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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #DEDFDE;">Allied Democratic Forces</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="nickname" lang="sw"><span title="Swahili (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="sw">Vikosi vya Muungano wa Kidemokrasia</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>)</span><br /><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Forces Démocratiques Alliées</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Allied_Democratic_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_the_Allied_Democratic_Forces.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Allied_Democratic_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_the_Allied_Democratic_Forces.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Allied_Democratic_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_the_Allied_Democratic_Forces.svg/400px-Flag_of_the_Allied_Democratic_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Flag of the ADF</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leaders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Jamil_Mukulu" title="Jamil Mukulu">Jamil Mukulu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>) (leader until 2015)<br /><a href="/wiki/Musa_Baluku" title="Musa Baluku">Musa Baluku</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (leader 2015–2019; commander of pro-ISIL faction from 2019)<br />"Muzaaya" (commander of Mukulu loyalists from 2019)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECandland_et_al.202124_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECandland_et_al.202124-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Dusman_Sabuni" title="Dusman Sabuni">Dusman Sabuni</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Dates of operation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1996–2019 (unified group)<br />2019–<i>present</i> (factionalised)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madina,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madina, Democratic Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Madina</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />?–2020</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">500 (in 2018)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State"><img alt="Islamic State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State%27s_Central_Africa_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State's Central Africa Province">Islamic State's Central Africa Province</a> (Baluku faction)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allies</th><td class="infobox-data">APC (armed wing of <a href="/wiki/Forces_for_Renewal" title="Forces for Renewal">RCD/K-ML</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-CRG_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRG-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (Baluku faction)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/ShababFlag.svg/23px-ShababFlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/ShababFlag.svg/35px-ShababFlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/ShababFlag.svg/46px-ShababFlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a> (suspected)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan"><img alt="Sudan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sudan_(1985%E2%80%932019)" title="Republic of Sudan (1985–2019)">Sudan</a> (formerly suspected)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opponents</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles and wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">Designated as a terrorist group</a> by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a><br /><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid"><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint"><b>Preceded by</b><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_Democratic_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allied Democratic Movement (page does not exist)">ADM</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Uganda" title="National Army for the Liberation of Uganda">NALU</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Muslim_Liberation_Army" title="Uganda Muslim Liberation Army">UMLA</a><br />Elements of <a href="/wiki/Tablighi_Jamaat" title="Tablighi Jamaat">Tablighi Jamaat</a> movement</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Allied Democratic Forces</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Forces démocratiques alliées</i>; <a href="/wiki/Abbreviation" title="Abbreviation">abbreviated</a> <b>ADF</b>) is a Ugandan <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rebel group based in western <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>. It is considered a terrorist organisation by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Uganda">Ugandan government</a> and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was originally based in <a href="/wiki/Western_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Uganda">western Uganda</a> but has expanded into the neighbouring Congo. Most Ugandan ADF fighters are Muslims from the <a href="/wiki/Baganda" title="Baganda">Baganda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Basoga">Basoga</a> ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the late 1990s, the ADF has operated in the DRC's <a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu</a> province near the border with Uganda. While repeated <a href="/wiki/Military_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Military offensive">military offensives</a> against the ADF have severely affected it, the ADF has been able to regenerate because its recruitment and financial networks have remained intact.<sup id="cite_ref-insights_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insights-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the attacks it has been blamed for also appear to have been committed by other rebel groups as well as the Congolese Armed Forces. </p><p>From 2015, the ADF experienced a radicalisation after the imprisonment of its leader <a href="/wiki/Jamil_Mukulu" title="Jamil Mukulu">Jamil Mukulu</a> and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Musa_Baluku" title="Musa Baluku">Musa Baluku</a> in his place. From 2019, the ADF had split, with one part remaining loyal to Mukulu, while the other had merged into the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State%27s_Central_Africa_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State's Central Africa Province">Islamic State's Central Africa Province</a> under Baluku.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECandland_et_al.20212,_17–18,_24–25_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECandland_et_al.20212,_17–18,_24–25-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_Democratic_Forces&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment">Establishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_Democratic_Forces&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Allied_Democratic_Forces" title="Special:EditPage/Allied Democratic Forces">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The ADF was formed as merger of several rebel factions, including the Allied Democratic Movement, the <a href="/wiki/National_Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Uganda" title="National Army for the Liberation of Uganda">National Army for the Liberation of Uganda</a> (NALU), and militant members of the <a href="/wiki/Tablighi_Jamaat" title="Tablighi Jamaat">Tablighi Jamaat</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-ZuTq_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZuTq-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main figure of the group was <a href="/wiki/Jamil_Mukulu" title="Jamil Mukulu">Jamil Mukulu</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic</a> who converted to Islam. The members were largely from central Uganda, in particular <a href="/wiki/Iganga" title="Iganga">Iganga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masaka" title="Masaka">Masaka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a>, and portray themselves as religious crusaders.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-John_Pike_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Pike-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tandfonline.com_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tandfonline.com-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beyond this vaguely stated religious ideology and statements that the government discriminates against <a href="/wiki/Tablighi_Jamaat" title="Tablighi Jamaat">Tablighis</a>, the ADF has given few coherent rationales for their insurgency. The ADF chose western Uganda apparently for three reasons: terrain that is ideal for a rural insurgency, proximity to the DRC where the rebels could set up bases and recruit fighters, and the presence of some Ugandan ethnic groups unfriendly to the government that could offer assistance. It received support from the government of <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, which was engaged in disputes with the government of <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-John_Pike_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Pike-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tandfonline.com_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tandfonline.com-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low-level_operations_in_the_early_2000s">Low-level operations in the early 2000s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_Democratic_Forces&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Low-level operations in the early 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 2000s, the ADF has shown no commitment to its original goal of creating an Islamic state except to use it as a narrative to unite its members. By the late 2000s, its leaders had ceased making public proclamations, avoided media and harshly punished runaways. With their methods, the leadership managed to minimize any interactions that might reveal its objectives and activities. This worked to their advantage, allowing them to survive despite repeated military attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-Jihadists_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jihadists-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While in-depth research explores the group's early years in Uganda, there has been hardly any in-depth academic analysis on its activities since it resurfaced in the Congo in 2010. Per Kristof Titeca, the lack of knowledge has also been exploited by some political players to craft the narratives for their own objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-Jihadists_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jihadists-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, the group increasingly intermingled with the local population during this time, with many fighters marrying locals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECandland_et_al.202112_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECandland_et_al.202112-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During March 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Uganda_People%27s_Defence_Force" title="Uganda People's Defence Force">Uganda People's Defence Force</a> (UPDF) engaged incursive ADF groups in multiple firefights, killing at least 46 in <a href="/wiki/Bundibugyo_District" title="Bundibugyo District">Bundibugyo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mubende_District" title="Mubende District">Mubende</a> districts. The biggest battle occurred on 27 March, when the UPDF faced an estimated 60 ADF troops, killing 34, including three senior commanders. The UPDF claimed to have retrieved numerous weapons as well as documents that tied the ADF to the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army" title="Lord's Resistance Army">Lord's Resistance Army</a> (LRA).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 13 April 2007, the UPDF and ADF engaged in an intense battle inside the <a href="/wiki/Semuliki_National_Park" title="Semuliki National Park">Semuliki National Park</a>, near the upscale Semliki Lodge tourist destination.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ceasefire and amnesty talks between the government of Uganda and the ADF were held in Nairobi starting in May 2008. Negotiations were complicated by the fragmentation of the ADF's leadership. Non-combatant dependents of the ADF were repatriated to Uganda by the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a> (IOM). At least 48 ADF fighters surrendered and were given amnesty. As the threat from the LRA in the DRC waned, the UPDF put increasing focus on the ADF as a reason for UPDF personnel to remain in the DRC.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2013_resurgence_and_radicalisation">2013 resurgence and radicalisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_Democratic_Forces&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2013 resurgence and radicalisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 2011 to 2013, several hundreds of people were kidnapped in Beni, some by ADF and some by other armed groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Jihadists_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jihadists-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2013, it was reported that ADF started a recruitment campaign in Kampala and other parts of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-allafrica_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allafrica-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citing a defector from ADF, <a href="/wiki/AllAfrica.com" class="mw-redirect" title="AllAfrica.com">AllAfrica.com</a> reported that approximately ten new recruits joined ADF forces every day.<sup id="cite_ref-allafrica_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allafrica-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2013, the ADF renewed its fighting in the Congolese district of <a href="/wiki/Beni,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Beni, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Beni</a>. According to the UN <a href="/wiki/Radio_Okapi" title="Radio Okapi">Radio Okapi</a>, the ADF together with the <a href="/wiki/National_Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Uganda" title="National Army for the Liberation of Uganda">NALU</a> fought a pitched battle with the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (FARDC), briefly taking the towns of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamundioma,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mamundioma, Democratic Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Mamundioma</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Totolito,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Totolito, Democratic Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Totolito</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kambale_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kambale-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 July, the ADF attacked the town of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamango,Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamango,Democratic Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Kamango</a>, triggering the flight of over 60,000 refugees across the border into the Ugandan district of Bundibugyo.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_2013_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_2013-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in September 2013, regional leaders under the <a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_the_Great_Lakes_Region" title="International Conference on the Great Lakes Region">International Conference on the Great Lakes Region</a> (ICGLR) asked the recently formed combative <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Force_Intervention_Brigade" title="United Nations Force Intervention Brigade">United Nations Force Intervention Brigade</a> under the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Organization_Stabilization_Mission_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> to attack positions of foreign negative forces operating in the DRC, including the ADF.<sup id="cite_ref-newvision_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newvision-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late September 2013, 3 people were killed and 30 abducted during an ADF attack in the Watalinga Sector, North Kivu, DRC.<sup id="cite_ref-newvision_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newvision-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Omar Kavota, the vice president and spokesman of the local civil society in North Kivu, condemned the abductions. According to the civil society, the abductees included eight minors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In January 2014, the FARDC launched a major offensive against ADF forces in Beni. By April, Mukulu and other senior leaders of the group fled their headquarters camp from approaching FARDC forces. The remaining ADF fighters– alongside women and children – retreated into the forest, where their numbers were significantly reduced in the following months as a result of starvation, desertion, and continued FARDC attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-insights_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insights-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mukulu and others moved into exile. From this point onwards, the ADF fell under the control of the old second-in-command <a href="/wiki/Musa_Baluku" title="Musa Baluku">Musa Baluku</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECandland_et_al.202117_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECandland_et_al.202117-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under his leadership, the ADF became increasingly radical and brutal in its operations, launching more attacks on civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECandland_et_al.202112_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECandland_et_al.202112-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From October to December 2014, 250 people were killed for which ADF was solely blamed by the DRC government and MONUSCO. The Congo Research Group however stated that <a href="/wiki/FARDC" class="mw-redirect" title="FARDC">FARDC</a> soldiers, former members of RCD–K/ML as well as members of communal militias were also involved.<sup id="cite_ref-Jihadists_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jihadists-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From December 2014 to January 2015, three Muslim clerics were killed by unknown assailants. Six alleged ADF members were arrested. However, the government did not show any evidence for ADF links.<sup id="cite_ref-Jihadists_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jihadists-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 March 2015, an Ugandan government spokesman had initially blamed ADF and then al-Shabaab for assassination of government prosecutor <a href="/wiki/Joan_Kagezi" title="Joan Kagezi">Joan Kagezi</a>, without offering evidence in either case.<sup id="cite_ref-Jihadists_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jihadists-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late April 2015, the ADF's leader, Jamil Mukulu, was arrested in Tanzania.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2015, he was extradited to Uganda.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Mukulu's attempts to keep influencing the ADF from prison, Musa Baluku consequently cemented his power and moved the ADF closer to international <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">jihadism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECandland_et_al.202117–18_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECandland_et_al.202117–18-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of November 2015, the number of attacks on Congolese forces continued, with weekly attacks of varying size taking place and killing more than 400 people in 2015, especially in the territories of Beni<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (North Kivu) and Irumu<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Ituri_Province" title="Ituri Province">Ituri</a>). The ADF have been blamed for the 2016 <a href="/wiki/Beni_massacre" title="Beni massacre">Beni massacre</a> and also for <a href="/wiki/2017_Semuliki_attack" title="2017 Semuliki attack">an attack</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu</a> on 7 December 2017, which killed 15 UN peacekeepers, all Tanzanians, as well as 5 Congolese soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Split_and_Baluku's_allegiance_to_ISIL"><span id="Split_and_Baluku.27s_allegiance_to_ISIL"></span>Split and Baluku's allegiance to ISIL</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_Democratic_Forces&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Split and Baluku's allegiance to ISIL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 2017, ADF elements began to forge connections to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIL).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECandland_et_al.202112_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECandland_et_al.202112-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2019, an ISIL propaganda video showed Musa Baluku pledging allegiance to ISIL.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECandland_et_al.202122–23_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECandland_et_al.202122–23-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "major faction" of the ADF joined Baluku,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECandland_et_al.202113_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECandland_et_al.202113-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a group of Mukulu loyalists opposed to this course consequently split off.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECandland_et_al.202124_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECandland_et_al.202124-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The splinter faction was believed to be small, counting 10 to 30 fighters as well as their followers, and to be led by a man known as "Muzaaya".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECandland_et_al.202124–25_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECandland_et_al.202124–25-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muzaaya had previously served as a commander for ADF's southern division, the "Mwalika camp"; his splinter was believed to be based along the Semliki River in the Virunga National Park.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muzaaya's group included at least one senior commander, Benjamin Kisokeranio, and was rumoured to enjoy support from Mukulu's son Hassan Nyanzi who is based in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECandland_et_al.202124–25_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECandland_et_al.202124–25-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ADF's international support network was also affected by the split; several supporters attempted to stay neutral and declare no <a href="/wiki/Allegiance" title="Allegiance">allegiance</a> to either the Mukulu loyalists or Baluku's followers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECandland_et_al.202139,_42_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECandland_et_al.202139,_42-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (FARDC) conducted large-scale operations from late 2019 to late 2020 that greatly weakened the ADF, killing hundreds of its fighters. According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a>, the ADF completely splintered during these operations, and the rival factions also distanced themselves from each other geographically. Some ADF elements moved to the <a href="/wiki/Rwenzori_Mountains" title="Rwenzori Mountains">Rwenzori Mountains</a>, while others had relocated into <a href="/wiki/Ituri_Province" title="Ituri Province">Ituri Province</a> where they attacked civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these setbacks, ADF forces have been associated with 800 deaths and a prison escape in <a href="/wiki/2020_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="2020 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">2020 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, Baluku claimed that the ADF had ceased to exist and was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State%27s_Central_Africa_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State's Central Africa Province">Islamic State's Central Africa Province</a>, while another faction renamed itself as "Pan-Ugandan Liberation Initiative" (PULI) and remained loyal to ex-ADF leader <a href="/wiki/Jamil_Mukulu" title="Jamil Mukulu">Jamil Mukulu</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECandland_et_al.20212_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECandland_et_al.20212-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2024, a joint operation between the armies of the DRC and Uganda enabled the neutralization of two ADF leaders, nicknamed Doctor “Musa”, and the other Commander “Baghdad”.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_involvement">Foreign involvement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_Democratic_Forces&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Foreign involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The DRC government, citing civil society groups in North Kivu, says that <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a> fighters from Somalia are collaborating with the ADF.<sup id="cite_ref-Yan_2013_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yan_2013-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uganda has claimed that there is a link between them with <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">al-Shabaab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>. In-depth reports have denied this link, stating that there is contact but not real integration. MONUSCO has accused it of having extensive links to international Islamist terrorist groups such as al-Qaeda, al-Shabaab, al-Qaeda (in the Maghreb) and Boko Haram.<sup id="cite_ref-Jihadis_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jihadis-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> and World Policy Institute however have considered MONUSCO's single source as dubious.<sup id="cite_ref-Jihadis_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jihadis-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, the group claimed at least one attack near Kampala that killed one and injured 7. The deadliest terror incident in Ugandan history was <a href="/wiki/2010_Kampala_bombings" title="2010 Kampala bombings">a 2010 attack</a> in the capital <a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a>, claimed by Al-Shabab. 74 people who had assembled in <a href="/wiki/Public_space" title="Public space">public places</a> in Kampala to watch a World Cup soccer game were killed in those <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> bombings.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State</a> financier (Waleed Ahmed Zein) is said to have paid the group at least once according to a report of the New York University's Congo Research Group.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_Democratic_Forces&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Allied+Democratic+Forces&rft.au=John+Pike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Fworld%2Fpara%2Fadf.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allafrica.com/stories/200001040079.html">"Uganda: Baganda, Basoga Dominate ADF - Kavuma"</a>. <i>allafrica.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Kampala,_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampala, Uganda">Kampala, Uganda</a>. 4 January 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=New+Insights+on+Congo%27s+Islamist+Rebels&rft.date=2015-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fmonkey-cage%2Fwp%2F2015%2F02%2F19%2Fnew-insights-on-congos-islamist-rebels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECandland_et_al.20212,_17–18,_24–25-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECandland_et_al.20212,_17–18,_24–25_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCandland_et_al.2021">Candland et al. 2021</a>, pp. 2, 17–18, 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZuTq-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZuTq_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=43380&cHash=30b869cb63fa5fb7fcbf004249094833#.VTk5J5NHaJc">"The Rise of ADF-NALU in Central Africa and Its Connections with al-Shabaab"</a>. <i>Jamestown Foundation</i>. 9 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150629205654/http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=43380&cHash=30b869cb63fa5fb7fcbf004249094833#.VTk5J5NHaJc">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamestown+Foundation&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+ADF-NALU+in+Central+Africa+and+Its+Connections+with+al-Shabaab&rft.date=2015-01-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamestown.org%2Fprograms%2Ftm%2Fsingle%2F%3Ftx_ttnews%255Btt_news%255D%3D43380%26cHash%3D30b869cb63fa5fb7fcbf004249094833%23.VTk5J5NHaJc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prunier, 87. See Kirsten Alnaes, "Songs of the Rwenzururu Rebellion," in P.H. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamist+rebel+handed+over+to+Uganda+from+Tanzania%3A+army+spokesman&rft.date=2015-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fislamist-rebel-handed-over-uganda-tanzania-army-spokesman-084913485.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECandland_et_al.202117–18-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECandland_et_al.202117–18_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCandland_et_al.2021">Candland et al. 2021</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiookapi.net/2015/10/28/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-au-moins-30-morts-dans-les-combats-entre-larmee-et-les">"Nord-Kivu : au moins 30 morts dans les combats entre l'armée et les rebelles ADF à Beni"</a>. <i>Radio Okapi</i>. 28 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151125234258/http://www.radiookapi.net/2015/10/28/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-au-moins-30-morts-dans-les-combats-entre-larmee-et-les">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Probably not"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171025075132/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/09/27/heres-why-its-a-problem-that-congos-u-n-peacekeeping-force-is-blaming-international-jihadis-for-these-killings-and-attacks/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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World Policy Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227175248/https://read.dukeupress.edu/world-policy-journal/article/33/2/91/85058/Congo-s-Mr-X-The-Man-who-Fooled-the-UN">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Congo%27s+%22Mr.+X%22&rft.aulast=Fahey&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwpj.dukejournals.org%2Fcontent%2F33%2F2%2F91.abstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2-explosions-heard-in-the-ugandan-capital-kampala/2021/11/16/0053b58e-46b1-11ec-beca-3cc7103bd814_story.html">"2 explosions rock Uganda's capital, Kampala, injuring 24"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211116075518/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2-explosions-heard-in-the-ugandan-capital-kampala/2021/11/16/0053b58e-46b1-11ec-beca-3cc7103bd814_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=2+explosions+rock+Uganda%27s+capital%2C+Kampala%2C+injuring+24&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2-explosions-heard-in-the-ugandan-capital-kampala%2F2021%2F11%2F16%2F0053b58e-46b1-11ec-beca-3cc7103bd814_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-security/financier-of-islamic-state-paid-money-to-rebel-group-in-eastern-congo-report-idUSKCN1NK20G">"Financier of Islamic State paid money to rebel group in eastern Congo: report"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116085505/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-security/financier-of-islamic-state-paid-money-to-rebel-group-in-eastern-congo-report-idUSKCN1NK20G">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Financier+of+Islamic+State+paid+money+to+rebel+group+in+eastern+Congo%3A+report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-congo-security%2Ffinancier-of-islamic-state-paid-money-to-rebel-group-in-eastern-congo-report-idUSKCN1NK20G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_Democratic_Forces&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCandland_et_al.2021" class="citation web cs1">Candland, Tara; Finck, Adam; Ingram, Haroro J.; Poole, Laren; Vidino, Lorenzo; Weiss, Caleb (March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://extremism.gwu.edu/sites/g/files/zaxdzs2191/f/The%20Islamic%20State%20in%20Congo%20English.pdf">"The Islamic State in Congo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+State+in+Congo&rft.pub=George+Washington+University&rft.date=2021-03&rft.aulast=Candland&rft.aufirst=Tara&rft.au=Finck%2C+Adam&rft.au=Ingram%2C+Haroro+J.&rft.au=Poole%2C+Laren&rft.au=Vidino%2C+Lorenzo&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Caleb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fextremism.gwu.edu%2Fsites%2Fg%2Ffiles%2Fzaxdzs2191%2Ff%2FThe%2520Islamic%2520State%2520in%2520Congo%2520English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_Democratic_Forces&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130201050512/http://uk.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUKL28591738._CH_.242020070328">Uganda army says troops kill 38 rebel fighters</a>", <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>, 28 March 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/adf.htm">Allied Democratic Forces</a> at <a href="/wiki/GlobalSecurity.org" title="GlobalSecurity.org">GlobalSecurity.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Hornet/irin-120899c.html">UGANDA: IRIN Special Report on the ADF rebellion</a>—<a href="/wiki/The_New_Humanitarian" title="The New Humanitarian">IRIN</a>, 8 December 1999</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internal-displacement.org/countries/uganda">IDP numbers by the Global IDP Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/opportunities-and-constraints-for-the-disarmament-and-repatriation-foreign-armed-groups-the">"Opportunities and Constraints for the Disarmament and Repatriation of Foreign Armed Groups in the Democratic Republic of Congo"</a> (with link to report, PowerPoint and video of presentation by Hans Romkema and Steve Bradley) <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars" title="Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars">Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars</a>, September 2007, in particular p. 12</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armed_groups_in_the_Congo_wars" title="Template:Armed groups in the Congo wars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armed_groups_in_the_Congo_wars" title="Template talk:Armed groups in the Congo wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armed_groups_in_the_Congo_wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armed groups in the Congo wars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_groups_in_the_First_and_Second_Congo_Wars276" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed groups in the <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Zaire</a> (FAZ, under <a href="/wiki/Mobuto_Sese_Seko" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobuto Sese Seko">Mobuto Sese Seko</a> / FARDC, after Mobutu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Armed_Forces" title="Angolan Armed Forces">Angola</a> (FAA, in Second War)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Chad">Chad</a> (FANT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_of_the_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia_Defence_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibia Defence Force">Namibia</a> (NDF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan People's Armed Forces">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_National_Army" title="Zimbabwe National Army">Zimbabwe</a> (ZNA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Armed_Forces" title="Angolan Armed Forces">Angola</a> (FAA, in First War)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Burundi">Burundi</a> (FAB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Defense_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwandan Defense Forces">Rwanda</a> (RPF/RDF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_People%27s_Defence_Force" title="Uganda People's Defence Force">Uganda</a> (UPDF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Militias and<br />rebel groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rwanda-aligned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFDL" title="AFDL">AFDL</a> (Rwanda-Uganda backed alliance)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_Congolese_Democracy" title="Rally for Congolese Democracy">Rally for Congolese Democracy</a> (RCD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_Congolese_Democracy%E2%80%93Goma" title="Rally for Congolese Democracy–Goma">RCD–Goma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyamulenge" title="Banyamulenge">Banyamulenge</a> (ethnic <a href="/wiki/Tutsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tutsis">Tutsis</a> in South Kivu)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RCD-Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RCD-Congo (page does not exist)">RCD-Congo</a> (faction of RCD-Goma created in 2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uganda-aligned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for the Liberation of Congo">Movement for the Liberation of Congo</a> (MLC, created in 1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forces_for_Renewal" title="Forces for Renewal">RCD-Kisangani/Mouvement de Libération</a> (RCD-K/ML or "RCD-Wamba", created 1999)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RCD-National&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RCD-National (page does not exist)">RCD-National</a> (RCD-N, split from RCD-K/ML)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Congolese_Patriots" title="Union of Congolese Patriots">Union of Congolese Patriots</a> (UPC)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_de_Lib%C3%A9ration_du_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Front de Libération du Congo (page does not exist)">Front de Libération du Congo</a> (FLC, formed from the MLC, RCD-N and RCD-ML from 2000 to 2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-government,<br />other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Army/Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement">Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement</a> (SPLA/M)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNITA" title="UNITA">National Union for Total Independence of Angola</a> (UNITA, in Second War)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CODECO" title="CODECO">CODECO</a> (in Ituri)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-Rwanda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interahamwe" title="Interahamwe">Interahamwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Rally_for_Democracy_in_Rwanda" title="Republican Rally for Democracy in Rwanda">Rassemblement Démocratique pour le Rwanda</a> (RDR, alleged successor organization to the <a href="/wiki/Interahamwe" title="Interahamwe">Interahamwe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Army for the Liberation of Rwanda">Army for the Liberation of Rwanda</a> (ALiR, successor to RDR in 1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</a> (FDLR, created in 2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-Uganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Allied Democratic Forces</a> (ADF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army" title="Lord's Resistance Army">Lord's Resistance Army</a> (LRA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_and_Integrationist_Front" title="Nationalist and Integrationist Front">Nationalist and Integrationist Front</a> (FNI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-Burundi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Defense_of_Democracy_%E2%80%93_Forces_for_the_Defense_of_Democracy" title="National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy">National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy</a> (CNDD-FDD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Burundi)" title="National Liberation Front (Burundi)">National Liberation Front</a> (FLN/FROLINA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government-aligned,<br />other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mai-Mai" title="Mai-Mai">Mai-Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNITA" title="UNITA">National Union for Total Independence of Angola</a> (UNITA, in First War)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Legion_(Zaire)" title="White Legion (Zaire)">White Legion (First Congo War)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">MONUSCO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Alliances sometimes changed dramatically over the course of the wars. Some groups may be associated with multiple, ostensibly opposed factions.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allied_Democratic_Forces&oldid=1277630599">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allied_Democratic_Forces&oldid=1277630599</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Allied_Democratic_Forces" title="Category:Allied Democratic Forces">Allied Democratic Forces</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1996_establishments_in_Uganda" title="Category:1996 establishments 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