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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Comparison to similar cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_similar_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expressions_of_comitative_semantic_relation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expressions_of_comitative_semantic_relation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Expressions of comitative semantic relation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expressions_of_comitative_semantic_relation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indo-European_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-European_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Indo-European languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-European_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latvian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latvian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Latvian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latvian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uralic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uralic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Uralic languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uralic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Estonian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Estonian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finnish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finnish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Finnish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finnish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sami_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sami_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Sami languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sami_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Hungarian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chukchi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chukchi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Chukchi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chukchi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drehu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drehu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Drehu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drehu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hausa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hausa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Hausa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hausa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Comitative case</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casu_comitativu" title="Casu comitativu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Casu comitativu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troad_komitativel" title="Troad komitativel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Troad komitativel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cas_comitatiu" title="Cas comitatiu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cas comitatiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komitativ" title="Komitativ – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Komitativ" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komitativ" title="Komitativ – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Komitativ" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komitatiiva" title="Komitatiiva – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Komitatiiva" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komitativ" title="Komitativ – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Komitativ" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaasa%C3%BCtlev_k%C3%A4%C3%A4ne" title="Kaasaütlev kääne – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaasaütlev kääne" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso_comitativo" title="Caso comitativo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caso comitativo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komitativo" title="Komitativo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Komitativo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komitatibo" title="Komitatibo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Komitatibo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="حالت پیوندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حالت پیوندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comitatif" title="Comitatif – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Comitatif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comitativo" title="Comitativo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Comitativo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EB%8F%99%EA%B2%A9" title="공동격 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공동격" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comitativo" title="Comitativo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Comitativo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komitatyvas" title="Komitatyvas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Komitatyvas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comitativus" title="Comitativus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Comitativus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comitatief" title="Comitatief – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Comitatief" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%A0%BC" title="共格 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="共格" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komitativ" title="Komitativ – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Komitativ" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komitativ" title="Komitativ – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Komitativ" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birgalik_kelishigi" title="Birgalik kelishigi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Birgalik kelishigi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comitativus" title="Comitativus – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Comitativus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso_comitativo" title="Caso comitativo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caso comitativo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Комитатив – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Комитатив" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komitatiivi" title="Komitatiivi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Komitatiivi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komitativ" title="Komitativ – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Komitativ" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:18em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_category" title="Grammatical category">Grammatical features</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related to nouns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">Animacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">Case</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dative_construction" title="Dative construction">Dative construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dative_shift" title="Dative shift">Dative shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirky_subject" title="Quirky subject">Quirky subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Comitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">Instrumental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">Classifier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Measure_word" title="Measure word">Measure word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construct_state" title="Construct state">Construct state</a></li> <li>Countability <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Count_noun" title="Count noun">Count noun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">Mass noun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">Collective noun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">Definiteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genitive_construction" title="Genitive construction">Genitive construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)" title="Possession (linguistics)">Possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffixaufnahme" title="Suffixaufnahme">Suffixaufnahme (case stacking)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun_class" title="Noun class">Noun class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">Number</a> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Singular</li><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">Dual</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">Plural</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singulative_number" title="Singulative number">Singulative-Collective-Plurative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specificity_(linguistics)" title="Specificity (linguistics)">Specificity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_grinder" title="Universal grinder">Universal grinder</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related to verbs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_motion" title="Associated motion">Associated motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">Clusivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">Conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidentiality" title="Evidentiality">Evidentiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modality_(semantics)" title="Modality (semantics)">Modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telicity" title="Telicity">Telicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirativity" title="Mirativity">Mirativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">Grammatical aspect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_aspect" title="Lexical aspect">Lexical aspect (Aktionsart)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">Mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Tense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_(grammar)" title="Voice (grammar)">Voice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General features</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(linguistics)" title="Affect (linguistics)">Affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundedness_(linguistics)" title="Boundedness (linguistics)">Boundedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_(grammar)" title="Comparison (grammar)">Comparison (degree)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egophoricity" title="Egophoricity">Egophoricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluractionality" title="Pluractionality">Pluractionality</a> (verbal number)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorifics_(linguistics)" title="Honorifics (linguistics)">Honorifics (politeness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affirmation_and_negation" title="Affirmation and negation">Polarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_construction" title="Reciprocal construction">Reciprocity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">Reflexive pronoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_verb" title="Reflexive verb">Reflexive verb</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Syntax relationships</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_(linguistics)" title="Argument (linguistics)">Argument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transitivity_(grammar)" title="Transitivity (grammar)">Transitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valency_(linguistics)" title="Valency (linguistics)">Valency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branching_(linguistics)" title="Branching (linguistics)">Branching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_verb_construction" title="Serial verb construction">Serial verb construction</a></li> <li>Traditional grammar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">Predicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">Subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">Object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjunct_(grammar)" title="Adjunct (grammar)">Adjunct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicative_expression" title="Predicative expression">Predicative</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Semantics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(linguistics)" title="Contrast (linguistics)">Contrast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirativity" title="Mirativity">Mirativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thematic_relation" title="Thematic relation">Thematic relation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_(grammar)" title="Agent (grammar)">Agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_(grammar)" title="Patient (grammar)">Patient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_and_comment" title="Topic and comment">Topic and Comment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Focus_(linguistics)" title="Focus (linguistics)">Focus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volition_(linguistics)" title="Volition (linguistics)">Volition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veridicality" title="Veridicality">Veridicality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Phenomena</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polypersonal_agreement" title="Polypersonal agreement">Polypersonal agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">Declension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_category" title="Empty category">Empty category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(linguistics)" title="Incorporation (linguistics)">Incorporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">Inflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markedness" title="Markedness">Markedness</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grammatical_categories" title="Template:Grammatical categories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grammatical_categories" title="Template talk:Grammatical categories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical_categories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical categories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, the <b>comitative case</b> (<abbr title="abbreviated">abbr.</abbr> com) is a <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">grammatical case</a> that denotes accompaniment.<sup id="cite_ref-Stolz2006_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stolz2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17–23">: 17–23 </span></sup> In <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, the preposition "with", in the sense of "in company with" or "together with", plays a substantially similar role. Other uses of "with", like in the meaning of "using" or "by means of" (I cut bread with a knife), correspond to the <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental case</a> or related cases. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Core_meaning">Core meaning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comitative_case&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Core meaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The comitative case encodes a relationship of "accompaniment" between two participants in an event, called the "accompanier" and the "companion". In addition, there is a "relator" (which can be of multiple lexical categories, but is most commonly an <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affix</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adposition" title="Adposition">adposition</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Stolz2006_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stolz2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17–18">: 17–18 </span></sup> Use of the comitative case gives prominence to the accompanier.<sup id="cite_ref-Stolz2009_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stolz2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 602">: 602 </span></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> sentence is an example: </p> <dl><dd>[<i>il professore</i>]<sub>accompanier</sub> <i>entra nell'aula</i> [<i>con</i>]<sub>relator</sub> [<i>i suoi studenti</i>]<sub>companion</sub></dd> <dd>'the professor enters the lecture-hall (together) with his students'.<sup id="cite_ref-Stolz2009_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stolz2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 602">: 602 </span></sup></dd></dl> <p>In this case, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">il professore</i></span> is the accompanier, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">i suoi studenti</i></span> is the companion, and <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">con</i></span> is the relator. As the accompanier, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">il professore</i></span> is the most prominent. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">Animacy</a> also plays a major role in most languages with a comitative case. One group of languages requires both the accompanier and the companion to be either human or animate. Another group requires both to be in the same category: both human or both animate. A third group requires an animate accompanier and an inanimate companion. Other languages have no restrictions based on animacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Stolz2009_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stolz2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 603–604">: 603–604 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_to_similar_cases">Comparison to similar cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comitative_case&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Comparison to similar cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The comitative case is often conflated or confused with other similar cases, especially the <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental case</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Associative_case" title="Associative case">associative case</a>. </p><p>The comitative relates to an accompanier and a companion, and the instrumental relates to an <a href="/wiki/Agent_(grammar)" title="Agent (grammar)">agent</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Patient_(grammar)" title="Patient (grammar)">patient</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Narrog_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narrog-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 593">: 593 </span></sup> Enrique Palancar defines the role of Instrumental case as 'the role played by the object the Agent manipulates to achieve a change of state of the Patient.'<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though the difference is straightforward, because the instrumental and the comitative are expressed the same way in many languages, including <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, it is often difficult to separate them. </p><p>Russian is one of many languages that differentiate morphologically between instrumental and comitative: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ru" style="margin: 0px;">Я</p><p lang="ru-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ya</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ru" style="margin: 0px;">пойду</p><p lang="ru-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">poydu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ru" style="margin: 0px;">в</p><p lang="ru-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">v</p><p style="margin: 0px;">in</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ru" style="margin: 0px;">кино</p><p lang="ru-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kino</p><p style="margin: 0px;">cinema</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ru" style="margin: 0px;">с</p><p lang="ru-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">s</p><p style="margin: 0px;">with</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ru" style="margin: 0px;">мамой</p><p lang="ru-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mamoy</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mom.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="comitative case ('together with')" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COM</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Я пойду в кино с мамой</p><p style="display: none;">Ya poydu v kino s mamoy</p><p style="display: none;">I go in cinema with mom.COM</p><p style="clear: left;">'I'll go to the cinema with my mom.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ru" style="margin: 0px;">Я</p><p lang="ru-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ya</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ru" style="margin: 0px;">нарезал</p><p lang="ru-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">narezal</p><p style="margin: 0px;">cut</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ru" style="margin: 0px;">хлеб</p><p lang="ru-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">khleb</p><p style="margin: 0px;">bread</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ru" style="margin: 0px;">этим</p><p lang="ru-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">etim</p><p style="margin: 0px;">this.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="instrumental case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INSTR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ru" style="margin: 0px;">ножом</p><p lang="ru-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nozhom</p><p style="margin: 0px;">knife.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="instrumental case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INSTR</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Я нарезал хлеб этим ножом</p><p style="display: none;">Ya narezal khleb etim nozhom</p><p style="display: none;">I cut bread this.INSTR knife.INSTR</p><p style="clear: left;">'I cut the bread with this knife.'<sup id="cite_ref-Heine&Kuteva_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heine&Kuteva-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In Russian, the comitative is marked by adding a preposition <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">с</span></span> and by declining the companion in the instrumental case; the design <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">с мамой</span></span> as a whole becomes comitative. In the instrumental case, the object is declined, but no preposition is added.<sup id="cite_ref-Heine&Kuteva_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heine&Kuteva-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The comitative case is often confused with the associative case. Before the term comitative was applied to the accompanier-companion relationship, the relationship was often called associative case, a term still used by some linguists.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is important to distinguish between the comitative and the associative because the associative also refers to a specific variety of the comitative case that is used in Hungarian.<sup id="cite_ref-Stolz2009_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stolz2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 605">: 605 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expressions_of_comitative_semantic_relation">Expressions of comitative semantic relation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comitative_case&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Expressions of comitative semantic relation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grammatical case is a category of inflectional morphology. The comitative case is an expression of the comitative semantic relation through inflectional <a href="/wiki/Affixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Affixation">affixation</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Circumfix" title="Circumfix">circumfixes</a>. Although all three major types of affixes are used in at least a few languages, suffixes are the most common expression. Languages which use affixation to express the comitative include <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, which uses suffixes; <a href="/wiki/Totonac_languages" title="Totonac languages">Totonac</a>, which uses prefixes; and <a href="/wiki/Chukchi_language" title="Chukchi language">Chukchi</a>, which uses circumfixes.<sup id="cite_ref-Stolz2009_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stolz2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 602">: 602 </span></sup> </p><p>Comitative relations are also commonly expressed by using <a href="/wiki/Prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepositions">adpositions</a>: prepositions, postpositions and circumpositions. Examples of languages that use adpositional constructions to express comitative relations are French, which uses prepositions; <a href="/wiki/Wayampi_language" title="Wayampi language">Wayãpi</a>, which uses postpositions; and <a href="/wiki/Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara</a>, which uses circumpositions.<sup id="cite_ref-Stolz2009_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stolz2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 603">: 603 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">Adverbial constructions</a> can also mark comitative relations, but they act very similarly to adpositions. One language that uses adverbs to mark the comitative case is Latvian.<sup id="cite_ref-Stolz2009_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stolz2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 603">: 603 </span></sup> </p><p>The final way in which comitative relations can be expressed is by <a href="/wiki/Serial_verb_construction" title="Serial verb construction">serial-verb constructions</a>. In these languages, the comitative marker is usually a verb whose basic meaning is "to follow". A language which marks comitative relations with serial-verb constructions is <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stolz2009_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stolz2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 603">: 603 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comitative_case&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-European_languages">Indo-European languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comitative_case&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Indo-European languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latvian">Latvian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comitative_case&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Latvian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Latvian, both instrumental and comitative are expressed with the preposition <span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">ar</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-Stolz2006_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stolz2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 102">: 102 </span></sup> However, it is used only when the companion is in accusative and singular or when it is in dative and plural. Otherwise the co-ordinating conjunction <span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">un</i></span> is used.<sup id="cite_ref-Stolz2006_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stolz2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="lv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">un</p><p style="margin: 0px;">and</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="lv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Nelda</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Nelda.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="lv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ar</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="comitative case ('together with')" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="lv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Rudolfu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Rudolf.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="lv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ļoti</p><p style="margin: 0px;">very</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="lv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nozīmīgi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">significantly</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="lv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pa-skatījās</p><p style="margin: 0px;">at-look.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="preterite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRET</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="reflexive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REFL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="lv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">uz</p><p style="margin: 0px;">on</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="lv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ernestīni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Ernestine.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">un Nelda ar Rudolfu ļoti nozīmīgi pa-skatījās uz Ernestīni</p><p style="display: none;">and Nelda.NOM COM Rudolf.ACC very significantly at-look.PRET.REFL.3 on Ernestine.ACC</p><p style="clear: left;">'And Nelda and Rudolf looked very knowingly at Ernestine.'<sup id="cite_ref-Stolz2006_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stolz2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In the example above, <span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">ar</i></span> is used because Rudolf, the companion, is in accusative and singular. Below, it is used in the other case that it is allowed, with a dative plural companion. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="lv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">because</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="lv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ne-bija</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>-be.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PAST</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="lv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ne-kāda</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>-some.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="genitive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GEN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="lv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">prieka</p><p style="margin: 0px;">fun.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="genitive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GEN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="lv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dzīvot</p><p style="margin: 0px;">live.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="infinitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="lv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zem</p><p style="margin: 0px;">under</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="lv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sveša</p><p style="margin: 0px;">foreign.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="genitive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GEN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="lv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jumta</p><p style="margin: 0px;">roof.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="genitive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GEN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="lv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">un</p><p style="margin: 0px;">and</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="lv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">vēl</p><p style="margin: 0px;">still</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="lv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ar</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="comitative case ('together with')" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="lv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">vis-iem</p><p style="margin: 0px;">all-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="dative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DAT</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="lv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zirg-iem</p><p style="margin: 0px;">horse-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="dative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DAT</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="lv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">un</p><p style="margin: 0px;">and</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="lv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rat-iem</p><p style="margin: 0px;">cart-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="dative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DAT</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">jo ne-bija ne-kāda prieka dzīvot zem sveša jumta un vēl ar vis-iem zirg-iem un rat-iem</p><p style="display: none;">because NEG-be.PAST.3 NEG-some.GEN fun.GEN live.INF under foreign.GEN roof.GEN and still COM all-DAT.PL horse-DAT.PL and cart-DAT.PL</p><p style="clear: left;">'Because it was no fun to live under someone else's roof, especially with all the horses and the cart'.<sup id="cite_ref-Stolz2006_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stolz2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 307">: 307 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uralic_languages">Uralic languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comitative_case&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Uralic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Estonian">Estonian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comitative_case&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Estonian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Estonian, the comitative (<span title="Estonian-language text"><i lang="et">kaasaütlev</i></span>) marker is the suffix <span title="Estonian-language text"><i lang="et">-ga</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stolz2006_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stolz2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 90">: 90 </span></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="et" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ja</p><p style="margin: 0px;">and</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="et" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Barber</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Barber</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="et" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rüüpa-b</p><p style="margin: 0px;">drink-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="et" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">koos</p><p style="margin: 0px;">together</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="et" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Balthasari-ga</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Balthasar-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="comitative case ('together with')" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="et" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sügava</p><p style="margin: 0px;">deep.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="genitive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GEN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="et" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sõõmu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mouthful.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="genitive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GEN</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">ja Barber rüüpa-b koos Balthasari-ga sügava sõõmu</p><p style="display: none;">and Barber drink-3SG together Balthasar-COM deep.GEN mouthful.GEN</p><p style="clear: left;">'And Barber takes a sip together with Balthasar.'<sup id="cite_ref-Stolz2006_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stolz2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 90">: 90 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finnish">Finnish</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comitative_case&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Finnish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Finnish, the comitative case (<span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">komitatiivi</i></span>) consists of the suffix <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">-ne</i></span> with adjectives and <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">-ne-</i></span> + a mandatory <a href="/wiki/Possessive_suffix" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive suffix">possessive suffix</a> with the main noun. There is no singular-plural distinction; only the plural of the comitative exists and is used in both singular and plural senses, and thus it always appears as <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">-ine-</i></span>. For instance, "with their big ships" is </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="fi" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">suuri-ne</p><p style="margin: 0px;">big-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="comitative case ('together with')" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="fi" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">laivo-i-ne-en</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ship-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="oblique case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OBL</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="comitative case ('together with')" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COM</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POS</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">suuri-ne laivo-i-ne-en</p><p style="display: none;">big-COM ship-OBL-PL-COM-POS.3PL</p><p style="clear: left;">while "with his/her big ships" is</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="fi" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">suuri-ne</p><p style="margin: 0px;">big-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="comitative case ('together with')" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="fi" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">laivo-i-ne-nsa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ship-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="oblique case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OBL</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="comitative case ('together with')" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COM</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POS</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">suuri-ne laivo-i-ne-nsa</p><p style="display: none;">big-COM ship-OBL-PL-COM-POS.3SG</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>It is rarely used and is mainly a feature of formal literary language, appearing very rarely in everyday speech. </p><p>The much more common, less formal way of expressing "with" is with the postposition <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">kanssa</i></span>, e.g., <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">suurten laivojensa kanssa</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">with their big ships</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. The two forms may contrast, however, since the comitative always comes with the possessive suffix and thus can only be used when the agent has some sort of possession of the thing expressed by the main noun. For instance, <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Ulkoministeri jatkaa kollegoineen neuvotteluja sissien kanssa</i></span>, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">The foreign minister, with [assistance from] his colleagues, is continuing the negotiations with the guerrillas</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, has <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">kollegoineen</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">with his colleagues</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> contrasted with <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">sissien kanssa</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">with the guerrillas</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, the former "possessed", the latter not. </p><p>Colloquial Finnish also has the postposition <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">kaa</i></span>, derived from <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">kanssa</i></span> and cognate with the Estonian <span title="Estonian-language text"><i lang="et">-ga</i></span>. With pronouns it is written as a suffix, <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">-kaa</i></span>. Compare also <a href="/wiki/Ingrian_language" title="Ingrian language">Ingrian</a> <span title="Ingrian-language text"><i lang="izh">-nka/-nkä</i></span>, e.g., <span title="Ingrian-language text"><i lang="izh">talonka</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">with a house</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="fi" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mun-kaa</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="genitive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GEN</abbr>-with</p></div><p style="display: none;">mun-kaa</p><p style="display: none;">1SG.GEN-with</p><p style="clear: left;">'with me'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="fi" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mun</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="genitive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GEN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="fi" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kavereitten</p><p style="margin: 0px;">friend-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="genitive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GEN</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="fi" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kaa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">with</p></div><p style="display: none;">mun kavereitten kaa</p><p style="display: none;">1SG-GEN friend-GEN-PL with</p><p style="clear: left;">'with my friends'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sami_languages">Sami languages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comitative_case&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sami languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As there are many <a href="/wiki/Sami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami languages">Sami languages</a> there are variations between them. In the largest Sami language, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sami" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sami">Northern Sami</a>, the comitative case means either communion, fellowship, connection - or instrument, tool. It can be used either as an <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a> or as an <a href="/wiki/Adverbial" title="Adverbial">adverbial</a>. </p><p>It is expressed through the suffix <span title="Northern Sami-language text"><i lang="se">-in</i></span> in the singular and <span title="Northern Sami-language text"><i lang="se">-iguin</i></span> in the plural. </p><p>An example of the object use in Northern Sami is <span title="Northern Sami-language text"><i lang="se">Dat láve álo riidalit isidi<b>in</b></i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">She always argues <b>with</b> her husband</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. An example of the adverbial use is <span title="Northern Sami-language text"><i lang="se">Mun čálán bleahka<b>in</b></i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">I write <b>with</b> ink</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hungarian">Hungarian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comitative_case&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hungarian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sociative_case" title="Sociative case">Sociative case</a></div> <p>In Hungarian, comitative case is marked by the suffix <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">-stul/-stül</i></span>, as shown in the example below.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenesei_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenesei-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ruhá-stul</p><p style="margin: 0px;">clothes-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="comitative case ('together with')" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">és</p><p style="margin: 0px;">and</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">cipő-stül</p><p style="margin: 0px;">shoe-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="comitative case ('together with')" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">feküd-t-em</p><p style="margin: 0px;">lie-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PAST</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="indefinite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INDEF</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">az</p><p style="margin: 0px;">the</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ágy-ban</p><p style="margin: 0px;">bed-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inessive case ('in')" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INE</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">ruhá-stul és cipő-stül feküd-t-em az ágy-ban</p><p style="display: none;">clothes-COM and shoe-COM lie-PAST-INDEF.1SG the bed-INE</p><p style="clear: left;">'I was lying in bed with my clothes and shoes on.'<sup id="cite_ref-Kenesei_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenesei-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>However, the comitative case marker cannot be used if the companion has a plural marker. So when the comitative marker is added to a noun, it obscures whether that noun is singular or plural.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenesei_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenesei-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gyerek-estül</p><p style="margin: 0px;">child-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="comitative case ('together with')" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">men-t-ek</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PAST</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="indefinite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INDEF</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nyaral-ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">vacation-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="infinitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">gyerek-estül men-t-ek nyaral-ni</p><p style="display: none;">child-COM go-PAST-INDEF.3PL vacation-INF</p><p style="clear: left;">'They went on vacation with their child/children.'<sup id="cite_ref-Kenesei_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenesei-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chukchi">Chukchi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comitative_case&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Chukchi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_language" title="Chukchi language">Chukchi</a> uses a circumfix to express comitative case. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ckt" style="margin: 0px;">а'ачек</p><p lang="ckt-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">aʼaček</p><p style="margin: 0px;">boy</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ckt" style="margin: 0px;">ңытоскычат-гьэ</p><p lang="ckt-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ňytoskyčat-gʹè</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ran.out-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PERF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ckt" style="margin: 0px;">га-мэлгар-ма</p><p lang="ckt-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ga-mèlgar-ma</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="comitative case ('together with')" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="predicate/predicative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRED</abbr>-gun-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="comitative case ('together with')" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="predicate/predicative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRED</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">а'ачек ңытоскычат-гьэ га-мэлгар-ма</p><p style="display: none;">aʼaček ňytoskyčat-gʹè ga-mèlgar-ma</p><p style="display: none;">boy ran.out-PERF COM.PRED-gun-COM.PRED</p><p style="clear: left;">'The boy ran out with a gun.'<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In the example, the circumfix га⟩...⟨ма is attached to the root <span title="Chukot-language text"><span lang="ckt">мэлгар</span></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">gun</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> to express comitative. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drehu">Drehu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comitative_case&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Drehu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Drehu_language" title="Drehu language">Drehu</a>, there are two prepositions which can be used to mark comitative. Which of the prepositions is used is determined by the classes of the accompanier and companion.<sup id="cite_ref-Moyse-Faurie_Lynch_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moyse-Faurie_Lynch-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="dhv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ɑngeic</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="dhv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ɑ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="present tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRES</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="dhv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tro</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="dhv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">me</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="comitative case ('together with')" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="dhv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">eni</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">ɑngeic ɑ tro me eni</p><p style="display: none;">3SG PRES go COM 1SG</p><p style="clear: left;">'He goes with me.'<sup id="cite_ref-Moyse-Faurie_Lynch_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moyse-Faurie_Lynch-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="dhv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">eni</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="dhv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ɑ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="present tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRES</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="dhv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ixelë</p><p style="margin: 0px;">meet</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="dhv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">memin</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="comitative case ('together with')" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="dhv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lɑ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="dhv" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jɑjiny</p><p style="margin: 0px;">girl</p></div><p style="display: none;">eni ɑ ixelë memin lɑ jɑjiny</p><p style="display: none;">1SG PRES meet COM ART girl</p><p style="clear: left;">'I met (with) the girl.'<sup id="cite_ref-Moyse-Faurie_Lynch_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moyse-Faurie_Lynch-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hausa">Hausa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comitative_case&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hausa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The comitative marker in <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a> is the preposition <span title="Hausa-language text"><i lang="ha">dà</i></span>. In Hausa, a prepositional phrase marked for comitative can be moved to the front of the sentence for emphasis, as shown in the examples below.<sup id="cite_ref-Abdoulaye_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abdoulaye-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ha" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">(tàare)</p><p style="margin: 0px;">(together)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ha" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dà</p><p style="margin: 0px;">with</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ha" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yâara-n-shì</p><p style="margin: 0px;">children-of-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ha" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">fa,</p><p style="margin: 0px;">indeed</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ha" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yaa</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ha" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zoo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">come</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ha" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nannìyà</p><p style="margin: 0px;">here</p></div><p style="display: none;">(tàare) dà yâara-n-shì fa, yaa zoo nannìyà</p><p style="display: none;">(together) with children-of-3SG.M indeed 3SG.M.PFV come here</p><p style="clear: left;">'With his children indeed, he came here.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ha" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">(tàare)</p><p style="margin: 0px;">(together)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ha" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dà</p><p style="margin: 0px;">with</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ha" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Bàlaa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Bala</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ha" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">née</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="copula" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ha" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">na</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="relative pronoun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ha" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jee</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ha" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kàasuwaa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">market</p></div><p style="display: none;">(tàare) dà Bàlaa née na jee kàasuwaa</p><p style="display: none;">(together) with Bala COP 1SG.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="relative pronoun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RP</abbr> go market</p><p style="clear: left;">'It is with Bala that I went to the market.'<sup id="cite_ref-Abdoulaye_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abdoulaye-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In Hausa it is ungrammatical to do the same with coordinating conjunctions. For example, if the companions were "dog and cat", it would be ungrammatical to move either "dog" or "cat" to the front of the sentence for emphasis, while it is grammatical to do so when there is a comitative marker rather than a conjunction.<sup id="cite_ref-Abdoulaye_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abdoulaye-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comitative_case&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnhava2010" class="citation journal cs1">Anhava, Jaakko (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.fi/store/article/view/52392">"Criteria for Case Forms in Finnish and Hungarian Grammars"</a>. <i>Studia Orientalia</i>. <b>108</b>: 239–244.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Orientalia&rft.atitle=Criteria+for+Case+Forms+in+Finnish+and+Hungarian+Grammars&rft.volume=108&rft.pages=239-244&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Anhava&rft.aufirst=Jaakko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.fi%2Fstore%2Farticle%2Fview%2F52392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComitative+case" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlsson2018" class="citation book cs1">Karlsson, Fred (2018). <i>Finnish - A Comprehensive Grammar</i>. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-82104-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-82104-0"><bdi>978-1-138-82104-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finnish+-+A+Comprehensive+Grammar&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-138-82104-0&rft.aulast=Karlsson&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComitative+case" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comitative_case&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stolz2006-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stolz2006_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stolz2006_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stolz2006_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stolz2006_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stolz2006_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stolz2006_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stolz2006_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stolz2006_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStolzStrohUrdze2006" class="citation book cs1">Stolz, Thomas; Stroh, Cornelia; Urdze, Aina (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KYwb6-w1AjkC&q=on+comitatives+and+related+categories"><i>On Comitatives and Related Categories: A Typological Study with Special Focus on the Languages of Europe</i></a>. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110197648" title="Special:BookSources/9783110197648"><bdi>9783110197648</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Comitatives+and+Related+Categories%3A+A+Typological+Study+with+Special+Focus+on+the+Languages+of+Europe&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783110197648&rft.aulast=Stolz&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Stroh%2C+Cornelia&rft.au=Urdze%2C+Aina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKYwb6-w1AjkC%26q%3Don%2Bcomitatives%2Band%2Brelated%2Bcategories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComitative+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stolz2009-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stolz2009_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stolz2009_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stolz2009_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stolz2009_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stolz2009_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stolz2009_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stolz2009_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stolz2009_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStolzStrohUrdze2009" class="citation book cs1">Stolz, Thomas; Stroh, Cornelia; Urdze, Aina (2009). "Varieties of Comitative". In Malchukov, Andrej; Spencer, Andrew (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Case</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 593–600.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Varieties+of+Comitative&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Case&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=593-600&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Stolz&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Stroh%2C+Cornelia&rft.au=Urdze%2C+Aina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComitative+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Narrog-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Narrog_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarrog2009" class="citation book cs1">Narrog, Heiko (2009). "Varieties of Instrumental". In Malchukov, Andrej; Spencer, Andrew (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Case</i>. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. pp. 601–608.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Varieties+of+Instrumental&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Case&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=601-608&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Narrog&rft.aufirst=Heiko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComitative+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalancar1999" class="citation journal cs1">Palancar, E. L. (1999). "Instrumental Prefixes in Amerindian Languages: An Overview to their Meanings, Origin, and Functions". <i>Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung</i>. <b>52</b>: 151–166.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sprachtypologie+und+Universalienforschung&rft.atitle=Instrumental+Prefixes+in+Amerindian+Languages%3A+An+Overview+to+their+Meanings%2C+Origin%2C+and+Functions&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=151-166&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Palancar&rft.aufirst=E.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComitative+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heine&Kuteva-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heine&Kuteva_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heine&Kuteva_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeineKuteva2006" class="citation book cs1">Heine, Bernd; Kuteva, Tania (2006). <i>The Changing Languages of Europe</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 188.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Changing+Languages+of+Europe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Heine&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft.au=Kuteva%2C+Tania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComitative+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaspelmath2009" class="citation book cs1">Haspelmath, Martin (2009). "Terminology of Case". In Malchukov, Andrej; Spencer, Andrew (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Case</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 514.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Terminology+of+Case&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Case&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=514&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Haspelmath&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComitative+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNickel1994" class="citation book cs1">Nickel, Klaus Peter (1994). <i>Samisk Grammatikk</i> [<i>Sami Grammar</i>] (2nd ed.). Karasjok, Norway: Davvi Girji. p. 399.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samisk+Grammatikk&rft.place=Karasjok%2C+Norway&rft.pages=399&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Davvi+Girji&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Nickel&rft.aufirst=Klaus+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComitative+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenesei-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kenesei_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenesei_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenesei_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenesei_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeneseiVagoFenyvesi1998" class="citation book cs1">Kenesei, István; Vago, Robert M.; Fenyvesi, Anna (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FbGclNrVEEAC&q=comitative"><i>Hungarian</i></a>. New York: Routledge. pp. 212–213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415021395" title="Special:BookSources/9780415021395"><bdi>9780415021395</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungarian&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=212-213&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780415021395&rft.aulast=Kenesei&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rft.au=Vago%2C+Robert+M.&rft.au=Fenyvesi%2C+Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFbGclNrVEEAC%26q%3Dcomitative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComitative+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKämpfeVolodin1995" class="citation book cs1">Kämpfe, Hans-Rainer; Volodin, Alexander P. (1995). <i>Abriß der Tschuktschischen Grammatik auf der Basis der Schriftsprache</i>. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 53–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abri%C3%9F+der+Tschuktschischen+Grammatik+auf+der+Basis+der+Schriftsprache&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=53-54&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=K%C3%A4mpfe&rft.aufirst=Hans-Rainer&rft.au=Volodin%2C+Alexander+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComitative+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moyse-Faurie_Lynch-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moyse-Faurie_Lynch_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moyse-Faurie_Lynch_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moyse-Faurie_Lynch_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoyse-FaurieLynch2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claire_Moyse-Faurie" title="Claire Moyse-Faurie">Moyse-Faurie, Claire</a>; Lynch, John (2004). "Coordination in Oceanic languages and Proto Oceanic". In Haspelmath, Martin (ed.). <i>Coordinating Constructions</i>. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins. p. 453.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coordination+in+Oceanic+languages+and+Proto+Oceanic&rft.btitle=Coordinating+Constructions&rft.place=Amsterdam%3B+Philadelphia&rft.pages=453&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Moyse-Faurie&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft.au=Lynch%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComitative+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abdoulaye-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abdoulaye_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abdoulaye_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abdoulaye_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdoulaye2004" class="citation book cs1">Abdoulaye, Mahamane L. (2004). "Comitative, coordinating, and inclusory constructions in Hausa". In Haspelmath, Martin (ed.). <i>Coordinating Constructions</i>. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins. p. 180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Comitative%2C+coordinating%2C+and+inclusory+constructions+in+Hausa&rft.btitle=Coordinating+Constructions&rft.place=Amsterdam%3B+Philadelphia&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Abdoulaye&rft.aufirst=Mahamane+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComitative+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grammatical_cases" title="Template:Grammatical cases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grammatical_cases" title="Template talk:Grammatical cases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical_cases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical cases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grammatical_cases" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">Grammatical cases</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grammatical_cases" title="List of grammatical cases">List of cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">Declension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">Morphosyntactic alignment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">Morphosyntactic alignment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">Absolutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">Accusative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_case" title="Direct case">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">Ergative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intransitive_case" title="Intransitive case">Intransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">Oblique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitive_case" title="Partitive case">Partitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegative_case" title="Pegative case">Pegative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Location, time, direction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">Ablative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adessive_case" title="Adessive case">Adessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allative_case" title="Allative case">Allative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antessive_case" title="Antessive case">Antessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apudessive_case" title="Apudessive case">Apudessive</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Approximative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Approximative case (page does not exist)">Approximative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delative_case" title="Delative case">Delative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributive_case" title="Distributive case">Distributive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributive-temporal_case" title="Distributive-temporal case">-temporal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egressive_case" title="Egressive case">Egressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elative_case" title="Elative case">Elative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illative_case" title="Illative case">Illative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inelative_case" title="Inelative case">Inelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inessive_case" title="Inessive case">Inessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrative_case" title="Intrative case">Intrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lative_case" title="Lative case">Lative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limitative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limitative case (page does not exist)">Limitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">Locative</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Locative-qualitative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Locative-qualitative case (page does not exist)">-qualitative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medial_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medial case (page does not exist)">Medial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlative_case" title="Perlative case">Perlative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertingent_case" title="Pertingent case">Pertingent</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postdirective_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Postdirective case (page does not exist)">Postdirective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postelative_case" title="Postelative case">Postelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postessive_case" title="Postessive case">Postessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolative_case" title="Prolative case">Prolative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subdirective_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subdirective case (page does not exist)">Subdirective</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subelative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subelative case (page does not exist)">Subelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subessive_case" title="Subessive case">Subessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublative_case" title="Sublative case">Sublative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superdirective_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superdirective case (page does not exist)">Superdirective</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superelative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superelative case (page does not exist)">Superelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superessive_case" title="Superessive case">Superessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superlative_case" title="Superlative case">Superlative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_case" title="Temporal case">Temporal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminative_case" title="Terminative case">Terminative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Possession, companion, instrument</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abessive_case" title="Abessive case">Abessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritive_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Caritive case">Caritive</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Comitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">Genitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">Instrumental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental-comitative_case" title="Instrumental-comitative case">-comitative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornative_case" title="Ornative case">Ornative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abessive_case" title="Abessive case">Privative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociative_case" title="Sociative case">Sociative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State, manner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverbial_case" title="Adverbial case">Adverbial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_case" title="Comparative case">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equative_case" title="Equative case">Equative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essive_case" title="Essive case">Essive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essive-formal_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Essive-formal case">-formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essive-modal_case" title="Essive-modal case">-modal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exessive_case" title="Exessive case">Exessive</a></li> <li>Formal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructive_case" title="Instructive case">Instructive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_case" title="Modal case">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplicative_case" title="Multiplicative case">Multiplicative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientative_case" title="Orientative case">Orientative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revertive_case" title="Revertive case">Revertive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semblative_case" title="Semblative case">Semblative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translative_case" title="Translative case">Translative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cause, purpose</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversive_case" title="Aversive case">Aversive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benefactive_case" title="Benefactive case">Benefactive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causative#Causal_case" title="Causative">Causal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causative#Causal-final_case" title="Causative">-final</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_case" title="Final case">Final</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prepositional_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepositional case">Postpositional/Prepositional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">Vocative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BEI%CA%BFrab" title="ʾIʿrab">Classical Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_declension" title="Czech declension">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Dutch_declension" title="Archaic Dutch declension">Archaic Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_grammar" title="English grammar">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English#Morphology" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_grammar" title="Old English grammar">Old English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_noun_cases" title="Finnish noun cases">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_grammar" title="Georgian grammar">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_declension" title="German declension">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German_declension" title="Old High German declension">Old High German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_declension" title="Gothic declension">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declension_in_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Declension in Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_noun_phrase" title="Hungarian noun phrase">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_declension" title="Irish declension">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_declension" title="Latin declension">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_declension" title="Latvian declension">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_declension" title="Lithuanian declension">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_declension" title="Russian declension">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_grammar" title="Serbo-Croatian grammar">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_declension" title="Slovak declension">Slovak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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