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href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Substantives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Substantives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Substantives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Substantives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phrygian_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phrygian_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Phrygian poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phrygian_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isoglosses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isoglosses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Isoglosses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isoglosses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Phrygian language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغة فريجية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة فريجية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_frichio" title="Idioma frichio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma frichio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frixu" title="Frixu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Frixu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigiya_dili" title="Frigiya dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Frigiya dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Фрыгійская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фрыгійская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Фригийски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фригийски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigi_(llengua)" title="Frigi (llengua) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Frigi (llengua)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%BD%C5%BE%C5%A1tina" title="Frýžština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Frýžština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrygische_Sprache" title="Phrygische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phrygische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fryg%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Frygšćina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Frygšćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Φρυγική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φρυγική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_frigio" title="Idioma frigio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma frigio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friga_lingvo" title="Friga lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Friga lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="زبان فریجی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان فریجی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrygien_(langue)" title="Phrygien (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phrygien (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_frixia" title="Lingua frixia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua frixia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EA%B8%B0%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4" title="프리기아어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프리기아어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%BC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Փռյուգերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փռյուգերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Frigia" title="Bahasa Frigia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Frigia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Фригиаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Фригиаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_frigia" title="Lingua frigia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua frigia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%92%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פריגית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פריגית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fryg%C5%B3_kalba" title="Frygų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Frygų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%ADg_nyelv" title="Fríg nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fríg nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Фригиски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фригиски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="فیریگی زوون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فیریگی زوون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frygisch_(taal)" title="Frygisch (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frygisch (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E3%82%AE%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="フリュギア語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フリュギア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frygisk" title="Frygisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frygisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frygisk" title="Frygisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Frygisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrygsche_Spraak" title="Phrygsche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Phrygsche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_frygijski" title="Język frygijski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język frygijski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_fr%C3%ADgia" title="Língua frígia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua frígia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Фригийский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фригийский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%BDgi%C4%8Dtina" title="Frýgičtina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Frýgičtina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigij%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Frigijščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Frigijščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fryygian_kieli" title="Fryygian kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fryygian kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frygiska" title="Frygiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frygiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extinct Indo-European language of central Anatolia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Phrygian</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Central <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">After the 5th century CE<sup id="cite_ref-Bilingualism_in_Ancient_Society:_Language_Contact_and_the_Written_Word_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bilingualism_in_Ancient_Society:_Language_Contact_and_the_Written_Word-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a>?<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2018102_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2018102-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2020243_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2020243-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Phrygian</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a>?</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/xpg" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:xpg">xpg</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/xpg">xpg</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/phry1239">phry1239</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220);"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">Indo-European topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.gif" title="File:Indo-European migrations.gif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/140px-Indo-European_migrations.gif" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/210px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/280px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Extant</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Extinct</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phrygian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Phonology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Sound laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Ablaut</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Hypothetical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Grammar</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals" title="Proto-Indo-European nominals">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles" title="Proto-Indo-European particles">Particles</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Other</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italo-Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italo-Celtic language">Proto-Italo-Celtic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_inscriptions" title="Greek inscriptions">Greek epigraphy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Inscriptions">Phrygian epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language#Inscriptions" title="Messapic language">Messapic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin#Corpus" title="Old Latin">Latin epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish#Corpus" title="Gaulish">Gaulish epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Armenian" title="Bible translations into Armenian">Bible translations into Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish#Sources" title="Old Irish">Old Irish glosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian Kanun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Mainstream<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Alternative and fringe<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">Beech argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland#Baltic_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Baltic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_continuity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic continuity theory">Paleolithic continuity theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Archaeology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic (Copper Age)</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">Kurgan stelae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">Steppe cultures</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture" title="Bug–Dniester culture">Bug–Dniester</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" title="Khvalynsk culture">Khvalynsk</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mikhaylovka_culture" title="Mikhaylovka culture">Mikhaylovka culture</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Novotitarovskaya_culture" title="Novotitarovskaya culture">Novotitarovskaya culture</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a></li></ul> <p><i>Eastern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Usatovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Usatovo culture">Usatovo</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dnieper_culture" title="Middle Dnieper culture">Middle Dnieper</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern/Eastern Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li></ul> <p><i>South Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Gandhara grave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernoles_culture" title="Chernoles culture">Chernoles</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li></ul> <p><i>India</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Peoples and societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></span>) <br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Indo-Aryans</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranians</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></dt></dl> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Medieval Scandinavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul> <p><i>Indo-Aryan</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranian</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion and mythology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Historical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Aryan</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></span></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Others</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/European_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="European paganism">European</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Practices</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship#Indo-European_religions" title="Fire worship">Fire rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Horse sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Scholars</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Institutes</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Studies_in_Indo-European" title="Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European">Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Publications</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_topics" title="Template talk:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Phrygian language</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6a\/En-us-Phrygian.oga\/En-us-Phrygian.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Phrygian.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/En-us-Phrygian.oga/En-us-Phrygian.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Phrygian.oga" title="File:En-us-Phrygian.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>) was the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a>, spoken in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>), during <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> (c. 8th century BCE to 5th century CE). </p><p>Phrygian ethno-linguistic homogeneity is debatable. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> authors used "Phrygian" as an <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella term">umbrella term</a> to describe a vast ethno-cultural complex located mainly in the central areas of Anatolia rather than a name of a single "tribe" or "people".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko202082–83_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko202082–83-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> observed that some Phrygian words resembled <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> ones.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the fragmentary evidence of Phrygian, its exact position within the Indo-European language family is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phrygian shares important features mainly with Greek, but also with <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>. Evidence of a <a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thraco</a>-<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> separation from Phrygian and other <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan languages</a> at an early stage, Phrygian's classification as a <a href="/wiki/Centum_and_satem_languages" title="Centum and satem languages">centum</a> language, and the high frequency of <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lexicology" title="Lexicology">lexical</a> isoglosses shared with Greek, have led to a current consensus which regards Greek as the closest relative of Phrygian.<sup id="cite_ref-Obrador-Cursach2020_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obrador-Cursach2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolst200965–66_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolst200965–66-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery_and_decipherment">Discovery and decipherment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery and decipherment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ancient authors like <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hesychius_of_Alexandria" title="Hesychius of Alexandria">Hesychius</a> have provided us with a few dozen words assumed to be Phrygian, so-called <a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)" title="Gloss (annotation)">glosses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern times the first monument with a Phrygian text, found at <a href="/wiki/Ortak%C3%B6y,_Aksaray" title="Ortaköy, Aksaray">Ortaköy</a> (classical <a href="/wiki/Orcistus" title="Orcistus">Orcistus</a>), was described in 1752.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1800 at <a href="/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1kaya,_Eski%C5%9Fehir" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazılıkaya, Eskişehir">Yazılıkaya</a> (classical <a href="/wiki/Nakoleia" title="Nakoleia">Nakoleia</a>) two more inscriptions were discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On one of them the word ΜΙΔΑΙ (<i>Midai</i>), 'to Midas', could be read, which prompted the idea that they were part of a building, possibly the grave, of the legendary Phrygian king <a href="/wiki/Midas" title="Midas">Midas</a>. Later, when Western archeologists, historians and other scholars began to travel through Anatolia to become acquainted with the geographical background of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s world and the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, more monuments were discovered. By 1862 sixteen Phrygian inscriptions were known, among them a few Greek-Phrygian <a href="/wiki/Bilingual_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual inscription">bilinguals</a>. This allowed German scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andreas_David_Mordtmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andreas David Mordtmann (page does not exist)">Andreas David Mordtmann</a> to undertake the first serious attempt to decipher the script, though he overstressed the parallels of Phrygian to <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, which led to some false conclusions.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1880, the Scottish Bible scholar <a href="/wiki/William_Mitchell_Ramsay" title="William Mitchell Ramsay">William Mitchell Ramsay</a> discovered many more inscriptions. In the 20th century, the understanding of Phrygian has increased, due to a steady flow of new texts, more reliable transcriptions, and better knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">sound change</a> laws. The alphabet is now well-known, though minor revisions of the rarer signs of the alphabet are still possible, one sign (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhrygianYodL2R.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/PhrygianYodL2R.png/12px-PhrygianYodL2R.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/PhrygianYodL2R.png/18px-PhrygianYodL2R.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/PhrygianYodL2R.png/24px-PhrygianYodL2R.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> = /j/, transcribed <i>y</i>) was only securely identified in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phrygian</a><br /><small>(extinct)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Illyric</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a><br /><small>(extinct)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">The Palaeo-Balkanic Indo-European branch based on the chapters "Albanian" (Hyllested & Joseph 2022) and "Armenian" (Olsen & Thorsø 2022) in Olander (ed.) <i>The Indo-European Language Family</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Phrygian is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> linguistic family, but because of the fragmentary evidence, its exact position within that family is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-Obrador-Cursach_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obrador-Cursach-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phrygian is placed among the <a href="/wiki/Palaeo-Balkan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeo-Balkan languages">Palaeo-Balkan languages</a>, either through <a href="/wiki/Sprachbund" title="Sprachbund">areal contact</a> or <a href="/wiki/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic relationship (linguistics)">genetic relationship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESowa2020810–811_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESowa2020810–811-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECotticelliDahl2022103_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECotticelliDahl2022103-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phrygian shares important features mainly with <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, but also with <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Obrador-Cursach_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obrador-Cursach-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022241_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022241-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolst200965–66_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolst200965–66-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a>, ancient languages of the Balkans, are often regarded as being closely related to Phrygian, however they are considered problematic sources for comparison due to their scarce attestation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2022121_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2022121-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the 19th and the first half of the 20th century, Phrygian was mostly considered a <a href="/wiki/Centum_and_satem_languages" title="Centum and satem languages">satem language</a>, and thus closer to Armenian and Thracian, while today it is commonly considered to be a centum language and thus closer to Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-Obrador-Cursach_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obrador-Cursach-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason that in the past Phrygian had the guise of a satem language was due to two secondary processes that affected it. Namely, Phrygian merged the old labiovelar with the plain velar, and secondly, when in contact with palatal vowels /e/ and /i/, especially in initial position, some consonants became palatalized. Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Kortlandt" title="Frederik Kortlandt">Kortlandt</a> (1988) presented common sound changes of Thracian and Armenian and their separation from Phrygian and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Palaeo-Balkan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeo-Balkan languages">palaeo-Balkan languages</a> from an early stage.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2020234_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2020234-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern consensus views Greek as the closest relative of Phrygian. Furthermore, out of 36 isoglosses collected by Obrador Cursach, Phrygian shared 34 with Greek, with 22 being exclusive between them.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodhouse2009171_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodhouse2009171-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2020238–239_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2020238–239-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last 50 years of Phrygian scholarship developed a hypothesis that proposes a <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">proto-Graeco-Phrygian</a> stage out of which Greek and Phrygian originated, and if Phrygian was more sufficiently attested, that stage could perhaps be reconstructed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2018102_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2018102-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Obrador-Cursach2020_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obrador-Cursach2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Olander2022_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olander2022-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative theory, suggested by <a href="/wiki/Eric_P._Hamp" title="Eric P. Hamp">Eric P. Hamp</a>, is that Phrygian was most closely related to <a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a> languages.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inscriptions">Inscriptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Inscriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Phrygian epigraphical material is divided into two distinct <a href="/wiki/Text_corpus" title="Text corpus">subcorpora</a>, Old Phrygian and New Phrygian. These attest different stages of the Phrygian language, are written with different alphabets and upon different materials, and have different geographical distributions. </p><p>Old Phrygian is attested in 395 inscriptions in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and beyond. They were written in the <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian alphabet</a> between 800 and 330 BCE. The <i>Corpus des inscriptions paléo-phrygiennes</i> (CIPPh) and its supplements<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contain most known Old Phrygian inscriptions, though a few graffiti are not included. The oldest inscriptions—from the mid-8th century BCE—have been found on silver, bronze, and alabaster objects in <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumuli</a> (grave mounds) at <a href="/wiki/Gordion" title="Gordion">Gordion</a> (Yassıhüyük, the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Gordion#Tumulus_MM" title="Gordion">Midas Mound</a>") and Bayındır (East Lycia).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New Phrygian is attested in 117 funerary inscriptions, mostly curses against desecrators added after a Greek <a href="/wiki/Epitaph" title="Epitaph">epitaph</a>. New Phrygian was written in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> between the 1st and 3rd centuries CE and is restricted to the western part of ancient <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a>, in central <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. Most New Phrygian inscriptions have been lost<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (September 2023)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup>, so they are only known through the testimony of the first compilers. New Phrygian inscriptions have been cataloged by <a href="/wiki/William_Mitchell_Ramsay" title="William Mitchell Ramsay">William M. Ramsay</a> (ca. 1900) and by Obrador-Cursach (2018). </p><p>Some scholars identify a third division, Middle Phrygian, which is represented by a single inscription from <a href="/wiki/Docimium" title="Docimium">Dokimeion</a>. It is a Phrygian epitaph consisting of six hexametric verses written in eight lines, and dated to the end of the 4th century BCE, following the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a> conquest. It is considered the first Phrygian text to be inscribed with the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>. Its phraseology has some echoes of an Old Phrygian epitaph from Bithynia, but it anticipates phonetic and spelling features found in New Phrygian. Three graffiti from Gordion, from the 4th to the 2nd centuries BCE, are ambiguous in terms of the alphabet used as well as their linguistic stage, and might also be considered Middle Phrygian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach201817-18_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach201817-18-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Comparison between the Old and the New Phrygian subcorpora<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach201829_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach201829-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: center;"> <th> Features </th> <th>Old Phrygian </th> <th>New Phrygian </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number of inscriptions </th> <td>395 </td> <td>117 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dating </th> <td>ca. 800–330 BCE </td> <td>Late 1st–3rd c. CE </td></tr> <tr> <th>Alphabet </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Word dividers<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>sometimes (spaces or colons) </td> <td>never (<a href="/wiki/Scriptio_continua" title="Scriptio continua">continuous writing</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Writing material </th> <td>Varied </td> <td>Stone </td></tr> <tr> <th>Contents </th> <td>Varied </td> <td>Funerary </td></tr> <tr> <th>Area </th> <td>Across <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> (and beyond) </td> <td>Only central <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Archaeological context </th> <td>Mainly yes </td> <td>Never </td></tr> <tr> <th>Preserved </th> <td>Mainly yes </td> <td>Mainly no </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Phrygian_inscriptions.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map showing where Phrygian inscriptions have been found."><img alt="Map showing where Phrygian inscriptions have been found." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Map_Phrygian_inscriptions.png/190px-Map_Phrygian_inscriptions.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Map_Phrygian_inscriptions.png/285px-Map_Phrygian_inscriptions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Map_Phrygian_inscriptions.png/380px-Map_Phrygian_inscriptions.png 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1219" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map showing where Phrygian inscriptions have been found.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MidasSehri.TombDetail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="6th century BCE inscription with the Phrygian alphabet from the Midas Tomb, Midas City: ΒΑΒΑ: ΜΕΜΕϜΑΙΣ: ΠΡΟΙΤΑϜΟΣ: ΚΦΙJΑΝΑϜΕJΟΣ: ΣΙΚΕΝΕΜΑΝ: ΕΔΑΕΣ (Baba, memevais, proitavos kziyanaveyos sikeneman edaes; Baba, advisor, leader from Tyana, dedicated this niche).[37][38]"><img alt="6th century BCE inscription with the Phrygian alphabet from the Midas Tomb, Midas City: ΒΑΒΑ: ΜΕΜΕϜΑΙΣ: ΠΡΟΙΤΑϜΟΣ: ΚΦΙJΑΝΑϜΕJΟΣ: ΣΙΚΕΝΕΜΑΝ: ΕΔΑΕΣ (Baba, memevais, proitavos kziyanaveyos sikeneman edaes; Baba, advisor, leader from Tyana, dedicated this niche).[37][38]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/MidasSehri.TombDetail.jpg/190px-MidasSehri.TombDetail.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/MidasSehri.TombDetail.jpg/285px-MidasSehri.TombDetail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/MidasSehri.TombDetail.jpg/380px-MidasSehri.TombDetail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="357" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">6th century BCE inscription with the <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian alphabet</a> from the Midas Tomb, <a href="/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1kaya,_Eski%C5%9Fehir" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazılıkaya, Eskişehir">Midas City</a>: ΒΑΒΑ: ΜΕΜΕϜΑΙΣ: ΠΡΟΙΤΑϜΟΣ: ΚΦΙJΑΝΑϜΕJΟΣ: ΣΙΚΕΝΕΜΑΝ: ΕΔΑΕΣ (<i>Baba, memevais, proitavos kziyanaveyos sikeneman edaes</i>; Baba, advisor, leader from Tyana, dedicated this niche).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul><p>The last mentions of the language date to the 5th century CE, and it was likely extinct by the 7th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Bilingualism_in_Ancient_Society:_Language_Contact_and_the_Written_Word_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bilingualism_in_Ancient_Society:_Language_Contact_and_the_Written_Word-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian alphabet</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Alphabets_of_Anatolia" title="Alphabets of Anatolia">Alphabets of Anatolia</a></div> <p>From ca. 800 till 300 BCE, Phrygians used the <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Old-Phrygian alphabet</a> of nineteen letters derived from the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a>. This script was usually written from left to right ("dextroverse"). The signs of this script are:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>sign</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhrygianAlphaL2R.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/PhrygianAlphaL2R.png/12px-PhrygianAlphaL2R.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/PhrygianAlphaL2R.png/18px-PhrygianAlphaL2R.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/PhrygianAlphaL2R.png/24px-PhrygianAlphaL2R.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td> <td>B</td> <td>Γ</td> <td>Δ</td> <td>E</td> <td>F</td> <td>I</td> <td>K</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhrygianLabdaL2R.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/PhrygianLabdaL2R.png/12px-PhrygianLabdaL2R.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/PhrygianLabdaL2R.png/18px-PhrygianLabdaL2R.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/PhrygianLabdaL2R.png/24px-PhrygianLabdaL2R.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhrygianMu_L2R.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/PhrygianMu_L2R.png/12px-PhrygianMu_L2R.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/PhrygianMu_L2R.png/18px-PhrygianMu_L2R.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/PhrygianMu_L2R.png/24px-PhrygianMu_L2R.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhrygianNuL2R.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/PhrygianNuL2R.png/12px-PhrygianNuL2R.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/PhrygianNuL2R.png/18px-PhrygianNuL2R.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/PhrygianNuL2R.png/24px-PhrygianNuL2R.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td> <td>O</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhrygianPi_L2R.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/PhrygianPi_L2R.png/12px-PhrygianPi_L2R.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/PhrygianPi_L2R.png/18px-PhrygianPi_L2R.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/PhrygianPi_L2R.png/24px-PhrygianPi_L2R.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td> <td>P</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhrygianSigmaL2Rvariant.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/PhrygianSigmaL2Rvariant.png/12px-PhrygianSigmaL2Rvariant.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/PhrygianSigmaL2Rvariant.png/18px-PhrygianSigmaL2Rvariant.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/PhrygianSigmaL2Rvariant.png/24px-PhrygianSigmaL2Rvariant.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td> <td>T</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhrygianU_L2R.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/PhrygianU_L2R.png/12px-PhrygianU_L2R.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/PhrygianU_L2R.png/18px-PhrygianU_L2R.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/PhrygianU_L2R.png/24px-PhrygianU_L2R.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhrygianYodL2R.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/PhrygianYodL2R.png/12px-PhrygianYodL2R.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/PhrygianYodL2R.png/18px-PhrygianYodL2R.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/PhrygianYodL2R.png/24px-PhrygianYodL2R.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhrygianZeta_R2L.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/PhrygianZeta_R2L.png/12px-PhrygianZeta_R2L.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/PhrygianZeta_R2L.png/18px-PhrygianZeta_R2L.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/PhrygianZeta_R2L.png/24px-PhrygianZeta_R2L.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>variants</td> <td></td> <td>8</td> <td></td> <td>Λ</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhrygianEpsL2Rvariant.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PhrygianEpsL2Rvariant.png/12px-PhrygianEpsL2Rvariant.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PhrygianEpsL2Rvariant.png/18px-PhrygianEpsL2Rvariant.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PhrygianEpsL2Rvariant.png/24px-PhrygianEpsL2Rvariant.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhrygianKappaVariant3_R2L.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/PhrygianKappaVariant3_R2L.png/12px-PhrygianKappaVariant3_R2L.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/PhrygianKappaVariant3_R2L.png/18px-PhrygianKappaVariant3_R2L.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/PhrygianKappaVariant3_R2L.png/24px-PhrygianKappaVariant3_R2L.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="160" /></a></span>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhrygianKappaVariant.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PhrygianKappaVariant.png/12px-PhrygianKappaVariant.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PhrygianKappaVariant.png/18px-PhrygianKappaVariant.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PhrygianKappaVariant.png/24px-PhrygianKappaVariant.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="160" /></a></span>, 𐊜, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhrygianKappaVariant2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/PhrygianKappaVariant2.png/12px-PhrygianKappaVariant2.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/PhrygianKappaVariant2.png/18px-PhrygianKappaVariant2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/PhrygianKappaVariant2.png/24px-PhrygianKappaVariant2.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhrygianSigmaL2R.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/PhrygianSigmaL2R.png/12px-PhrygianSigmaL2R.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/PhrygianSigmaL2R.png/18px-PhrygianSigmaL2R.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/PhrygianSigmaL2R.png/24px-PhrygianSigmaL2R.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="160" /></a></span>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhrygianSigmaL2Rvariant2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/PhrygianSigmaL2Rvariant2.png/12px-PhrygianSigmaL2Rvariant2.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/PhrygianSigmaL2Rvariant2.png/18px-PhrygianSigmaL2Rvariant2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/PhrygianSigmaL2Rvariant2.png/24px-PhrygianSigmaL2Rvariant2.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="160" /></a></span>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhrygianSigmaL2Rvariant1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/PhrygianSigmaL2Rvariant1.png/12px-PhrygianSigmaL2Rvariant1.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/PhrygianSigmaL2Rvariant1.png/18px-PhrygianSigmaL2Rvariant1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/PhrygianSigmaL2Rvariant1.png/24px-PhrygianSigmaL2Rvariant1.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>X</td> <td>Φ, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhrygianZetaVariant2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/PhrygianZetaVariant2.png/12px-PhrygianZetaVariant2.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/PhrygianZetaVariant2.png/18px-PhrygianZetaVariant2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/PhrygianZetaVariant2.png/24px-PhrygianZetaVariant2.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="160" /></a></span>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhrygianZetaVariant.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/PhrygianZetaVariant.png/12px-PhrygianZetaVariant.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/PhrygianZetaVariant.png/18px-PhrygianZetaVariant.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/PhrygianZetaVariant.png/24px-PhrygianZetaVariant.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>transcription</td> <td><i>a</i></td> <td><i>b</i></td> <td><i>g</i></td> <td><i>d</i></td> <td><i>e</i></td> <td><i>v</i></td> <td><i>i</i></td> <td><i>k</i></td> <td><i>l</i></td> <td><i>m</i></td> <td><i>n</i></td> <td><i>o</i></td> <td><i>p</i></td> <td><i>r</i></td> <td><i>s</i></td> <td><i>t</i></td> <td><i>u</i></td> <td><i>y</i></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhrygianZeta_R2L.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/PhrygianZeta_R2L.png/12px-PhrygianZeta_R2L.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/PhrygianZeta_R2L.png/18px-PhrygianZeta_R2L.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/PhrygianZeta_R2L.png/24px-PhrygianZeta_R2L.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>phoneme</td> <td>/a/, <br />/a:/</td> <td>/b/</td> <td>/g/</td> <td>/d/</td> <td>/e/, <br />/e:/</td> <td>/w/</td> <td>/i/, <br />/i:/</td> <td>/k/</td> <td>/l/</td> <td>/m/</td> <td>/n/</td> <td>/o/, <br />/o:/</td> <td>/p/</td> <td>/r/</td> <td>/s/</td> <td>/t/</td> <td>/u/, <br />/u:/</td> <td>/j/</td> <td>/z/ <br />/zd/? </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>About 15 percent of the inscriptions are written from right to left ("sinistroverse"), like Phoenician; in those cases, the signs are drawn mirrored:<span class="nowrap"> </span>... <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhrygianGammaR2L.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/PhrygianGammaR2L.png/10px-PhrygianGammaR2L.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/PhrygianGammaR2L.png/15px-PhrygianGammaR2L.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/PhrygianGammaR2L.png/20px-PhrygianGammaR2L.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="160" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhrygianBeta_R2L.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/PhrygianBeta_R2L.png/10px-PhrygianBeta_R2L.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/PhrygianBeta_R2L.png/15px-PhrygianBeta_R2L.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/PhrygianBeta_R2L.png/20px-PhrygianBeta_R2L.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="160" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhrygianAlpha_R2L.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/PhrygianAlpha_R2L.png/10px-PhrygianAlpha_R2L.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/PhrygianAlpha_R2L.png/15px-PhrygianAlpha_R2L.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/PhrygianAlpha_R2L.png/20px-PhrygianAlpha_R2L.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> etc. instead of <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhrygianAlphaL2R.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/PhrygianAlphaL2R.png/10px-PhrygianAlphaL2R.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/PhrygianAlphaL2R.png/15px-PhrygianAlphaL2R.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/PhrygianAlphaL2R.png/20px-PhrygianAlphaL2R.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="160" /></a></span>BΓ.<span class="nowrap"> </span>... A few dozen inscriptions are written in alternating directions (<a href="/wiki/Boustrophedon" title="Boustrophedon">boustrophedon</a>). </p><p>From ca. 300 BCE, this script was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>. A single inscription dates from ca. 300 BCE (sometimes called "Middle-Phrygian"), all other texts are much later, from the 1st till 3rd centuries CE (New-Phrygian). The Greek letters Θ, Ξ, Φ, Χ, and Ψ were rarely used—mainly for Greek names and loanwords (Κλευμαχοι, <i>to Kleomakhos</i>; θαλαμει, <i>funerary chamber</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: center;"> <th>  </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">b</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɡ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ts</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dz</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">w</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">j</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">r</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>It has long been claimed that Phrygian exhibits a <a href="/wiki/Sound_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound law">sound change</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stop consonants</a>, similar to <a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Grimm's Law">Grimm's Law</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> and, more to the point, sound laws found in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Armenian">Proto-Armenian</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i.e., <a href="/wiki/Voicing_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Voicing (phonetics)">voicing</a> of PIE <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devoicing" class="mw-redirect" title="Devoicing">devoicing</a> of PIE <a href="/wiki/Voiced_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced stop">voiced stops</a> and aspiration of <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless stop">voiceless stops</a>. This hypothesis was rejected by Lejeune (1979) and Brixhe (1984)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but revived by Lubotsky (2004) and Woodhouse (2006), who argue that there is evidence of a partial shift of <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruent</a> series; i.e., voicing of PIE aspirates (<i>*bʱ</i> > <i>b</i>) and devoicing of PIE voiced stops (<i>*d</i> > <i>t</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricates</a> <i>ts</i> and <i>dz</i> may have developed from <a href="/wiki/Velar" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar">velars</a> before <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowels</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>What can be recovered of the grammatical structure of Phrygian was typically <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>. Declensions and conjugations are strikingly similar to ancient Greek. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phrygian nouns belong to three <a href="/wiki/Gender_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender (grammar)">genders</a>; masculine, feminine, and neuter. Forms are <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">singular or plural</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">dual</a> forms are not known. Four <a href="/wiki/Case_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Case (grammar)">cases</a> are known: <a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">nominative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">accusative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">dative</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Substantives">Substantives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Substantives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nouns belong to three stem groups: <i>o</i>-stems, <i>a</i>-stems, and consonant stems ("<i>C</i>-stems"); the latter group also includes <i>i</i>- and <i>u</i>-stems. In addition there is a group of personal names with an e-stem. </p><p>The paradigm for nouns is as follows (to keep the paradigm clear, the many minor spelling variants, including New-Phrygian ones in Greek characters, are omitted):<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"></th> <th colspan="2"><i>a</i>-stems</th> <th colspan="2"><i>o</i>-stems</th> <th colspan="2"><i>C</i>-stems</th> <th><i>e</i>-stems </th></tr> <tr> <th>Masculine</th> <th>Feminine</th> <th>Masculine</th> <th>Neuter</th> <th>Masc./Fem.</th> <th>Neuter</th> <th>(Personal names) </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Singular</td> <td>Nominative</td> <td align="center">-a(s)</td> <td align="center">-a</td> <td align="center">-os</td> <td rowspan="2" align="center">-un</td> <td align="center">-s, -Ø<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td rowspan="2" align="center">-Ø</td> <td align="center">-es (-e) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Accusative</td> <td colspan="2" align="center">-an</td> <td align="center">-un (-on)</td> <td align="center">-(a)n</td> <td align="center">-in </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genitive</td> <td colspan="2" align="center">-as</td> <td colspan="2" align="center">-o (-ov)</td> <td colspan="2" align="center">-os</td> <td align="center">-itos </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dative</td> <td colspan="2" align="center">-ai (-a)</td> <td colspan="2" align="center">-oi (-o)</td> <td colspan="2" align="center">-ei</td> <td align="center">? </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Plural</td> <td>Nominative</td> <td colspan="2" align="center">-a(s) (?)</td> <td align="center">-oi</td> <td rowspan="2" align="center">-a</td> <td align="center">-es</td> <td rowspan="2" align="center">-a</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Accusative</td> <td colspan="2" align="center">-ais</td> <td align="center">-ois (?)</td> <td align="center">-ais (?)</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genitive</td> <td colspan="2" align="center">?</td> <td colspan="2" align="center">-un</td> <td colspan="2" align="center">?</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dative</td> <td colspan="2" align="center">-as</td> <td colspan="2" align="center">-os</td> <td colspan="2" align="center">?</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Nominative Singular of consonant stems ends in -s for t-, d-, s-, i-, and u-stems; it ends in -Ø (without -s) for l-, m-, n-, r-, and some k-stems.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>Examples:<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><i>a</i>-stem: μανκα</b> [<i>manka</i>] (<i>stele</i>): Nom. μανκα [<i>manka</i>]; Acc. μανκαν [<i>mankan</i>]; Dat. μανκαι [<i>mankai</i>], μανκα, μανκης, μανκε.</li> <li><b><i>o</i>-stem: <i>devos</i></b> ('god', cf. Greek θεός): Nom. <i>devos</i>; Acc. (or Gen.?) <i>devun</i>; Pl. Dat. δεως [<i>deos</i>], διως, δεος, δδεω, διος, δυως.</li> <li><b><i>C</i>- (<i>r</i>-)stem: <i>daker</i></b> (meaning not clear): Nom. <i>daker</i>, δακαρ; Acc. <i>dakeran</i>; Pl. Nom. δακερης [<i>dakeres</i>]; Pl. Acc. <i>dakerais</i>.</li> <li><b><i>C</i>- (<i>n</i>-)stem: ορουαν</b> [<i>orouan</i>] ('keeper, protector'): Nom. ορουεναν [<i>orouenan</i>]; Acc. ορουαν [<i>orouan</i>]; Gen. ορουενος [<i>orouenos</i>].</li> <li><b><i>C</i>- (<i>k</i>-)stem: <i>knays</i></b> ('woman, wife', cf. Greek γυνή): Nom. <i>knays, knais</i>; Acc. κναικαν [<i>knaikan</i>]; Gen. κναικος [<i>knaikos</i>]; Pl. Nom. <i>knaykes</i>.</li> <li><b><i>i</i>-stem: *<i>Tis</i></b> ('Zeus'): Acc. Τιαν [<i>Tian</i>]; Dat. Τιε [<i>Tie</i>], Τι, Τιη, Tiei; Gen. Τιος [<i>Tios</i>].</li> <li><b><i>e</i>-stem: <i>Manes</i></b> ('Manes'): Nom. <i>Manes, Mane</i>, Μανεις; Acc. <i>Manin</i>; Gen. <i>Manitos</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most frequently used <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> are <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstrative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Relative_pronoun" title="Relative pronoun">relative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics)" title="Anaphora (linguistics)">anaphoric</a>. Their declensions are similar to those of nouns. Two rare pronouns, <i>autos</i> and <i>tis</i>, may be loanwords from Greek. </p><p>The <b>demonstrative pronoun</b>, <i>this</i>, has a short (<i>ses</i>) and a long form (<i>semoun</i>). Its declension:<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Case</th> <th colspan="3">Singular</th> <th colspan="3">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Masculine</th> <th>Neuter</th> <th>Feminine</th> <th>Masculine</th> <th>Neuter</th> <th>Feminine </th></tr> <tr> <td>Nominative</td> <td align="center">ses (?)</td> <td rowspan="2" align="center">si</td> <td align="center">σας (?)</td> <td></td> <td rowspan="2"></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Accusative</td> <td align="center">sin, σεμουν</td> <td align="center">εσαν (?)</td> <td align="center">ses (?)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genitive</td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td align="center">σας (?)</td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dative</td> <td colspan="2">σεμουν, σεμον, simun,<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</td> <td>σα, σαι, σας, esai, σαν</td> <td colspan="2" align="center">σως (?)</td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There is also a <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitic</a> particle variant <i>s-</i>, prefixed to names: sManes (<i>this Manes</i>). </p><p>The <b>relative pronoun</b> is <i>yos</i> (<i>who, whoever</i>). Though appearing often, only three different cases are attested. Paradigm:<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Case</th> <th colspan="3">Singular</th> <th colspan="3">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Masculine</th> <th>Neuter</th> <th>Feminine</th> <th>Masculine</th> <th>Neuter</th> <th>Feminine </th></tr> <tr> <td>Nominative</td> <td align="center">yos, ios, ιος, ις,<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td></td> <td rowspan="2"></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Accusative</td> <td align="center">ιον</td> <td align="center">ιαν</td> <td align="center"></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genitive</td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dative</td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td></td> <td colspan="2" align="center"></td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A reduplicated form <i>yosyos</i>, <i>whoever</i>, is also known (cf. Latin <i>quisquis</i>). </p><p>An <b>anaphoric pronoun</b> is <i>tos</i> (<i>the one mentioned, this one, he</i>). It is often used in the standard expression ιος νι<span class="nowrap"> </span>..., τος νι<span class="nowrap"> </span>...: <i>whoever (damages this tomb), this one (will be damned)</i>; <i>whoever (<span class="nowrap"> </span>...), he (<span class="nowrap"> </span>...)</i>. Declension:<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Case</th> <th colspan="3">Singular</th> <th colspan="3">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Masculine</th> <th>Neuter</th> <th>Feminine</th> <th>Masculine</th> <th>Neuter</th> <th>Feminine </th></tr> <tr> <td>Nominative</td> <td align="center">τος</td> <td rowspan="2" align="center">ti</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" align="center">ta</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Accusative</td> <td></td> <td align="center">tan, ταν</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genitive</td> <td colspan="2" align="center">tovo</td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dative</td> <td colspan="2" align="center">του, το</td> <td align="center">ται, τα</td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Tos</i> has a particle variant, τι, του, <i>-t, -τ</i>. The particles τι and του, used after a demonstrative pronoun, or suffixed to it as <i>-t</i> or -τ, seem to emphasize the following noun: (<i>whoever does damage</i>) σεμουν του κνουμανει, <i>to this very tomb</i>. </p><p>Another anaphoric pronoun is <i>oy</i> / <i>ioi</i>. It only occurs as a Dative Singular, <i>oy</i>, ιοι, οι (<i>to him, to her</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pronoun" title="Intensive pronoun">emphatic pronoun</a></b> <i>autos</i> (<i>the very one, the same</i>; cf. Greek αὐτός) can also be used anaphorically. Its composite <i>ve(n)autos</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">reflexive pronoun</a>, <i>himself</i> (Greek ἑαυτός).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Case</th> <th colspan="3">Singular</th> <th colspan="3">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Masculine</th> <th>Neuter</th> <th>Feminine</th> <th>Masculine</th> <th>Neuter</th> <th>Feminine </th></tr> <tr> <td>Nominative</td> <td align="center">αυτος</td> <td rowspan="2"></td> <td></td> <td align="center">avtoi (?)</td> <td rowspan="2"></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Accusative</td> <td align="center">αυτον, (ven)avtun</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genitive</td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dative</td> <td colspan="2" align="center">avtoi (?), αυτω</td> <td align="center">avtay, αυταη, (οε)αυται</td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Indefinite_pronoun" title="Indefinite pronoun">indefinite pronoun</a></b> <i>kos</i> (<i>somebody, something</i>) is only attested in the nominative singular: masculine kos, κος; neuter kin, κιν. A synonym is the very rare Greek loanword <i>tis</i> (τις, neuter τι).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">personal</a></b> or <b><a href="/wiki/Possessive_determiner" title="Possessive determiner">possessive pronoun</a></b> <i>her</i> (only the feminine is attested) is <i>va</i> (Nom. va, ουα; Acc. ουαν, οαν; Gen. vay).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The declension of adjectival nouns is entirely similar to that of substantives. </p><p>Examples (note that <i>mekas</i> corresponds to Greek μέγας, <i>big, great</i>, and that -τετικμενος and γεγρειμενος parallel Greek Perfect Passive participles with reduplication and ending in <i>-menos</i>):<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Case</th> <th>Ending</th> <th>mekas <br /><i>big, great</i></th> <th>Ending</th> <th>τιττετικμενος <br /><i>accursed</i></th> <th>γεγρειμενος <br /><i>written</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Nom. Sing. Masc.</td> <td align="center">-a(s)</td> <td>mekas, μεκας</td> <td align="center">-os</td> <td>τιτ(τ)ετικμενος,<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Acc. Sing. Masc.</td> <td rowspan="2" align="center">-an</td> <td rowspan="2">μεκαν</td> <td align="center">-on</td> <td></td> <td>γεγρειμενον </td></tr> <tr> <td>Acc. Sing. Fem.</td> <td align="center">-an</td> <td></td> <td>γεγρειμεναν </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dat. Sing.</td> <td align="center">-ai (-a)</td> <td>μεκα</td> <td align="center">-o (-ov) / -ai (-a)</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nom. Pl. Masc.</td> <td align="center">-a(s) (?)</td> <td></td> <td align="center">-oi</td> <td>τιττετικμενοι</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Acc. Pl.</td> <td align="center">-ais</td> <td>mekais (?)</td> <td align="center">-ois (?) / -ais</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nom./Acc. Pl. Ntr.</td> <td align="center">-a (?)</td> <td></td> <td align="center">-a</td> <td>τιττετικμενα</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gen. Pl. Masc./Fem.</td> <td align="center">?</td> <td></td> <td align="center">-un</td> <td>τιτετουκμενουν</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dat. Pl.</td> <td align="center">-as</td> <td>mekais (?)</td> <td align="center">-os / -as</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the limited textual material, the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugation</a> of Phrygian verbs can only be determined very incompletely. However, it is clear that it closely resembles the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">ancient Greek</a> verbal system. Three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tenses</a> are known: <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">Present</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aorist" title="Aorist">Aorist</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Augment_(Indo-European)" title="Augment (Indo-European)">augment</a> and <i>-s-</i> infix), and <a href="/wiki/Perfect_(grammar)" title="Perfect (grammar)">Perfect</a>. <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">Future</a> forms have not yet been discovered. Neither has a <a href="/wiki/Pluperfect" title="Pluperfect">Pluperfect</a>; a few forms may be an <a href="/wiki/Imperfect" title="Imperfect">Imperfect</a>. There are two <a href="/wiki/Voice_(grammar)" title="Voice (grammar)">voices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Active_voice" title="Active voice">Active</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mediopassive" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediopassive">Mediopassive</a>. As to <a href="/wiki/Mood_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mood (grammar)">mood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indicative" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative">indicative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> are clearly documented, but suspected <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjunctive">subjunctive</a> forms and an <a href="/wiki/Optative" class="mw-redirect" title="Optative">optative</a> (the latter with typical <i>-oi-</i> infix) need confirmation. <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">Participles</a> are present, most of them Perfect Passive forms with <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplication</a> and ending in <i>-menos</i>. <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">Infinitives</a> are not known. As to <a href="/wiki/Person_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Person (grammar)">person</a> and <a href="/wiki/Number_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Number (grammar)">number</a>, most <a href="/wiki/Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">finite forms</a> are 3rd person Singular, a few 3rd person Plural, and only very few 1st person Singular. </p><p>Examples:<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Tense</th> <th rowspan="2">Mood</th> <th rowspan="2">Voice</th> <th rowspan="2">Person, Number</th> <th colspan="2">Ending</th> <th rowspan="2">Example</th> <th rowspan="2">Translation </th></tr> <tr> <th>Old-Phrygian</th> <th>New-Phrygian </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="13">Present</td> <td rowspan="5">indicative</td> <td rowspan="3">Active</td> <td>1 Sing.</td> <td>-u</td> <td>(-ω)</td> <td>atikraiu</td> <td><i>I say</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 Sing.</td> <td>-ti, -i</td> <td>-τι</td> <td>poreti</td> <td><i>he<span class="nowrap"> </span>...?</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 Plural</td> <td>-n</td> <td>-ν</td> <td>γερεν (?)</td> <td><i>they<span class="nowrap"> </span>...?</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Mediopassive</td> <td>1 Sing.</td> <td>-or</td> <td></td> <td>dakor (?)</td> <td><i>I am put; I put/do for myself</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 Sing.</td> <td>-tor, -toy</td> <td>-τορ, -τοι</td> <td>odeketoy, <br />αδακκιτορ</td> <td><i>it is put; he puts/does for himself</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">subjunctive</td> <td rowspan="2">Active</td> <td>3 Sing.</td> <td>-ti, -t</td> <td>-τι, -τ</td> <td>αββερετ</td> <td><i>let him produce</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 Plural</td> <td>-sini (?)</td> <td>-σσιννι (?)</td> <td>δεδασσιννι</td> <td><i>let them put/do</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mediopassive</td> <td>3 Sing.</td> <td>-toy</td> <td>-τοι, -τορ</td> <td>abretoy, <br />αββερετοι, <br />αββερετορ</td> <td><i>let it be produced</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>optative</td> <td>Active</td> <td>3 Sing.</td> <td>-oioi, -oyoy</td> <td></td> <td>kakoioi</td> <td><i>may he damage</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">imperative</td> <td rowspan="2">Active</td> <td>3 Sing.</td> <td>-tu(v), -to</td> <td>-του</td> <td>ituv, <br />ειτου</td> <td><i>he must become</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 Plural</td> <td>-nuv</td> <td>-νου, -ττνου</td> <td>ειττνου, <br />ιννου</td> <td><i>they must become</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mediopassive</td> <td>3 Singular</td> <td>-do</td> <td>-δου</td> <td>lakedo</td> <td><i>he must take for himself</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>participle</td> <td>Active</td> <td></td> <td>-un</td> <td></td> <td>torvetun</td> <td><i>cutting wood</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Imperfect</td> <td>indicative</td> <td>Active</td> <td>3 Sing.</td> <td>-e (?), -t (?)</td> <td></td> <td>estat</td> <td><i>he erected</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Aorist</td> <td rowspan="3">indicative</td> <td rowspan="2">Active</td> <td>3 Sing.</td> <td>-es</td> <td>-ες</td> <td>estaes, <br />εσταες</td> <td><i>he erected</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 Plural</td> <td>(-saen)</td> <td>-σαεν</td> <td>ουρνουσαεν</td> <td><i>they have<span class="nowrap"> </span>...ed?</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mediopassive</td> <td>3 Sing.</td> <td>-toi, -toy</td> <td>-τοι</td> <td>egertoi, <br />εγερετοι</td> <td><i>it is brought</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Perfect</td> <td rowspan="3">indicative</td> <td rowspan="2">Active</td> <td>3 Sing.</td> <td>-ti, -t, -ey (?)</td> <td>-ετ, -ιτ, -εν (?)</td> <td>daket, <br />αδακετ, <br />αδακεν</td> <td><i>he has done, put</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 Plural</td> <td>(-en)</td> <td>-εν</td> <td>δακαρεν</td> <td><i>they have done, put</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mediopassive</td> <td>3 Plural</td> <td>(-na) (?)</td> <td>-να (?)</td> <td>ενσταρνα</td> <td><i>he has been appointed</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>participle</td> <td>Passive</td> <td>Masc. Nom. Sg.</td> <td>-menos</td> <td>-μενος</td> <td>γεγαριτμενος</td> <td><i>devoted to, cursed</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Augment_(Indo-European)" title="Augment (Indo-European)">augment</a> Phrygian seems to exhibit, is like <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>; cf. <span title="Phrygian-language text"><i lang="xpg">eberet</i></span>, probably corresponding to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text">*<i lang="ine">e-bher-e-t</i></span></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <i lang="el">épʰere</i></i> with loss of the final <i>t</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <i lang="sa">ábharat</i>)</i>, although comparison to examples like <i>ios<span class="nowrap"> </span>... addaket</i> 'who does<span class="nowrap"> </span>... to', which is not a past tense form (perhaps <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjunctive">subjunctive</a>), shows that <i>-et</i> may be from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> (PIE) primary ending <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text">*<i lang="ine">-eti</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Normal word order in Phrygian sentences is <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">Subject</a> – <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">Object</a> – <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verb</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Subject-object-verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject-object-verb">SOV</a>"). However, if a <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)#Types" title="Object (grammar)">direct object</a> (DO) needs to be emphasized, it may be placed at the head of the sentence, before the subject. Part of an <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)#Types" title="Object (grammar)">indirect object</a> (IO) may be placed after the verb. Example: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td align="center"><i>κος</i></td> <td align="center"><i>σεμουν</i></td> <td align="center"><i>κνουμανει</i></td> <td align="center"><i>κακουν</i></td> <td align="center"><i>αδδακετ</i></td> <td align="center"><i>αινι</i></td> <td align="center"><i>μανκα</i></td> <td>(etc.) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>kos</i></td> <td align="center"><i>semoun</i></td> <td align="center"><i>knoumanei</i></td> <td align="center"><i>kakoun</i></td> <td align="center"><i>addaket</i></td> <td align="center"><i>aini</i></td> <td align="center"><i>manka</i></td> <td>(etc.) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">whoever</td> <td align="center">to this</td> <td align="center">tomb</td> <td align="center">harm</td> <td align="center">does</td> <td align="center">or</td> <td align="center">to the stele</td> <td>(he will be damned) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">S</td> <td colspan="2" align="center">IO, part 1</td> <td align="center">DO</td> <td align="center">V</td> <td colspan="2" align="center">IO, part 2</td> <td><span class="nowrap"> </span>... </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The function of the several nominal cases (nominative, accusative, etc.) presents no surprises. The dative is perhaps also used as a <a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a>. When the subject of a sentence is compounded of more than one item ("<i>A and B and C...</i>"), that vary in gender or number, the verb or <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predicate</a> agrees in gender and number with the <i>first</i> item (<i>A</i>) (<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lubotsky" title="Alexander Lubotsky">Lubotsky</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Case_government" title="Case government">rection</a> rule). Adjectives follow their noun, except when emphasis is intended.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Midas_inscription_with_transliteration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Midas_inscription_with_transliteration.jpg/350px-Midas_inscription_with_transliteration.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Midas_inscription_with_transliteration.jpg/525px-Midas_inscription_with_transliteration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Midas_inscription_with_transliteration.jpg/700px-Midas_inscription_with_transliteration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2188" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>The Midas inscription over the <a href="/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice">cornice</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Midas_monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Midas monument">Midas monument</a>. It reads <i>Ates... Midai lavagtaei vanaktei edaes</i> ("Ates... has dedicated [this monument) to Midas, leader of the people and ruler").<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Phrygian is attested fragmentarily, known only from a comparatively small corpus of inscriptions. A few hundred Phrygian words are attested; however, the meaning and etymologies of many of these remain unknown. </p><p>A famous Phrygian word is <i>bekos</i>, meaning 'bread'. According to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (<i>Histories</i> 2.2), Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Psammetichus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Psammetichus I">Psammetichus I</a> wanted to determine the oldest nation and establish the world's <a href="/wiki/Proto-Human_language" title="Proto-Human language">original language</a>. For this purpose, he ordered two children to be reared by a shepherd, forbidding him to let them hear a single word, and charging him to report the children's first utterance. After two years, the shepherd reported that on entering their chamber, the children came up to him, extending their hands, calling <i>bekos</i>. Upon enquiry, the pharaoh discovered that this was the Phrygian word for 'wheat bread', after which the Egyptians conceded that the Phrygian nation was older than theirs. The word <i>bekos</i> is also attested several times in Palaeo-Phrygian inscriptions on funerary stelae. It may be cognate to the English <i>bake</i> (PIE *<i>bʰeh₃g-</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a> (both also influenced Phrygian morphology), Galatian and Greek (which also exhibits a high amount of isoglosses with Phrygian) all influenced Phrygian vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-Brixhe_pp._165–178_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brixhe_pp._165–178-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, the Phrygian word <i>bedu</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">βέδυ</span></span>) meaning 'water' (PIE *<i>wed-</i>) appeared in <a href="/wiki/Orphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphic">Orphic</a> ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Greek theonym <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> appears in Phrygian with the stem <i>Ti-</i> (genitive <i>Tios</i> = Greek <i>Dios</i>, from earlier <i>*Diwos</i>; the nominative is unattested); perhaps with the general meaning 'god, deity'. It is possible that <i>tiveya</i> means 'goddess'. The shift of <i>*d</i> to <i>t</i> in Phrygian and the loss of <i>*w</i> before <i>o</i> appears to be regular. <a href="/wiki/Stephanus_Byzantius" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephanus Byzantius">Stephanus Byzantius</a> records that according to <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a>, Zeus was known as <i>Tios</i> in <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another possible theonym is <i>bago-</i> (cf. Old Persian <i>baga-</i>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/bog%D1%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/bogъ">*bogъ</a></i> "god"), attested as the accusative singular <i>bag̣un</i> in G-136.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lejeune identified the term as <i>*bʰagom</i>, in the meaning 'a gift, dedication' (PIE <i>*bʰag-</i> 'to apportion, give a share'). But <a href="/wiki/Hesychius_of_Alexandria" title="Hesychius of Alexandria">Hesychius of Alexandria</a> mentions a <i>Bagaios, Phrygian Zeus</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Βαγαῖος Ζεὺς Φρύγιος</span></span>) and interprets the name as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">δοτῆρ ἑάων</span></span> 'giver of good things'. <a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Q._Adams" title="Douglas Q. Adams">Adams</a> agree that the word <i>Bagaios</i> was an epithet to the Phrygian worship of Zeus that derived from the same root.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006274_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006274-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phrygian_poetry">Phrygian poetry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Phrygian poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phrygian poetry is rare. The only examples date from after <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s conquest of Asia Minor (334 BCE), and they probably originated in imitation of Greek metrical epitaphs. The clearest example is the so-called "Middle Phrygian" inscription mentioned above, which consists of six <a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">dactylic hexameter</a> lines. Also, as Lubotsky has proposed, the traditional Phrygian damnation formula on grave monuments may have been slightly reformulated to fit into a two-line hexametric shape (the stress accents, or <a href="/wiki/Scansion" title="Scansion">ictus</a>, on the first syllable of each <a href="/wiki/Dactyl_(poetry)" title="Dactyl (poetry)">dactylus</a> are in boldface):<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><b>ιος</b> νι σε<b>μουν</b> κνουμα<b>νει</b> κακουν <b>αδ</b>δακετ <b>αι</b>νι τε<b>α</b>μας</dd> <dd><b>με</b> ζεμε<b>λως</b> κε δε<b>ως</b> κε Τι<b>η</b> τιτε<b>τικ</b>μενος <b>ει</b>του. <dl><dd><b>ios</b> ni se<b>moun</b> knouma<b>nei</b> kakoun <b>ad</b>daket <b>ai</b>ni te<b>a</b>mas</dd> <dd><b>me</b> zeme<b>lōs</b> ke de<b>ōs</b> ke ti<b>ē</b> tite<b>tik</b>menos <b>ei</b>tou. <dl><dd><i>Whoever to this tomb harm does, or to the grave,</i></dd> <dd><i>among humans and gods by Zeus accursed let him be.</i></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Alliteration" title="Alliteration">Alliteration</a> <i>('b-, b-, b-')</i> may be intended in a peculiar clause found on two New-Phrygian grave monuments from Erten (near <a href="/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1kaya" title="Yazılıkaya">Yazılıkaya</a>) and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCneysaray,_Emirda%C4%9F" title="Güneysaray, Emirdağ">Güney</a>: </p> <dl><dd>[<i>If someone damages this grave, then<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</i>]</dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"> </span>... Βας ιοι βεκος με βερετ. (— pronounced, <i>Bas ioi bekos me beret.</i>) <dl><dd><span class="nowrap"> </span><i>... may </i>[<i>the god</i>]<i> Bas not bring him bread.</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>(<i>Bas</i> is suspected to be a Phrygian fertility god. Note that <i>bekos</i> is the word for 'bread' given by Herodotus, while <i>me</i> conforms to Greek μή, 'not', and <i>beret</i> is cognate with Greek φέρειν, Latin <i>ferre</i>, 'to bear'.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isoglosses">Isoglosses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Isoglosses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Comparison with <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2020234–238_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2020234–238-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">Phonetic</a> </caption> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: center;"> <th>Phrygian features </th> <th>Greek </th> <th>Armenian </th> <th>Albanian </th> <th>Indo-Iranian </th></tr> <tr> <th>Centum treatment </th> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>*CRh₃C > *CRōC </th> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th style="max-width:4em">Loss of sibilant /s/ at prevocalic and intervocalic positions </th> <td>+ </td> <td>+ </td> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>Prothetic vowels </th> <td>+ </td> <td>+ </td> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>*-ih₂ > -iya </th> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>*ki̯- > s- </th> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>*-m > -n </th> <td>+ </td> <td>+ </td> <td>? </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>*M > T </th> <td>– </td> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">Morphological</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: center;"> <th>Phrygian features </th> <th>Greek </th> <th>Armenian </th> <th>Albanian </th> <th>Indo-Iranian </th></tr> <tr> <th>Conditional ai </th> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>e-augment </th> <td>+ </td> <td>+ </td> <td>+ </td> <td>+ </td></tr> <tr> <th>e-demonstrative </th> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>*-eh₂-s masc. </th> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>t-enlargement </th> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th><mark style="background:#BFBFBF;">verbs in -e-yo-</mark> </th> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th><mark style="background:#BFBFBF;">verbs in -o-yo-</mark> </th> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>*-d<sup>h</sup>n̥ </th> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>*d<sup>h</sup>h₁s-ó- </th> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>*-eu̯-/*-ēu̯- </th> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>*g<sup>u̯h</sup>er-mo- </th> <td>+ </td> <td>+ </td> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>*g<sup>u̯</sup>neh₂-ik- </th> <td>+ </td> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>*h₂eu̯-to- </th> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>*h₃nh₃-mn- </th> <td>+ </td> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>*méǵh₂-s </th> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>*meh₁ </th> <td>+ </td> <td>+ </td> <td>+ </td> <td>+ </td></tr> <tr> <th>*-mh₁no- </th> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>+ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ni(y)/νι </th> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>*-(t)or </th> <td>– </td> <td>? </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>-toy/-τοι </th> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>+ </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Highlighted text indicates that borrowing cannot be totally ruled out.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Lexicology" title="Lexicology">Lexical</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: center;"> <th>Phrygian features  </th> <th>Greek </th> <th>Armenian </th> <th>Albanian </th> <th>Indo-Iranian </th></tr> <tr> <th>*b<sup>h</sup>oh₂-t-/*b<sup>h</sup>eh₂-t- </th> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>*(h₁)en-mén- </th> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>*ǵ<sup>h</sup>l̥h₃-ró- </th> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th><mark style="background:#BFBFBF;">kako-</mark> </th> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>ken- </th> <td>+ </td> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>*koru̯- </th> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th><mark style="background:#BFBFBF;">*mōro-</mark> </th> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>*sleh₂g<sup>u̯</sup>- </th> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Highlighted text indicates that borrowing cannot be totally ruled out.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Ancient Macedonian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language#Anatolia" title="Dacian language">Dacian language#Anatolia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bilingualism_in_Ancient_Society:_Language_Contact_and_the_Written_Word-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bilingualism_in_Ancient_Society:_Language_Contact_and_the_Written_Word_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bilingualism_in_Ancient_Society:_Language_Contact_and_the_Written_Word_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSwainAdamsJanse2002" class="citation book cs1">Swain, Simon; Adams, J. Maxwell; Janse, Mark (2002). <i>Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Word</i>. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. pp. 246–266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-924506-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-924506-1"><bdi>0-19-924506-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bilingualism+in+Ancient+Society%3A+Language+Contact+and+the+Written+Word&rft.place=Oxford+%5BOxfordshire%5D&rft.pages=246-266&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-924506-1&rft.aulast=Swain&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Adams%2C+J.+Maxwell&rft.au=Janse%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlottolog2017" class="citation book cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/grae1234">"Graeco-Phrygian"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog 3.0</a></i>. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Graeco-Phrygian&rft.btitle=Glottolog+3.0&rft.place=Jena%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+the+Science+of+Human+History&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fgrae1234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2018102-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2018102_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2018102_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFObrador-Cursach2018">Obrador-Cursach 2018</a>, p. 102:Furthermore, if Phrygian were not so-poorly attested perhaps we could reconstruct a Proto-Greco-Phrygian stage of both languages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2020243-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2020243_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFObrador-Cursach2020">Obrador-Cursach 2020</a>, p. 243:With the current state of our knowledge, we can affirm that Phrygian is closely related to Greek. This is not a surprising conclusion: ancient sources and modern scholars agree that Phrygians did not live far from Greece in pre-historic times. Moreover, the last half century of scientific study of Phrygian has approached both languages and developed the hypothesis of a Proto-Greco-Phrygian language, to the detriment to other theories like Phrygio-Armenian or Thraco-Phrygian.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko202082–83-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko202082–83_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOreshko2020">Oreshko 2020</a>, pp. 82–83: "In other words, <i>Ḫartapus</i> can be identified as an early <i>Phrygian</i> king – with the proviso that 'Phrygian', as used by the Greek authors, is an umbrella term for a vast ethnocultural complex found predominantly in the central parts of Anatolia rather than a name of a single 'people' or 'tribe'. Its ethnolinguistic homogeneity cannot be taken for granted."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato, <i><a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)">Cratylus</a></i> (410a)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodhouse2009">Woodhouse 2009</a>, p. 171: "This question is of course only just separable from the question of which languages within Indo-European are most closely related to Phrygian, which has also been hotly debated."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFObrador-Cursach2018">Obrador-Cursach 2018</a>, p. 101: "Scholars have long debated the exact position of Phrygian in the Indo-European language family. Although this position is not a closed question because of the fragmentary nature of our current knowledge, Phrygian has many important features which show that it is somehow related to Greek and Armenian."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Obrador-Cursach2020-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Obrador-Cursach2020_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Obrador-Cursach2020_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFObrador-Cursach2020">Obrador-Cursach 2020</a>, p. 243: "With the current state of our knowledge, we can affirm that Phrygian is closely related to Greek. This is not a surprising conclusion: ancient sources and modern scholars agree that Phrygians did not live far from Greece in pre-historic times. Moreover, the last half century of scientific study of Phrygian has approached both languages and developed the hypothesis of a Proto-Greco-Phrygian language, to the detriment to other theories like Phrygio-Armenian or Thraco-Phrygian."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrixhe2008" class="citation book cs1">Brixhe, Claude (2008). "Phrygian". In Woodard, Roger D (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00wood"><i>The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00wood/page/n91">69</a>–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68496-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68496-5"><bdi>978-0-521-68496-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phrygian&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Languages+of+Asia+Minor&rft.pages=69-80&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-68496-5&rft.aulast=Brixhe&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientlanguages00wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+language" class="Z3988"></span> "Unquestionably, however, Phrygian is most closely linked with Greek." (p. 72).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodhouse2009">Woodhouse 2009</a>, p. 171: "A turning point in this debate was Kortlandt's (1988) demonstration on the basis of shared sound changes that Thraco-Armenian had separated from Phrygian and other originally Balkan languages at an early stage. The consensus has now returned to regarding Greek as the closest relative."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFObrador-Cursach2018">Obrador-Cursach 2018</a>, p. 101: "Brixhe (1968), Neumann (1988) and, through an accurate analysis, Matzinger (2005) showed the inconsistency of the Phrygo-Armenian assumption and argued that Phrygian was a language closely related to Greek."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolst200965–66-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolst200965–66_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolst200965–66_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolst2009">Holst 2009</a>, p. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obrador Cursach (2018), pp. 337–344</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obrador Cursach (2018), pp. 428</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Osann" class="citation book cs1">Osann, Friedrich (1830). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10221742?page=5"><i>Midas oder Erklärungsversuch der erweislich ältesten griechischen Inschrift (<span class="nowrap"> </span>...)</i></a>. Leipzig, Darmstadt: Carl Wilhelm Leske<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Midas+oder+Erkl%C3%A4rungsversuch+der+erweislich+%C3%A4ltesten+griechischen+Inschrift+%28%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E+%3C%2Fspan%3E...%29&rft.place=Leipzig%2C+Darmstadt&rft.pub=Carl+Wilhelm+Leske&rft.date=1830&rft.aulast=Osann&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitale-sammlungen.de%2Fde%2Fview%2Fbsb10221742%3Fpage%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+language" class="Z3988"></span> ("Midas, or an attempt to clarify the apparently oldest Greek inscription (<span class="nowrap"> </span>...)"; in German.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M-01a and M-01b in Obrador Cursach (2018), p. 349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMordtmann1862" class="citation journal cs1">Mordtmann, Andreas David (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YctBAAAAcAAJ&q=Bayerische..20Akademie..20der..20Wissenschaften..201862">"Über die altphrygische Sprache (mit zwei Inschriftentafeln)"</a>. <i>Sitzungsberichte der bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München. Philosophisch-philologische classe</i> (1): 12–38, and between 88 and 89<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sitzungsberichte+der+bayerischen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften+zu+M%C3%BCnchen.+Philosophisch-philologische+classe&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+die+altphrygische+Sprache+%28mit+zwei+Inschriftentafeln%29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12-38%2C+and+between+88+and+89&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Mordtmann&rft.aufirst=Andreas+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYctBAAAAcAAJ%26q%3DBayerische..20Akademie..20der..20Wissenschaften..201862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+language" class="Z3988"></span> ("On the Old-Phrygian language, with two figures showing the inscriptions"; in German.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obrador Cursach (2018), p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Obrador-Cursach-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Obrador-Cursach_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Obrador-Cursach_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Obrador-Cursach_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFObrador-Cursach2018">Obrador-Cursach 2018</a>, p. 101:Scholars have long debated the exact position of Phrygian in the Indo-European language family. Although this position is not a closed question because of the fragmentary nature of our current knowledge, Phrygian has many important features which show that it is somehow related to Greek and Armenian.<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Indeed, between the 19th and the first half of the 20th c. BCE Phrygian was mostly considered a satem language (a feature once considered important to establishing the position of a language) and, especially after Alf Torp's study, closer to Armenian (and Thracian), whereas it is now commonly considered to be closer to Greek.<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Brixhe (1968), Neumann (1988) and, through an accurate analysis, Matzinger (2005) showed the inconsistency of the Phrygo-Armenian assumption and argued that Phrygian was a language closely related to Greek.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESowa2020810–811-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESowa2020810–811_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSowa2020">Sowa 2020</a>, pp. 810–811.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECotticelliDahl2022103-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECotticelliDahl2022103_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCotticelliDahl2022">Cotticelli & Dahl 2022</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFObrador-Cursach2020">Obrador-Cursach 2020</a>, p. 243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022241-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022241_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHyllestedJoseph2022">Hyllested & Joseph 2022</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2022121-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2022121_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFObrador-Cursach2022">Obrador-Cursach 2022</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodhouse2009">Woodhouse 2009</a>, p. 171:This question is of course only just separable from the question of which languages within Indo-European are most closely related to Phrygian, which has also been hotly debated. A turning point in this debate was Kortlandt's (1988) demonstration on the basis of shared sound changes that Thraco-Armenian had separated from Phrygian and other originally Balkan languages at an early stage. The consensus has now returned to regarding Greek as the closest relative.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2020234-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2020234_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFObrador-Cursach2020">Obrador-Cursach 2020</a>, p. 234:2.1.4. Phrygian belongs to the centum group of IE languages (Ligorio and Lubotsky 2018: 1824). Together with Greek, Celtic, Italic, Germanic, Hittite and Tocharian, Phrygian merged the old palatovelars with plain velars in a first step: NPhr. (τιτ-)τετικμενος 'condemned' < PIE *deiḱ-; NPhr. γεγαριτμενος 'devoted, at the mercy of' < PIE *ǵhr̥Hit-; NPhr. γλουρεος 'golden' < PIE *ǵhl̥h3-ro-. However, two shifts affected this language. Phrygian merged the old labiovelar with the plain velar (the etymological and the resulting ones): OPhr. ke(y), NPhr. κε (passim) 'and' < PIE *ku̯e; OPhr. knais (B-07), NPhr. κ̣ναικαν 'wife' (16.1 = 116) < *gu̯neh2i-. Secondly, in contact with palatal vowels (/e/ and /i/, see de Lamberterie 2013: 25–26), and especially in initial position, some consonants became palatalised:PIE *ǵhes-r- 'hand' > OPhr. ↑iray (B-05),7NPhr. ζειρα (40.1 = 12) 'id.' (Hämmig 2013: 150–151). It also occurs in glosses: *ǵheu̯-mn̻ >ζευμαν 'fount, source' (Hesychius ζ 128). These two secondary processes, as happened in Tocharian and the Romance languages, lend Phrygian the guise of a satem language.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodhouse2009171-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodhouse2009171_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodhouse2009">Woodhouse 2009</a>, p. 171:This question is of course only just separable from the question of which languages within Indo-European are most closely related to Phrygian, which has also been hotly debated. A turning point in this debate was Kortlandt's (1988) demonstration on the basis of shared sound changes that Thraco-Armenian had separated from Phrygian and other originally Balkan languages at an early stage. The consensus has now returned to regarding Greek as the closest relative.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2020238–239-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2020238–239_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFObrador-Cursach2020">Obrador-Cursach 2020</a>, pp. 238–239:To the best of our current knowledge, Phrygian was closely related to Greek. This affirmation is consistent with the vision offered by Neumann (1988: 23), Brixhe (2006) and Ligorio and Lubotsky (2018: 1816) and with many observations given by ancient authors. Both languages share 34 of the 36 features considered in this paper, some of them of great significance:<span class="nowrap"> </span>... The available data suggest that Phrygian and Greek coexisted broadly from pre-historic to historic times, and both belong to a common linguistic area (Brixhe 2006: 39–44).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olander2022-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Olander2022_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlander2022">Olander 2022</a>, pp. 12, 14: "The mutual relationship between the "Balkanic" languages – Greek (Chapter 11), Armenian (Chapter 12), Albanian (Chapter 13) as well as scantily attested languages such as Phrygian and Messapic – is evaluated differently by the authors of this book. While Greek is thought to constitute a phylogenetic unit together with Phrygian in all three chapters, the hypothesis of a Graeco-Armenian subgroup is given a negative appraisal by van Beek (Chapter 11), while Olsen and Thorsø (Chapter 12) are positive. A third position is taken by Hyllested and Joseph (Chapter 13), who argue that Greek forms a subgroup with the notoriously difficult Albanian."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamp1976" class="citation journal cs1">Hamp, Eric P. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30007665">"On Some Gaulish Names in -Ant- and Celtic Verbal Nouns"</a>. <i>Ériu</i>. <b>27</b>: 9. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0332-0758">0332-0758</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30007665">30007665</a> – via <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>. <q>We have already seen that Celtic nāmant- gives an excellent cognate to Lat. amāre. Vendryes (loc. cit.) points out that ad is shared by the Northwest IE group (Celtic, Italic and Germanic) and additionally by Phrygian, citing the well known αδδακετ and αββερετ. But the agreement goes much deeper than that. The noun (from which the verb ἀδαμνεῖν must be derived) ἅδαμνα has every appearance of being a participle in -n- (perhaps -no-) of a verb ad-am-. We may then make the surprising equation: ad-nāmat(o)- < *ad-n-H amH a-to- = ἅδ-αμ-να. This agreement in detail makes a substantial addition to the Phrygian-Celtic equation that Marstrander observed (NTS ii (1929) 297) for OIr. eitech < *eti-teg-. It would appear from this that we have a slender but growing body of evidence for a close connexion between Celtic (and Italic) and Phrygian. The Phrygian evidence, now being sifted and reevaluated by Lejeune, could well bear close scrutiny in this light. It may not be too bold at this point to suggest a stronger link here with Celtic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89riu&rft.atitle=On+Some+Gaulish+Names+in+-Ant-+and+Celtic+Verbal+Nouns&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30007665%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0332-0758&rft.aulast=Hamp&rft.aufirst=Eric+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30007665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brixhe, Lejeune, <i>Corpus des inscriptions paléo-phrygiennes</i>, 1984; Brixhe 2002a and 2004a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obrador Cursach, pp. 369–370, 390, 418–420.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach201817-18-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach201817-18_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFObrador-Cursach2018">Obrador-Cursach 2018</a>, p. 17-18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach201829-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach201829_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFObrador-Cursach2018">Obrador-Cursach 2018</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Claude Brixhe (2008), 'Phrygian', in: Roger D. Woodard (ed.), <i>The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor</i> (Cambridge etc.: Cambridge University Press), pp. 69–80: p. 73, 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Баюн Л. С., Орёл В. Э. <i>Язык фригийских надписей как исторический источник.</i> In <i>Вестник древней истории.</i> 1988, № 1. pp. 175-177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrel1997" class="citation book cs1">Orel, Vladimir Ė (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uiALAQAAMAAJ"><i>The language of Phrygians</i></a>. Caravan Books. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780882060897" title="Special:BookSources/9780882060897"><bdi>9780882060897</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+language+of+Phrygians&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Caravan+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780882060897&rft.aulast=Orel&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+%C4%96&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuiALAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obrador Cursach (2018), p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonfante, G. "Phrygians and Armenians", <i>Armenian Quarterly</i>, 1 (1946), 82- 100 (p. 88).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodard, Roger D. <i>The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-68496-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-68496-X">0-521-68496-X</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lubotsky, A. "The Phrygian Zeus and the problem of „Lautverschiebung". <i>Historische Sprachforschung</i>, 117. 2. (2004), 229–237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obrador Cursach (2018), pp. 69–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obrador Cursach (2018), pp. 127–310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obrador Cursach (2018), pp. 84–85, 279–280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obrador Cursach (2018), pp. 81–82, 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obrador Cursach (2018), pp. 79–80, 295–296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obrador Cursach (2018), pp. 80, 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obrador Cursach (2018), pp. 81, 150–151, 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obrador Cursach (2018), pp. 83, 224, 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obrador Cursach (2018), pp. 83, 189. Composites may be <i>ovevis</i> (<i>his own?</i>; Acc. <i>ovevin</i>) and <i>ki(s)vis</i> (<i>any?</i>; Nom. κισυις, Nom./Acc. Ntr. κιυιν) (Obrador Cursach (2018), pp. 219, 255).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obrador Cursach (2018), pp. 162, 240, 293–294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obrador Cursach (2018), pp. 84–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obrador Cursach (2018), pp. 95–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodard2008" class="citation book cs1">Woodard, Roger D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J-f_jwCgmeUC&pg=PA78"><i>The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139469333" title="Special:BookSources/9781139469333"><bdi>9781139469333</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Languages+of+Asia+Minor&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781139469333&rft.aulast=Woodard&rft.aufirst=Roger+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ-f_jwCgmeUC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoller1999" class="citation book cs1">Roller, Lynn E. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dXQkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA69"><i>In Search of God the Mother: The Cult of Anatolian Cybele</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520210240" title="Special:BookSources/9780520210240"><bdi>9780520210240</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+God+the+Mother%3A+The+Cult+of+Anatolian+Cybele&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780520210240&rft.aulast=Roller&rft.aufirst=Lynn+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdXQkDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/phrygian/phryg.htm">Corpus of Phrygian Inscriptions</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The etymology is defended in O. Panagl & B. Kowal, "Zur etymologischen Darstellung von Restsprachen", in: A. Bammesberger (ed.), <i>Das etymologische Wörterbuch</i>, Regensburg 1983, pp. 186–187. It is contested in Benjamin W. Fortson, <i>Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction</i>. Blackwell, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-0316-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-0316-7">1-4051-0316-7</a>, p. 409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brixhe_pp._165–178-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brixhe_pp._165–178_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brixhe, Cl. "Le Phrygien". In Fr. Bader (ed.), <i>Langues indo-européennes</i>, pp. 165–178, Paris: CNRS Editions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodard, Roger D. <i>The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-68496-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-68496-X">0-521-68496-X</a>, pp. 69–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clement. <i>Stromata</i>, 5.8.46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On Phrygian <i>ti-</i> see Heubeck 1987, Lubotsky 1989a, Lubotsky 1998c, Brixhe 1997: 42ff. On the passage by Stephanus Byzantius, Haas 1966: 67, Lubotsky 1989a:85 (Δημοσθένης δ'ἐν Βιθυνιακοῖς φησι κτιστὴν τῆς πόλεως γενέσθαι Πάταρον ἑλόντα Παφλαγονίαν, καὶ ἐκ τοῦ τιμᾶν τὸν Δία Τίον προσαγορεῦσαι.) Witczak 1992-3: 265ff. assumes a Bithynian origin for the Phrygian god.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However also read as <i>bapun</i>; "Un très court retour vertical prolonge le trait horizontal du Γ. S'il n'était accidentel nous aurions<span class="nowrap"> </span>... un p assez semblable à celui de G-135." Brixhe and Lejeune 1987: 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006274-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006274_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams2006">Mallory & Adams 2006</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubotsky2017" class="citation book cs1">Lubotsky, Alexander (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2943225/view">"The Phrygian inscription from Dokimeion and its meter"</a>. In Hajnal, Ivo; Kölligan, Daniel; Zipser, Katharina (eds.). <i>Miscellanea Indogermanica. Festschrift für José Luis García Ramón zum 65. Geburtstag</i>. Innsbruck: Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft. pp. 427–432<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Phrygian+inscription+from+Dokimeion+and+its+meter&rft.btitle=Miscellanea+Indogermanica.+Festschrift+f%C3%BCr+Jos%C3%A9+Luis+Garc%C3%ADa+Ram%C3%B3n+zum+65.+Geburtstag&rft.place=Innsbruck&rft.pages=427-432&rft.pub=Innsbrucker+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+Sprachwissenschaft&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Lubotsky&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl%2Faccess%2Fitem%253A2943225%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obrador Cursach (2018), pp. 156, 430, 431.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2020234–238-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2020234–238_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFObrador-Cursach2020">Obrador-Cursach 2020</a>, pp. 234–238.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams2006" class="citation book cs1">Mallory, James P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tF5wAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World</i></a>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929668-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929668-2"><bdi>978-0-19-929668-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Introduction+to+Proto-Indo-European+and+the+Proto-Indo-European+World&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-929668-2&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft.au=Adams%2C+Douglas+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtF5wAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObrador-Cursach2018" class="citation book cs1">Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tesisenred.net/bitstream/handle/10803/650834/BOC_PhD_THESIS.pdf"><i>Lexicon of the Phrygian Inscriptions</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Barcelona – Faculty of Philology – Department of Classical, Romance and Semitic Philology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexicon+of+the+Phrygian+Inscriptions&rft.pub=University+of+Barcelona+%E2%80%93+Faculty+of+Philology+%E2%80%93+Department+of+Classical%2C+Romance+and+Semitic+Philology&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Obrador-Cursach&rft.aufirst=Bartomeu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tesisenred.net%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10803%2F650834%2FBOC_PhD_THESIS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotticelliDahl2022" class="citation book cs1">Cotticelli, Paola; Dahl, Eystein (2022). "Split alignment, mixed alignment, and the spread of accusative morphosyntax in some archaic Indo-European languages". In Dahl, Eystein (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CTWAEAAAQBAJ"><i>Alignment and Alignment Change in the Indo-European Family</i></a>. Oxford Studies in Diachronic and Historical Linguistics. Vol. 50. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192599773" title="Special:BookSources/9780192599773"><bdi>9780192599773</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Split+alignment%2C+mixed+alignment%2C+and+the+spread+of+accusative+morphosyntax+in+some+archaic+Indo-European+languages&rft.btitle=Alignment+and+Alignment+Change+in+the+Indo-European+Family&rft.series=Oxford+Studies+in+Diachronic+and+Historical+Linguistics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780192599773&rft.aulast=Cotticelli&rft.aufirst=Paola&rft.au=Dahl%2C+Eystein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCTWAEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolst2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holst, Jan Henrik (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Oq_iNaPSwBMC"><i>Armenische Studien</i></a> (in German). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447061179" title="Special:BookSources/9783447061179"><bdi>9783447061179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenische+Studien&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9783447061179&rft.aulast=Holst&rft.aufirst=Jan+Henrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOq_iNaPSwBMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyllestedJoseph2022" class="citation book cs1">Hyllested, Adam; Joseph, Brian D. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xzKAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA223">"Albanian"</a>. In Olander, Thomas (ed.). <i>The Indo-European Language Family : A Phylogenetic Perspective</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 223–245. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108758666.013">10.1017/9781108758666.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108758666" title="Special:BookSources/9781108758666"><bdi>9781108758666</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161016819">161016819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albanian&rft.btitle=The+Indo-European+Language+Family+%3A+A+Phylogenetic+Perspective&rft.pages=223-245&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161016819%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108758666.013&rft.isbn=9781108758666&rft.aulast=Hyllested&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Joseph%2C+Brian+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxzKAEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObrador-Cursach2020" class="citation journal cs1">Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu (9 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fjlr-2019-173-407">"On the place of Phrygian among the Indo-European languages"</a>. <i>Journal of Language Relationship</i>. <b>17</b> (3–4): 233–245. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fjlr-2019-173-407">10.31826/jlr-2019-173-407</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:215769896">215769896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+Relationship&rft.atitle=On+the+place+of+Phrygian+among+the+Indo-European+languages&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=233-245&rft.date=2020-04-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2Fjlr-2019-173-407&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A215769896%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Obrador-Cursach&rft.aufirst=Bartomeu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.31826%252Fjlr-2019-173-407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObrador-Cursach2022" class="citation book cs1">Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PghZEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Phrygian Language</i></a>. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1 The Near and Middle East. Vol. 139. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004419995" title="Special:BookSources/9789004419995"><bdi>9789004419995</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phrygian+Language&rft.series=Handbook+of+Oriental+Studies.+Section+1+The+Near+and+Middle+East&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9789004419995&rft.aulast=Obrador-Cursach&rft.aufirst=Bartomeu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPghZEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlander2022" class="citation book cs1">Olander, Thomas, ed. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xzKAEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49979-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49979-8"><bdi>978-1-108-49979-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-European+Language+Family%3A+A+Phylogenetic+Perspective&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-108-49979-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxzKAEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOreshko2020" class="citation journal cs1">Oreshko, Rostislav (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-03880045/file/Oreshko%20The%20onager%20kings%20of%20Anatolia%20-%20final.pdf">"The onager kings of Anatolia: Hartapus, Gordis, Muška and the steppe strand in early Phrygian culture"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Kadmos</i>. <b>59</b> (1/2). De Gruyter: 77–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fkadmos-2020-0005">10.1515/kadmos-2020-0005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235451836">235451836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kadmos&rft.atitle=The+onager+kings+of+Anatolia%3A+Hartapus%2C+Gordis%2C+Mu%C5%A1ka+and+the+steppe+strand+in+early+Phrygian+culture&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=77-128&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fkadmos-2020-0005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235451836%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Oreshko&rft.aufirst=Rostislav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.sorbonne-universite.fr%2Fhal-03880045%2Ffile%2FOreshko%2520The%2520onager%2520kings%2520of%2520Anatolia%2520-%2520final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowa2020" class="citation journal cs1">Sowa, Wojciech (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.36707%2Fpalaeohispanica.v0i20.377">"Thracian <i>Tracio</i>"</a>. <i>Palaeohispanica</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.36707%2Fpalaeohispanica.v0i20.377">10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.377</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1578-5386">1578-5386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeohispanica&rft.atitle=Thracian+Tracio&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.36707%2Fpalaeohispanica.v0i20.377&rft.issn=1578-5386&rft.aulast=Sowa&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.36707%252Fpalaeohispanica.v0i20.377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodhouse2009" class="citation journal cs1">Woodhouse, Robert (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ejournals.eu/Studia-Linguistica/2009/2009/art/5400/">"An overview of research on Phrygian from the nineteenth century to the present day"</a>. <i>Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis</i>. <b>126</b> (1): 167–188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fv10148-010-0013-x">10.2478/v10148-010-0013-x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2083-4624">2083-4624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Linguistica+Universitatis+Iagellonicae+Cracoviensis&rft.atitle=An+overview+of+research+on+Phrygian+from+the+nineteenth+century+to+the+present+day&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=167-188&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fv10148-010-0013-x&rft.issn=2083-4624&rft.aulast=Woodhouse&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejournals.eu%2FStudia-Linguistica%2F2009%2F2009%2Fart%2F5400%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnfosso2021" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anfosso, Milena (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_2108-1433_2021_sup_22_1_5031">"Le phrygien: une langue balkanique perdue en Anatolie"</a> [Phrygian: a Balkan Language Lost in Anatolia]. <i>Dialogues d'histoire ancienne: Supplément</i>. L'Anatolie de l'époque archaïque à Byzance (in French). <b>22</b> (22): 37–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fdha.hs22.0037">10.3917/dha.hs22.0037</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235541849">235541849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogues+d%27histoire+ancienne%3A+Suppl%C3%A9ment&rft.atitle=Le+phrygien%3A+une+langue+balkanique+perdue+en+Anatolie&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=37-66&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fdha.hs22.0037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235541849%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Anfosso&rft.aufirst=Milena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fdha_2108-1433_2021_sup_22_1_5031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Avram, Alexandru. "Chapter 15 – PHRYGIAN PERSONAL NAMES IN PHRYGIAN INSCRIPTIONS". In Baştürk, Mahmut Bilge; Hargrave, James (eds.). <i>Phrygia in Antiquity: From the Bronze Age to the Byzantine Period</i>: Proceedings of an International Conference "The Phrygian Lands over Time: From Prehistory to the Middle of the 1st Millennium AD", Held at Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, 2–8 November 2015. Edited by GOCHA R. TSETSKHLADZE. <a href="/wiki/Peeters_(publishing_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peeters (publishing company)">Peeters Publishers</a>, 2019. 24: pp. 305–50. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1q26v1n.21">10.2307/j.ctv1q26v1n.21</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrixhe1993" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brixhe, Claude (1993). "Du paléo- au néo-phrygien". <i>Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres</i> (in French). <b>137</b> (2): 323–344. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fcrai.1993.15216">10.3406/crai.1993.15216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+rendus+des+s%C3%A9ances+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+Inscriptions+et+Belles-Lettres&rft.atitle=Du+pal%C3%A9o-+au+n%C3%A9o-phrygien&rft.volume=137&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=323-344&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fcrai.1993.15216&rft.aulast=Brixhe&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamberterie2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lamberterie, Charles de (2013). "Grec, phrygien, arménien: des anciens aux modernes". <i>Journal des savants</i> (in French). <b>1</b> (1): 3–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fjds.2013.6300">10.3406/jds.2013.6300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+des+savants&rft.atitle=Grec%2C+phrygien%2C+arm%C3%A9nien%3A+des+anciens+aux+modernes&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-69&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fjds.2013.6300&rft.aulast=Lamberterie&rft.aufirst=Charles+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLejeune1969" class="citation journal cs1">Lejeune, Michel (1969). "Notes paléo-phrygiennes". <i>Revue des Études Anciennes</i>. <b>71</b> (3–4): 287–300. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frea.1969.3842">10.3406/rea.1969.3842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+%C3%89tudes+Anciennes&rft.atitle=Notes+pal%C3%A9o-phrygiennes&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=287-300&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frea.1969.3842&rft.aulast=Lejeune&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLigorioLubotsky2018" class="citation book cs1">Ligorio, Orsat; Lubotsky, Alexander (2018). "Phrygian". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.). <i>Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics</i>. Vol. 3. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 1816–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phrygian&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+and+Historical+Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=1816-31&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Ligorio&rft.aufirst=Orsat&rft.au=Lubotsky%2C+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu (2020). <i>The Phrygian Language</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-41998-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-41998-8"><bdi>978-90-04-41998-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phrygian+Language&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-90-04-41998-8&rft.aulast=Obrador-Cursach&rft.aufirst=Bartomeu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/phrygian/phryg.htm">Corpus of Phrygian Inscriptions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814123554/http://www.indo-european.nl/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=leiden&morpho=0&basename=%5Cdata%5Cie%5Cphrygian&first=1">Lubotsky's Phrygian Etymological Database (Incomplete)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-458397/Phrygian-language">Encyclopædia Britannica – Phrygian Language</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguisticbibliography.com/blonlinesearch1xy.php?S1=Object+language&S2=Phrygian&S40=on&S41=on&S42=on&S50=All+years&S60=&S61=&S62=">Linguistic Bibliography Online</a><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palaeolexicon.com/">Palaeolexicon – Dictionary, History and Translations of the Phrygian Language</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/44668910/Midas-and-the-Phrygians">Midas and the Mushki, by Miltiades E. Bolaris (2010)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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