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href="#Finnish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Finnish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finnish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Japanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hebrew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebrew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Hebrew</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hebrew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongolian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongolian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Mongolian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongolian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sumerian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sumerian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sumerian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sumerian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Turkish</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Turkish-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Turkish subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Turkish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Desire_mood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desire_mood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Desire mood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desire_mood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wish-conditional_mood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wish-conditional_mood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Wish-conditional mood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wish-conditional_mood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Optative mood</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optativ" title="Optativ – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Optativ" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optativ" title="Optativ – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Optativ" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optativ" title="Optativ – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Optativ" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87_%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="وجه تمنایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وجه تمنایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optatif" title="Optatif – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Optatif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B8%D5%B2%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Ըղձական եղանակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ըղձական եղանակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="इच्छावाचक वाक्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इच्छावाचक वाक्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optativ" title="Optativ – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Optativ" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optativo" title="Optativo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Optativo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_optatif" title="Modus optatif – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Modus optatif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93skh%C3%A1ttur" title="Óskháttur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Óskháttur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottativo" title="Ottativo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ottativo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99" title="מודוס אופטטיבי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מודוס אופטטיבי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optativus" title="Optativus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Optativus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optatyvas" title="Optatyvas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Optatyvas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filaza_mirary" title="Filaza mirary – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Filaza mirary" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optatief" title="Optatief – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Optatief" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%B1%82%E6%B3%95" title="希求法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="希求法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optativ" title="Optativ – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Optativ" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optativus" title="Optativus – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Optativus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Желательное наклонение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Желательное наклонение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ABnyra_d%C3%ABshirore" title="Mënyra dëshirore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mënyra dëshirore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optatiivi" title="Optatiivi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Optatiivi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optativ" title="Optativ – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Optativ" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilek_kipi" title="Dilek kipi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dilek kipi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Optative&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Optative">Optative</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Grammatical mood</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>optative mood</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">OP</span>-tə-tiv</i></a> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">op-<span style="font-size:90%">TAY</span>-tiv</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_glossing_abbreviations" title="List of glossing abbreviations">abbreviated</a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><b>OPT</b></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">grammatical mood</a> that indicates a wish or hope regarding a given <a href="/wiki/Action_(philosophy)" title="Action (philosophy)">action</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Subset" title="Subset">superset</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cohortative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cohortative mood">cohortative mood</a> and is closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive mood</a> but is distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Desiderative_mood" title="Desiderative mood">desiderative mood</a>. English has no morphological optative, but various constructions impute an optative meaning. Examples of languages with a morphological optative mood are <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Prussian Language">Old Prussian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yup'ik language">Yup'ik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English">English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optative_mood&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although English has no morphological optative, analogous constructions impute an optative meaning, including the use of certain <a href="/wiki/Modal_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Modal verbs">modal verbs</a>: </p> <ul><li><i><b>May</b> you have a long life!</i></li> <li><i><b>Would that</b> I were younger.</i></li></ul> <p>Periphrastic constructions include <i>if only</i> together with a subjunctive complement: </p> <ul><li><i><b>If only</b> I were rich!</i></li> <li><i>I would sing <b>if only</b> I weren't tone deaf.</i></li></ul> <p>The optative mood can also be expressed <a href="/wiki/Ellipsis_(linguistics)" title="Ellipsis (linguistics)">elliptically</a>: </p> <ul><li><i>(<b>May</b>) God save the Queen!</i></li> <li><i>(<b>May</b> you) Have a nice day.</i></li> <li><i>(<b>May</b>) God bless America.</i></li></ul> <p>The cohortative verb phrases <b>let's</b> (or <b>let us</b>) represent a syntactical mood as a subset of the optative mood: </p> <ul><li><i><b>Let's</b> try it.</i></li> <li><i><b>Let</b> us pray.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indo-European_languages">Indo-European languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optative_mood&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Indo-European languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optative_mood&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Proto-Indo-European"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The optative is one of the four original moods of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> (the other three being the <a href="/wiki/Realis_mood#Indicative" title="Realis mood">indicative mood</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive mood</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative mood</a>). However, many Indo-European languages lost the inherited optative, either as a formal category, or functional, i.e. merged it with the subjunctive, or even replaced the subjunctive with optative. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albanian">Albanian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optative_mood&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Albanian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, the optative (<span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">mënyra dëshirore</i></span>, lit. "wishing mood") expresses wishes, and is also used in curses and swearing. </p> <ul><li>Wish: <span title="Albanian-language text"><span lang="sq" style="font-style: normal;">U bëfsh 100 vjeç!</span></span> (May you reach/live 100 years)</li> <li>Curse: <span title="Albanian-language text"><span lang="sq" style="font-style: normal;">Të marrtë djalli!</span></span> (May the devil take you)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greek">Ancient Greek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optative_mood&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ancient Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Optative_(Ancient_Greek)" title="Optative (Ancient Greek)">Optative (Ancient Greek)</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, the optative is used to express wishes and <a href="/wiki/Irrealis_mood#Potential" title="Irrealis mood">potentiality</a> in <a href="/wiki/Independent_clause" title="Independent clause">independent clauses</a> (but also has other functions, such as contrary-to-fact expressions in the present<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). In <a href="/wiki/Dependent_clause" title="Dependent clause">dependent clauses</a> (<a href="/wiki/Final_clause" title="Final clause">purpose</a>, temporal, <a href="/wiki/Conditional_sentence" title="Conditional sentence">conditional</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indirect_speech" title="Indirect speech">indirect speech</a>), the optative is often used under <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past-tense</a> main verbs. The optative expressing a wish is on its own or preceded by the particle εἴθε (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">eithe</i></span>). The optative expressing potentiality is always accompanied by the untranslatable particle ἄν in an independent clause and is on its own in a dependent clause. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">Εἴθε</p><p lang="grc-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>Eíthe</i></span></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">βάλλοις</p><p lang="grc-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>bállois</i></span></p></div><p style="display: none;">Εἴθε βάλλοις</p><p style="display: none;"><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>Eíthe</i></span> <span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>bállois</i></span></p><p style="clear: left;">"If only you would throw."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">Χαίροιμι</p><p lang="grc-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>Khaíroimi</i></span></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">ἄν,</p><p lang="grc-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>án</i></span>,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">εἰ</p><p lang="grc-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>ei</i></span></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">πορεύοισθε</p><p lang="grc-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>poreúoisthe</i></span></p></div><p style="display: none;">Χαίροιμι ἄν, εἰ πορεύοισθε</p><p style="display: none;"><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>Khaíroimi</i></span> <span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>án</i></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>ei</i></span> <span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>poreúoisthe</i></span></p><p style="clear: left;">"I would be glad, if you could travel."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, the optative began to be replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive</a>; in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, it was primarily used in set phrases. </p><p>Its endings are characterized by a diphthong such as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">οι</span></span> (<i>oi</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Thematic_vowel" title="Thematic vowel">thematic</a> verbs and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ι</span></span> in athematic verbs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanic_languages">Germanic languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optative_mood&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Germanic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> verb forms often known as <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctives</a> are actually descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> optative. The <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> present subjunctive <i>nimai</i> "may he take!" may be compared to Ancient Greek present optative <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">φέροι</span></span> "may he bear!"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That the old <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> optative is represented by the <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjunctive">subjunctive</a> is clear in Gothic, which lost the old, "true" Indo-European subjunctive that represented a fixed desire and intent. Its function was adopted by the present form of the optative that reflected only possibilities, unreal things and general wishes at first. </p><p>A Germanic innovation of form and functionality was the past tense of the optative, which reflected the <a href="/wiki/Irrealis" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrealis">irrealis</a> of past and future. This is shown by evidence in the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>. This use of the (new) optative past tense as an irrealis mood started apparently after the Proto-Germanic past tense that had been once the <a href="/wiki/Perfect_tense" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfect tense">perfect tense</a> supplanted the Indo-German <a href="/wiki/Aorist" title="Aorist">aorist</a> (compare Euler 2009:184). </p><p>A somewhat archaic <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> saying, 'Leve de Koning' ("long live the king") is another example of how the optative still is present in Germanic languages today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin">Latin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optative_mood&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Latin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Likewise in Latin, the newer subjunctive is based on the Indo-European optative. With this change in Latin, several old subjunctive forms became future forms. Accordingly, the prohibitive (negative desire and prohibition) was formed with the combination of *ne + verb form in the optative present. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanian">Romanian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optative_mood&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Romanian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">conditional</a> and optative moods have identical forms, thus being commonly referred to as the conditional-optative mood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optative_mood&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sanskrit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, the optative is formed by adding the secondary endings to the verb stem. It sometimes expresses wishes, requests and commands: <i>bhares</i> "may you bear" (<a href="/wiki/Active_voice" title="Active voice">active voice</a>) and <i>bharethās</i> "may you bear [for yourself]" (<a href="/wiki/Voice_(grammar)#Middle" title="Voice (grammar)">middle</a>). It also expresses possibilities (e.g. <i>kadācid goṣabdena budhyeta</i> "he might perhaps wake up due to the bellowing of cows")<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or doubt and uncertainty (e.g., <i>katham vidyām Nalam</i> "how would I be able to recognize Nala?"). The optative is sometimes used instead of a <a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">conditional mood</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basque">Basque</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optative_mood&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Basque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Zuberoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuberoa">Zuberoan</a> dialect has a special mood, called <i>Botiboa</i> (Votive), and unknown to the other dialects, used for making wishes. The auxiliary verb, whose characteristic is the prefix <i>ai-</i>, always precedes the main verb and, in negative wishes, also the negative adverb <i>ez</i> (meaning <i>no, not</i>): </p> <ul><li><i>Ailü ikusi!</i> ('If she/he had only seen it/him/her!').</li> <li><i>Ailü ez ikusi!</i> ('If he/she hadn't only seen her/him/it!').</li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Standard Basque</a>, like in all the other dialects, such wishes are made with the particle <i>ahal</i>, and the future indicative tense: </p> <ul><li><i>Arazoa ikusiko ahal du!</i> ('I wish he/she saw the problem').</li> <li><i>Ez ahal du ikusiko!</i> ('I hope she/he will not see her/him/it'): in negative wishes, the particle <i>ahal</i> goes between the negative adverb <i>ez</i> and the verbal auxiliary.</li></ul> <p>All the dialects have verbal forms in the imperative mood (<i>Agintera</i>), even for commands concerning the 3rd person, both singular and plural: </p> <ul><li><i>Liburua ikus beza!</i> ('May he/she see the book!').</li> <li><i>Liburuak ikus bitzate!</i> ('May they see the books!').</li></ul> <p>For commands concerning the 1st person, present subjunctive forms are used: </p> <ul><li><i>Liburua ikus dezadan!</i> ('Let me see the book! —it is not asking any listener for permission to see that book, but a personal wish').</li> <li><i>Liburuak ikus ditzagun!</i> ('Let's see the books!').</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finnish">Finnish</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optative_mood&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Finnish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, the optative or the second <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a>, is archaic, mainly appearing in <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>, and used in <a href="/wiki/Suppletion" title="Suppletion">suppletion</a> with the first imperative. It is formed using the <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a> -<i>ko-</i> and -<i>kö-</i>, depending on <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>, whereas the first imperative uses the suffixes -<i>ka-</i> and -<i>kä-</i>, both cases subjected to <a href="/wiki/Consonant_gradation" title="Consonant gradation">consonant gradation</a>; for instance, <i>kävellös</i> (thou shalt walk) is the active voice second person singular in present optative of the verb <i>kävellä</i> (to walk), and <i>ällös kävele</i> is the negative (don’t walk). (The corresponding first imperative forms are <i>kävele</i> and <i>älä kävele</i>.)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Altogether there can be constructed 28 verb inflections in the optative, complete with active and passive voice, present and perfect, three person forms both in singular and plural and a formal plural form. Most, if not all, of these forms are, however, utterly rare and are not familiar to non-professionals. Only some expressions have remained in day-to-day speech; for instance, one can be heard to say <i>ollos hyvä</i> instead of <i>ole hyvä</i> ("you're welcome" or "here you go"). This form carries an exaggerated, jocular connotation. </p><p>Optative formality can be expressed with the 1st and the 2nd imperative. For example, the ninth Article of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> begins with <i>Älköön ketään pidätettäkö mielivaltaisesti</i>, "<b>Not</b> anyone <b>shall be arrested</b> arbitrarily", where <i>älköön pidätettäkö</i> "shall not be arrested" is the imperative of <i>ei pidätetä</i> "is not arrested". (Also, using the conditional mood <i>-isi-</i> in conjunction with the clitic <i>-pa</i> yields an optative meaning, e.g. <i>olisinpa</i> "if I only were". Here, it is evident that the wish is not, and probably will not be, fulfilled.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japanese">Japanese</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optative_mood&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Japanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Japanese optative is formed by using a conditional such as <i>ba</i> (-ば) or <i>tara</i> (-たら). For example, "I wish there were more time" is expressed literally as "If there were time, it would be good." (時間があれば良いのに <i>Jikan ga areba ii noni.</i>), where <i>aru</i>, the verb expressing existence, is in the <i>ba</i> conditional form <i>areba</i>. <i>Ii</i> is the present (or non-past) tense of "good," but if expressed in the past tense <i>yokatta</i> よかった, the sentence expresses regret instead of a wish or hope. The above example would become "If there had been time, it would have been good" 時間があればよかったのに, as might be said of an opportunity missed because of a lack of time. </p><p>The optative mood can also be expressed by suffixing 様に <i>yō ni</i> to the verb, typically the polite form. For instance, "may you have a pleasant trip" 楽しい旅になります様に. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hebrew">Hebrew</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optative_mood&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hebrew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Biblical Hebrew does not have a dedicated optative mood like Ancient Greek or Sanskrit, it frequently expresses optative-like constructions through rhetorical questions, especially those beginning with the interrogative pronoun מי (<i>mi</i>, meaning "who"). These are often used to convey longing or wishful thinking, particularly in poetic and prophetic contexts. </p><p>An example of optative-like construct in Hebrew is מי יתן (<i>mi yiten</i>), literally "Who will give?" This phrase is used to express a deep, often unattainable desire in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org.il/Job.6.8?lang=bi">Job 6:8</a>: </p> <ul><li>מי יתן תבוא שאלתי (<i>mi yiten tavo she'elati</i>) "Oh, that my request might come to pass."</li></ul> <p>This conveys the speaker's longing for something beyond their control, functioning similarly to the optative mood in other languages. </p><p>Another example is in the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Talmud</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org.il/Avodah%20Zarah.10b.7?lang=bi">Avodah Zarah 10b</a>): מי ישים (<i>mi yasim</i>), meaning "Who will place?" This phrase appears in contexts of rhetorical longing: </p> <ul><li>מי ישימני מצע תחתיך לעולם הבא (<i>mi yasimeni matz'a tachat'cha le'olam haba</i>) "Who will place me as a mat under you in the World to Come?"</li></ul> <p>These expressions convey humility and the hope for something only a higher power could grant, akin to the optative mood in expressing desires or hypotheticals. </p><p>These rhetorical questions in Hebrew serve a similar function to the optative mood, providing a way to express wishes, hopes, or desires that cannot be directly commanded or expected.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mongolian">Mongolian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optative_mood&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mongolian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mongolian optative or "wishing form" (Хүсэх Хэлбэр) is used largely to "tell another person about a wish not connected to the listener".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colloquially, however, it can also be used for a wishful second person imperative. It is formed by joining the suffix -аасай/-ээсэй/-оосой to the root stem of the verb. e.g. Үзэх= to see. үз—ээсэй. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mn" style="margin: 0px;">Миний</p><p lang="mn-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Minii</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mn" style="margin: 0px;">дүнг</p><p lang="mn-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">düng</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mn" style="margin: 0px;">ээж</p><p lang="mn-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">eej</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mn" style="margin: 0px;">үзээсэй</p><p lang="mn-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">üzeesei.</p></div><p style="display: none;">Миний дүнг ээж үзээсэй</p><p style="display: none;">Minii düng eej üzeesei.</p><p style="clear: left;">"If only mum could see my results."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>It can also be used to form wishes in the past tense. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mn" style="margin: 0px;">Чи</p><p lang="mn-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Chi</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mn" style="margin: 0px;">ирсэн</p><p lang="mn-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">irsen</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mn" style="margin: 0px;">баиж</p><p lang="mn-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">baij</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mn" style="margin: 0px;">ч</p><p lang="mn-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ch</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mn" style="margin: 0px;">болоосой</p><p lang="mn-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">boloosoi.</p></div><p style="display: none;">Чи ирсэн баиж ч болоосой</p><p style="display: none;">Chi irsen baij ch boloosoi.</p><p style="clear: left;">"If only you had come."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sumerian">Sumerian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optative_mood&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sumerian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>, the optative of the 1st person is formed differently from the other persons: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#C0F0F0"> <th>Person </th> <th>Designation </th> <th>Example (Sumerian) </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>1.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cohortative" class="mw-redirect" title="Cohortative">Cohortative</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hortative" title="Hortative">hortative</a></td> <td><i><b>ga</b>-na-b-dug</i></td> <td>I want to say it to him/her </td></tr> <tr> <td>2./3.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Precative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Precative mood">Precative</a></td> <td><i><b>ḫe</b>-mu-ù-zu</i></td> <td>You should experience it </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Thereby, take note that the "normal" indicator of the 1st person in the <a href="/wiki/Cohortative" class="mw-redirect" title="Cohortative">cohortative</a> (would be a <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> <i>-en</i>) is mostly omitted, as with the cohortative <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a>, the 1st person is already expressed. In the case of the precative, the personal indicator has to be used to differentiate between the 2nd and 3rd person. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turkish">Turkish</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optative_mood&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Turkish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The optative in Turkish is part of the <i>wish mood</i> (<i>dilek kipi</i>) which reflects the command, desire, necessity, or wish. It has several semantic nuances. For instance, the word for "to come" (infinitive: <i><b>gel</b>mek</i>) is modified in the optative to <i><b>gel</b>eyim</i>. This creates also a one-word sentence and means according to the <a href="/wiki/Context_(language_use)" class="mw-redirect" title="Context (language use)">context</a> </p> <ul><li><i>I may come.</i></li> <li><i>I come (sometime).</i></li> <li><i>I want to come (sometime).</i></li> <li><i>I should (sometime) come.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Desire_mood">Desire mood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optative_mood&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Desire mood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Takes the <b>-a</b> or <b>-e</b> suffix. </p> <dl><dd><i>geleyim, kalasınız</i> <dl><dd>may [I] come, may [you] stay</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wish-conditional_mood">Wish-conditional mood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optative_mood&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Wish-conditional mood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It takes the <b>-sa</b> or <b>-se</b> suffix. The following example reflect a wish: </p> <dl><dd><i>gelse, kalsanız</i> <dl><dd>if [he/she/it] would come, if [you] would stay</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optative_mood&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_mood" title="Permissive mood">Permissive mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hortative" title="Hortative">Hortative</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optative_mood&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary (1972 ed.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/optative">"OPTATIVE - Definition and synonyms of optative in the English dictionary"</a>. <i>educalingo.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=educalingo.com&rft.atitle=OPTATIVE+-+Definition+and+synonyms+of+optative+in+the+English+dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducalingo.com%2Fen%2Fdic-en%2Foptative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOptative+mood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cunliffe, A lexicon of the Homeric dialect, expanded edition, p. 438</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wright_(linguist)" title="Joseph Wright (linguist)">Joseph Wright</a>. <i>Grammar of the Gothic language</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PjlcAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA137">page 137</a>, paragraph 288: derivation of present subjunctive.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gonda, J., 1966. A concise elementary grammar of the Sanskrit language with exercises, reading selections, and a glossary. Leiden, E.J. Brill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenttilä,_Aarni1963" class="citation book cs1">Penttilä, Aarni (1963). <i>Suomen kielioppi</i>. Helsinki: WSOY. pp. 234–236.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suomen+kielioppi&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pages=234-236&rft.pub=WSOY&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Penttil%C3%A4%2C+Aarni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOptative+mood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrand" class="citation web cs1">Brand, Ezra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ezrabrand.com/p/symbolic-dialogues-and-strategic">"Symbolic Dialogues and Strategic Counsel: Six Stories of Antoninus and R' Yehuda HaNasi (Avodah Zarah 10-b)"</a>. <i>Ezra Brand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ezra+Brand&rft.atitle=Symbolic+Dialogues+and+Strategic+Counsel%3A+Six+Stories+of+Antoninus+and+R%27+Yehuda+HaNasi+%28Avodah+Zarah+10-b%29&rft.aulast=Brand&rft.aufirst=Ezra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ezrabrand.com%2Fp%2Fsymbolic-dialogues-and-strategic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOptative+mood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Textbook of The Mongolian language, 2002:142, Ulaanbaatar, National University of Mongolia.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Grammatical_moods" title="Template:Grammatical moods"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grammatical_moods" title="Template talk:Grammatical moods"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical_moods" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical moods"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Linguistic_modalities_and_grammatical_moods" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_modality" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic modality">Linguistic modalities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">grammatical moods</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Realis_mood" title="Realis mood">Realis</a><br /><i>(what is)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Realis_mood#Other" title="Realis mood">Indicative/declarative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggressive_mood" title="Aggressive mood">Aggressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realis_mood#Other" title="Realis mood">Energetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidentiality" title="Evidentiality">Evidential</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sensory_evidential_mood" title="Sensory evidential mood">Sensory</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnomic_aspect" title="Gnomic aspect">Generic/gnomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirative" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirative">Mirative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Irrealis_mood" title="Irrealis mood">Irrealis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deontic_modality" title="Deontic modality">Deontic</a><br /><i>(what should be)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedictive" title="Benedictive"> Benedictive</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Commissive" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissive">Commissive</a></b> <i>(promises, threats)</i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Directive_moods" class="mw-redirect" title="Directive moods">Directive</a></b> <i>(commands, requests, requirements)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitive" title="Debitive">Debitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_mood" title="Deliberative mood">Deliberative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_modality" title="Dynamic modality">Dynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hortative" title="Hortative">Hortative (+ subtypes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">Imperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injunctive_mood" title="Injunctive mood">Injunctive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussive_mood" title="Jussive mood">Jussive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessitative_mood" title="Necessitative mood">Necessitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_mood" title="Permissive mood">Permissive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Precative mood">Precative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitive_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibitive mood">Prohibitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propositive_mood" title="Propositive mood">Propositive</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Volitive_modality" title="Volitive modality">Volitive</a></b> <i>(hopes, wishes, fears)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderative_mood" title="Desiderative mood">Desiderative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprecative_mood" title="Imprecative mood">Imprecative</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Optative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_modality" title="Epistemic modality">Epistemic</a><br /><i>(what may be)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>(inferences, possibilities, questions, etc.)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alethic_modality" title="Alethic modality">Alethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumptive_mood" title="Assumptive mood">Assumptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deductive_mood" title="Deductive mood">Deductive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubitative_mood" title="Dubitative mood">Dubitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_mood" title="Hypothetical mood">Hypothetical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferential_mood" title="Inferential mood">Inferential/renarrative/oblique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative" title="Interrogative">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Potential mood">Potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_mood" title="Speculative mood">Speculative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">Subjunctive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependent circumstances<br /><i>(what would be)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">Conditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eventive_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Eventive mood">Eventive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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