CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Affirmation and negation - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"91e8dfd1-4f05-48a6-9c8b-3120b1a453f7","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Affirmation_and_negation","wgTitle":"Affirmation and negation","wgCurRevisionId":1257975386,"wgRevisionId":1257975386,"wgArticleId":38235255,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from November 2024","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Latin-language text","Grammar","Grammatical categories","Semantics","Truth"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Affirmation_and_negation","wgRelevantArticleId":38235255,"wgIsProbablyEditable": true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3745428","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Affirmation and negation - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmation_and_negation"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmation_and_negation"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Affirmation_and_negation rootpage-Affirmation_and_negation skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Affirmation+and+negation" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Affirmation+and+negation" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Affirmation+and+negation" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Affirmation+and+negation" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Basis_for_affirmation_and_negation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basis_for_affirmation_and_negation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Basis for affirmation and negation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Basis_for_affirmation_and_negation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Basis for affirmation and negation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Basis_for_affirmation_and_negation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cognitive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognitive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Cognitive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognitive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Affirmation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affirmation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Affirmation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Affirmation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Affirmation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Affirmation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Meaning_of_affirmation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meaning_of_affirmation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Meaning of affirmation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meaning_of_affirmation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Affirmation_in_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affirmation_in_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Affirmation in English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affirmation_in_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Affirmation_in_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affirmation_in_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Affirmation in other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affirmation_in_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dagaare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dagaare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Dagaare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dagaare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Negation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Negation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Negation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Negation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Meaning_of_negation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meaning_of_negation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Meaning of negation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meaning_of_negation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammatical_rules_for_negation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammatical_rules_for_negation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Grammatical rules for negation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammatical_rules_for_negation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Simple_negation_of_verbs_and_clauses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simple_negation_of_verbs_and_clauses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Simple negation of verbs and clauses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simple_negation_of_verbs_and_clauses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negation_of_other_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negation_of_other_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Negation of other elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negation_of_other_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_negation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_negation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Multiple negation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_negation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_negative_in_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_negative_in_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>The negative in other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_negative_in_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Russian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Italian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Ancient Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dagaare_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dagaare_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.5</span> <span>Dagaare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dagaare_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sign_Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sign_Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.6</span> <span>Sign Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sign_Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Affirmative_and_negative_responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affirmative_and_negative_responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Affirmative and negative responses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affirmative_and_negative_responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Affirmation and negation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A_(%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88)" title="نفي (نحو) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نفي (نحو)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5neliik" title="Kõneliik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kõneliik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaridad_(gram%C3%A1tica)" title="Polaridad (gramática) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Polaridad (gramática)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polariteit_(taalkunde)" title="Polariteit (taalkunde) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Polariteit (taalkunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E6%80%A7_(%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%A6)" title="極性 (言語学) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="極性 (言語学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Отрицание (лингвистика) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Отрицание (лингвистика)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%86%D9%81%DB%8C" title="فعل مثبت اور فعل منفی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فعل مثبت اور فعل منفی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5nn%C3%B5liik" title="Kõnnõliik – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kõnnõliik" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E6%80%A7_(%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95)" title="極性 (文法) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="極性 (文法)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3745428#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Affirmation_and_negation" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Affirmation_and_negation" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Affirmation_and_negation"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Affirmation_and_negation"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Affirmation_and_negation" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Affirmation_and_negation" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&oldid=1257975386" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Affirmation_and_negation&id=1257975386&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAffirmation_and_negation"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAffirmation_and_negation"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Affirmation_and_negation&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3745428" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Grammatical category indicating truth or falsehood</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, <b>affirmation</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_glossing_abbreviations" title="List of glossing abbreviations">abbreviated</a> <b><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">AFF</span></span></b>) and <b>negation</b> (<b><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</span></span></b>) are ways in which grammar encodes positive and negative <a href="/wiki/Polarity_item" title="Polarity item">polarity</a> into <a href="/wiki/Verb_phrase" title="Verb phrase">verb phrases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clauses</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Utterance" title="Utterance">utterances</a>. An affirmative (positive) form is used to express the validity or <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a> of a basic assertion, while a negative form expresses its falsity. For example, the affirmative <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentence</a> "Joe is here" asserts that it is true that Joe is currently located near the speaker. Conversely, the negative sentence "Joe is not here" asserts that it is not true that Joe is currently located near the speaker. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_category" title="Grammatical category">grammatical category</a> associated with affirmatives and negatives is called <b>polarity</b>. This means that a clause, sentence, verb phrase, etc. may be said to have either affirmative or negative polarity (its polarity may be either affirmative or negative). Affirmative is typically the unmarked polarity, whereas a negative statement is marked in some way. Negative polarity can be indicated by negating words or <a href="/wiki/Particle_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Particle (grammar)">particles</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/English_grammar" title="English grammar">English</a> <i>not</i>, or the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affix</a> -<i>nai</i>, or by other means, which reverses the meaning of the <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predicate</a>. The process of converting affirmative to negative is called <b>negation</b> – the grammatical rules for negation vary from language to language, and a given language may have multiple methods of negation. </p><p>Affirmative and negative responses (specifically, though not exclusively, to questions) are often expressed using particles or words such as <a href="/wiki/Yes_and_no" title="Yes and no"><i>yes</i> and <i>no</i></a>, where <i>yes</i> is the affirmative, or positive particle, and <i>no</i> is the negation, or negative particle. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basis_for_affirmation_and_negation">Basis for affirmation and negation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Basis for affirmation and negation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Affirmation and negation are a crucial building blocks for language. The presence of negation is the absence of affirmation, where affirmation functions individually.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three main aspects to the concept of affirmation and negation; <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophical</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauers</a> theory or <a href="/wiki/Nietzschean_affirmation" title="Nietzschean affirmation">Nietzschean affirmation</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognitive">Cognitive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cognitive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Negation in English is more difficult for the brain to process as it works in opposition to affirmation.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If affirmation and negation were missing from language people would only be able to communicate through possibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recent Reusing Inhibition for Negation (RIN) hypothesis states that there is a specific inhibitory control mechanism (one that is reused) that is needed when trying to understand negation in sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Affirmation">Affirmation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Affirmation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meaning_of_affirmation">Meaning of affirmation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Meaning of affirmation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Affirmations or <a href="/wiki/Positive_polarity_item" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive polarity item">positive polarity items</a> (PPIs) are expressions that are rejected by negation, usually escaping the scope of negation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PPIs in the literature have been associated with speaker oriented <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbs</a>, as well as expressions similar to <i>some</i>, <i>already</i>, and <i>would rather</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Affirmative sentences work in opposition to negations. The affirmative, in an English example such as "the police chief here is a woman", declares a simple fact, in this case, it is a fact regarding the police chief and asserts that she is a woman.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the negative, in an English example such as "the police chief here is not a man", is stated as an assumption for people to believe.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also widely believed that the affirmative is the <a href="/wiki/Unmarked" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmarked">unmarked</a> base form from which the negative is produced, but this can be argued when coming from a <a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">pragmatic</a> standpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pragmatically, affirmatives can sometimes derive the pragmatically unmarked form, or, at times, create novel affirmative <a href="/wiki/Derivative_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Derivative (linguistics)">derivatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Affirmation can also be compared to the notion of assertiveness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affirmation_in_English">Affirmation in English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Affirmation in English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Affirmation can be indicated with the following words in English: <i>some,</i> <i>certainly</i>, <i>already,</i> and <i>would rather.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two examples of affirmation include (1) John is here already<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and (2) I am a moral person.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These two sentences are truth statements, and serve as a representation of affirmation in English. The negated versions can be formed as the statements (1<sub>NEG</sub>) John is not here already and (2<sub>NEG</sub>) I am not a moral person. </p> <dl><dd>(1) <dl><dd>a. <em> John is here already</em><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><em> </em> (affirmative)</dd> <dd>b. John might be here already (modal)</dd> <dd>c. John is not here already (negative)<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_is_here_already_(affirmative).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Syntax tree of (1a) John is here already (affirmative)"><img alt="Syntax tree of (1a) John is here already (affirmative)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/John_is_here_already_%28affirmative%29.png/218px-John_is_here_already_%28affirmative%29.png" decoding="async" width="218" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/John_is_here_already_%28affirmative%29.png/327px-John_is_here_already_%28affirmative%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/John_is_here_already_%28affirmative%29.png/437px-John_is_here_already_%28affirmative%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1483" data-file-height="2037" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Syntax tree of (1a) John is here already (affirmative)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_might_be_here_already_(modal).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Syntax tree of (1b) John might be here already (modal)"><img alt="Syntax tree of (1b) John might be here already (modal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/John_might_be_here_already_%28modal%29.png/240px-John_might_be_here_already_%28modal%29.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/John_might_be_here_already_%28modal%29.png/359px-John_might_be_here_already_%28modal%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/John_might_be_here_already_%28modal%29.png/479px-John_might_be_here_already_%28modal%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1627" data-file-height="2037" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Syntax tree of (1b) John might be here already (modal)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_is_not_here_already_(negative).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Syntax tree of (1c) John is not here already (negative)"><img alt="Syntax tree of (1c) John is not here already (negative)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/John_is_not_here_already_%28negative%29.png/225px-John_is_not_here_already_%28negative%29.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/John_is_not_here_already_%28negative%29.png/338px-John_is_not_here_already_%28negative%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/John_is_not_here_already_%28negative%29.png/450px-John_is_not_here_already_%28negative%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1757" data-file-height="2341" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Syntax tree of (1c) John is not here already (negative)</div> </li> <p>(2) </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>a. <em> I am a moral person</em><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><em> </em> (affirmative)</dd> <dd>b. I might be a moral person (modal)</dd> <dd>c. I am not a moral person (negative)<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:I_am_a_moral_person_(2).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Syntax tree of (2a) I am a moral person (affirmative)"><img alt="Syntax tree of (2a) I am a moral person (affirmative)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/I_am_a_moral_person_%282%29.png/221px-I_am_a_moral_person_%282%29.png" decoding="async" width="221" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/I_am_a_moral_person_%282%29.png/331px-I_am_a_moral_person_%282%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/I_am_a_moral_person_%282%29.png/442px-I_am_a_moral_person_%282%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1724" data-file-height="2341" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Syntax tree of (2a) I am a moral person (affirmative)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:I_might_be_a_moral_person_(modal).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Syntax tree of (2b) I might be a moral person (modal)"><img alt="Syntax tree of (2b) I might be a moral person (modal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/I_might_be_a_moral_person_%28modal%29.png/233px-I_might_be_a_moral_person_%28modal%29.png" decoding="async" width="233" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/I_might_be_a_moral_person_%28modal%29.png/350px-I_might_be_a_moral_person_%28modal%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/I_might_be_a_moral_person_%28modal%29.png/467px-I_might_be_a_moral_person_%28modal%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1822" data-file-height="2341" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Syntax tree of (2b) I might be a moral person (modal)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:I_am_not_a_moral_person_(negative).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Syntax tree of (2c) I am not a moral person (negative)"><img alt="Syntax tree of (2c) I am not a moral person (negative)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/I_am_not_a_moral_person_%28negative%29.png/226px-I_am_not_a_moral_person_%28negative%29.png" decoding="async" width="226" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/I_am_not_a_moral_person_%28negative%29.png/340px-I_am_not_a_moral_person_%28negative%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/I_am_not_a_moral_person_%28negative%29.png/453px-I_am_not_a_moral_person_%28negative%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1998" data-file-height="2646" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Syntax tree of (2c) I am not a moral person (negative)</div> </li> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affirmation_in_other_languages">Affirmation in other languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Affirmation in other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dagaare">Dagaare</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dagaare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Dagaare_language" title="Dagaare language">Dagaare</a>, there are verbal <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a>, such as <i>-ng</i>, that serve as an affirmation or an emphasis to a verbal action.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These verbal suffixes are also known as a <i>focus</i> <i>particle</i> or a <i>factitive marker.</i> </p> <dl><dd>(3) ò kyɛ́ng-ɛ́ɛ́-<b>ńg</b> (affirmative)</dd> <dd>"S/he has walked"</dd></dl> <p>There are also cases of the identifying <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronoun</a> <i>na</i> developing into an affirmative marker. <i>na</i> is reanalyzed into a clause final particle simultaneously with the denominalisation of the clausal subject which brings the result of <i>na</i> as a clause <a href="/wiki/Nominalization" title="Nominalization">nominalising</a> particle which can again be reanalyzed as a positive, future, marker.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This clause final particle is known to only be used to mark assertiveness in positive clauses because it is not seen co-occurring with negative markers.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>(4) <i>ɭ̃</i> na cen <b>na</b> (affirmative)</dd> <dd>"I will go"</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Negation">Negation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Negation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meaning_of_negation">Meaning of negation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Meaning of negation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Simple grammatical negation of a clause, in principle, has the effect of converting a proposition to its <a href="/wiki/Negation" title="Negation">logical negation</a>. This is done by replacing an assertion that something is the case with an assertion that it is not the case. </p><p>In some cases, however, particularly when a particular <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_modality" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic modality">modality</a> is expressed, the <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantic</a> effect of negation may be somewhat different. For example, in English, the meaning of "you must not go" is not the exact negation of "you must go". The exact negation of this phrase would be expressed as "you don't have to go" or "you needn't go". The negation "must not" has a stronger meaning (the effect is to apply the logical negation to the following infinitive rather than applying it to the full clause with <i>must</i>). For more details and other similar cases, see the relevant sections of <a href="/wiki/English_modal_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="English modal verbs">English modal verbs</a>. </p><p>Negation flips <a href="/wiki/Downward_entailing" title="Downward entailing">downward entailing</a> and upward entailing statements within the scope of the negation. For example, changing "one could have seen anything" to "no one could have seen anything" changes the meaning of the last word from "anything" to "nothing". </p><p>In some cases, by way of <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a>, an affirmative statement may be intended to have the meaning of the corresponding negative, or vice versa. For examples see <a href="/wiki/Antiphrasis" title="Antiphrasis">antiphrasis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarcasm" title="Sarcasm">sarcasm</a>. </p><p>For the use of double negations or similar as understatements ("not unappealing", "not bad", etc.) see <a href="/wiki/Litotes" title="Litotes">litotes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammatical_rules_for_negation">Grammatical rules for negation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Grammatical rules for negation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Simple_negation_of_verbs_and_clauses">Simple negation of verbs and clauses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Simple negation of verbs and clauses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Languages have a variety of grammatical rules for converting affirmative verb phrases or clauses into negative ones. </p><p>In many languages, an affirmative is made negative by the addition of a <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">particle</a>, meaning "not". This may be added before the verb phrase, as with the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <i>no</i>: </p> <dl><dd>(5) <dl><dd>a. Está en casa (affirmative)</dd> <dd>"(S)he is at home"</dd> <dd>b. No está en casa (negative)</dd> <dd>"(S)he is not at home"</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Other examples of negating particles preceding the verb phrase include <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <i>non</i>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_grammar" title="Russian grammar">Russian</a> не <i>nye</i> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_grammar" title="Polish grammar">Polish</a> <i>nie</i> (they can also be found in <a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">constructed languages</a>: <i>ne</i> in <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Esperanto language">Esperanto</a> and <i>non</i> in <a href="/wiki/Interlingua_grammar" title="Interlingua grammar">Interlingua</a>). In some other languages the negating particle follows the verb or verb phrase, as in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: </p> <dl><dd>(6) <dl><dd>a. Ik zie hem (affirmative)</dd> <dd>"I see him"</dd> <dd>b. Ik zie hem niet (negative)</dd> <dd>"I do not see him"<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I_see_him_not_-_ik_zie_hem_niet_(negated).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/I_see_him_not_-_ik_zie_hem_niet_%28negated%29.png/220px-I_see_him_not_-_ik_zie_hem_niet_%28negated%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/I_see_him_not_-_ik_zie_hem_niet_%28negated%29.png/330px-I_see_him_not_-_ik_zie_hem_niet_%28negated%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/I_see_him_not_-_ik_zie_hem_niet_%28negated%29.png/440px-I_see_him_not_-_ik_zie_hem_niet_%28negated%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1377" data-file-height="2037" /></a><figcaption>Syntax tree for (6b) Ik zie hem niet (negative)</figcaption></figure></dd> <dd></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Particles following the verb in this way include <i>not</i> in archaic and dialectal English ("you remember not"), <i>nicht</i> in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> (<i>ich schlafe nicht</i>, "I am not sleeping"), and <i>inte</i> in <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Language">Swedish</a> (<i>han hoppade inte</i>, "he did not jump"). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, particles are added both before the verb phrase (<i>ne</i>) and after the verb (<i>pas</i>): </p> <dl><dd>(7) <dl><dd>a. Je sais (affirmative)</dd> <dd>"I know"</dd> <dd>b. Je (ne) sais pas (negative)</dd> <dd>"I don't know"<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Je_sais_pas_-_i_know_not_(negated).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Je_sais_pas_-_i_know_not_%28negated%29.png/220px-Je_sais_pas_-_i_know_not_%28negated%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Je_sais_pas_-_i_know_not_%28negated%29.png/330px-Je_sais_pas_-_i_know_not_%28negated%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Je_sais_pas_-_i_know_not_%28negated%29.png/440px-Je_sais_pas_-_i_know_not_%28negated%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1733" /></a><figcaption>Syntax tree for (7b) Je sais pas (negative)</figcaption></figure></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>However, in colloquial French the first particle is often omitted: <i>Je sais pas</i>. Similar use of two negating particles can also be found in <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>: <i>Hy kan <b>nie</b> Afrikaans praat <b>nie</b></i> ("He cannot speak Afrikaans"). </p><p>In English, negation is achieved by adding <i>not</i> after the verb. As a practical matter, <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> typically uses a copula verb (a form of <i>be</i>) or an <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verb</a> with <i>not</i>. If no other auxiliary verb is present, then <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb#Dummy" title="Auxiliary verb">dummy auxiliary</a> <i>do</i> (<i>does</i>, <i>did</i>) is normally introduced – see <a href="/wiki/Do-support" title="Do-support"><i>do</i>-support</a>. For example, </p> <dl><dd>(8) <dl><dd>a. I have gone (affirmative)</dd> <dd>b. I have not gone (negative; <i>have</i> is the auxiliary)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>(9) <dl><dd>a. He goes (affirmative)</dd> <dd>b. #He goes <b>not</b> (negative)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>but that wording is considered archaic and is rarely used. It is much more common to use the dummy auxiliary to render </p> <ul><li>He <b>does not</b> go (since there is no auxiliary in the original sentence)</li></ul> <p>Different rules apply in <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjunctive">subjunctive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-finite_clause" title="Non-finite clause">non-finite</a> clauses. For more details see <a href="/wiki/English_grammar#Negation" title="English grammar">English grammar § Negation</a>. (In <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>, the particle <i>not</i> could follow any verb, e.g. "I see not the horse.") </p><p>In some languages, like <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, verbs have special inflections to be used in negative clauses. (In some language families, this may lead to reference to a negative <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a>.) An example is Japanese, which conjugates verbs in the negative after adding the suffix <i>-nai</i> (indicating negation), e.g. <i>taberu</i> ("eat") and <i>tabe<b>nai</b></i> ("do not eat"). It could be argued that English has joined the ranks of these languages, since negation requires the use of an auxiliary verb and a distinct <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> in most cases; the form of the basic verb can change on negation, as in "he <b>sings</b>" vs. "he doesn't <b>sing</b>". <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Zwicky" title="Arnold Zwicky">Zwicky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Pullum" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey Pullum">Pullum</a> have shown that <i>n't</i> is an <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflectional</a> suffix, not a <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitic</a> or a derivational suffix.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Complex rules for negation also apply in <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>; see <a href="/wiki/Finnish_grammar#Negation_of_verbs" title="Finnish grammar">Finnish grammar § Negation of verbs</a>. In some languages negation may also affect the dependents of the verb; for example in some <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Direct_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct object">direct object</a> often changes from <a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">accusative</a> to <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> when the verb is negated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Negation_of_other_elements">Negation of other elements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Negation of other elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Negation can be applied not just to whole verb phrases, clauses or sentences, but also to specific elements (such as <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrases</a>) within sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contrast is usually labeled <i>sentential negation</i> versus <i>constituent negation</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ways in which this constituent negation is realized depends on the grammar of the language in question. English generally places <i>not</i> before the negated element, as in "I witnessed <b>not a debate</b>, but a war." There are also negating affixes, such as the English <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixes</a> <i>non-</i>, <i>un-</i>, <i>in-</i>, etc. Such elements are called <a href="/wiki/Privative" title="Privative">privatives</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multiple_negation">Multiple negation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Multiple negation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Double_negative" title="Double negative">Double negative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Litotes" title="Litotes">Litotes</a></div> <p>There also exist elements which carry a specialized negative meaning, including pronouns such as <i>nobody</i>, <i>none</i> and <i>nothing</i>, <a href="/wiki/Determiners" class="mw-redirect" title="Determiners">determiners</a> such as <i>no</i> (as in "no apples"), and adverbs such as <i>never</i>, <i>no longer</i> and <i>nowhere</i>. </p><p>Although such elements themselves have negative force, in some languages a clause in which they appear is additionally marked for ordinary negation. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, "I see nobody" is expressed as я никого́ не ви́жу <i>ja nikovó nye vízhu</i>, literally "I nobody not see" – the ordinary negating particle не <i>nye</i> ("not") is used in addition to the negative pronoun никого́ <i>nikovó</i> ("nobody"). Italian behaves in a similar way: <i>Non ti vede nessuno</i>, "nobody can see you", although <i>Nessuno ti vede</i> is also a possible clause with exactly the same meaning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_negative_in_other_languages">The negative in other languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The negative in other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian">Russian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Russian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Russian, all of the elements ("not", "never", "nobody", "nowhere") would appear together in the sentence in their negative form. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italian">Italian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Italian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Italian, a clause works much as in Russian, but <i>non</i> does not have to be there, and can be there only before the verb if it precedes all other negative elements: <i>Tu non porti mai nessuno da nessuna parte</i>. "Nobody ever brings you anything here", however, could be translated <i>Nessuno qui ti porta mai niente</i> or <i>Qui non ti porta mai niente nessuno</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French">French</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In French, where simple negation is performed using <i>ne ... pas</i> (see above), specialized negatives appear in combination with the first particle (<i>ne</i>), but <i>pas</i> is omitted: </p> <dl><dd>(10) <dl><dd>a. J<i>e <b>ne</b> bois <b>jamais</b></i> ("I <b>never</b> drink")</dd> <dd>b. J<i>e <b>ne</b> vois <b>personne</b></i> ("I see <b>nobody</b>")</dd> <dd>c. J<i>e <b>n'</b>ai <b>jamais</b> vu <b>personne</b></i> ("I have <b>never</b> seen <b>anybody</b>")</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Greek">Ancient Greek</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ancient Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, a simple negative (οὐ <i>ou</i> "not" or μή <i>mḗ</i> "not (modal)") following another simple or compound negative (e.g. οὐδείς <i>oudeís</i> "nobody") results in an affirmation, whereas a compound negative following a simple or compound negative strengthens the negation: </p> <ul><li>οὐδεὶς οὐκ ἔπασχέ τι <i>oudeìs ouk épaskhé ti</i>, "nobody was not suffering something", i.e. "everybody was suffering"</li> <li>μὴ θορυβήσῃ μηδείς <i>mḕ thorubḗsēi mēdeís</i>, "let (not) nobody raise an uproar", meaning "let nobody raise an uproar"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dagaare_2">Dagaare</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Dagaare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Dagaare, negation is marked specifically by pre-verb particles, where only four, out of the nearly 24 pre-verb particles, are designated as negation markers.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four negation markers are <i>ba</i>, <i>kʊ̀ŋ</i>, <i>ta</i>, and <i>tɔ́ɔ́</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To signal negation, as well as other semantic relation, these negation particles combine with different aspects of the verb.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These pre-verb negatory particles can also be used to convey <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a>, and polarity (negation), and in some cases can be used to convey more than one of these features.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, the negation marker <i>ta</i> can be used to indicate polarity and mood: </p> <ul><li><b>Ta</b> zo! (Do not run!), indicates negative imperative construction</li></ul> <p>For example, the negation marker <i>ba</i> can be used as a non-future, or present tense, negative marker: </p> <ul><li>a mɔnaabʊ <b>ba</b> kʊ a naŋkpaana (The buffalo has not killed the hunter), has <i>ba</i> used with the perfective A and imperfective A forms of the verb to indicate negation in the present tense</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sign_Languages">Sign Languages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sign Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various signed and manual languages are known to negate via headshake.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Affirmative_and_negative_responses">Affirmative and negative responses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Affirmative and negative responses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yes_and_no" title="Yes and no">Yes and no</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:18em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_category" title="Grammatical category">Grammatical features</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related to nouns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">Animacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">Case</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dative_construction" title="Dative construction">Dative construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dative_shift" title="Dative shift">Dative shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirky_subject" title="Quirky subject">Quirky subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">Comitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">Instrumental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">Classifier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Measure_word" title="Measure word">Measure word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construct_state" title="Construct state">Construct state</a></li> <li>Countability <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Count_noun" title="Count noun">Count noun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">Mass noun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">Collective noun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">Definiteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genitive_construction" title="Genitive construction">Genitive construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)" title="Possession (linguistics)">Possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffixaufnahme" title="Suffixaufnahme">Suffixaufnahme (case stacking)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun_class" title="Noun class">Noun class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">Number</a> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Singular</li><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">Dual</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">Plural</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singulative_number" title="Singulative number">Singulative-Collective-Plurative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specificity_(linguistics)" title="Specificity (linguistics)">Specificity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_grinder" title="Universal grinder">Universal grinder</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related to verbs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_motion" title="Associated motion">Associated motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">Clusivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">Conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidentiality" title="Evidentiality">Evidentiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modality_(semantics)" title="Modality (semantics)">Modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telicity" title="Telicity">Telicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirativity" title="Mirativity">Mirativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">Grammatical aspect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_aspect" title="Lexical aspect">Lexical aspect (Aktionsart)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">Mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Tense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_(grammar)" title="Voice (grammar)">Voice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General features</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(linguistics)" title="Affect (linguistics)">Affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundedness_(linguistics)" title="Boundedness (linguistics)">Boundedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_(grammar)" title="Comparison (grammar)">Comparison (degree)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egophoricity" title="Egophoricity">Egophoricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluractionality" title="Pluractionality">Pluractionality</a> (verbal number)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorifics_(linguistics)" title="Honorifics (linguistics)">Honorifics (politeness)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_construction" title="Reciprocal construction">Reciprocity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">Reflexive pronoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_verb" title="Reflexive verb">Reflexive verb</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Syntax relationships</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_(linguistics)" title="Argument (linguistics)">Argument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transitivity_(grammar)" title="Transitivity (grammar)">Transitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valency_(linguistics)" title="Valency (linguistics)">Valency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branching_(linguistics)" title="Branching (linguistics)">Branching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_verb_construction" title="Serial verb construction">Serial verb construction</a></li> <li>Traditional grammar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">Predicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">Subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">Object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjunct_(grammar)" title="Adjunct (grammar)">Adjunct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicative_expression" title="Predicative expression">Predicative</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Semantics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(linguistics)" title="Contrast (linguistics)">Contrast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirativity" title="Mirativity">Mirativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thematic_relation" title="Thematic relation">Thematic relation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_(grammar)" title="Agent (grammar)">Agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_(grammar)" title="Patient (grammar)">Patient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_and_comment" title="Topic and comment">Topic and Comment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Focus_(linguistics)" title="Focus (linguistics)">Focus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volition_(linguistics)" title="Volition (linguistics)">Volition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veridicality" title="Veridicality">Veridicality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Phenomena</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polypersonal_agreement" title="Polypersonal agreement">Polypersonal agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">Declension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_category" title="Empty category">Empty category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(linguistics)" title="Incorporation (linguistics)">Incorporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">Inflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markedness" title="Markedness">Markedness</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grammatical_categories" title="Template:Grammatical categories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grammatical_categories" title="Template talk:Grammatical categories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical_categories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical categories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Special affirmative and negative words (particles) are often found in responses to questions, and sometimes to other assertions by way of agreement or disagreement. In English, these are <i>yes</i> and <i>no</i> respectively, in French <i>oui,</i> <i>si</i> and <i>non</i>, in Danish <i>ja</i>, <i>jo</i> and <i>nej</i>, in Spanish <i>sí</i> and <i>no</i> and so on. Not all languages make such common use of particles of this type; in some (such as Welsh) it is more common to repeat the verb or another part of the predicate, with or without negation accordingly. </p><p>Complications sometimes arise in the case of responses to negative statements or questions; in some cases the response that confirms a negative statement is the negative particle (as in English: "You're not going out? No."), but in some languages this is reversed. Some languages have a distinct form to answer a negative question, such as French <i>si</i> and Danish <i>jo</i> (these serve to contradict the negative statement suggested by the first speaker). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/De_Interpretatione" class="mw-redirect" title="De Interpretatione">De Interpretatione</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jespersen%27s_Cycle" title="Jespersen's Cycle">Jespersen's Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_raising" title="Negative raising">Negative raising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not!" class="mw-redirect" title="Not!">Not!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarity_item" title="Polarity item">Polarity item</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veridicality" title="Veridicality">Veridicality</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The linguist D. Biber refers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to two types of negation, synthetic ('no', 'neither' or 'nor' negation) and analytic ('not' negation). For example, "He is neither here nor there" (synthetic) or "He is not here" (analytic).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:4-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSpychalskaKontinenWerning2016" class="citation journal cs1">Spychalska, Maria; Kontinen, Jarmo; Werning, Markus (2016-04-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2016.1161806">"Investigating scalar implicatures in a truth-value judgement task: evidence from event-related brain potentials"</a>. <i>Language, Cognition and Neuroscience</i>. <b>31</b> (6): 817–840. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23273798.2016.1161806">10.1080/23273798.2016.1161806</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2327-3798">2327-3798</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:124648175">124648175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language%2C+Cognition+and+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Investigating+scalar+implicatures+in+a+truth-value+judgement+task%3A+evidence+from+event-related+brain+potentials&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=817-840&rft.date=2016-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A124648175%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2327-3798&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23273798.2016.1161806&rft.aulast=Spychalska&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft.au=Kontinen%2C+Jarmo&rft.au=Werning%2C+Markus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2F23273798.2016.1161806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffirmation+and+negation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan1998" class="citation journal cs1">Jordan, Michael P (1998). "The power of negation in English: Text, context and relevance". <i>Journal of Pragmatics</i>. <b>29</b> (6): 705–752. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0378-2166%2897%2900086-6">10.1016/S0378-2166(97)00086-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pragmatics&rft.atitle=The+power+of+negation+in+English%3A+Text%2C+context+and+relevance&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=705-752&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0378-2166%2897%2900086-6&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Michael+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffirmation+and+negation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuWangBeltránGu2019" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Bo; Wang, Huili; Beltrán, David; Gu, Beixian; Liang, Tengfei; Wang, Xiaoshuang; de Vega, Manuel (2019-09-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2019.1662460">"The generalizability of inhibition-related processes in the comprehension of linguistic negation. ERP evidence from the Mandarin language"</a>. <i>Language, Cognition and Neuroscience</i>. <b>35</b> (7): 885–895. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23273798.2019.1662460">10.1080/23273798.2019.1662460</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2327-3798">2327-3798</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203052216">203052216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language%2C+Cognition+and+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=The+generalizability+of+inhibition-related+processes+in+the+comprehension+of+linguistic+negation.+ERP+evidence+from+the+Mandarin+language&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=885-895&rft.date=2019-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A203052216%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2327-3798&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23273798.2019.1662460&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Bo&rft.au=Wang%2C+Huili&rft.au=Beltr%C3%A1n%2C+David&rft.au=Gu%2C+Beixian&rft.au=Liang%2C+Tengfei&rft.au=Wang%2C+Xiaoshuang&rft.au=de+Vega%2C+Manuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2F23273798.2019.1662460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffirmation+and+negation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiannakidou2011" class="citation journal cs1">Giannakidou, Anastasia (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.uchicago.edu/~giannaki/pubs/HSK.chapter64.pdf">"Negative and Positive Polarity Items"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The University of Chicago</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+University+of+Chicago&rft.atitle=Negative+and+Positive+Polarity+Items&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Giannakidou&rft.aufirst=Anastasia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.uchicago.edu%2F~giannaki%2Fpubs%2FHSK.chapter64.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffirmation+and+negation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiora2006" class="citation journal cs1">Giora, Rachel (July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2005.12.006">"Anything negatives can do affirmatives can do just as well, except for some metaphors"</a>. <i>Journal of Pragmatics</i>. <b>38</b> (7): 981–1014. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pragma.2005.12.006">10.1016/j.pragma.2005.12.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0378-2166">0378-2166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pragmatics&rft.atitle=Anything+negatives+can+do+affirmatives+can+do+just+as+well%2C+except+for+some+metaphors&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=981-1014&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pragma.2005.12.006&rft.issn=0378-2166&rft.aulast=Giora&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.pragma.2005.12.006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffirmation+and+negation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAliGrimmBodomo2021" class="citation book cs1">Ali, M.; Grimm, S.; Bodomo, A. (2021). <i>A dictionary and grammatical sketch of Dagaare</i>. Vol. 4. Language Science Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.5154710">10.5281/zenodo.5154710</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783961103232" title="Special:BookSources/9783961103232"><bdi>9783961103232</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+and+grammatical+sketch+of+Dagaare&rft.pub=Language+Science+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.5154710&rft.isbn=9783961103232&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Grimm%2C+S.&rft.au=Bodomo%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffirmation+and+negation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMwinlaaruYap2017" class="citation journal cs1">Mwinlaaru, Isaac N.; Yap, Foong Ha (November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2017.07.005">"A tale of two distal demonstratives in Dagaare: Reflections on directionality principles in grammaticalisation"</a>. <i>Language Sciences</i>. <b>64</b>: 130–151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.langsci.2017.07.005">10.1016/j.langsci.2017.07.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10397%2F73178">10397/73178</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0388-0001">0388-0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148942057">148942057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Sciences&rft.atitle=A+tale+of+two+distal+demonstratives+in+Dagaare%3A+Reflections+on+directionality+principles+in+grammaticalisation&rft.volume=64&rft.pages=130-151&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10397%2F73178&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148942057%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0388-0001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.langsci.2017.07.005&rft.aulast=Mwinlaaru&rft.aufirst=Isaac+N.&rft.au=Yap%2C+Foong+Ha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.langsci.2017.07.005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffirmation+and+negation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZwickyPullum1983" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Zwicky" title="Arnold Zwicky">Zwicky, Arnold M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Pullum" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey Pullum">Pullum, Geoffrey K.</a> (1983), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/~zwicky/ZPCliticsInfl.pdf">"Cliticization vs. Inflection: English <i>n't</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Language</i>, <b>59</b> (3), Linguistic Society of America: 502–513, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F413900">10.2307/413900</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/413900">413900</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Cliticization+vs.+Inflection%3A+English+n%27t&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=502-513&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F413900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F413900%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Zwicky&rft.aufirst=Arnold+M.&rft.au=Pullum%2C+Geoffrey+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2F~zwicky%2FZPCliticsInfl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffirmation+and+negation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBross2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bross, Fabian (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fgjgl.1175">"The why-how alternation and a new test for sentential negation—on negated how-questions"</a>. <i>Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics</i>. <b>5</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fgjgl.1175">10.5334/gjgl.1175</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glossa%3A+A+Journal+of+General+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+why-how+alternation+and+a+new+test+for+sentential+negation%E2%80%94on+negated+how-questions&rft.volume=5&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5334%2Fgjgl.1175&rft.aulast=Bross&rft.aufirst=Fabian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5334%252Fgjgl.1175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffirmation+and+negation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaanchi2008" class="citation journal cs1">Saanchi, James Angkaaraba (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ljh/article/view/121537">"Negation In Dagaare"</a>. <i>Legon Journal of the Humanities</i>. <b>19</b>: 151–162 – via African Journals Online (AJOL).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Legon+Journal+of+the+Humanities&rft.atitle=Negation+In+Dagaare&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=151-162&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Saanchi&rft.aufirst=James+Angkaaraba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajol.info%2Findex.php%2Fljh%2Farticle%2Fview%2F121537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffirmation+and+negation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linguisticsinamsterdam.nl/home?issue=41">"Linguistics in Amsterdam"</a>. <i>www.linguisticsinamsterdam.nl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.linguisticsinamsterdam.nl&rft.atitle=Linguistics+in+Amsterdam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguisticsinamsterdam.nl%2Fhome%3Fissue%3D41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffirmation+and+negation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Laurence R. Horn, <i>A Natural History of Negation</i>. 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57586-336-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57586-336-8">978-1-57586-336-8</a></li> <li>Douglas Biber, Susan Conrad, Randi Reppen, "Corpus Linguistics: Investigating Language Structure and Use". 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-49957-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-49957-7">0-521-49957-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTettamantiManentiDella_RosaFalini2008" class="citation journal cs1">Tettamanti, Marco; Manenti, Rosa; Della Rosa, Pasquale A.; Falini, Andrea; Perani, Daniela; Cappa, Stefano F.; Moro, Andrea (2008). "Negation in the brain. Modulating action representation". <i>NeuroImage</i>. <b>43</b> (2): 358–367. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuroimage.2008.08.004">10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.08.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18771737">18771737</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17658822">17658822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NeuroImage&rft.atitle=Negation+in+the+brain.+Modulating+action+representation&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=358-367&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17658822%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18771737&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuroimage.2008.08.004&rft.aulast=Tettamanti&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.au=Manenti%2C+Rosa&rft.au=Della+Rosa%2C+Pasquale+A.&rft.au=Falini%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Perani%2C+Daniela&rft.au=Cappa%2C+Stefano+F.&rft.au=Moro%2C+Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffirmation+and+negation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Formal_semantics_(natural_language)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Formal_semantics" title="Template:Formal semantics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Formal_semantics" title="Template talk:Formal semantics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Formal_semantics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Formal semantics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Formal_semantics_(natural_language)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Formal_semantics_(natural_language)" title="Formal semantics (natural language)">Formal semantics (natural language)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_compositionality" title="Principle of compositionality">Compositionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denotation" title="Denotation">Denotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entailment" class="mw-redirect" title="Entailment">Entailment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extension_(semantics)" title="Extension (semantics)">Extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_quantifier" title="Generalized quantifier">Generalized quantifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intension" title="Intension">Intension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_form_(linguistics)" title="Logical form (linguistics)">Logical form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presupposition" title="Presupposition">Presupposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference" title="Reference">Reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scope_(formal_semantics)" title="Scope (formal semantics)">Scope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_act" title="Speech act">Speech act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface" title="Syntax–semantics interface">Syntax–semantics interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth-conditional_semantics" title="Truth-conditional semantics">Truth conditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics)" title="Anaphora (linguistics)">Anaphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">Ambiguity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binding_(linguistics)" title="Binding (linguistics)">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_sentence" title="Conditional sentence">Conditionals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">Definiteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Disjunction">Disjunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidentiality" title="Evidentiality">Evidentiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_(linguistics)" title="Focus (linguistics)">Focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexicality" title="Indexicality">Indexicality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_semantics" title="Lexical semantics">Lexical semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_modality" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic modality">Modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negation" title="Negation">Negation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propositional_attitudes" class="mw-redirect" title="Propositional attitudes">Propositional attitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantifier_(logic)" title="Quantifier (logic)">Quantification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagueness" title="Vagueness">Vagueness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antecedent-contained_deletion" title="Antecedent-contained deletion">Antecedent-contained deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataphora" title="Cataphora">Cataphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion_(linguistics)" title="Coercion (linguistics)">Coercion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservativity" title="Conservativity">Conservativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterfactuals" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterfactuals">Counterfactuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_effects" title="Crossover effects">Crossover effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumulativity_(linguistics)" title="Cumulativity (linguistics)">Cumulativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_dicto_and_de_re" title="De dicto and de re">De dicto and de re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_se" title="De se">De se</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontic_modality" title="Deontic modality">Deontic modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_relation" title="Discourse relation">Discourse relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_anaphora" class="mw-redirect" title="Donkey anaphora">Donkey anaphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_modality" title="Epistemic modality">Epistemic modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaustivity" title="Exhaustivity">Exhaustivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faultless_disagreement" title="Faultless disagreement">Faultless disagreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_choice_inference" title="Free choice inference">Free choice inferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Givenness" title="Givenness">Givenness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogeneity_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homogeneity (linguistics)">Homogeneity (linguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurford_disjunction" title="Hurford disjunction">Hurford disjunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inalienable_possession" title="Inalienable possession">Inalienable possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Intersective modification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logophoricity" title="Logophoricity">Logophoricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirativity" title="Mirativity">Mirativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_subordination" title="Modal subordination">Modal subordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opaque_context" title="Opaque context">Opaque contexts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performative_utterance" title="Performative utterance">Performatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarity_item" title="Polarity item">Polarity items</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privative_adjective" title="Privative adjective">Privative adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantificational_variability_effect" title="Quantificational variability effect">Quantificational variability effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsive_predicate" title="Responsive predicate">Responsive predicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_declarative" title="Rising declarative">Rising declaratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalar_implicature" title="Scalar implicature">Scalar implicature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloppy_identity" title="Sloppy identity">Sloppy identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsective_modifier" title="Subsective modifier">Subsective modification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtrigging" title="Subtrigging">Subtrigging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telicity" title="Telicity">Telicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperature_paradox" title="Temperature paradox">Temperature paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veridicality" title="Veridicality">Veridicality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formal systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_semantics" title="Alternative semantics">Alternative semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categorial_grammar" title="Categorial grammar">Categorial grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combinatory_categorial_grammar" title="Combinatory categorial grammar">Combinatory categorial grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_representation_theory" title="Discourse representation theory">Discourse representation theory (DRT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_semantics" title="Dynamic semantics">Dynamic semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_grammar" title="Generative grammar">Generative grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glue_semantics" title="Glue semantics">Glue semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisitive_semantics" title="Inquisitive semantics">Inquisitive semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensional_logic" title="Intensional logic">Intensional logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_calculus" title="Lambda calculus">Lambda calculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mereology" title="Mereology">Mereology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montague_grammar" title="Montague grammar">Montague grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmented_discourse_representation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Segmented discourse representation theory">Segmented discourse representation theory (SDRT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_semantics" title="Situation semantics">Situation semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervaluationism" title="Supervaluationism">Supervaluationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_theory" title="Type theory">Type theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_theory_with_records" title="Type theory with records">TTR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_of_syntax" title="Autonomy of syntax">Autonomy of syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Context set">Context set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation" title="Continuation">Continuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversational_scoreboard" title="Conversational scoreboard">Conversational scoreboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downward_entailing" title="Downward entailing">Downward entailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_closure" title="Existential closure">Existential closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_application" title="Function application">Function application</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_postulate" title="Meaning postulate">Meaning postulate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monad_(functional_programming)" title="Monad (functional programming)">Monads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plural_quantification" title="Plural quantification">Plural quantification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possible_world" title="Possible world">Possible world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantifier_raising" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantifier raising">Quantifier raising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantization_(linguistics)" title="Quantization (linguistics)">Quantization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_under_discussion" title="Question under discussion">Question under discussion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_parsing" title="Semantic parsing">Semantic parsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squiggle_operator" title="Squiggle operator">Squiggle operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawson_entailment" title="Strawson entailment">Strawson entailment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strict_conditional" title="Strict conditional">Strict conditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_shifter" title="Type shifter">Type shifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_grinder" title="Universal grinder">Universal grinder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_semantics" title="Cognitive semantics">Cognitive semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_semantics" title="Computational semantics">Computational semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributional_semantics" title="Distributional semantics">Distributional semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_grammar" title="Formal grammar">Formal grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferentialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferentialism">Inferentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_translation" title="Logic translation">Logic translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_wars" title="Linguistics wars">Linguistics wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_of_logic" title="Semantics of logic">Semantics of logic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&oldid=1257975386">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&oldid=1257975386</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grammar" title="Category:Grammar">Grammar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grammatical_categories" title="Category:Grammatical categories">Grammatical categories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Semantics" title="Category:Semantics">Semantics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Truth" title="Category:Truth">Truth</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from November 2024">Articles with incomplete citations from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 13:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Affirmation_and_negation&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-ftkqq","wgBackendResponseTime":163,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.551","walltime":"0.693","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2115,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":74050,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2250,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":82918,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 587.101 1 -total"," 25.65% 150.574 2 Template:Reflist"," 18.34% 107.698 9 Template:Cite_journal"," 16.61% 97.536 1 Template:Lang"," 14.57% 85.556 1 Template:Grammatical_categories"," 13.96% 81.934 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 13.79% 80.967 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.79% 51.590 2 Template:Pagetype"," 6.37% 37.394 1 Template:Efn"," 6.31% 37.018 1 Template:Formal_semantics"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.351","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22501350,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-wdqp9","timestamp":"20241122152409","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Affirmation and negation","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Affirmation_and_negation","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3745428","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3745428","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2013-01-15T16:32:38Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T13:45:38Z","headline":"terms of opposite meaning which may be applied to statements, verb phrases, clauses, or other utterances"}</script> </body> </html>