером.</p><p lang="ru-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">perom.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[with] (a) quill pen.</p></div><p style="display: none;">Я написал письмо пером.</p><p style="display: none;">Ya napisal pis'mo perom.</p><p style="display: none;">I wrote {(the) letter} {[with] (a) quill pen.}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Here, the <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a> of the noun indicates its instrumental role: the <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a> <i>перо</i> changes its ending to become <i>пером</i>. </p><p>Modern English expresses the instrumental meaning by use of adverbial phrases that begin with the words <i>with</i>, <i>by</i>, or <i>using</i>, followed by the noun indicating the <i>instrument</i>: </p> <dl><dd><i>I wrote the note with a pen.</i></dd> <dd><i>I wrote the note (by) using a pen.</i></dd></dl> <p>Technical descriptions often use the phrase "by means of", which is similar to "by use of", as in: </p> <dl><dd><i>I wrote the note by means of a pen.</i></dd> <dd><i>I wrote the note by use of a pen.</i></dd></dl> <p>This can be replaced by "via", which is a Latin <a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">ablative</a> of the nominative (viā) <i>via</i>, meaning road, route, or way. In the ablative it means <i>by way of</i>. </p><p>The instrumental case appears in <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Saxon language">Old Saxon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic languages</a>. An instrumental/<a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">comitative case</a> is arguably present in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> as well as in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>. Also, Uralic languages reuse the <a href="/wiki/Adessive_case" title="Adessive case">adessive case</a> where available, <a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative case</a> if not, to mark the same category, or <a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">comitative case</a> (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>). For example, the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> <i>kirjoitan kynällä</i> does not mean "I write on a pen", but "I write using a pen", even if the adessive <i>-llä</i> is used. In Ob-Ugric languages, the same category may also mark agents with verbs that use an <a href="/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_alignment" title="Ergative–absolutive alignment">ergative alignment</a>, for instance, "I give you, using a pen". </p><p>The instrumental case is notably used in Russian, where the case is called <i>творительный падеж (tvoritel'nyj padež)</i> though similar usages also can be found in other <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic languages</a>. In most declension paradigms, the instrumental case in Russian can generally be distinguished by the -ом ("-om") suffix for most masculine and neuter nouns, the -ою/-oй ("-oju"/"-oj") suffix for most feminine nouns and -ами ("-ami") for any of the three genders in the plural. </p><p>Just as in English the preposition "with" can express instrumental ("using, by means of"), comitative ("in the company of"), and a number of other semantic relations, the instrumental case in Russian is not limited to its instrumental thematic role. It is also used to denote: </p> <ul><li>the agent in a passive voice construction. E.g.: "Книга написана Марком Твеном" ("The book was written by Mark Twain"). Here, "Марком Твеном" ("by Mark Twain") is "Марк Твен" ("Mark Twain") in the instrumental case.</li> <li>a predicate with infinitive, future tense, imperative, conditional and gerund of the verbs "быть" and "являться" (both meaning 'to be') (for example, "я хочу быть врачом", "не будь трусом" translate as "I want to be a doctor" and "don't be a coward", with the nouns in the instrumental case).</li> <li>a predicate with a number of other verbs, denoting state, appearance, manner, consideration, etc.</li> <li>parts of the day, seasons of the year, and some other temporal relations. For example, the sentence "я работаю утром" (ja rabotaju utrom) means "I work in the morning". The word утро (utro, "morning") in its instrumental case denotes the time in which the action (in the case of this example, "working") takes place ("in the morning").</li> <li>similarity. For example, the phrases "выть волком," "умереть героем," "лететь стрелой" (to howl like a wolf, to die like a hero, to fly like an arrow) use nouns in the instrumental case.</li> <li>location, when used with prepositions "behind", "in front of", "under", "above", "next to", and "between"</li></ul> <p>The Russian instrumental case is also used with verbs of use and control (to own, to manage, to abuse, to rule, to possess, etc.), attitude (to be proud of, to threaten (with), to value, to be interested (in), to admire, to be obsessed (with), etc.), reciprocal action (to share, to exchange), and some other verbs. </p><p>Though the instrumental case does not exist in many languages, some languages use other cases to denote the means, or instrument, of an action. In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Classical Greek</a>, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative case</a> is used as the instrumental case. This can be seen in the sentence "<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">..με κτείνει δόλῳ</span></span>," or "..me ktenei dolôi" (Book IX, line 407 of the <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>), which means "he kills me with a bait". Here, "<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">δόλῳ</span></span>," the dative of "δόλος" ("dolos" – a bait) is used as the instrumental case (the means or instrument here is, obviously, the bait). In Latin the instrumental case has merged with the <a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">ablative</a>, thus the ablative case has the same functions. For example, <i>ipso facto</i> can be translated as "by the fact itself", while <i>oculīs vidēre</i> means "to see with one's eyes". </p><p>In Modern <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, the word <i>why</i> is one instance of an etymologically instrumental <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declension</a>. Though not commonly known to be of <a href="/wiki/Interrogative_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Interrogative pronoun">pronominal</a> origin, it was, in fact, inherited from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i>hwȳ</i>, which was the declension of <i>hwæt</i> (now <i>what</i>) in the Old English instrumental case – a grammatical feature rare even in Old English. The modern instrumental case (as present in <i>why</i>) does not bear the meaning of instrument, but of purpose, cause, or reason: rather, the closely related form <i>how</i> is used to express instrument, way, or means. In phrases such as "The more, the merrier", the word <i>the</i> derives from the instrumental case of the demonstrative pronoun related to the modern English word <i>that</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indo-European_languages">Indo-European languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instrumental_case&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Indo-European languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> has been reconstructed as having eight cases, one of which was the instrumental.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: §7.1">: §7.1 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instrumental_case&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sanskrit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The instrumental case in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Sanskrit">Classical Sanskrit</a> can have several meanings:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>It can indicate the instrument (of an action):</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sa" style="margin: 0px;">रामो</p><p lang="sa-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Rāmo</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sa" style="margin: 0px;">लेखन्या</p><p lang="sa-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>lekhanyā</i></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sa" style="margin: 0px;">लिखति।</p><p lang="sa-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">likhati.</p></div><p style="display: none;">रामो लेखन्या लिखति।</p><p style="display: none;">Rāmo <i>lekhanyā</i> likhati.</p><p style="clear: left;">"Rāma writes <i>with a pen</i>."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>It can be used to indicate someone or something accompanying an action. In this case, the sense of "company" is indicated by postpositions like सह <i>saha</i> ("with") (may be optionally omitted):</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sa" style="margin: 0px;">दासेन</p><p lang="sa-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>Dāsena</i></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sa" style="margin: 0px;">सह</p><p lang="sa-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>saha</i></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sa" style="margin: 0px;">देवदत्तोऽगच्छत्।</p><p lang="sa-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">devadatto'gacchat.</p></div><p style="display: none;">दासेन सह देवदत्तोऽगच्छत्।</p><p style="display: none;"><i>Dāsena</i> <i>saha</i> devadatto'gacchat.</p><p style="clear: left;">"Devadatta went <i>accompanied by the servant</i>."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>It can indicate the agent of a passive verb:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sa" style="margin: 0px;">देवदत्तेन</p><p lang="sa-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>Devadattena</i></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sa" style="margin: 0px;">यवं</p><p lang="sa-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yavaṁ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sa" style="margin: 0px;">खाद्यते।</p><p lang="sa-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">khādyate.</p></div><p style="display: none;">देवदत्तेन यवं खाद्यते।</p><p style="display: none;"><i>Devadattena</i> yavaṁ khādyate.</p><p style="clear: left;">"Barley is eaten <i>by Devadatta</i>."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>It can indicate the cause, reason or circumstance of an action. In this case, it can be translated as "because of", "out of", etc.:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sa" style="margin: 0px;">दुःखेन</p><p lang="sa-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>duḥkhena</i></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sa" style="margin: 0px;">ग्रामम्</p><p lang="sa-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">grāmam</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sa" style="margin: 0px;">अत्यजत्।</p><p lang="sa-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">atyajat.</p></div><p style="display: none;">दुःखेन ग्रामम् अत्यजत्।</p><p style="display: none;"><i>duḥkhena</i> grāmam atyajat.</p><p style="clear: left;">"He abandoned the village <i>out of misery</i>."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>It is used with the preposition विना <i>vinā</i> ("without"):</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sa" style="margin: 0px;">जलेन</p><p lang="sa-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>jalena</i></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sa" style="margin: 0px;">विना</p><p lang="sa-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>vinā</i></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sa" style="margin: 0px;">पद्मं</p><p lang="sa-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">padmaṁ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sa" style="margin: 0px;">नश्यति।</p><p lang="sa-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">naśyati.</p></div><p style="display: none;">जलेन विना पद्मं नश्यति।</p><p style="display: none;"><i>jalena</i> <i>vinā</i> padmaṁ naśyati.</p><p style="clear: left;">"A lotus dies <i>without water</i>."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>It can also be used with the particles अलम् <i>alam</i> and कृतम् <i>kṛtam</i>, both meaning "enough".</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sa" style="margin: 0px;">कृतं</p><p lang="sa-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kṛtaṁ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sa" style="margin: 0px;">कोलाहलेन।</p><p lang="sa-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>kolāhalena</i>.</p></div><p style="display: none;">कृतं कोलाहलेन।</p><p style="display: none;">kṛtaṁ <i>kolāhalena</i>.</p><p style="clear: left;">"Enough with <i>noise</i>."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assamese">Assamese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instrumental_case&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Assamese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Standard Assamese</a> (এ)ৰে <i>(e)re</i> indicates the instrumental case. (এ)দি <i>(e)di</i> does the job in some dialects. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">1)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="as" style="margin: 0px;">চিমিয়ে</p><p lang="as-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">simie</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="as" style="margin: 0px;">কলমেৰে</p><p lang="as-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>kolom<b>ere</b></i></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="as" style="margin: 0px;">লিখে।</p><p lang="as-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">likhe.</p></div><p style="display: none;">চিমিয়ে কলমেৰে লিখে।</p><p style="display: none;">simie <i>kolom<b>ere</b></i> likhe.</p><p style="clear: left;">"Simi writes <i><b>with</b> pens/a pen</i>."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">2)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="as" style="margin: 0px;">আমি</p><p lang="as-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ami</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="as" style="margin: 0px;">হাবিৰে</p><p lang="as-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>habi<b>re</b></i></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="as" style="margin: 0px;">গৈ</p><p lang="as-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">goi</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="as" style="margin: 0px;">আছোঁ।</p><p lang="as-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asü.</p></div><p style="display: none;">আমি হাবিৰে গৈ আছোঁ।</p><p style="display: none;">ami <i>habi<b>re</b></i> goi asü.</p><p style="clear: left;">"We are going <i><b>through</b> a forest</i>."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">3)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="as" style="margin: 0px;">বাটিটো</p><p lang="as-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">batitü</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="as" style="margin: 0px;">মাটিৰে</p><p lang="as-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>mati<b>re</b></i></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="as" style="margin: 0px;">বনোৱা।</p><p lang="as-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bonüa.</p></div><p style="display: none;">বাটিটো মাটিৰে বনোৱা।</p><p style="display: none;">batitü <i>mati<b>re</b></i> bonüa.</p><p style="clear: left;">"The bowl is made <i><b>of</b> soil</i>."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greek">Ancient Greek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instrumental_case&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ancient Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The functions of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> instrumental case were taken over by the <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>, so that the Greek dative has functions belonging to the Proto-Indo-European dative, instrumental, and <a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the case with the bare dative, and the dative with the preposition <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:σύν">σύν</a> <i>sýn</i> "with". It is possible, however, that Mycenean Greek had the instrumental case, which was later replaced by dative in all the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Greek dialects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanic">Germanic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instrumental_case&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Germanic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Common Germanic</a> inherited the Indo-European instrumental case, but in nouns, the case was almost entirely lost in <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a>, which indicated the instrumental case with the dative inflection in all but a few relic forms.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: §7.3">: §7.3 </span></sup> Early <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a> nouns do exhibit an instrumental case, for example Old High German <i>wortu</i> 'word' and Old Saxon <i>hoƀu</i> 'court', where the -<i>u</i> ending derives from a Proto-Indo-European instrumental inflection *-<i>ō</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: §7.8">: §7.8 </span></sup> In adjectives, no instrumental plural inflection can be reconstructed for Common Germanic, but the early <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="West Germanic">West Germanic</a> dialects did retain a distinctive instrumental singular strong adjective ending.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: §9.2">: §9.2 </span></sup> Similarly, in demonstrative and interrogative pronouns, there is no evidence for distinctive instrumental plural inflections, but the West Germanic dialects and, less often, Old Norse and Gothic, retained distinctive instrumental singular forms.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: §8.10-13">: §8.10-13 </span></sup> </p><p>In nouns, the Old German instrumental was replaced with the dative in <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a>, comparable with English and Ancient Greek, with a construction of <i>mit</i> (with) + dative clause (in English, the objective case is used). For example: </p><p>"Hans schrieb <b>mit einem</b> Stifte*."<br /> (John [nominative] wrote with a [dative] pencil [dative].) </p><p><i>*the German dative -e is not used in most common conversation; it is only used here for a better demonstration.</i> </p> <ul><li>ein = a, nominative case masculine/neuter → einem = a, dative case masculine/neuter</li> <li>(der) Stift = (the) pencil, masculine, nominative</li> <li>(dem) Stifte = (the) pencil, masculine, dative</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czech">Czech</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instrumental_case&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Czech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Just as above, the object with which the action is done or completed is declined. For example: </p> <ul><li><i>Píšu perem</i>. <ul><li>psát = to write; píšu = I write</li> <li>pero = a pen → per<i>em</i> = <i>with</i> a pen</li></ul></li> <li><i>Jedu do školy autobusem</i>. <ul><li>jet = to go via transport (× jít = to go on foot); jedu = I go (using any kind of vehicle)</li> <li>škola = school, do školy = to school (<a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>)</li> <li>autobus = a bus → autobus<i>em</i> = <i>by</i> bus</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenian">Armenian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instrumental_case&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Armenian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The instrumental in <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> is denoted by the -ով (-ov) suffix to say that an action is done by, with or through an agent. </p> <ul><li>մատիտ (<i>matit</i>, pencil) → մատիտ<i>ով</i> (<i>matit<b>ov</b></i>, with/by a pencil) <ul><li>մատիտով գրիր (<i>matitov grir</i>) Write with a pencil.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>While the instrumental case is the form most commonly used for this purpose, when coupled with the <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive voice</a> in Armenian the instrumental case can be replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Ablative" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablative">ablative case</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instrumental_case&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Serbo-Croatian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serbian_Car_bicycle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Serbian_Car_bicycle.svg/400px-Serbian_Car_bicycle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Serbian_Car_bicycle.svg/600px-Serbian_Car_bicycle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Serbian_Car_bicycle.svg/800px-Serbian_Car_bicycle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>Use of instrumental case without or with "sa".</figcaption></figure> <p>Instrumental in the <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> language group is usually used to denote a noun with which the action is done, e.g. "Idem <i>autom</i>" - "I'm going by means of a car", "Jedem <i>vilicom/viljuškom</i>" - "I eat with a fork", "Prenosi se <i>zrakom/vazduhom</i>" - "It's transferred through air", "Prožeta je <i>bijesom</i>" - "She's consumed by anger". The instrumental preposition "s(a)", meaning "with", is supposed to be dropped in this usage, but it is often kept in casual speech when talking about objects in use, such as a pen, a hammer, etc. </p><p>Instrumental can also denote company, in which case "s(a)" is mandatory, e.g. "Pričali smo <i>sa svima</i>" - "We talked with everyone", "Došao je <i>s roditeljima</i>" - "He came with his parents", "Šetala se <i>sa psom</i>" - "She was taking a walk with her dog". Dropping "s(a)" in this case would either make the sentences incorrect, or change their meaning entirely because dative, locative and instrumental share the same form in the plural, so the examples "Pričali smo <i>svima</i>" i "Došao je <i>roditeljima</i>" would come to mean "We told everyone" and "He came to his parents". </p><p>Instrumental is also used with certain spatial prepositions like "među" (between), "nad" (above), "pod" (underneath), "pred" (in front of) and "za" (after). Note the difference between these prepositions and similar ones used for genitive with an -i suffix: "između", "iznad", "ispod", "ispred" and "iza". </p><p>Instrumental is used without proposition to denote travelling through an area: "Putujem <i>zemljom</i>" - "I'm travelling the country", "Hodam <i>plažom</i>" - "I'm walking along a beach", etc. </p><p>It can also be used to show how long or when in a larger scope of time something happened: "Nema ih <i>godinama</i>" - "They haven't come in years", "<i>S vremenom</i> će proći" - "It will pass in time", "Jednom <i>tjednom</i>" - "Once a week", etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latvian">Latvian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instrumental_case&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Latvian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The instrumental case in <a href="/wiki/Latvian_declension" title="Latvian declension">Latvian declension</a> (one of the three <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a>, alongside <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_declension" title="Lithuanian declension">Lithuanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian_language" title="Old Prussian language">Old Prussian</a>) can have several meanings: </p> <ul><li>It can indicate the instrument (of an action):</li></ul> <dl><dd><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Viņš raksta ar spalvu</i></span></dd> <dd>"He writes <i>with a pen</i>".</dd></dl> <ul><li>It can be used to indicate someone or something accompanying an action. In this case, :</li></ul> <dl><dd><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Viņa dziedāja ar meitu</i></span></dd> <dd>"She sang with a girl".</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uralic">Uralic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instrumental_case&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Uralic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungarian">Hungarian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instrumental_case&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hungarian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The instrumental case is present in the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian language</a>, where it serves several purposes. The main purpose is the same as the above, i.e. the means with which an action occurs. It has a role in the <i>-(t)at-</i> <a href="/wiki/Causative" title="Causative">causative</a> form of verbs, that is, the form of a verb that shows the subject caused someone else to action the verb. In this sense, the instrumental case is used to mark the person that was caused to execute the action expressed by the verb. It is also used to quantify or qualify words such as 'better' or 'ago', such as <i>sokkal jobban</i> 'much better' (literally 'with-much better'); <i>hét évvel ezelőtt</i> 'seven years ago' (literally 'seven with-years before this'). </p><p>In Hungarian the instrumental and <a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">comitative case</a> look the same, see <a href="/wiki/Instrumental-comitative_case" title="Instrumental-comitative case">Instrumental-comitative case</a>. </p><p>See the links section below for a more detailed article. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finnish">Finnish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instrumental_case&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Finnish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> has a historic, marginal <a href="/wiki/Instructive_case" title="Instructive case">instructive case</a> (<i>-n</i>), but in practice the <a href="/wiki/Adessive_case" title="Adessive case">adessive case</a> (<i>-lla/-llä</i>) is used instead outside lexicalised fixed expressions, even though the adessive literally means 'on top', e.g. <i>vasaralla</i> 'using a hammer' (instrumental meaning) or 'on a hammer' (locative meaning). (<i>Vasaroin</i> 'using hammers' is plausible and understandable, but not common in use.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uto-Aztecan">Uto-Aztecan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instrumental_case&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Uto-Aztecan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instrumental_case&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nahuatl"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahuatl language">Nahuatl</a> uses the suffix <i>-tica</i> to indicate the instrumental case. For example, in the sentence <i>ātlān ācaltica in huāllahqueh</i> 'they came on the water by boat', <i>ācalli</i> means 'boat' and <i>ācaltica</i> means 'by (use of a) boat'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turkic">Turkic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instrumental_case&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Turkic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkish">Turkish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instrumental_case&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Turkish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> uses the conjunction <i>ile</i> ("with"), and its suffixed form <i>-(y)lA</i> (realised as <i>-(y)la</i> or <i>-(y)le</i>, depending on the dominant vowel of the noun—see <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>) to indicate the instrumental case. For example, in the sentence <i>Arabayla geldi</i> 'he came by (the use of a) car', <i>araba</i> means 'car' and <i>arabayla</i> means 'by (the use of a) car, with a car'. </p><p>The original <a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Turkic">Proto-Turkic</a> instrumental case suffix was <i>-n</i>, which is less <a href="/wiki/Productivity_(linguistics)" title="Productivity (linguistics)">productive</a> today but is preserved in common words like <i>yazın</i> ("during the summer"), <i>kışın</i> ("during the winter"), <i>öğlen</i> ("at noon"), and <i>yayan</i> ("by foot", "on foot"). It became less productive in most <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turkic" class="mw-redirect" title="Oghuz Turkic">Oghuz Turkic</a> languages. The conjunction <i>ile</i> ("with") in Turkish has semantically expanded to fill the gap (<i>kürek ile</i> or <i>kürekle</i>, meaning "with the shovel" > "using the shovel"), being used as an instrumental marker, and the suffix <i>-(y)lA</i> (<i>-le</i>, <i>-la</i>, <i>-yle</i>, <i>-yla</i>) is a form of <i>ile</i> which has been grammaticalized into an agglutinative suffix as a result of quick speech, becoming an <a href="/wiki/Enclitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclitic">enclitic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japanese">Japanese</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instrumental_case&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Japanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, the post-positional <a href="/wiki/Japanese_particles" title="Japanese particles">particle</a> で <i>de</i> indicates the instrumental case. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">刀で</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">katana-de</p><p style="margin: 0px;">katana-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="instrument(al)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INSTR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">敵を</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">teki-wo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">foe-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="direct object" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DO</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">斬る。</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kiru.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">slay.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="present tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRES</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">刀で敵を斬る。</p><p style="display: none;">katana-de teki-wo kiru.</p><p style="display: none;">katana-INSTR foe-DO slay.PRES</p><p style="clear: left;">'(I) slay (my) foe with a katana.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Northeast_Caucasian">Northeast Caucasian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instrumental_case&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Northeast Caucasian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vainakh">Vainakh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instrumental_case&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Vainakh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The instrumental in the <a href="/wiki/Vainakh_languages" title="Vainakh languages">Vainakh languages</a> of the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a>, comprising <a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a>, is denoted by the -ца / -аца / -ица (-tsa / -atsa / -itsa) suffix to describe an action which is done with an object: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Аса</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Asa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">"I</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Бахьамица</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Bahamitsa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">with (a) quill pen</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Кехатт</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Kekhatt</p><p style="margin: 0px;">(the) letter</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">йазздир.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">yazzdir.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">wrote.</p></div><p style="display: none;">Аса Бахьамица Кехатт йазздир.</p><p style="display: none;">Asa Bahamitsa Kekhatt yazzdir.</p><p style="display: none;">"I {with (a) quill pen} {(the) letter} wrote.</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a> <i>Baham</i> changes its ending to become <i>Bahamitsa</i>: </p> <ul><li>Бахьам = pen → Бахьам<i>ица</i> = <i>with</i> a pen <ul><li>Бахьамица йазздир (<i>bahamitsa yazzdir</i>) Wrote with a pen.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instrumental_case&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://classics.osu.edu/Undergraduate-Studies/Latin-Program/Grammar/Cases/English-Case/instrumental-case">"Instrumental Case | Department of Classics"</a>. <i>classics.osu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=classics.osu.edu&rft.atitle=Instrumental+Case+%7C+Department+of+Classics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclassics.osu.edu%2FUndergraduate-Studies%2FLatin-Program%2FGrammar%2FCases%2FEnglish-Case%2Finstrumental-case&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstrumental+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. D. Fulk, <i>A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages</i>, Studies in Germanic Linguistics, 3 (Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2018), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fsigl.3">10.1075/sigl.3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DESHPANDE, Madhav; "Samskrita-Subodhini", 2007. Michigan Papers on South and Southwest Asia, No. 47. CENTERS FOR SOUTH AND SOUTHWEST ASIAN STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89148-079-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-89148-079-X">0-89148-079-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Weir_Smyth" title="Herbert Weir Smyth">Herbert Weir Smyth</a>. <i>Greek Grammar</i>. par. 1279: composite or mixed cases.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Garrett_(linguist)" title="Andrew Garrett (linguist)">Andrew Garett</a>, "Convergence in the formation of Indo-European subgroups: Phylogeny and chronology", in Phylogenetic methods and the prehistory of languages, ed. Peter Forster and Colin Renfrew (Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research), 2006, p. 140, citing Ivo Hajnal, Studien zum mykenischen Kasussystem. Berlin, 1995, with the proviso that "the Mycenaean case system is still controversial in part".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instrumental_case&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsInstrumentalCase.htm">Definition</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hungarianreference.com/Nouns/val-vel-instrumental.aspx">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/russian/language/prepins.html">Russian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/plc/tamilweb/book/chapter2/node24.html">Tamil</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grammatical_cases" title="Template talk:Grammatical cases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical_cases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical cases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grammatical_cases" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">Grammatical cases</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grammatical_cases" title="List of grammatical cases">List of cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">Declension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">Morphosyntactic alignment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">Morphosyntactic alignment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">Absolutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">Accusative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_case" title="Direct case">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">Ergative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intransitive_case" title="Intransitive case">Intransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">Oblique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitive_case" title="Partitive case">Partitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegative_case" title="Pegative case">Pegative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Location, time, direction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">Ablative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adessive_case" title="Adessive case">Adessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allative_case" title="Allative case">Allative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antessive_case" title="Antessive case">Antessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apudessive_case" title="Apudessive case">Apudessive</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Approximative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Approximative case (page does not exist)">Approximative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delative_case" title="Delative case">Delative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributive_case" title="Distributive case">Distributive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributive-temporal_case" title="Distributive-temporal case">-temporal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egressive_case" title="Egressive case">Egressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elative_case" title="Elative case">Elative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illative_case" title="Illative case">Illative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inelative_case" title="Inelative case">Inelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inessive_case" title="Inessive case">Inessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrative_case" title="Intrative case">Intrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lative_case" title="Lative case">Lative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limitative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limitative case (page does not exist)">Limitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">Locative</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Locative-qualitative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Locative-qualitative case (page does not exist)">-qualitative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medial_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medial case (page does not exist)">Medial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlative_case" title="Perlative case">Perlative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertingent_case" title="Pertingent case">Pertingent</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postdirective_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Postdirective case (page does not exist)">Postdirective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postelative_case" title="Postelative case">Postelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postessive_case" title="Postessive case">Postessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolative_case" title="Prolative case">Prolative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subdirective_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subdirective case (page does not exist)">Subdirective</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subelative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subelative case (page does not exist)">Subelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subessive_case" title="Subessive case">Subessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublative_case" title="Sublative case">Sublative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superdirective_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superdirective case (page does not exist)">Superdirective</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superelative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superelative case (page does not exist)">Superelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superessive_case" title="Superessive case">Superessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superlative_case" title="Superlative case">Superlative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_case" title="Temporal case">Temporal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminative_case" title="Terminative case">Terminative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Possession, companion, instrument</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abessive_case" title="Abessive case">Abessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritive_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Caritive case">Caritive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">Comitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">Genitive</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Instrumental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental-comitative_case" title="Instrumental-comitative case">-comitative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornative_case" title="Ornative case">Ornative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abessive_case" title="Abessive case">Privative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociative_case" title="Sociative case">Sociative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State, manner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverbial_case" title="Adverbial case">Adverbial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_case" title="Comparative case">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equative_case" title="Equative case">Equative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essive_case" title="Essive case">Essive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essive-formal_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Essive-formal case">-formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essive-modal_case" title="Essive-modal case">-modal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exessive_case" title="Exessive case">Exessive</a></li> <li>Formal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructive_case" title="Instructive case">Instructive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_case" title="Modal case">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplicative_case" title="Multiplicative case">Multiplicative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientative_case" title="Orientative case">Orientative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revertive_case" title="Revertive case">Revertive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semblative_case" title="Semblative case">Semblative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translative_case" title="Translative case">Translative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cause, purpose</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversive_case" title="Aversive case">Aversive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benefactive_case" title="Benefactive case">Benefactive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causative#Causal_case" title="Causative">Causal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causative#Causal-final_case" title="Causative">-final</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_case" title="Final case">Final</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prepositional_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepositional case">Postpositional/Prepositional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">Vocative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BEI%CA%BFrab" title="ʾIʿrab">Classical Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_declension" title="Czech declension">Czech</a></li> <li><a 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