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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_to_Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 References to Albania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_to_Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_to_the_Albanians_in_medieval_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_to_the_Albanians_in_medieval_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 References to the Albanians in medieval sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_to_the_Albanians_in_medieval_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Language </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Language-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Language subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Indo-European_linguistic_substratum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Indo-European_linguistic_substratum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Pre-Indo-European linguistic substratum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Indo-European_linguistic_substratum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attestation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attestation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Attestation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attestation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toponymy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toponymy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Toponymy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toponymy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Linguistic reconstruction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pastoralism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pastoralism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Pastoralism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pastoralism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydronyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydronyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Hydronyms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydronyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegetation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 Vegetation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.4 Social organization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_contacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_contacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Linguistic contacts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_contacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overall_patterns_in_loaning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overall_patterns_in_loaning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Overall patterns in loaning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overall_patterns_in_loaning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Greek </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_and_early_Romance_loans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_and_early_Romance_loans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.3 Latin and early Romance loans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_and_early_Romance_loans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.4 Slavic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unidentified_Romance_language_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unidentified_Romance_language_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.5 Unidentified Romance language hypothesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unidentified_Romance_language_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> 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албанците – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Произход на албанците" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Προέλευση των Αλβανών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Προέλευση των Αλβανών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_alb%C3%A1nok_eredete" title="Az albánok eredete – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Az albánok eredete" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prejardhja_e_shqiptar%C3%ABve" title="Prejardhja e shqiptarëve – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Prejardhja e shqiptarëve" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Арбанаси (народ) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Арбанаси (народ)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Походження албанців – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Albanian_people" title="Category:Albanian people">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="383" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:none;text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Albanians#Distribution" title="Albanians">Geographical distribution</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Native <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvanites" title="Arvanites">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Montenegro" title="Albanians in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanians in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Serbia" title="Albanians in Serbia">Serbia</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Diaspora <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Greece" title="Albanians in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Italy" title="Albanians in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Bulgaria" title="Albanians in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Egypt" title="Albanians in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Germany" title="Albanians in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Romania" title="Albanians in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_South_America" title="Albanians in South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Spain" title="Albanians in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Switzerland" title="Albanians in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Turkey" title="Albanians in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Ukraine" title="Albanians in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Albanians in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:none;text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian culture">Albanian culture</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian architecture">Architecture</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_art" title="Albanian art">Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_traditional_tattooing" title="Albanian traditional tattooing">Traditional tattooing</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Besa_(Albanian_culture)" title="Besa (Albanian culture)">Besa</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Cuisine</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Customary law</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian dance">Dance</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian dress">Dress</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_epic_poetry" title="Albanian epic poetry">Epic poetry</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2ng%C3%AB_Kreshnik%C3%ABsh" title="Kângë Kreshnikësh">Kângë Kreshnikësh</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_folklore" title="Albanian folklore">Folklore</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Gjakmarrje" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjakmarrje">Gjakmarrje</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Vajtim" class="mw-redirect" title="Vajtim">Gjamë/Vajtim</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_literature" title="Albanian literature">Literature</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian music">Music</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Oda_(Albania)" title="Oda (Albania)">Oda</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Paganism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Albania" title="National symbols of Albania">Symbols</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Albania" title="Traditions of Albania">Traditions</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_tribes" title="Albanian tribes">Tribes (farefisní)</a> </li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:none;text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Gheg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbanasi_dialect" title="Arbanasi dialect">Arbanasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Reka_Albanian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Reka Albanian dialect">Upper Reka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_Albanian" title="Istrian Albanian">Istrian</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvanitika_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arvanitika language">Arvanitika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanian_dialect" title="Cham Albanian dialect">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lab_Albanian_dialect" title="Lab Albanian dialect">Lab</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:none;text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Albanians#Religion" title="Albanians">Religion</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Albania" title="Christianity in Albania">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholicism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism in Albania">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian Greek-Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodoxy in Albania">Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania" title="Islam in Albania">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunnism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashism" title="Bektashism">Bektashism</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Albania">Judaism</a> </li></ul> </div> <hr /></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border-top:none; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">History of Albania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Origin of the Albanians</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Albanians" title="Template:Albanians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Albanians" title="Template talk:Albanians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Albanians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Albanians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The origin of the <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> has been the subject of historical, linguistic, archaeological and genetic studies. The first mention of the ethnonym <a href="/wiki/Albanoi" title="Albanoi">Albanoi</a> occurred in the 2nd century AD by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> describing an <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Illyrian tribe">Illyrian tribe</a> who lived around present-day central Albania.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Plasari10-2">[2]</a> The first attestation of medieval Albanians as an ethnic group is in the 11th century. Albanians have a western <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> origin. Besides the <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a>, theories regarding which specific ancient Paleo-Balkan group had participated in the origin of the Albanians vary between attributing <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacian</a>, or another Paleo-Balkan component whose language was unattested. Among those scholars who support an exclusively Illyrian origin, there is a distinction between those who propose a direct continuity from Illyrian times, and those who propose an in-migration of a different Illyrian population. However, these propositions are not mutually exclusive. The Albanians are also one of Europe's ethnic groups with the highest number of common ancestors within their own ethnic group even though they share ancestors with other ethnic groups.<a href="#cite_note-cruciani2007-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> language<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and the only surviving representative of <a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">its own branch</a>, which belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan group</a>, having its formative core in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a> in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2022[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidjWB2EAAAQBAJpgPT257_189–231]-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazaridisAlpaslan-Roodenberg2022-6">[6]</a> Early <a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a> speakers came into contact with <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric Greek</a> (West Greek) since the 7th century BCE, and with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Ancient Macedonian</a> during the 5th–4th centuries BCE. Thereafter they also had contacts with <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>. Proto-Albanian speakers came into contact with <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman</a> conquest of the Western Balkans in the 2nd century BCE, but the major Latin influence in Proto-Albanian occurred during the first years of the common era onwards, when the Western Balkans were eventually incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Bellum_Batonianum" title="Bellum Batonianum">Great Illyrian Revolt</a> (6–9 CE). Latin loanwords were borrowed through the entire period of spoken Latin in the Western Balkans, reflecting different chronological layers and penetrating into almost all semantic fields. Proto-Albanian speakers were <a href="/wiki/Christianized" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianized">Christianized</a> under the Latin sphere of influence, specifically in the 4th century CE. All aspects of <a href="/wiki/Albanian_tribes" title="Albanian tribes">Albanian tribal society</a> have been directed by the <a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian traditional law code</a>, which is of interest to <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a> as it reflects many legal practices of great antiquity that find precise echoes in <a href="/wiki/Vedic_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic India">Vedic India</a> and ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortson2010448-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELafe202181-8">[8]</a> The surviving pre-Christian elements of Albanian culture indicate that <a href="/wiki/Albanian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian mythology">Albanian mythology and folklore</a> are of <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkanic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Balkanic religion">Paleo-Balkanic</a> origin.<a href="#cite_note-bonefoy2-9">[9]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Endonyms">Endonyms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Endonyms">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Albanians_and_Albania" title="Names of the Albanians and Albania">Names of the Albanians and Albania</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Albanoi" title="Albanoi">Albanoi</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arbënesh">Arbënesh</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Arbënesh">edit</a>]</div> The two ethnonyms used by Albanians to refer to themselves are Arbënesh(ë)/Arbëresh(ë) and <a href="/wiki/Shqiptar" title="Shqiptar">Shqiptar(ë)</a>. Arbënesh is the original Albanian endonym and forms that basis for most names of Albanians in foreign languages and the name of Albania as a country. Greek Arvanitai, Alvanitai and Alvanoi, Turkish <a href="/wiki/Arnaut" title="Arnaut">Arnaut</a>, Serbo-Croatian Arbanasi and others derive from this term.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj202033-10">[10]</a> The ethnic name Albanian was used by Latin and Byzantine sources in the forms arb- and alb- since at least the 2nd century A.D,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusakov2017555-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[a]</a> and eventually in <a href="/wiki/Old_Albanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Albanian">Old Albanian</a> texts as an <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a>. The ancient attestation of the ethnic designation is not considered strong evidence of an Albanian continuity in southern Illyria, since there are many examples in history of an ethnic name shifting from one ethnos to another.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusakov2017555-11">[11]</a> Nevertheless, the ancient ethnonym gave rise to the Albanian old <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a>, early generalized to all the tribes of <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a> who spoke <a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">the same idiom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj202033-10">[10]</a> The process was similar to the spread of the name <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a> from a small group of people on the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a> coast, the <a href="/wiki/Illyrii_proprie_dicti" title="Illyrii proprie dicti">Illyrioi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2009120-13">[12]</a> Albanians gradually replaced their old endonym by the term Shqiptar, a change most likely trigged after the Ottoman conquests of the Balkans in the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusakov2017154f-14">[13]</a> The words Shqipëri and Shqiptar are attested from 14th century onward,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatasović201939-15">[14]</a> but it was only at the end of 17th and beginning of the early 18th centuries that the placename Shqipëria and the ethnic demonym Shqiptarë gradually replaced Arbëria and Arbëreshë amongst <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> speakers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloshi1999277-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatasović201939-15">[14]</a> The usage of the old endonym Arbënesh/Arbëresh, however, persisted and was retained by Albanian communities which had migrated from <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> and adjacent areas centuries before the change of the self-designation, namely the <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Arbëreshë</a> of Italy, the <a href="/wiki/Arvanites" title="Arvanites">Arvanites</a> of Greece as well as the <a href="/wiki/Arbanasi_people" title="Arbanasi people">Arbanasi</a> in Croatia.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> As such, the medieval migrants to Greece and later migrants to Italy during the 15th-century are not aware of the term Shqiptar.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References_to_Albania">References to Albania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References to Albania">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Albanians_and_Albania" title="Names of the Albanians and Albania">Names of the Albanians and Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albania_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania (name)">Albania (name)</a></div> <ul><li>In the 2nd century BC, the History of the World written by <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>, mentions a location named Arbona (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Ἄρβωνα; Latinised form: Arbo)<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> in which some Illyrian troops, under Queen <a href="/wiki/Teuta" title="Teuta">Teuta</a>, scattered and fled to in order to escape the Romans. Arbona was perhaps an island in <a href="/wiki/Liburnia" title="Liburnia">Liburnia</a> or another location within <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a></li> <li>The names <a href="/wiki/Albanoi" title="Albanoi">Albanoi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanopolis" title="Albanopolis">Albanopolis</a> have been attested in ancient funeral inscriptions in present-day <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>. The toponym Albanopolis has been found on a funeral inscription in <a href="/wiki/Gorno_Sonje" title="Gorno Sonje">Gorno Sonje</a>, near the city of <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> (ancient <a href="/wiki/Scupi" title="Scupi">Scupi</a>), present-day <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>. It was excavated in 1931 by Nikola Vulić and its text was curated and published in 1982 by Borka Dragojević-Josifovska. The inscription in Latin reads "POSIS MESTYLU F[ILIUS] FL[AVIA] DELVS MVCATI F[ILIA] DOM[O] ALBANOP[OLI] IPSA DELVS" ("Posis Mestylu, son of Flavia Delus, daughter of Mucat, who comes from Albanopolis"). It dates to the end of the 1st century AD and the beginning of the 2nd century AD.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></li> <li>In the 2nd century AD, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>, the geographer and astronomer from <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, drafted a map that shows the city of <a href="/wiki/Albanopolis" title="Albanopolis">Albanopolis</a>, located Northeast of <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman province of Macedonia">Roman province of Macedonia</a> and the tribe of Albanoi,<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> which were viewed as <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a> by later historians.<a href="#cite_note-Ramat-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vasiliev1958-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a></li> <li>The ethnonym Albanos was found on a funeral inscription from ancient <a href="/wiki/Stobi" title="Stobi">Stobi</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, near Gradsko about 90 km to the southeast of <a href="/wiki/Gorno_Sonje" title="Gorno Sonje">Gorno Sonje</a>. The inscription in ancient Greek reads "ΦΛ(ΑΒΙΩ) ΑΛΒΑΝΩ ΤΩ ΤΕΚΝΩ ΑΙΜΙΛΙΑΝΟΣ ΑΛΒΑΝΟ(Σ) ΜΝΗΜ(Η)Σ [ΧΑΡΗΝ]" ("In memory of Flavios Albanos, his son Aemilianos Albanos"). It dates to the 2nd/3rd century AD.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a></li> <li>In the 6th century AD, <a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus of Byzantium</a>, in his important <a href="/wiki/Gazetteer" title="Gazetteer">geographical dictionary</a> entitled Ethnica (Ἐθνικά),<a href="#cite_note-Ethnica,_Epitome_page_111-34">[33]</a> mentions a city in Illyria called Arbon (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248666159"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Ἀρβών), and gives an ethnic name for its inhabitants, in two <a href="/wiki/Singular_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Singular number">singular number</a> forms, i.e. Arbonios (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248666159"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Ἀρβώνιος; pl. Ἀρβώνιοι Arbonioi) and Arbonites (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248666159"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Ἀρβωνίτης; pl. Ἀρβωνῖται Arbonitai). He cites <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a><a href="#cite_note-Ethnica,_Epitome_page_111-34">[33]</a> (as he does many other times in Ethnica).<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References_to_the_Albanians_in_medieval_sources">References to the Albanians in medieval sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References to the Albanians in medieval sources">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Attaleiates" title="Michael Attaleiates">Michael Attaleiates</a> (1022-1080) mentions the term Albanoi twice and the term Arbanitai once. The term Albanoi is used first to describe the groups which rebelled in southern Italy and Sicily against the Byzantines in 1038–40. The second use of the term Albanoi is related to groups which supported the revolt of <a href="/wiki/George_Maniakes" title="George Maniakes">George Maniakes</a> in 1042 and marched with him throughout the Balkans against the Byzantine capital, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. The term Arvanitai is used to describe a revolt of <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a> (Boulgaroi) and Arbanitai in the theme of <a href="/wiki/Dyrrhachium_(theme)" title="Dyrrhachium (theme)">Dyrrhachium</a> in 1078–79. It is generally accepted that Arbanitai refers to the ethnonym of medieval <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>. As such, it is considered to be the first attestation of Albanian as an ethnic group in Byzantine historiography.<a href="#cite_note-Plasari41-37">[36]</a> The use of the term Albanoi in 1038-49 and 1042 as an ethnonym related to Albanians have been a subject of debate. In what has been termed the "Ducellier-Vrannousi" debate, Alain Ducellier proposed that both uses of the term referred to medieval Albanians. Era Vrannousi counter-suggested that the first use referred to <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>, while the second did not have an ethnic connotation necessarily and could be a reference to the Normans as "foreigners" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aubain" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:aubain">aubain</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(region)" title="Epirus (region)">Epirus</a> which Maniakes and his army traversed.<a href="#cite_note-Plasari41-37">[36]</a> The debate has never been resolved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuanrud20211-38">[37]</a> A newer synthesis about the second use of the term Albanoi by Pëllumb Xhufi suggests that the term Albanoi may have referred to Albanians of the specific district of <a href="/wiki/Arbanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbanon">Arbanon</a>, while Arbanitai to Albanians in general regardless of the specific region they inhabited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlasari202043-39">[38]</a> <ul><li>The Arbanasi people are recorded as being 'half-believers' and speaking their own language in a <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian</a> text found in a Serbian manuscript dating to 1628; the text was written by an anonymous author that according to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radoslav_Gruji%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radoslav Grujić (page does not exist)">Radoslav Grujić</a> (1934) dated to the reign of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_of_Bulgaria" title="Samuel of Bulgaria">Samuel of Bulgaria</a> (997–1014), or possibly, according to R. Elsie, 1000–1018.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a></li> <li>In History written in 1079–1080, Byzantine historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Attaliates" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Attaliates">Michael Attaliates</a> referred to the Albanoi as having taken part in a revolt against <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in 1043 and to the Arbanitai as subjects of the duke of <a href="/wiki/Dyrrhachium_(theme)" title="Dyrrhachium (theme)">Dyrrhachium</a>. It is disputed, however, whether the "Albanoi" of the events of 1043 refers to Albanians in an ethnic sense or whether "Albanoi" is a reference to folks from <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">southern Italy</a> under an archaic name (there was also a tribe of Italy by the name of <a href="/wiki/Albani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Albani people">Albani</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Madgearu_p.25-41">[40]</a> However a later reference to Albanians from the same Attaliates, regarding the participation of Albanians in a rebellion in 1078, is undisputed. That rebellion was led by <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Basilakes" title="Nikephoros Basilakes">Nikephoros Basilakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">doux</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dyrrhachium_(theme)" title="Dyrrhachium (theme)">Dyrrhachium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a></li> <li>Some authors (like Alain Ducellier, 1968<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a>) believe that Arvanoi are mentioned in Book IV of the <a href="/wiki/Alexiad" title="Alexiad">Alexiad</a> by <a href="/wiki/Anna_Comnena" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Comnena">Anna Comnena</a> (c. 1148). Others believe that this is a wrong reading and interpretation of the Greek phrase ἐξ Ἀρβάνων (i.e. ‘from Arvana’) found in the original manuscript and in one edition (Bonn, 1839) of the Alexiad.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a></li> <li>The earliest Serbian source mentioning "Albania" (Ar'banas') is a charter by <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Nemanja" title="Stefan Nemanja">Stefan Nemanja</a>, dated 1198, which lists the region of Pilot (Pulatum) among the parts Nemanja conquered from Albania (ѡд Арьбанась Пилоть, "de Albania Pulatum").<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a></li> <li>In the 12th to 13th centuries, Byzantine writers used the name <a href="/wiki/Arbanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbanon">Arbanon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Greek language">Medieval Greek</a>: Ἄρβανον) <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Arbanon" title="Principality of Arbanon">for a principality</a> in the region of <a href="/wiki/Kruja" class="mw-redirect" title="Kruja">Kruja</a>.</li> <li>The oldest reference to Albanians in Epirus is from a Venetian document dating to 1210, which states that “the continent facing the island of Corfu is inhabited by Albanians”.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Ragusan</a> document dating to 1285 states: "I heard a voice crying in the mountains in Albanian" (Audivi unam vocem clamantem in monte in lingua albanesca).<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Classification_of_Albanian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Classification_of_Albanian.png/330px-Classification_of_Albanian.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Classification_of_Albanian.png/495px-Classification_of_Albanian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Classification_of_Albanian.png/660px-Classification_of_Albanian.png 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="965" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkanic</a> branch based on "The Indo-European Language Family" by Brian D. Joseph and Adam Hyllested (2022).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Indo-European_linguistic_substratum">Pre-Indo-European linguistic substratum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pre-Indo-European linguistic substratum">edit</a>]</div> Pre-Indo-European sites are found throughout the territory of Albania; such as in Maliq, Vashtëm, Burimas, Barç, Dërsnik in <a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB_District" title="Korçë District">Korçë District</a>, Kamnik in <a href="/wiki/Kolonja" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolonja">Kolonja</a>, Kolsh in <a href="/wiki/Kuk%C3%ABs_District" title="Kukës District">Kukës District</a>, Rashtan in <a href="/wiki/Librazhd" title="Librazhd">Librazhd</a> and Nezir in <a href="/wiki/Mat_District" title="Mat District">Mat District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DemirajPIE-48">[47]</a> As in other parts of Europe, these migratory Indo-European tribes entered the Balkans and contributed to the formation of the historical Paleo-Balkan tribes, to which Albanians trace their origin. The previous populations – during the process of assimilation by the immigrating IE tribes – have played an important part in the formation of the various ethnic groups generated by their long symbiosis. Consequently, the IE languages that developed in the Balkan Peninsula, in addition to their natural evolution, have also been impacted by the idioms of the assimilated pre-Indo-European people.<a href="#cite_note-DemirajPIE2-49">[48]</a> In terms of linguistics, the pre-Indo-European substrate language spoken in the southern Balkans has probably influenced <a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">pre-Proto-Albanian</a>, the ancestor idiom of Albanian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj200642–43-50">[49]</a> The extent of this linguistic impact cannot be determined with precision due to the uncertain position of Albanian among <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan languages</a> and their scarce attestation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj200644–45-51">[50]</a> Some loanwords, however, have been proposed, such as shegë '<a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranate</a>' and lëpjetë '<a href="/wiki/Atriplex" title="Atriplex">orach</a>'; compare with pre-Greek lápathon '<a href="/wiki/Rumex_alpinus" title="Rumex alpinus">monk's rhubarb</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel1998225,_409-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj200642–43-50">[49]</a> Albanian is also the only language in the Balkans which has retained elements of the <a href="/wiki/Vigesimal" title="Vigesimal">vigesimal</a> numeral system – njëzet 'twenty', dyzet 'forty' – which was prevalent in the pre-Indo-European languages of Europe; such as the <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque language</a>, which broadly uses vigesimal numeration.<a href="#cite_note-DemirajPIE-48">[47]</a> This pre-Indo-European substratum has also been identified as one of the contributing factors to the customs of Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attestation">Attestation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Attestation">edit</a>]</div> The first attested mention of Albanian occurred in 1285 at the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Ragusa</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>) when a crime witness named Matthew testified: "I heard a voice crying in the mountains in Albanian" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Audivi unam vocem clamantem in monte in lingua albanesca).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusakov2017102,_554-54">[53]</a> The earliest attested written specimens of Albanian are <a href="/wiki/Formula_e_pag%C3%ABzimit" title="Formula e pagëzimit">Formula e pagëzimit</a> (1462) and <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Ritter_von_Harff%27s_lexicon" title="Arnold Ritter von Harff's lexicon">Arnold Ritter von Harff's lexicon</a> (1496). The first Albanian text written with <a href="/wiki/Greek_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek letters">Greek letters</a> is a fragment of the Ungjilli i Pashkëve (Passover Gospel) from the 15 or 16th century. The first printed books in Albanian are <a href="/wiki/Meshari" title="Meshari">Meshari</a> (1555) and <a href="/wiki/Luca_Matranga" title="Luca Matranga">Luca Matranga</a>'s E mbsuame e krështerë (1592).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusakov2017554-55">[54]</a> However, as Fortson notes, Albanian written works existed before this point; they have simply been lost. The existence of written Albanian is explicitly mentioned in a letter attested from 1332, and the first preserved books, including both those in Gheg and in Tosk, share orthographic features that indicate that some form of common literary language had developed.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Toponymy">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px"><div style="position:relative;width:350px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkans_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Origin of the Albanians is located in Balkans"><img alt="Origin of the Albanians is located in Balkans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Balkans_relief_location_map.jpg/350px-Balkans_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Balkans_relief_location_map.jpg/525px-Balkans_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Balkans_relief_location_map.jpg/700px-Balkans_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1067" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.819%;left:44.716%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><img alt="0" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:3px;left:-3em"><div>0</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:28.373%;left:52.67%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><img alt="1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:3px"><div>1</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.445%;left:41.365%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><img alt="0" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:3px;left:-3em"><div>0</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:40.304%;left:38.395%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><img alt="2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:3px;left:-3em"><div>2</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:40.797%;left:49.652%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><img alt="3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:3px;left:-3em"><div>3</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:40.952%;left:45.708%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><img alt="4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:3px;left:-3em"><div>4</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.714%;left:36.527%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><img alt="5" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:3px"><div>5</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.03%;left:39.188%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><img alt="6" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:3px"><div>6</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.452%;left:54.453%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><img alt="7" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:3px;left:-3em"><div>7</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.6%;left:41.317%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><img alt="8" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:3px;left:-3em"><div>8</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.649%;left:43.993%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><img alt="0" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:3px;left:-3em"><div>0</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.13%;left:39.481%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><img alt="9" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:3px;left:-3em"><div>9</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.492%;left:37.999%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><img alt="10" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:3px"><div>10</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.552%;left:38.222%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><img alt="11" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:3px"><div>11</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:50.162%;left:45.611%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><img alt="12" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:3px"><div>12</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkans_relief_location_map.jpg" title="File:Balkans relief location map.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Toponyms that evolved through Proto-Albanian phonetic changes in late antiquity (in bold those that were also loaned to South Slavic after antiquity):<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> 0 <a href="/wiki/Drin_(river)" title="Drin (river)">Drin (river)</a>; 1 <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Nish (city)</a>; 2 <a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Shkodër (city)</a>; 3 <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Shkup (city)</a>; 4 <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ar_Mountains" title="Šar Mountains">Sharr (mountains)</a>; 5 <a href="/wiki/Ulcinj" title="Ulcinj">Ulkin (city)</a>; 6 <a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB" title="Lezhë">L(j)esh (city)</a>; 7 <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tip" title="Štip">Shtip (city)</a>; 8 <a href="/wiki/Mat_(river)" title="Mat (river)">Mat (river)</a>; 9 <a href="/wiki/Ish%C3%ABm_(river)" title="Ishëm (river)">Ishëm (river)</a>; 10 <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës (city)</a>; 11 <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlonë (city)</a>. 12 Oh(ë)r(id) (<a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">city</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ohrid" title="Lake Ohrid">lake</a>) from its ancient form required an early long-standing period of Tosk Albanian–East South Slavic bilingualism or at least contact before its first attestation in 879 CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman200344–45-58">[57]</a></div></div></div> In the Balkans and southern Italy, several toponyms, river and mountain names which have been attested since antiquity can be explained etymologically via Albanian or have evolved phonologically through Albanian and later adopted in other languages. Inherited toponyms from a Proto-Albanian language and the date of adoption of non-Albanian toponyms indicate in <a href="/wiki/Albanology" title="Albanology">Albanology</a> the regions were the Albanian language originated, evolved and expanded. Depending on which proposed etymology and phonological development linguists support, different etymologies are usually used to link Albanian to Illyrian, Messapic, Dardanian, Thracian or an unattested Paleo-Balkan language. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brindisi</a> is a town in southern Italy. Brundisium was originally a settlement of the <a href="/wiki/Iapygians" title="Iapygians">Iapygian</a> <a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a>, descendants of an Illyrian people who migrated from the Balkans to Italy in Late Bronze/Early Iron Age transition. The name highlights the ties between Messapic to Albanian as Messapic brendo (stag) is linked to Old Gheg bri (horns).<a href="#cite_note-KleinJosephFritz-59">[58]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buna_(Adriatic_Sea)" title="Buna (Adriatic Sea)">Bunë</a> is a river in northwestern Albania, near the cities of <a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Shkodër</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulcinj" title="Ulcinj">Ulcinj</a> (Ulqin). The majority of scholars consider it a directly inherited hydronym from Illyrian Barbanna. A less accepted proposition by <a href="/wiki/Eqrem_%C3%87abej" title="Eqrem Çabej">Eqrem Çabej</a> considers it an unrelated name which derives from buenë (overflow of waters). The hydronym Bunë via which Slavic Bojana emerged, is often seen as indication that Albanian was spoken in the pre-Slavic era in southern Montenegro.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015474-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Katičić186-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2006148-62">[61]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drin_(river)" title="Drin (river)">Drin</a> is a river in northern Albania, Kosovo and North Macedonia. Similar hydronyms include <a href="/wiki/Drino" title="Drino">Drino</a> in southern Albania and <a href="/wiki/Drina" title="Drina">Drina</a> in Bosnia. It is generally considered to be of Illyrian origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2006149-63">[62]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a> is a city in central Albania. It was founded as an ancient Greek colony and greatly expanded in Roman times. It was known as Epidamnos and Dyrrhachion/Dyrrhachium. Dyrrhachium is of Greek origin and refers to the position of the city on a rocky shore. The modern names of the city in Albanian (Durrës) and Italian (Durazzo, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Italian pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[duˈrattso]</a>) are derived from Dyrrachium/Dyrrachion. An intermediate, <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalized</a> antecedent is found in the form Dyrratio, attested in the early centuries AD. The palatalized /-tio/ ending probably represents a phonetic change in the way the inhabitants of the city pronounced its name.<a href="#cite_note-Demiraj133-64">[63]</a> The preservation of old Doric /u/ indicates that the modern name derives from populations to whom the toponym was known in its original Doric pronunciation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2006132-65">[64]</a> The initial stress in Albanian Durrës presupposes an Illyrian accentuation on the first syllable.<a href="#cite_note-Katičić186-61">[60]</a> Theories which support local Illyrian-Albanian continuity interpret Durrës < Dyrratio as evidence that Albanian-speakers continuously lived in coastal central Albania. Other theories propose that the toponym doesn't necessarily show continuity but can equally be the evolution of a loanword acquired by a Proto-Albanian population which moved in the city and its area in late antiquity from northern Albanian regions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015212-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201617-67">[66]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a> is the oldest known name of Durrës and it is the first name under which the ancient Greek Corinthian colony was known. It is widely considered to be of <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a> origin, as first proposed by linguist <a href="/wiki/Hans_Krahe" title="Hans Krahe">Hans Krahe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShehi2017108-68">[67]</a> and is attested in <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> (5th century BC), <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (4th century BC), and <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> (2nd century BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2006126-69">[68]</a> Etymologically, Epidamnos may be related to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a> *dami (cub, young animal, young bull) > dem (modern Albanian) as proposed by linguist <a href="/wiki/Eqrem_%C3%87abej" title="Eqrem Çabej">Eqrem Çabej</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj1997128–29-70">[69]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzen" title="Erzen">Erzen</a> is a river in central Albania. It derives from Illyrian Ardaxanos (*daksa "water", "sea") found in <a href="/wiki/Daksa_(island)" title="Daksa (island)">Daksa</a> and the name of the <a href="/wiki/Dassareti" class="mw-redirect" title="Dassareti">Dassareti</a> tribe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunstmannThiergen1987110–112-71">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ish%C3%ABm_(river)" title="Ishëm (river)">Ishëm</a> is a river in central Albania. It is recorded as Illyrian Isamnus in antiquity. Albanian Ishëm derives directly from Isamnus and indicates that its ancestral language was spoken in the area.<a href="#cite_note-Katičić186-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2006150-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015263-73">[72]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat_(river)" title="Mat (river)">Mat</a> is a river in northern Albania. It is generally considered to be of Illyrian origin and originally meant "river bank, shore". It evolved within Albanian as an inherited term from its ancestral language. It indicates that it was spoken in the Mat river valley. A similar hydronym, Matlumë, is found in <a href="/wiki/Ka%C3%A7anik" title="Kaçanik">Kaçanik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2006149–150-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201610-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015154-76">[75]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Nish</a> (Niš) is a city in southeastern Serbia. It evolved from a toponym attested in Ancient Greek as ΝΑΙΣΣΟΣ (Naissos), which achieved its present form via phonetic changes in Proto-Albanian and thereafter entered Slavic. Nish might indicate that Proto-Albanians lived in the region in pre-Slavic times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrendergast201780-77">[76]</a> When this settlement happened is a matter of debate, as Proto-Albanians might have moved relatively late in antiquity in the area which might have been an eastern expansion of Proto-Albanian settlement as no other toponyms known in antiquity in the area presuppose an Albanian development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015263-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015109-78">[77]</a> The development of Nish < Naiss- may also represent a regional development in late antiquity Balkans which while related may not be identical with Albanian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201613-79">[78]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjos%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vjosë">Vjosë</a> is a river in southern Albania and northern Greece. In antiquity, it formed part of the boundary between Illyrian and Epirotic Greek languages. In the early Middle Ages, the Vjosa (in Greek, Aoos or Vovousa) river valley was settled by Slavic peoples. A gradual evolution within Albanian and a borrowing by Slavic-speakers or a borrowing from Slavic *Vojusha into Albanian have been proposed for Albanian Vjosë.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger20169-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2006155-81">[80]</a> Both propositions are disputed. Regardless of the etymology, the Vjosë valley is an area of Albanian-Slavic linguistic contact from the 6th-7th century onwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015485-82">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlorë</a> is a city in southwestern Albania. It was founded as ancient Greek colony Aulona (/Avlon/) in the pre-Roman era. Albanian Vlorë is a direct derivation from ancient Greek Aulon. A proposed Slavic intermediation from *Vavlona has been rejected as it doesn't conform to Albanian phonological development. The toponym has two forms, Vlorë (Tosk) and Vlonë (Gheg), which indicates that it was already in use among the population of Northern Albania before the appearance of rhotacism in Tosk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2006145-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015424-84">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Shkodër</a> is a city in northwestern Albania. It is one of the most significant settlements in Albania and in the pre-Roman era it was the capital of the Illyrian kingdom of Genthius. Late antiquity Scodra was a Romanized city, which even relatively late in the Middle Ages had a native Dalmatian-speaking population which called it Skudra. Slavic Skadar is a borrowing from the Romance name. The origin of Albanian Shkodër/Shkodra as a direct development of Illyrian Scodra or as the development of a Latin loanword in Proto-Albanian is a subject of debate. In theories which reject a direct derivation from Scodra, the possible break in linguistic continuity from the Illyrian form is invoked as indication that Albanian was not spoken continuously in Shkodra and the surrounding area from pre-Roman to late antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2006138–39-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger20168-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-KleinJosephFritz-59">[58]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shkumbin" title="Shkumbin">Shkumbin</a> is a river in central Albania. It derives from Latin Scampinus which replaced Illyrian Genusus, as recorded in Latin and ancient Greek literature. A Slavic intermediation has been rejected. Its inclusion in Latin loanwords into Proto-Albanian and phonetic evolution coincides with the historical existence of a large Roman town (near present-day <a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Elbasan</a>) which gave the river its new name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015263-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Demiraj150-87">[86]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tip" title="Štip">Shtip</a> (Štip) is a city in eastern North Macedonia. It was known in antiquity as Astibo-s. It is generally acknowledged that Slavic Štip was acquired via Albanian Shtip.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrendergast201780-77">[76]</a> About the date of settlement of Proto-Albanians in eastern Macedonia similar arguments as in the case of Nish have emerged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015263-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015109-78">[77]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic_reconstruction">Linguistic reconstruction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Linguistic reconstruction">edit</a>]</div> Albanian is attested in a written form beginning only in the 15th century AD. In the absence of prior data on the language, scholars have used Albanian linguistic contacts with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> for identifying its historical location. The precursor of Albanian can be considered a completely formed independent IE language since at least the first millennium BCE, with the beginning of the early <a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a> phase.<a href="#cite_note-Matzinger2016-88">[87]</a> Proto-Albanian is reconstructed by way of the <a href="/wiki/Comparative_method" title="Comparative method">comparative method</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Gheg</a> dialects and between Albanian and other Indo-European languages, as well as through <a href="/wiki/Contact_linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Contact linguistics">contact linguistics</a> studying early <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> from and into Albanian and <a href="/wiki/Language_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Language structure">structural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a> convergences with other languages. Loanwords into Albanian treated through its phonetic evolution can be traced back as early as the first contacts with <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric Greek</a> (West Greek) since the 7th century BCE, and with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Ancient Macedonian</a> during the 5th–4th centuries BCE, but the most important of which are those from Latin (dated to the period 167 BCE to 400 CE) and from <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> (dated from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 600 CE onward).<a href="#cite_note-De_Vaan-89">[88]</a> The evidence from loanwords allows linguists to construct in great detail the shape of Albanian native words at the points of major influxes of loans from well-attested languages.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pastoralism">Pastoralism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pastoralism">edit</a>]</div> That Albanian possesses a rich and "elaborated" <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoral</a> vocabulary which has been taken to suggest Albanian society in post-Roman times was pastoral, with widespread <a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">transhumance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">stock-breeding</a> particularly of <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goats" class="mw-redirect" title="Goats">goats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinJosephFritz20181791–1792-91">[90]</a> Joseph takes interest in the fact that some of the lexemes in question have "exact counterparts" in <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinJosephFritz20181791–1792-91">[90]</a> The fact that the Albanian language reflects a clear pastoralist stage does not allow conclusions about the Proto-Albanian speakers' way of life during classical antiquity, as only the speech of the mountain pastoralists managed to survive the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Great Migrations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermeer1996127-92">[91]</a> Albanian-speakers appear to have been <a href="/wiki/Cattle_breeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle breeding">cattle breeders</a> given the vastness of preserved native vocabulary pertaining to <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cow breeding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milking" title="Milking">milking</a> and so forth, while words pertaining to <a href="/wiki/Dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogs">dogs</a> tend to be loaned. Many words concerning <a href="/wiki/Horses" class="mw-redirect" title="Horses">horses</a> are preserved, but the word for horse itself is a Latin loan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2000267~268-93">[92]</a> The original Palaeo-Balkan word for 'horse', preserved in Albanian mëz or mâz '<a href="/wiki/Foal" title="Foal">foal</a>', from *me(n)za- '<a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a>', underwent a later semantic shift 'horse' > 'foal' after the loan from Latin caballus into Albanian kalë 'horse'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko2020118-94">[93]</a> The Albanian name Mazrek(u), which means '<a href="/wiki/Horse_breeder" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse breeder">horse breeder</a>' in Albanian, is found throughout all Albanian regions, and notably it was the name used by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Kastrioti" title="House of Kastrioti">Kastrioti noble family</a> to highlight their tribal affiliation (Albanian: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_tribes" title="Albanian tribes">farefisní</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalaj201345-95">[94]</a> Also the Palaeo-Balkan word for '<a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">mule</a>' has been preserved in Albanian mushk(ë) 'mule'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko2020116-96">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hydronyms">Hydronyms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hydronyms">edit</a>]</div> Concerning the inheritance of hydronymic vocabulary, it has been noted that there were no lexemes relating to <a href="/wiki/Seamanship" title="Seamanship">seamanship</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a>. PIE hydronyms reconstructed so far refer to swamps, marshes, lakes, and riverine environments, but not to the sea. For instance, the Greek term thalassa "sea" is <a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Greek">Pre-Greek</a>, not an inherited Indo-European word.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaarman2007159-97">[96]</a> The Albanian term for "sea" (det <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Albanian" title="Help:IPA/Albanian">[dēt]</a>), which was considered by some Albanologists to be an inherited term from Proto-Albanian *deubeta as a cognate of Proto-Germanic *deupiþō- "depth", is firmly dismissed by present-day historical linguists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vaan201514-98">[97]</a> Instead, a borrowing from Greek δέλτα delta "river delta" has been proposed recently.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022229–230-99">[98]</a> At least two other Albanian terms from the same semantic field are early Greek loanwords: pellg "pond, basin, depth" from πέλαγος pelagos "sea", and zall "riverbank, river sand", from αι҆γιαλός "sea-shore",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022229–230-99">[98]</a> which underwent in Proto-Albanian a semantic shift,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2000264–265-100">[99]</a> indicating for this language a change in location after its contact with Ancient Greek.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Also all Albanian words relating to seamanship appear to be loans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusakov2017556-101">[100]</a> Words referring to large streams and their banks tend to be loans, but lumë ("river") is native, as is rrymë (the flow of river water). Words for smaller streams and stagnant pools of water are more often native, except pellg. Albanian has maintained since <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> a specific term referring to a riverside forest (gjazë), as well as its words for marshes. Albanian has maintained native terms for "whirlpool", "water pit" and (aquatic) "deep place", leading <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Orel" title="Vladimir Orel">Orel</a> to speculate that Albanian was likely spoken in an area with an excess of dangerous whirlpools and depths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2000264–265-100">[99]</a> The term mat, meaning "height", "beach", "bank/shore" in <a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Northern Albanian</a> and "beach", "shore" in <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbëresh">Arbëresh</a>, is inherited from Proto-Albanian *mata < *mn̥-ti "height" (cf. Latin mŏns "mountain"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELafe2022364-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel1998247-103">[102]</a> after which the river <a href="/wiki/Mat_(river)" title="Mat (river)">Mat</a> (and the <a href="/wiki/Mat_(region)" title="Mat (region)">region with the same name</a>) in north-central Albania was named, which can be explained as "mountain river". The meaning "bank/shore" hence would have emerged only at a later time (cf. German Berg "mountain" in relation to Slavic *bergъ "bank/shore").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELafe2022364-102">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vegetation">Vegetation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Vegetation">edit</a>]</div> Regarding <a href="/wiki/Forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Forests">forests</a>, words for most <a href="/wiki/Conifers" class="mw-redirect" title="Conifers">conifers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shrubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrubs">shrubs</a> are native, as are the terms for "<a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">alder</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">elm</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">linden</a>", while "<a href="/wiki/Fraxinus" title="Fraxinus">ash</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">chestnut</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">maple</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">poplar</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willow</a>" are loans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2000266–267-104">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_organization">Social organization</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Social organization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_tribes" title="Albanian tribes">Albanian tribes</a></div> The original <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society#Kinship" title="Proto-Indo-European society">kinship terminology of Indo-European</a> was radically reshaped; changes included a shift from "mother" to "sister", and were so thorough that only three terms retained their original function; the words for "son-in-law", "mother-in-law" and "father-in-law".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2000261-105">[104]</a> All the words for second-degree blood kinship, including "aunt", "uncle", "nephew", "niece", and terms for grandchildren, are ancient loans from Latin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2000262-106">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic_contacts">Linguistic contacts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Linguistic contacts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overall_patterns_in_loaning">Overall patterns in loaning</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Overall patterns in loaning">edit</a>]</div> Openness to loans has been called a "characteristic feature" of Albanian. The Albanian original lexical items directly inherited from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> are far fewer in comparison to the loanwords, though loans are considered to be "perfectly integrated" and not distinguishable from native vocabulary on a synchronic level.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinJosephFritz20181791-107">[106]</a> Although Albanian is characterized by the absorption of many loans, even, in the case of Latin, reaching deep into the core vocabulary, certain semantic fields nevertheless remained more resistant. Terms pertaining to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society#Social_structure" title="Proto-Indo-European society">social organization</a> are often preserved, though not those pertaining to political organization, while those pertaining to trade are all loaned or innovated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2000263-108">[107]</a> While the words for plants and animals characteristic of mountainous regions are entirely original, the names for fish and for agricultural activities are often assumed to have been borrowed from other languages. However, considering the presence of some preserved old terms related to the sea fauna, some have proposed that this vocabulary might have been lost in the course of time after proto-Albanian tribes were pushed back into the inland during invasions.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÇabej1961248–249-110">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_(archaeologist)" title="John Wilkes (archaeologist)">Wilkes</a> holds that the Slavic loans in Albanian suggest that contacts between the two populations took place when Albanians dwelt in forests 600–900 metres above sea level.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1995278–279-111">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greek">Greek</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Greek">edit</a>]</div> Linguistic contact between Albanian and Greek has been securely dated to the Iron Age. Also contacts between the respective post-PIE languages which gave rise to the two languages also occurred in previous times. Common traces of the Mediterranean-Balkan substratum are considered to date to the common Indo-European phase of Albanian and Greek (c.f. <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj201332–33-112">[111]</a> Innovative creations of <a href="/wiki/Agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural">agricultural</a> terms shared only between Albanian and Greek, such as *h₂(e)lbʰ-it- 'barley' and *spor-eh₂- 'seed', were formed from non-agricultural Proto-Indo-European roots through semantic changes to adapt them for agriculture. Since they are limited only to Albanian and Greek, they could be traced back with certainty only to their last common Indo-European ancestor, and not projected back into <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> Shortly after they had diverged from one another, Albanian, Greek and Armenian, also underwent a longer period of contact (as can be seen, for example, in the irregular correspondence: Greek σκόρ(ο)δον, Armenian sxtor, xstor, and Albanian hudhër, hurdhë "garlic"). Furthermore, intense Greek–Albanian contacts have certainly occurred thereafter,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorsø2019258-114">[113]</a> with ongoing connections between them in the Balkans from the ancient times, continuing up to the present-days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph20137-115">[114]</a> Ancient Greek loans in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a> originated from two distinct geographical and historical groups: borrowings from the Greek colonies on the Adriatic coast from the 7th century BCE, either directly or indirectly through trade communication in the hinterland; direct borrowings from Greek-speaking populations of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">ancient Macedonia</a> during the 5th–4th centuries BCE, before the replacement of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Ancient Macedonian</a> with <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Huld-116">[115]</a> Several Proto-Albanian terms have been preserved in the lexicon of <a href="/wiki/Hesychius_of_Alexandria" title="Hesychius of Alexandria">Hesychius of Alexandria</a> and other ancient glossaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrăciun202377–81-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitczak201640–41-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuld1986245–250-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuld1984158-120">[119]</a> Some of the Proto-Albanian glosses in Hesychius are considered to have been loaned to the Dorik Greek as early as the 7th century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitczak201640–41-118">[117]</a> Witczak (2016) specifically points to seven words recorded by the Greek grammarian <a href="/wiki/Hesychius_of_Alexandria" title="Hesychius of Alexandria">Hesychius of Alexandria</a> (5th century AD), and particularly to the term ἀάνθα 'a kind of earring', which was first attested in the work of the <a href="/wiki/Choral_poetry" title="Choral poetry">choral lyric poet</a> <a href="/wiki/Alcman" title="Alcman">Alcman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">fl.</a> 7th century BCE).<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> This means that the ancestors of the Albanians were in contact with the northwestern part of Ancient Greek civilization and probably borrowed words from Greek cities (<a href="/wiki/Dyrrachium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyrrachium">Dyrrachium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Illyria" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Illyria">Apollonia</a>, etc.) in the Illyrian territory, colonies which belonged to the Doric division of Greek, or from contacts in the <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a> area. The earliest Greek loans began to enter Albanian circa 600 BC, and are of Doric provenance, tending to refer to vegetables, fruits, spices, animals and tools. This stratum reflects contacts between Greeks and Proto-Albanians from the 8th century BC onward, with the Greeks being either colonists on the Adriatic coast or Greek merchants inland in the Balkans. The second wave of Greek loans began after the split of the Roman empire in 395 and continued throughout the Byzantine, Ottoman and modern periods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinJosephFritz20181792-122">[121]</a> According to Hermann Ölberg, the modern Albanian lexicon may include 33 words of ancient Greek origin,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusakov2017556-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[b]</a> although it can be increased if the Albanian lexicon is properly evaluated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj201332–33-112">[111]</a> An argument claimed by some scholars as an indication of a location of Albanian further north than present-day Albania in antiquity is the number of loanwords from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, mostly from Doric dialect, which is considered by them relatively small, even though Southern <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a> neighbored the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Classical Greek</a> civilization and there were a number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Cities_in_Illyria#Greek_Cities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Cities in Illyria">Greek colonies</a> along the Illyrian coastline.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamp1963-125">[123]</a> For instance, according to Bulgarian linguist <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_I._Georgiev" title="Vladimir I. Georgiev">Vladimir I. Georgiev</a> there is limited Greek influence in Albanian (See <a href="/wiki/Jire%C4%8Dek_Line" title="Jireček Line">Jireček Line</a> of Roman times), and if Albanians had been inhabiting a homeland situated in modern Albania continuously since ancient times, the number of Greek loanwords in Albanian should be higher.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199111-126">[124]</a> However, the number of surviving loanwords is not a valid argument, as many Greek loans were likely lost through replacement by later Latin and Slavic loans, just as notoriously happened to most native Albanian vocabulary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201216-123">[122]</a> On the other hand, the specifically Northwestern/Doric affiliations and ancient dating of Greek loans imply a specifically Western Balkan Albanian presence to the north and west of Greeks specifically in antiquity, though Huld cautions that the classical "precursors" of the Albanians would be "'Illyrians' to classical writers", but that the Illyrian label is hardly "enlightening" since classical ethnology was imprecise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuld1986245–253-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÇabej1961-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> Evidence of a significant level of early <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_contact" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic contact">linguistic contact</a> between Albanian and Greek is provided by ancient common <a href="/wiki/Language_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Language structure">structural</a> innovations and <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonologic</a> convergence such as:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermeer2008604–605-130">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph2016132–133-131">[129]</a> <ul><li>the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">close front rounded vowel</a> /y/ (documented in <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a> Greek);</li> <li>the rise of <a href="/wiki/Dental_fricative" title="Dental fricative">dental fricatives</a>;</li> <li>the voicing of voiceless <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">plosives</a> after <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasal consonants</a>;</li> <li>the replacement, with a form that featured a <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a>, of the inherited <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present tense</a> 3rd person singular of the verb "be" (documented in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>).</li></ul> Those innovations are limited only to the Albanian and Greek languages and are not shared with other languages of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_sprachbund" title="Balkan sprachbund">Balkan sprachbund</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermeer2008604–605-130">[128]</a> Since they precede the Balkan sprachbund era, those innovations date to a prehistoric phase of the Albanian language, spoken at that time in the same area as Greek and within a social frame of bilingualism among early Albanians having to be able to speak some form of Greek.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph2016132–133-131">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_and_early_Romance_loans">Latin and early Romance loans</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Latin and early Romance loans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Romanian_linguistic_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian–Romanian linguistic relationship">Albanian–Romanian linguistic relationship</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanian_words_of_possible_pre-Roman_origin" title="List of Romanian words of possible pre-Roman origin">List of Romanian words of possible pre-Roman origin</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians" title="Origin of the Romanians">Origin of the Romanians</a></div> Latin loans are dated to the period of 167 BC to 400 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinJosephFritz20181732-132">[130]</a> 167 BC coincides with the fall of the kingdom ruled by <a href="/wiki/Gentius" title="Gentius">Gentius</a> and reflects the early date of the entry of Latin-based vocabulary in Albanian. It entered Albanian in the Early Proto-Albanian stage and evolved in later stages as a part of the Proto-Albanian vocabulary and within its phonological system. Albanian is one of the oldest languages that came into contact with Latin and adopted Latin vocabulary. It has preserved 270 Latin-based words which are found in all Romance languages, 85 words which are not found in Romance languages, 151 which are found in Albanian but not in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romance</a> and its descendant Romanian, and 39 words which are found only in Albanian and Romanian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2008120-133">[131]</a> The contact zone between Albanian and Romanian was likely located in eastern and southeastern Serbia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199110–12-134">[132]</a> The preservation of Proto-Albanian vocabulary and linguistic features in Romanian highlights that at least partly Balkan Latin emerged as Albanian-speakers shifted to Latin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrendergast20175-135">[133]</a> The other layer of linguistic contacts of Albanian with Latin involves Old Dalmatian, a western Balkan derivative of Balkan Latin. Albanian maintained links with both coastal western and central inland Balkan Latin formations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamp1963105-136">[134]</a> Hamp indicates there are words that follow Dalmatian phonetic rules in Albanian, giving as an example the word drejt 'straight' < d(i)rectus matching developments in Old Dalmatian traita < tract.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamp1963-125">[123]</a> Romanian scholars Vatasescu and Mihaescu, using lexical analysis of Albanian, have concluded that Albanian was also heavily influenced by an extinct Romance language that was distinct from both Romanian and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a>. Because the Latin words common to only Romanian and Albanian are significantly less than those that are common to only Albanian and <a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western Romance</a>, Mihaescu argues that Albanian evolved in a region with much greater contact with Western Romance regions than with Romanian-speaking regions, and located this region in present-day <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> and Western <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, spanning east to <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MadgearuAlbanianRomans-137">[135]</a> The Christian religious vocabulary of Albanian is mostly Latin as well, including even the basic terms such "to bless", "altar," and "to receive communion". It indicates that Albanians were Christianized under the Latin-based liturgy and ecclesiastical order which would be known as "Roman Catholic" in later centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinJosephFritz20181792-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slavic">Slavic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Slavic">edit</a>]</div> The contacts began after the <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavic_migrations_to_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe">migrations to Southeastern Europe</a> in the 6th and 7th centuries. The modern Albanian lexicon contains around 250 Slavic borrowings that are shared among all the dialects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusakov2017557-138">[136]</a> Slavic settlement probably shaped the present geographic spread of the Albanians. It is likely that Albanians took refuge in the mountainous areas of northern and central <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, western <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>. Long-standing contact between Slavs and Albanians might have been common in mountain passages and agriculture or fishing areas, in particular in the valleys of the <a href="/wiki/White_Drin" title="White Drin">White</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Drin" title="Black Drin">Black</a> branches of the <a href="/wiki/Drin_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Drin river">Drin</a> and around the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Shkod%C3%ABr" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Shkodër">Shkodër</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a> lakes. Such contact with one another in these areas has caused many changes in Slavic and Albanian local dialects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201225–26-139">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguist" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical linguist">Historical linguist</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_P._Hamp" title="Eric P. Hamp">Eric P. Hamp</a>, analyzing the influence of substrates on the Old <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> language, has concluded that the <a href="#Toponymy">toponymic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Romanian_linguistic_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian–Romanian linguistic relationship">Romanian</a> evidence indicate that the South Slavs who became Serbo-Croatian speakers settled in a zone of former <a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> speech, which reasonably explains why the resultant population was well-predisposed to preserve the richest system of <a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral consonant</a> distinctions and alternations among the later Slavic-speaking peoples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamp2002249-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman201919-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedvukajNdoci20236–8-142">[140]</a> The evolution of the ancient toponym Lychnidus into Oh(ë)r(id) (<a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">city</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ohrid" title="Lake Ohrid">lake</a>), which is attested in this form from 879 CE, required an early long-standing period of Tosk Albanian–East South Slavic bilingualism, or at least contact, resulting from the Tosk Albanian <a href="/wiki/Rhotacism" title="Rhotacism">rhotacism</a> -n- into -r- and Eastern South Slavic <a href="/wiki/L-vocalization" title="L-vocalization">l-vocalization</a> ly- into o-.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman200344–45-58">[57]</a> As Albanian and Slavic have been in contact since the early Middle Ages, toponymical loanwords in both belong to different chronological strata and reveal different periods of acquisition. Old Slavic loanwords into Albanian develop early Slavic *s as sh and *y as u within Albanian phonology of that era. <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Jokl" title="Norbert Jokl">Norbert Jokl</a> defined this older period from the earliest Albanian-Slavic contacts to 1000 AD at the latest, while contemporary linguists like <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Orel" title="Vladimir Orel">Vladimir Orel</a> define it as between the 6th and the 8th century AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYlli1997317-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel200038-144">[142]</a> Newer loanwords preserve Slavic /s/ and other features which no longer show phonological development within Albanian. Such toponyms from the earlier period of contact in Albania include <a href="/wiki/Bushtric%C3%AB" title="Bushtricë">Bushtricë</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kuk%C3%ABs" title="Kukës">Kukës</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYlli2000197-145">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dishnica" title="Dishnica">Dishnica</a> (<a href="/wiki/P%C3%ABrmet_District" title="Përmet District">Përmet</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYlli2000103-146">[144]</a> Dragoshtunjë (<a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Elbasan</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYlli2000106-147">[145]</a> Leshnjë (<a href="/wiki/Leshnj%C3%AB" title="Leshnjë">Leshnjë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berat" title="Berat">Berat</a> and other areas),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYlli2000136-148">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shushic%C3%AB,_Elbasan" title="Shushicë, Elbasan">Shelcan</a> (Elbasan), <a href="/wiki/Shishtavec" title="Shishtavec">Shishtavec</a> (Kukës/Gora), <a href="/wiki/Prog%C3%ABr" title="Progër">Shuec</a> (<a href="/wiki/Devoll_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Devoll Municipality">Devoll</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Picar" title="Picar">Shtëpëz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr_County" title="Gjirokastër County">Gjirokastër</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYlli2000175-149">[147]</a> Shopël (<a href="/wiki/Iball%C3%AB" title="Iballë">Iballë</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYlli2000174-150">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Veleshnj%C3%AB" title="Veleshnjë">Veleshnjë</a> (<a href="/wiki/Skrapar" title="Skrapar">Skrapar</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYlli2000183-151">[149]</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYlli2000269-152">[150]</a> Similar toponyms in a later period produced different results e.g. Bistricë (<a href="/wiki/Sarand%C3%AB" title="Sarandë">Sarandë</a>) instead of Bushtricë or Selcan (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%ABlcyr%C3%AB" title="Këlcyrë">Këlcyrë</a>) instead of Shelcan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYlli2000165-153">[151]</a> Part of the toponyms of Slavic origin were acquired in Albanian before undergoing the changes of <a href="/wiki/Slavic_liquid_metathesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic liquid metathesis">Slavic liquid metathesis</a> (before ca. the end of the 8th century). They include <a href="/wiki/Ardenica_Monastery" title="Ardenica Monastery">Ardenicë</a> (Lushnjë), Berzanë (Lezhë), Gërdec and Berzi (Tiranë) and a cluster of toponyms along the route Berat-Tepelenë-Përmet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYlli2000267-154">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lab%C3%ABria" title="Labëria">Labëri</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Albanians_and_Albania" title="Names of the Albanians and Albania">Albanian endonym</a>, resulted through the Slavic liquid metathesis, and was reborrowed in that form into Albanian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViereck1993122-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesnickaja197349-156">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unidentified_Romance_language_hypothesis">Unidentified Romance language hypothesis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Unidentified Romance language hypothesis">edit</a>]</div> It has been concluded that the partial Latinization of Roman-era Albania was heavy in coastal areas, in the plains, and along the <a href="/wiki/Via_Egnatia" title="Via Egnatia">Via Egnatia</a>, which passed through Albania. In these regions, Madgearu notes that the survival of Illyrian names and the depiction of people with Illyrian dress on gravestones is not enough to prove successful resistance against Romanization, and that in these regions there were many Latin inscriptions and Roman settlements. Madgearu concludes that only the northern mountain regions escaped Romanization. In some regions, Madgearu concludes that it has been shown that in some areas a Latinate population that survived until at least the seventh century passed on local place names that had mixed characteristics of Eastern and Western Romance into Albanian.<a href="#cite_note-MadgearuAlbanianRomans-137">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Archaeology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glass_necklace,_7th_-_8th_century,_Shurdhah_-_Archeological_Museum_of_Tirana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Glass_necklace%2C_7th_-_8th_century%2C_Shurdhah_-_Archeological_Museum_of_Tirana.jpg/170px-Glass_necklace%2C_7th_-_8th_century%2C_Shurdhah_-_Archeological_Museum_of_Tirana.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Glass_necklace%2C_7th_-_8th_century%2C_Shurdhah_-_Archeological_Museum_of_Tirana.jpg/255px-Glass_necklace%2C_7th_-_8th_century%2C_Shurdhah_-_Archeological_Museum_of_Tirana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Glass_necklace%2C_7th_-_8th_century%2C_Shurdhah_-_Archeological_Museum_of_Tirana.jpg/340px-Glass_necklace%2C_7th_-_8th_century%2C_Shurdhah_-_Archeological_Museum_of_Tirana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Glass necklace, 7th - 8th century, Shurdhah</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Koman_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Koman culture">Komani-Kruja culture</a> is an archaeological culture attested from late antiquity to the Middle Ages in central and northern Albania, southern Montenegro and similar sites in the western parts of <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta201270-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilipovski201067-158">[156]</a> It consists of settlements usually built below hillforts along the <a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB" title="Lezhë">Lezhë</a> (<a href="/wiki/Praevalitana" title="Praevalitana">Praevalitana</a>)-<a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Via_Egnatia" title="Via Egnatia">Via Egnatia</a> road networks which connected the Adriatic coastline with the central Balkan Roman provinces. Its <a href="/wiki/Type_site" title="Type site">type site</a> is Komani and the nearby Dalmace hill in the Drin river valley. Limited excavations campaigns occurred until the 1990s. Objects from a vast area covering nearby regions the entire Byzantine Empire, the northern Balkans and Hungary and sea routes from Sicily to Crimea were found in Dalmace and other sites coming from many different production centres: local, Byzantine, Sicilian, Avar-Slavic, Hungarian, Crimean and even possibly Merovingian and Carolingian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden200460-159">[157]</a> Within Albanian archaeology, based on the continuity of pre-Roman Illyrian forms in the production of several types of local objects found in graves, the population of Komani-Kruja was framed as a group which descended from the local Illyrians who "re-asserted their independence" from the Roman Empire after many centuries and formed the core of the later historical region of <a href="/wiki/Arbanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbanon">Arbanon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1995278-160">[158]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] As research focused almost entirely on grave contexts and burial sites, settlements and living spaces were often ignored.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENallbani2017315-161">[159]</a> Yugoslav archaeology proposed an opposite narrative and tried to frame the population as Slavic, especially in the region of western Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta201273-162">[160]</a> Archaeological research has shown that these sites were not related to regions then inhabited by Slavs and even in regions like Macedonia, no Slavic settlements had been founded in the 7th century.<a href="#cite_note-Curta73-163">[161]</a> What was established in this early phase of research was that Komani-Kruja settlements represented a local, non-Slavic population which has been described as Romanized Illyrian, Latin-speaking or Latin-literate.<a href="#cite_note-Wilkes278-164">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bowden61-165">[163]</a> This is corroborated by the absence of Slavic toponyms and survival of Latin ones in the Komani-Kruja area. In terms of historiography, the thesis of older Albanian archaeology was an untestable hypothesis as no historical sources exist which can link Komani-Kruja to the first definite attestation of medieval Albanians in the 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-Wilkes278-164">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bowden61-165">[163]</a> Archaeologically, while it was considered possible and even likely that Komani-Kruja sites were used continuously from the 7th century onwards, it remained an untested hypothesis as research was still limited.<a href="#cite_note-Bowden229-166">[164]</a> Whether this population represented local continuity or arrived at an earlier period from a more northern location as the Slavs entered the Balkans remained unclear at the time but regardless of their ultimate geographical origins, these groups maintained Justinianic era cultural traditions of the 6th century possibly as a statement of their collective identity and derived their material cultural references to the Justinianic military system.<a href="#cite_note-Curta2013a-167">[165]</a> In this context, they may have used burial customs as a means of reference to an "idealized image of the past Roman power".<a href="#cite_note-Curta2013a-167">[165]</a> Research greatly expanded after 2009 and the first survey of Komani's topography was produced in 2014. Until then, except for the area of the cemetery the size of the settlement and its extension remained unknown. In 2014, it was revealed that Komani occupied an area of more than 40 ha, a much larger territory than originally thought. Its oldest settlement phase dates to the Hellenistic era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENallbani2017320-168">[166]</a> Proper development began in the late antiquity and continued well into the Middle Ages (13th-14th centuries). It indicates that Komani was a late Roman fort and an important trading node in the networks of Praevalitana and Dardania. In the Avar-Slavic raids, communities from present-day northern Albania and nearby areas clustered around hill sites for better protection as is the case of other areas like Lezha and Sarda. During the 7th century as Byzantine authority was reestablished after the Avar-Slavic raids and the prosperity of the settlements increased, Komani saw increase in population and a new elite began to take shape. Increase in population and wealth was marked by the establishment of new settlements and new churches in their vicinity. Komani formed a local network with Lezha and Kruja and in turn this network was integrated in the wider Byzantine Mediterranean world, maintained contacts with the northern Balkans and engaged in long-distance trade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENallbani2017325-169">[167]</a> Tom Winnifrith (2020) says that the Komani-Kruja culture shows that in that area a Latin-Illyrian civilization survived, to emerge later as Albanians and Vlachs. The lack of interest among Slavs for the barren mountains of Northern Albania would explain the survival of Albanian as a language.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleo-Balkan_linguistic_theories">Paleo-Balkan linguistic theories</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Paleo-Balkan linguistic theories">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan languages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vatra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Vatra.jpg/220px-Vatra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Vatra.jpg/330px-Vatra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Vatra.jpg/440px-Vatra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="1515" /></a><figcaption>Map made by Romanian scholarship according to the theory that <a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Romanian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Romanian language">proto-Romanian</a> contact zones were <a href="/wiki/Dacia_Mediterranea" title="Dacia Mediterranea">Dacia Mediterranea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a> in the 3rd century, while not excluding <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians" title="Origin of the Romanians">Romanian continuity in Dacia</a></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Romanian_Dawns.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Map_Romanian_Dawns.jpg/220px-Map_Romanian_Dawns.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Map_Romanian_Dawns.jpg/330px-Map_Romanian_Dawns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Map_Romanian_Dawns.jpg/440px-Map_Romanian_Dawns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2607" data-file-height="2434" /></a><figcaption>Rival "immigrationist" view of Romanian origins where Albanian–Romanian contact occurred either in Dardania/Northeast Albania or in Western Thrace, assuming that Albanian would have been spoken in and/or near one or both of these two regions during the 6th to 9th centuries, other than northern Albania where toponymy shows Albanian phonetic evolution already during late antiquity.</figcaption></figure> The general consensus is that Albanians originate from one or possibly a mixture of Paleo-Balkan peoples but which specific peoples besides Illyrians is a matter of continuing debate.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-jstor3014121-173">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a> is the only sufficiently attested ancient language via which commonly accepted Illyrian-Albanian connections have been produced. It is unclear whether Messapic was an Illyrian dialect or if it diverged enough to be a separate language, although in general it is treated as a distinct language. <a href="/wiki/Dardani" title="Dardani">Dardanian</a> in the context of a distinct language has gained prominence in the possible genealogy of the Albanian language in recent decades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusakov2017555-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_I._Georgiev" title="Vladimir I. Georgiev">Vladimir I. Georgiev</a>, although accepting an Illyrian component in Albanian, and even not excluding an Illyrian origin of Albanian, proposed as the ancestor of Albanian a language called "Daco-Mysian" by him, considering it a separate language from Thracian.<a href="#cite_note-Rusakov555b-174">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj200678-175">[173]</a> Georgiev maintained that "Daco-Mysian tribes gradually migrated to the northern-central part of the Balkan Peninsula, approximately to Dardania, probably in the second millennium B.C. (or not later than the first half of the first millennium B.C.), and thence they migrated to the areas of present Albania".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj200678-175">[173]</a> Based on shared innovations between Albanian and Messapic, <a href="/wiki/Eric_P._Hamp" title="Eric P. Hamp">Eric P. Hamp</a> has argued that Albanian is closely related to Illyrian and not to Thracian or Daco-Moesian, maintaining that it descended from a language that was sibling of Illyrian and that was once closer to the Danube and in contact with Daco-Moesian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2020388-176">[174]</a> Due to the paucity of written evidence, what can be said with certainty in current research is that on the one hand a significant group of <a href="/wiki/Albanian-Romanian_linguistic_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian-Romanian linguistic relationship">shared</a> Indo-European non-Romance cognates between Albanian and Romanian indicates at least contact with the 'Daco-Thraco-Moesian complex', and that on the other hand there is some evidence to argue that Albanian is descended from the 'Illyrian complex'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2022-177">[175]</a> From a "genealogical standpoint", Messapic is the closest at least partially attested language to Albanian. Hyllested & Joseph (2022) label this Albanian-Messapic branch as Illyric and in agreement with recent bibliography identify Greco-Phrygian as the IE branch closest to the Albanian-Messapic one. These two branches form an areal grouping - which is often called "Balkan IE" - with Armenian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022235-178">[176]</a> The Illyrian linguistic theory has some consensus, but Illyrian language is too little attested for definite comparisons to be made. Further issues are linked to the definitions of "Illyrian" and "Thracian" which are vague and aren't applied to the same areas which were considered to be part of <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> in antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-Prendergast80-179">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusakov2017555-11">[11]</a> For instance, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Huld" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Huld">Martin Huld</a> argues that the classical "precursors" of the Albanians would be "'Illyrians' to classical writers", but that the Illyrian label is hardly "enlightening" because ethnology in classical antiquity was imprecise.<a href="#cite_note-Huld-116">[115]</a> It is also uncertain whether Illyrians spoke a homogeneous language or rather a collection of different but related languages that were wrongly considered the same language by ancient writers. In contemporary research, two main onomastic provinces have been defined in which Illyrian personal names occur; the southern Illyrian or south-eastern Dalmatian province (Albania, Montenegro and their hinterland) and the central Illyrian or middle Dalmatian-Pannonian province (parts of Croatia, Bosnia and western Serbia). The region of the <a href="/wiki/Dardani" title="Dardani">Dardani</a> (modern Kosovo, parts of northern <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, parts of eastern Serbia) saw the overlap of the southern/south-eastern, Dalmatian and local anthroponymy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes199286-180">[178]</a> A third area around modern Slovenia sometimes considered part of Illyria in antiquity is considered to have been closer to <a href="/wiki/Venetic_language" title="Venetic language">Venetic</a>, which is no longer considered to be related to Illyrian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes199270-181">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolomé1982867-182">[180]</a> The conceptual paucity of the label 'Illyrian' makes its usage uncomfortable to some scholars, for this reason in current research some call the Albanian's ancestor '<a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a>' in reference to a "specific ethnolinguistically pertinent and historically compact language group", which still remains relatable with Messapic.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> The term 'Albanoid' for the ancestor of the Albanian was used for the first time by Hamp, who developed the thesis about the Proto-Albanoid dialects, spoken in the central-western Balkans including the historical regions of <a href="/wiki/Dardani" title="Dardani">Dardania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria proper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paeonia_(kingdom)" title="Paeonia (kingdom)">Paeonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Moesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Moesia">Upper Moesia</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrăciun202377–81-117">[116]</a> Albanian shows traces of <a href="/wiki/Satem" class="mw-redirect" title="Satem">satemization</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language">Indo-European language</a> tree, however the majority of Albanologists<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> hold that unlike most satem languages it has preserved the distinction of /kʷ/ and /gʷ/ from /k/ and /g/ before front vowels (merged in satem languages), and there is a debate whether Illyrian was <a href="/wiki/Centum" class="mw-redirect" title="Centum">centum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Satem" class="mw-redirect" title="Satem">satem</a>. On the other hand, Dacian<a href="#cite_note-John_Boardman_2002,_page_848-185">[183]</a> and Thracian<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> seem to belong to <a href="/wiki/Satem" class="mw-redirect" title="Satem">satem</a>. A clear isogloss that distinguishes <a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> languages and Thracian is the <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatilization</a> of the IE <a href="/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonant" title="Labialized velar consonant">labiovelars</a>, which in Albanoid was present well before Roman times, while the IE labiovelars clearly did not palatalize in the pre-Roman period in Thracian or in the area where it was spoken.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamp198060-187">[185]</a> The debate is often politically charged, and to be conclusive, more evidence is needed. Such evidence unfortunately may not be easily forthcoming because of a lack of sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201218-188">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illyrian">Illyrian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Illyrian">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illyrians_in_the_1st-2nd_centuries_CE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Illyrians_in_the_1st-2nd_centuries_CE.png/250px-Illyrians_in_the_1st-2nd_centuries_CE.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Illyrians_in_the_1st-2nd_centuries_CE.png/375px-Illyrians_in_the_1st-2nd_centuries_CE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Illyrians_in_the_1st-2nd_centuries_CE.png/500px-Illyrians_in_the_1st-2nd_centuries_CE.png 2x" data-file-width="4613" data-file-height="4196" /></a><figcaption>Illyrian tribes in the 1st-2nd centuries CE.</figcaption></figure> The very first recorded mention of a connection between Illyrians and Albanians is in 1709, attributed to the German philosopher and mathematician <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a>, most famous for being the co-inventor of calculus along with <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>. In a series of letters, he first speculated Albanian to be related to the other Slavic languages along the Adriatic, but soon changed his mind and connected the Albanian language to that of the ancient Illyrians.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> In terms of linguists or historians, the theory that Albanians were related to the Illyrians was proposed for the first time by the Swedish<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Johann_Erich_Thunmann" title="Johann Erich Thunmann">Johann Erich Thunmann</a> in 1774.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> The scholars who advocate an Illyrian origin are numerous.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-195">[193]</a> Those who argue in favour of an Illyrian origin maintain that the indigenous <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_tribes_in_Illyria" title="List of ancient tribes in Illyria">Illyrian tribes</a> dwelling in South <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a> (including today's Albania) went up into the mountains when Slavs occupied the lowlands,<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-THKRLSESview-197">[195]</a> while another version of this hypothesis states that the Albanians are the descendants of Illyrian tribes located between <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> who spilled south.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> Some of the arguments for the Illyrian-Albanian connection have been as follows:<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-195">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-199">[197]</a> <ul><li>From what is known from the old Balkan populations territories (<a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a>), Albanian is spoken in a region where Illyrian was spoken in ancient times.<a href="#cite_note-Adams1997-200">[198]</a></li> <li>There is no evidence of any major migration into Albanian territory since the records of Illyrian occupation.<a href="#cite_note-Adams1997-200">[198]</a> Because descent from Illyrians makes "geographical sense" and there is no linguistic or historical evidence proving a replacement, then the <a href="/wiki/Burden_of_proof_(philosophy)" title="Burden of proof (philosophy)">burden of proof</a> lies on the side of those who would deny a connection of Albanian with Illyrian.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Albanian_tribes" title="Albanian tribes">Albanian tribal society</a> has preserved the ancient <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Illyrian_peoples_and_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Illyrian peoples and tribes">Illyrian social structure</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Tribal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal">tribal</a> units.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> In addition, Çabej<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> analyzed the morphology of some tribal names and pointed out that the Illyrian suffix -at appeared in the names of Illyrian tribes, such as Docleatae, Labeatae, Autariates, Delmatae correspondends to the suffix -at appeared in the 15th century Albanian tribes names like Bakirat and Demat; in Albania today, the suffixes of the names of some villages, such as Dukat and Filat, do match to the Illyrian one.</li> <li>Many of what remain as attested words to Illyrian have an Albanian explanation and also a number of Illyrian lexical items (<a href="/wiki/Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">toponyms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydronym" title="Hydronym">hydronyms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">oronyms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthroponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthroponym">anthroponyms</a>, etc.) have been linked to Albanian.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a></li> <li>Words borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> (e.g. Latin aurum > ar "gold", gaudium > gaz "joy" etc.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a>) date back before the Christian era,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-199">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adams1997-200">[198]</a> while the Illyrians on the territory of modern Albania were the first from the old Balkan populations to be conquered by Romans in 229–167 BC, the Thracians were conquered in 45 AD and the Dacians in 106 AD.</li> <li>The characteristics of the Albanian dialects Tosk and Gheg<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> in the treatment of the native and loanwords from other languages, have led to the conclusion that the dialectal split occurred after <a href="/wiki/Christianisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation">Christianisation</a> of the region (4th century AD) and at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_migration_to_the_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic migration to the Balkans">Slavic migration to the Balkans</a><a href="#cite_note-Adams1997-200">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> or thereafter between the 6th to 7th century AD<a href="#cite_note-AmmonDittmarMattheierTrudgill1876-209">[207]</a> with the historic boundary between the Gheg and Tosk dialects being the Shkumbin river<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> which straddled the Jireček line.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-199">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Messapic">Messapic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Messapic">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illyrian_colonies_in_Italy_550_BC_(English)_(simple_map).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Illyrian_colonies_in_Italy_550_BC_%28English%29_%28simple_map%29.svg/220px-Illyrian_colonies_in_Italy_550_BC_%28English%29_%28simple_map%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Illyrian_colonies_in_Italy_550_BC_%28English%29_%28simple_map%29.svg/330px-Illyrian_colonies_in_Italy_550_BC_%28English%29_%28simple_map%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Illyrian_colonies_in_Italy_550_BC_%28English%29_%28simple_map%29.svg/440px-Illyrian_colonies_in_Italy_550_BC_%28English%29_%28simple_map%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iapygians" title="Iapygians">Iapygian</a> migrations in the early first millennium BC.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a> is an Iron Age language spoken in <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Iapygians" title="Iapygians">Iapygians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peucetians" title="Peucetians">Peucetians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daunians" title="Daunians">Daunians</a>), which settled in Italy as part of an Illyrian migration from the Balkans in the transitional period between the Bronze and Iron Ages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes199568-212">[210]</a> As Messapic was attested after over 500 years of development in the Italian peninsula, it's generally treated as distinct linguistically from Illyrian. Both languages are placed in the same branch of Indo-European. <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Hamp">Eric Hamp</a> has grouped them under "Messapo-Illyrian" which is further grouped with Albanian under "Adriatic Indo-European".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHampAdams20138-213">[211]</a> Other schemes group the three languages under "General Illyrian" and "Western Paleo-Balkan".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmajli201545-214">[212]</a> Messapian shares several exclusive lexical correspondences and general features with Albanian. Whether Messapian and Albanian share common features because of a common ancestral Illyrian idiom or whether these are features which developed in convergence among the languages of their grouping in the territory of Illyria. Shared cognates and features indicate a closer link between the two languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger200548-215">[213]</a> The cognates include Messapic aran and Albanian arë ("field"), biliā and bijë ("daughter"), menza- (in the name Manzanas) and mëz ("<a href="/wiki/Foal" title="Foal">foal</a>"), brendion (in <a href="/wiki/Brundisium" class="mw-redirect" title="Brundisium">Brundisium</a>) and bri (horn) .<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger200533–35-216">[214]</a> Some Messapian toponyms like Manduria in Apulia have no etymological forms outside Albanian linguistic sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrumper2018385-217">[215]</a> Other linguistic elements such as particles, prepositions, suffixes and phonological features of the Messapic language find singular affinities with Albanian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAigner-Foresti200482-218">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thracian_or_"Daco-Moesian"">Thracian or "Daco-Moesian"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Thracian or "Daco-Moesian"">edit</a>]</div> Aside from an Illyrian origin, Thracian or "Daco-Moesian" origins have also been hypothesized based on linguistic arguments that had been claimed as evidence, although in current historical linguistics the documented <a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a> material clearly points to a different language than Albanian or its <a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">reconstructed precursor</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015113-219">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger2012643–644-220">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKortlandt200386-221">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermeer1996126,_128-222">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamp198060-187">[185]</a> whereas the "Daco-Mysian" hypothetical relation is highly based on speculations that have been thoroughly dismantled by other scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm199833-223">[221]</a> Scholars who support a <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacian</a> origin maintain on their side that Albanians moved southwards between the 3rd and 6th centuries AD from the <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesian</a> area.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> Others argue instead for a <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracian</a> origin and maintain that the proto-Albanians are to be located in the area between <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> or between the <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" title="Rhodope Mountains">Rhodope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Balkan Mountains</a>, from which they moved to present-day <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> before the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> German historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gottfried_Schramm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gottfried Schramm (page does not exist)">Gottfried Schramm</a> speculated that the <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> derived from the Christianized <a href="/wiki/Bessi" title="Bessi">Bessi</a>, after their remnants were allegedly pushed by Slavs and Bulgars during the 9th century westwards into today Albania.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> Archaeologically, there is absolutely no evidence of a 9th-century migration of any population, such as the Bessi, from western Bulgaria to Albania.<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> Also according to <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">historical linguistics</a> the Thracian-Bessian hypothesis of the origin of <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> should be rejected, since only very little comparative linguistic material is available (the Thracian is attested only marginally, while the Bessian is completely unknown), and at the same time the individual <a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">phonetic history</a> of Albanian and Thracian clearly indicates a very different sound development that cannot be considered as the result of one language. Furthermore, the Christian vocabulary of Albanian is mainly <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, which speaks against the construct of a "Bessian church language".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201615-16-229">[227]</a> The elite of the Bessi tribe was gradually Hellenized.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> Low level of borrowings from Greek in the Albanian language is a further argument against the identification of Albanian with the Bessi.<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> Also the dialectal division of the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_dialects" title="Albanian dialects">Albanian-speaking area</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a> contradicts the alleged migration of Albanians in the hinterland of <a href="/wiki/Dyrrhachium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyrrhachium">Dyrrhachium</a> in the first decades of the 9th century AD, especially because the dialectal division of a linguistic space is in general a result of a number of linguistic phenomena occurring during a considerable span of time and requires a very large number of natural speakers.<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> Cities whose names follow Albanian phonetic laws – such as Shtip (<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tip" title="Štip">Štip</a>), Shkupi (<a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>) and Nish (<a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a>) – lie in the areas, believed to historically been inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a>, Paionians and <a href="/wiki/Dardani" title="Dardani">Dardani</a>; the latter is most often considered an Illyrian tribe by ancient historians. While there still is no clear picture of where the Illyrian-Thracian border was, Niš is mostly considered Illyrian territory.<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> There are some close correspondences between Thracian and Albanian words.<a href="#cite_note-ref3-235">[233]</a> However, as with Illyrian, most Dacian and Thracian words and names have not been closely linked with Albanian (v. Hamp). Also, many Dacian and Thracian placenames were made out of joined names (such as Dacian Sucidava or Thracian Bessapara; see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Dacian_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Dacian cities">List of Dacian cities</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Thracian_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Thracian cities">List of ancient Thracian cities</a>), while modern Albanian does not allow this.<a href="#cite_note-ref3-235">[233]</a> Many city names were composed of an initial lexical element affixed to -dava, -daua, -deva, -deba, -daba, or -dova, which meant "city" or "town" Endings on more southern regions are exclusively -bria ("town, city"), -disza, -diza, -dizos ("fortress, walled settlement"), -para, -paron, -pera, -phara ("town, village"). Most Illyrian names are composed of a single unit; many Thracian ones are made of two units joined. Several Thracian place-names end in -para, for example, which is thought to mean 'ford', or -diza, which is thought to mean 'fortress'. Thus in the territory of the Bessi, a well-known Thracian tribe, we have the town of Bessapara, 'ford of the Bessi'. The structure here is the same as in many European languages: thus the 'town of Peter' can be called Peterborough, Petrograd, Petersburg, Pierreville, and so on. But the crucial fact is that this structure is impossible in Albanian, which can only say 'Qytet i Pjetrit', not 'Pjeterqytet'. If para were the Albanian for 'ford', then the place-name would have to be 'Para e Besseve'; this might be reduced in time to something like 'Parabessa', but it could never become 'Bessapara'. And what is at stake here is not some superficial feature of the language, which might easily change over time, but a profound structural principle. This is one of the strongest available arguments to show that Albanian cannot have developed out of Thracian or Dacian.<a href="#cite_note-Kosovo:_A_Short_History-236">[234]</a> Bulgarian linguist <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_I._Georgiev" title="Vladimir I. Georgiev">Vladimir I. Georgiev</a> posits that Albanians descend from a Dacian population from <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a>, now the <a href="/wiki/Great_Morava" title="Great Morava">Morava</a> region of eastern Serbia, and that Illyrian toponyms are found in a far smaller area than the traditional area of Illyrian settlement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199110–12-134">[132]</a> According to Georgiev, Latin loanwords into Albanian show East Balkan Latin (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Romanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Romanian">proto-Romanian</a>) phonetics, rather than West Balkan (Dalmatian) phonetics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199110-237">[235]</a> Combined with the fact that the Romanian language <a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanian_words_of_possible_Dacian_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Romanian words of possible Dacian origin">contains several hundred words similar only to Albanian</a>, Georgiev proposes that Albanian formed in Dardania, in the Roman province of Moesia Superior, where his "Daco-Mysian" construct had allegedly been spoken probably since the 2nd millennium BCE or not later than circa 500 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj200678-175">[173]</a> He suggests that <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> is a fully Romanised Dacian language, whereas Albanian a partly Romanized "Daco-Mysian" language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj200678-175">[173]</a> Georgiev's theory however has been challenged and dismantled by other scholars.<a href="#cite_note-Kosovo:_A_Short_History-236">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> <a href="/wiki/Noel_Malcolm" title="Noel Malcolm">Noel Malcolm</a> suggests Romanian and Aromanian originated in the Southern Balkans from Romanized Illyrians.<a href="#cite_note-Kosovo:_A_Short_History-236">[234]</a> Apart from the linguistic theory that Albanian is more akin to East Balkan Romance (i.e. Dacian substrate) than West Balkan Romance (i.e. Illyrian/Dalmatian substrate), Georgiev also notes that marine words in Albanian are borrowed from other languages, suggesting that Albanians were not originally a coastal people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199111-126">[124]</a> According to Georgiev the scarcity of Greek loan words also supports a "Daco-Mysian" theory – if Albanians originated in the region of Illyria there would surely be a heavy Greek influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199111-126">[124]</a> According to historian John Van Antwerp Fine, who does define "Albanians" in his glossary as "an Indo-European people, probably descended from the ancient Illyrians",<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> nevertheless states that "these are serious (non-chauvinistic) arguments that cannot be summarily dismissed."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199111-126">[124]</a> Romanian scholars Vatasescu and Mihaescu, using lexical analysis of Albanian, have concluded that Albanian was also heavily influenced by an extinct Romance language that was distinct from both Romanian and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a>. Because the Latin words common to only Romanian and Albanian are significantly less than those that are common to only Albanian and <a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western Romance</a>, Mihaescu argues that Albanian evolved in a region with much greater contact to Western Romance regions than to Romanian-speaking regions, and located this region in present-day <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> and Western <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, spanning east to <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MadgearuAlbanianRomans-137">[135]</a> An argument against a Thracian origin (which does not apply to Dacian) is that most Thracian territory was on the Greek half of the <a href="/wiki/Jire%C4%8Dek_Line" title="Jireček Line">Jireček Line</a>, aside from varied Thracian populations stretching from Thrace into Albania, passing through <a href="/wiki/Paionia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paionia">Paionia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dardania" title="Kingdom of Dardania">Dardania</a> and up into <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a>; it is considered that most Thracians were Hellenized in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> (v. Hoddinott) and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>. The Dacian theory could also be consistent with the known patterns of barbarian incursions. Although there is no documentation of an Albanian migration, "during the fourth to sixth centuries the Rumanian region was heavily affected by large-scale invasion of Goths and Slavs, and the Morava valley (in Serbia) was a possible main invasion route and the site of the earliest known Slavic sites. Thus this would have been a region from which an indigenous population would naturally have fled".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199111-126">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_studies">Genetic studies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Genetic studies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:111px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Veshje_popullore_tropojane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Veshje_popullore_tropojane.jpg/181px-Veshje_popullore_tropojane.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Veshje_popullore_tropojane.jpg/272px-Veshje_popullore_tropojane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Veshje_popullore_tropojane.jpg/362px-Veshje_popullore_tropojane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="530" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:105px;max-width:105px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:111px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Fustanela_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fustanela_001.jpg/103px-Fustanela_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fustanela_001.jpg/155px-Fustanela_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fustanela_001.jpg/206px-Fustanela_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="576" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Albanian groups in traditional clothes during folklore festivals: from <a href="/wiki/Tropoj%C3%AB_District" title="Tropojë District">Tropojë</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Skrapar" title="Skrapar">Skrapar</a> (right)</div></div></div></div> Various genetic studies have been done on the European population, some of them including current Albanian population, Albanian-speaking populations outside Albania, and the Balkan region as a whole. Albanians share similar genetics with neighbouring ethnic populations with close clusters forming primarily with mainland Greeks and southern Italian populations.<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Y-DNA">Y-DNA</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Y-DNA">edit</a>]</div> The three haplogroups most strongly associated with Albanian people are <a href="/wiki/E1b1b1a#E1b1b1a2_.28E-V13.29" class="mw-redirect" title="E1b1b1a">E-V13</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b" title="Haplogroup R1b">R1b</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J2_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA)">J2b</a>-L283. <ul><li>E-V13, the most common European sub-clade of <a href="/wiki/E1b1b1a" class="mw-redirect" title="E1b1b1a">E1b1b1a</a> (E-M78) represents about 1/3 of all Albanian men and peaks in Kosovo (~40%). The current distribution of this lineage might be the result of several demographic expansions from the Balkans, such as that associated with the Balkan Bronze Age, and more recently, during the Roman era with the so-called "rise of Illyrian soldiery".<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15944443-245">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bird-246">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-Semino2000-247">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cruciani2004-248">[246]</a> The peak of the haplogroup in Kosovo, however, has been attributed to genetic drift.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15944443-245">[243]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)">R1b-M269</a> represents about 1/5 of Albanian men, mostly under clades R-Z2103 and R-PF7562. It is linked with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> in the Balkans.<a href="#cite_note-HaakLazaridis-249">[247]</a> The oldest R1b (> R-RPF7562) sample in historically Albanian-inhabited regions has been found in EBA Çinamak, northern Albania, 2663-2472 calBCE (4045±25 BP, PSUAMS-7926). In the same site during the Iron Age, half of the men carried R-M269 (R-CTS1450 x1).<a href="#cite_note-Lazaridis2022TableS1-250">[248]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M172" title="Haplogroup J-M172">J</a>2b-L283 represents 14-18% of Albanian men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaukaMuhajBojaxhi202191-251">[249]</a> It peaks in northern Albania. The oldest J-L283 (> J-Z597) sample in Albania found in MBA Shkrel as early as the 19th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-Lazaridis2022TableS1-250">[248]</a> It first spread from the northwestern Balkans southwards during the EBA/MBA with cultures likes <a href="/wiki/Cetina_culture" title="Cetina culture">Cetina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>) and Cetina-derived groups which have yielded most J-L283 samples in antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-Lazaridis2022TableS1-250">[248]</a> In a 2022 study, J-L283 and its paternal clade J-M241 were found in three out of seven <a href="/wiki/Daunians" title="Daunians">Daunian</a> samples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAneliSaupeMontinaroSolnik202223-252">[250]</a> In IA Çinamak(northern Albania), half of the samples belonged to J-L283.<a href="#cite_note-Lazaridis2022TableS1-250">[248]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)">Y haplogroup I</a> is represented by I1 more common in northern Europe and I2 where several of its sub-clades are found in significant amounts in the South Slavic population. The specific I sub-clade which has attracted most discussion in Balkan studies currently referred to as I2a1b, defined by <a href="/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism" title="Single-nucleotide polymorphism">SNP</a> M423<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rootsi2004-254">[252]</a> This clade has higher frequencies to the north of the Albanophone area, in Dalmatia and Bosnia.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15944443-245">[243]</a> The expansion of I2a-Din took place during Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages and today is common in <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic speaking peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA)">Haplogroup R1a</a> is common in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, especially in Slavic nations,<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a> (and is also common in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Indian subcontinent</a>). In the Balkans, it is strongly associated with <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic</a> areas.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15944443-245">[243]</a></li></ul> A study by Battaglia et al. in 2008<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> found the following haplogroup distributions among Albanians in Albania itself: <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 70%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>N </th> <th>E-M78* E1b1b1a* </th> <th>E-M78 V13 E1b1b1a2 </th> <th>G P15* G2a* </th> <th>I-M253* I1* </th> <th>I M423 I2a1* </th> <th>I M223 I2b1 </th> <th>J M267* J1* </th> <th>J M67* J2a1b* </th> <th>J M92 J2a1b1 </th> <th>J M241 J2b2 </th> <th>R M17* R1a1* </th> <th>R M269 R1b1b2 </th></tr> <tr> <td>55</td> <td>1.8% (1/55)</td> <td>23.6% (13/55)</td> <td>1.8% (1/55)</td> <td>3.6% (2/55)</td> <td>14.5% (8/55)</td> <td>3.6% (2/55)</td> <td>3.6% (2/55)</td> <td>3.6% (2/55)</td> <td>1.8% (1/55)</td> <td>14.5% (8/55)</td> <td>9.1% (5/55)</td> <td>18.2% (10/55) </td></tr> </tbody></table> The same study by Battaglia et al. (2008) also found the following distributions among <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanians in North Macedonia">Albanians in North Macedonia</a>: <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 70%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>N </th> <th>E-M78* E1b1b1a* </th> <th>E-M78 V13 E1b1b1a2 </th> <th>E-M123 E1b1b1c </th> <th>G P15* G2a* </th> <th>I M253* I1* </th> <th>I P37.2* I2a* </th> <th>I M423 I2a1* </th> <th>I M26 I2a2 </th> <th>J M267* J1* </th> <th>J M67* J2a1b* </th> <th>J M241 J2b2 </th> <th>R M17* R1a1* </th> <th>R M269 R1b1b2 </th></tr> <tr> <td>64</td> <td>1.6% (1/64)</td> <td>34.4% (22/64)</td> <td>3.1% (2/64)</td> <td>1.6% (1/64)</td> <td>4.7% (3/64)</td> <td>1.6% (1/64)</td> <td>9.4% (6/64)</td> <td>1.6% (1/64)</td> <td>6.3% (4/64)</td> <td>1.6% (1/64)</td> <td>14.1% (9/64)</td> <td>1.6% (1/64)</td> <td>18.8% (12/64) </td></tr> </tbody></table> The same study by Battaglia et al. (2008) also found the following distributions among Albanians in Albania itself and <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanians in North Macedonia">Albanians in North Macedonia</a>: <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 70%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>N </th> <th>E-M78* E1b1b1a* </th> <th>E-M78 V13 E1b1b1a2 </th> <th>E-M123 E1b1b1c </th> <th>G P15* G2a* </th> <th>I M253* I1* </th> <th>I P37.2* I2a* </th> <th>I M423 I2a1* </th> <th>I M26 I2a2 </th> <th>I M223 I2b1 </th> <th>J M267* J1* </th> <th>J M67* J2a1b* </th> <th>J M92 J2a1b1 </th> <th>J M241 J2b2 </th> <th>R M17* R1a1* </th> <th>R M269 R1b1b2 </th></tr> <tr> <td>55+ 64= 119</td> <td>1.68% (2/119)</td> <td>29.4% (35/119)</td> <td>1.68% (2/119)</td> <td>1.68% (2/119)</td> <td>4.2% (5/119)</td> <td>0.84% (1/119)</td> <td>11.76% (14/119)</td> <td>0.84% (1/119)</td> <td>1.68% (2/119)</td> <td>5.04% (6/119)</td> <td>2.52% (3/119)</td> <td>0.84% (1/119)</td> <td>14.3% (17/119)</td> <td>5.04% (6/119)</td> <td>18.5% (22/119) </td></tr> </tbody></table> A study by Peričić et al. in 2005<a href="#cite_note-pmid15944443-245">[243]</a> found the following Y-Dna haplogroup frequencies in Albanians from <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> with E-V13 subclade of haplogroup E1b1b representing 43.85% of the total (note that Albanians from other regions have slightly lower percentages of E-V13, but similar J2b and R1b): <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 70%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>N </th> <th>E-M78* E3b1 </th> <th>E-M78* α* E3b1-α </th> <th>E-M81* E3b2 </th> <th>E-M123* E3b3 </th> <th>J-M241* J2e1 </th> <th>I-M253* I1a </th> <th>I-P37* I1b*(xM26) </th> <th>R-M173* R1b </th> <th>R SRY-1532* R1a </th> <th>R P*(xQ,R1) </th></tr> <tr> <td>114</td> <td>1.75% (2/114)</td> <td>43.85% (50/114)</td> <td>0.90% (1/114)</td> <td>0.90% (1/114)</td> <td>16.70% (19/114)</td> <td>5.25% (6/114)</td> <td>2.70% (3/114)</td> <td>21.10% (24/114)</td> <td>4.40% (5/114)</td> <td>1.75% (2/114) </td></tr> </tbody></table> The same study by Peričić et al. in 2005<a href="#cite_note-pmid15944443-245">[243]</a> found the following Y-Dna haplogroup frequencies in Albanians from <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> with E-V13 subclade of haplogroup E1b1b representing 43.85% of the total (note that Albanians from other regions have slightly lower percentages of E-V13, but similar J2b and R1b): <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 70%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>N </th> <th>E3b1-M78 </th> <th>R1b-M173 </th> <th>J2e-M102 </th> <th>R1a-M17 </th> <th>I1b* (xM26)-P37 </th> <th>I-M253* I1a </th></tr> <tr> <td>114</td> <td>45.60% (52/114)</td> <td>21.10% (24/114)</td> <td>16.70% (19/114)</td> <td>4.40% (5/114)</td> <td>2.70% (3/114)</td> <td>5.25% (6/114) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 84%"> <caption>Comparison of haplogroups among Albanian subgroups </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Population </th> <th>Language family <a href="#cite_note-IE=Indo-European-257">[Table 1]</a> </th> <th>n <a href="#cite_note-NoteA-258">[Table 2]</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)">R1b</a> <a href="#cite_note-NoteB-259">[Table 3]</a> </th> <th>n</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA)">R1a</a> </th> <th>n</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)">I</a> </th> <th>n</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E1b1b_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)">E1b1b</a> </th> <th>n</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E1b1a_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E1b1a (Y-DNA)">E1b1a</a> </th> <th>n</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)">J</a> </th> <th>n</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_G_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)">G</a> </th> <th>n</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_N_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)">N</a> </th> <th>n</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup T (Y-DNA)">T</a> </th> <th>n</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_L_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup L (Y-DNA)">L</a> </th> <th>n</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)">H</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> </th> <td>IE (Albanian) </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>106</td> <td>23.58% (25/106)<a href="#cite_note-Rootsi2004-254">[252]</a> </td> <td>19 44</td> <td>E-M78a 31.58% (6/19) Cruciani2004<a href="#cite_note-Cruciani2004-248">[246]</a> E-M78 25% (11/44)<a href="#cite_note-Semino2004-260">[255]</a> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>56</td> <td>J-M102 14.29% (8/56) J-M67 3.57% (2/56) J-M92 1.79% (1/56) J-M172 J2 19.64% (11/56) J-M267 J1 =3.57% (2/56) 23.21%(13/56)<a href="#cite_note-Semino2004-260">[255]</a> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> </th> <td>IE (Albanian) </td> <td>51</td> <td>R1b M173 17.65% (9/51)<a href="#cite_note-Semino2000-247">[245]</a> </td> <td>51</td> <td>R1a M17 9.8% (5/51)<a href="#cite_note-Semino2000-247">[245]</a> </td> <td>106</td> <td>I1b* (xM26) P37 16.98% (18/106)<a href="#cite_note-Rootsi2004-254">[252]</a> </td> <td>63</td> <td>E3b1 M78 26.98% (17/63)<a href="#cite_note-Semino2004-260">[255]</a> Cruciani2004<a href="#cite_note-Cruciani2004-248">[246]</a> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>56</td> <td>J2e M102 14.29% (8/56)<a href="#cite_note-Semino2004-260">[255]</a> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Albanians" title="Kosovo Albanians">Kosovo Albanians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>) </th> <td>IE (Albanian) </td> <td>114</td> <td>21.10% (24/114)<a href="#cite_note-pmid15944443-245">[243]</a> </td> <td>114</td> <td>4.42% (5/114)<a href="#cite_note-pmid15944443-245">[243]</a> </td> <td>114</td> <td>(I1a) 5.31% (6/114) I1b*(xM26) 2.65% (3/114) 7.96% (9/114)<a href="#cite_note-pmid15944443-245">[243]</a> </td> <td>114</td> <td>(E3b1) 1.75% (2/114) (E3b1-α) 43.85% (50/114) (E3b2) 0.90% (1/114) (E3b3) 0.90% (1/114) 47.40% (54/114)<a href="#cite_note-pmid15944443-245">[243]</a> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>114</td> <td>(J2e1) 16.70% (19/114)<a href="#cite_note-pmid15944443-245">[243]</a> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>) </th> <td>IE (Albanian) </td> <td>30</td> <td>18.3<a href="#cite_note-Bosch2006-261">[256]</a> </td> <td>30</td> <td>8.3<a href="#cite_note-Bosch2006-261">[256]</a> </td> <td>30</td> <td>11.7<a href="#cite_note-Bosch2006-261">[256]</a> </td> <td>30</td> <td>28.3<a href="#cite_note-Bosch2006-261">[256]</a> </td> <td>30</td> <td>0.0<a href="#cite_note-Bosch2006-261">[256]</a> </td> <td>30</td> <td>20.0<a href="#cite_note-Bosch2006-261">[256]</a> </td> <td>30</td> <td>3.3<a href="#cite_note-Bosch2006-261">[256]</a> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> </th> <td>IE (Albanian) </td> <td>55</td> <td>(R1b1b2) 18.2% (10/55)<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> </td> <td>55</td> <td>(R1a1*) 9.1% (5/55)<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> </td> <td>55</td> <td>(I1*) 3.6% (2/55) (I2a1*) 14.5% (8/55) (I2b1) 3.6% (2/55) 21.7% (12/55)<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> </td> <td>55</td> <td>(E-M78) 1.8% (1/55) (E-V13) 23.6% (13/55) 25.4% (14/55)<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> </td> <td>55</td> <td>0.0<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> </td> <td>55</td> <td>(J1*) 3.6% (2/55) (J2a1b*) 3.6% (2/55) (J2a1b1) 1.8% (1/55) (J2b2) 14.5% (8/55) 23.5% (13/55)<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> </td> <td>55</td> <td>(G2a*) 1.8% (1/55)<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> </td> <td>55</td> <td>0.0<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> </td> <td>55</td> <td>0.0<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> </td> <td>55</td> <td>0.0<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>) </th> <td>IE (Albanian) </td> <td>64</td> <td>(R1b1b2) 18.8% (12/64)<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> </td> <td>64</td> <td>(R1a1*) 1.6% (1/64)<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> </td> <td>64</td> <td>(I1*) 4.7% (3/64) (I2a*) 1.6% (1/64) (I2a1*) 9.4% (6/64) (I2a2) 1.6% (1/64) 17.3% (11/64)<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> </td> <td>64</td> <td>(E-M78) 1.6% (1/64) (E-V13) 34.4% (22/64) (E-M123) 3.1% (2/64) 39.1% (25/64)<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> </td> <td>64</td> <td>0.0<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> </td> <td>64</td> <td>(J1*) 6.3% (4/64) (J2a1b*) 1.6% (1/64) (J2b2) 14.1% (9/64) 22% (14/64)<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> </td> <td>64</td> <td>(G2a*) 1.6% (1/64)<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> </td> <td>64</td> <td>0.0<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> </td> <td>64</td> <td>0.0<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> </td> <td>64</td> <td>0.0<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>) </th> <td>IE (Albanian) </td> <td>55+ 64= 119</td> <td>R1b1b2 18.50% (22/119)<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> </td> <td>55+ 64= 119</td> <td>R1a1* 5.05% (6/119)<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> </td> <td>55+ 64= 119</td> <td>I1* 4.2% (5/119) (I2a* 0.85% (1/119) I2a1* 11.8% (14/119) I2a2 0.85% (1/119) I2a 13.5% (16/119) (I2b1 1.7% (2/119) 19.33% (23/119)<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> </td> <td>55+ 64= 119</td> <td>E-M78 1.7 (2/119) E-V13 29.4% (35/119) E-M123 1.7 (2/119) 32.8% (39/119)<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> </td> <td>55+ 64= 119</td> <td>0.0<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> </td> <td>55+ 64= 119</td> <td>J1* 5.05% (6/119) J2a1b* 2.55% (3/119) J2a1b1 0.85% (1/119) J2a 3.4% (4/119) J2b2 14.3% (17/119) 22.70% (27/119)<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> </td> <td>55+ 64= 119</td> <td>G2a* 1.7% (2/119)<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> </td> <td>55+ 64= 119</td> <td>0.0<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> </td> <td>55+ 64= 119</td> <td>0.0<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> </td> <td>55+ 64= 119</td> <td>0.0<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Population </th> <th>Language family <a href="#cite_note-IE=Indo-European-257">[Table 1]</a> </th> <th>n <a href="#cite_note-NoteA-258">[Table 2]</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)">R1b</a> <a href="#cite_note-NoteB-259">[Table 3]</a> </th> <th>n</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA)">R1a</a> </th> <th>n</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)">I</a> </th> <th>n</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E1b1b_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)">E1b1b</a> </th> <th>n</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E1b1a_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E1b1a (Y-DNA)">E1b1a</a> </th> <th>n</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)">J</a> </th> <th>n</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_G_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)">G</a> </th> <th>n</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_N_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)">N</a> </th> <th>n</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup T (Y-DNA)">T</a> </th> <th>n</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_L_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup L (Y-DNA)">L</a> </th> <th>n</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)">H</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 100%"> <caption>Comparison of haplogroups among Albanian subgroups </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Population</th> <th>Language <a href="#cite_note-IE=Indo-European-257">[Table 1]</a></th> <th>n</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)">R1b</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA)">R1a</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)"><big>I</big></a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E1b1b_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)">E1b1b</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)">J</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_G_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)">G</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_N_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)">N</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup T (Y-DNA)">T</a></th> <th>Others</th> <th>Reference </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> </th> <td>IE (Albanian) </td> <td>51 </td> <td>R1b M173 17.65% (9/51) </td> <td>R1a M17 9.8% (5/51) </td> <td>I1b* (xM26) P37 16.98% (18/106) </td> <td>E3b1 M78 26.98% (17/63) </td> <td>J2e M102 14.29% (8/56) </td> <td>2.0% (9/51) </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td> </td> <td>Pericic2005<a href="#cite_note-pmid15944443-245">[243]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>) </th> <td>IE (Albanian) </td> <td>114 </td> <td>R1b 21.10% (24/114) </td> <td>R1a 4.42% (5/114) </td> <td>I1a 5.31% (6/114) I1b*(xM26) 2.65% (3/114) 7.96% (9/114) </td> <td>E3b1 1.75% (2/114) E3b1-α 43.85% (50/114) E3b2 0.90% (1/114) E3b3 0.90% (1/114) 47.40 (54/114) </td> <td>J2e1 16.7% (19/114) </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>P*(xQ,R1) 1.77 (2/114) </td> <td>Pericic2005<a href="#cite_note-pmid15944443-245">[243]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>) </th> <td>IE (Albanian) </td> <td>30 </td> <td>13.3 </td> <td>13.3 </td> <td>16.7 </td> <td>23.3 </td> <td>20.0 </td> <td>3.3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Bosch2006<a href="#cite_note-Bosch2006-261">[256]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>) </th> <td>IE (Albanian) </td> <td>55 </td> <td>R1b1b2 18.2 (10/55) </td> <td>R1a1* 9.1 (5/55) </td> <td>I1* 3.6 (2/55) I2a1* 14.5 (8/55) I2b1 3.6 (2/55) 21.8% (12/55) </td> <td>E-M78 1.8% (1/55) E-V13 23.6% (13/55) 25.4% (14/55) </td> <td>J1* 3.6 (2/55) (J2a1b* 3.6 (2/55) J2a1b1 1.8 (1/55) J2a 5.4% (3/55)) J2b2 14.5 (8/55) 23.5% (13/55) </td> <td>G2a* 1.8 (1/55) </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td> </td> <td>Battaglia2008<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>) </th> <td>IE (Albanian) </td> <td>64 </td> <td>R1b1b2 18.8% (12/64) </td> <td>R1a1* 1.6% (1/64) </td> <td>I1* 4.7 (3/64) (I2a* 1.6 (1/64) I2a1* 9.4 (6/64) I2a2 1.6 (1/64) I2a 12.6% (8/64)) 17.2% (11/64) </td> <td>E-M78 1.6 (1/64) E-V13 34.4% (22/64) E-M123 3.1 (2/64) 39.1% (25/64) </td> <td>J1* 6.3 (4/64) J2a1b* 1.6 (1/64) J2b2 14.1 (9/64) 22% (14/64) </td> <td>G2a* 1.6% (1/64) </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td> </td> <td>Battaglia2008<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>) AND <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>) </th> <td>IE (Albanian) </td> <td>55+ 64= 119 </td> <td>R1b1b2 18.50% (22/119) </td> <td>R1a1* 5.05% (6/119) </td> <td>I1* 4.2% (5/119) (I2a* 0.85% (1/119) I2a1* 11.8% (14/119) I2a2 0.85% (1/119) I2a 13.5% (16/119) I2b1 1.7 (2/119) 19.33% (23/119) </td> <td>E-M78 1.7 (2/119) E-V13 29.4% (35/119) E-M123 1.7 (2/119) 32.8% (39/119) </td> <td>J1* 5.05% (6/119) J2a1b* 2.55% (3/119) J2a1b1 0.85% (1/119) J2a 3.4% (4/119) J2b2 14.3% (17/119) 22.70% (27/119) </td> <td>G2a* 1.7% (2/119) </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td> </td> <td>Battaglia2008<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> </th> <td>IE (Albanian) </td> <td>223 </td> <td>18.39% (41/223) </td> <td>4.04% (9/223) </td> <td>13% (29/223) </td> <td>35.43% (79/223) </td> <td>23.77% (53/223) </td> <td>2.69% (6/223) </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0.9% (2/223) </td> <td>1.79% (4/223) </td> <td>Sarno2015<a href="#cite_note-Sarno2015-262">[257]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> Table notes: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IE=Indo-European-257">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IE=Indo-European_257-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IE=Indo-European_257-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IE=Indo-European_257-2">c</a> IE=Indo-European </li> <li id="cite_note-NoteA-258">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NoteA_258-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NoteA_258-1">b</a> First column gives the amount of total Sample Size studied </li> <li id="cite_note-NoteB-259">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NoteB_259-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NoteB_259-1">b</a> Second column gives the Percentage of the particular haplogroup among the Sample Size </li> </ol></div></div> A study on the Y chromosome haplotypes DYS19 STR and YAP and on mitochondrial DNA found no significant difference between Albanians and most other Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-263">[258]</a> Larger samples collected by volunteer-led projects, show the Albanians belong largely to <a href="/wiki/Y-chromosome" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-chromosome">Y-chromosomes</a> J2b2-L283, R1b-Z2103/BY611 and EV-13 from <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Ancient Balkan populations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-264">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[260]</a> In a 2013 study which compared one Albanian sample to other European samples, the authors concluded that it did not differ significantly to other European populations, especially groups such as <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Macedonians">Macedonians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RC2013-266">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2008-244">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15944443-245">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="mtDNA">mtDNA</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: mtDNA">edit</a>]</div> Another study of old Balkan populations and their genetic affinities with current European populations was done in 2004, based on <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> on the skeletal remains of some old Thracian populations from SE of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, dating from the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_in_Romania" title="Bronze Age in Romania">Bronze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age in Romania">Iron Age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cardos-268">[263]</a> This study was during excavations of some human fossil bones of 20 individuals dating about 3200–4100 years, from the Bronze Age, belonging to some cultures such as <a href="/wiki/Tei_culture" title="Tei culture">Tei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monteoru_culture" title="Monteoru culture">Monteoru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noua_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Noua culture">Noua</a> were found in graves from some necropoles SE of Romania, namely in Zimnicea, Smeeni, Candesti, Cioinagi-Balintesti, Gradistea-Coslogeni and Sultana-Malu Rosu; and the human fossil bones and teeth of 27 individuals from the early Iron Age, dating from the 10th to 7th centuries BC from the <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallstatt Era">Hallstatt Era</a> (the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Babadag_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Babadag culture (page does not exist)">Babadag culture</a>), were found extremely SE of Romania near the Black Sea coast, in some settlements from <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a>, namely: <a href="/wiki/Jurilovca" title="Jurilovca">Jurilovca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Satu_Nou" title="Dacian fortress of Satu Nou">Satu Nou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babadag" title="Babadag">Babadag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niculitel" class="mw-redirect" title="Niculitel">Niculitel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarichioi" title="Sarichioi">Enisala-Palanca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cardos-268">[263]</a> After comparing this material with the present-day European population, the authors concluded: Computing the frequency of common point mutations of the present-day European population with the Thracian population has resulted that the Italian (7.9%), the Albanian (6.3%) and the Greek (5.8%) have shown a bias of closer [mtDna] genetic kinship with the Thracian individuals than the Romanian and Bulgarian individuals (only 4.2%).<a href="#cite_note-cardos-268">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autosomal_DNA">Autosomal DNA</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Autosomal DNA">edit</a>]</div> Analysis of autosomal DNA, which analyses all genetic components has revealed that few rigid genetic discontinuities exist in European populations, apart from certain outliers such as <a href="/wiki/Saami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Saami people">Saami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardinians">Sardinians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosovar_Albanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovar Albanians">Kosovar Albanians</a>. They found that Albanians, on the one hand, have a high amount of <a href="/wiki/Identity_by_descent" title="Identity by descent">identity by descent</a> sharing, suggesting that Albanian-speakers derived from a relatively small population that expanded recently and rapidly in the last 1,500 years. On the other hand, they are not wholly isolated or endogamous because Greek and Macedonian samples shared much higher numbers of common ancestors with Albanian speakers than with other neighbors, possibly a result of historical migrations, or else perhaps smaller effects of the Slavic expansion in these populations. At the same time the sampled Italians shared nearly as much IBD with Albanian speakers as with each other.<a href="#cite_note-RC2013-266">[261]</a> In Lazaridis et al. (2022) a transect of samples from Albania which date from the EBA to the present day were tested. The population of Albania "appears to be largely made up of the same components in similar proportions" since the MBA. The core part of this profile consists of 50% Anatolian Neolithic Farmers, 20-25% Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers, 10-15% Eastern Hunter-Gatherers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazaridisAlpaslan-Roodenberg2022224_(Supplementary_Materials)-269">[264]</a> According to this study, the speakers of Albanian, as well as Greek and other <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan languages</a>, go back directly to the migration of <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a> steppe pastoralists into the Balkans about 5,000 to 4,500 years ago, whose admixture with the local populations generated a tapestry of various ancestry, which in Albanians resulted in the above-mentioned components.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazaridisAlpaslan-Roodenberg20221,_10-270">[265]</a> Another study, from 2023, concludes that "a significant proportion" of the Modern Albanians paternal ancestry comes from West Balkans "including those traditionally known as Illyrians"<a href="#cite_note-271">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obsolete_hypotheses">Obsolete hypotheses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Obsolete hypotheses">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_hypothesis">Italian hypothesis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Italian hypothesis">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Laonikos_Chalkokondyles" title="Laonikos Chalkokondyles">Laonikos Chalkokondyles</a> (c. 1423–1490), the Byzantine historian, considered the Albanians to be an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jstor3014121-173">[171]</a> The theory has its origin in the first mention of the Albanians, disputed whether it refers to Albanians in an ethnic sense,<a href="#cite_note-Madgearu_p.25-41">[40]</a> made by <a href="/wiki/Attaliates" class="mw-redirect" title="Attaliates">Attaliates</a> (11th century): "...For when subsequent commanders made base and shameful plans and decisions, not only was the island lost to Byzantium, but also the greater part of the army. Unfortunately, the people who had once been our allies and who possessed the same rights as citizens and the same religion, i.e. the Albanians and the Latins, who live in the Italian regions of our Empire beyond Western Rome, quite suddenly became enemies when <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dokeianos" title="Michael Dokeianos">Michael Dokeianos</a> insanely directed his command against their leaders..."<a href="#cite_note-272">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caucasian_hypothesis">Caucasian hypothesis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Caucasian hypothesis">edit</a>]</div> One of the earliest theories on the origins of the Albanians, now considered obsolete, incorrectly identified the proto-Albanians with an area of the eastern <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, separately referred to by classical geographers as <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a>, located in what roughly corresponds to modern-day southern <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and bordering <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)">Caucasian Iberia</a> to its west. This theory conflated the two Albanias supposing that the ancestors of the Balkan Albanians (Shqiptarët) had migrated westward in the late classical or early medieval period. The Caucasian theory was first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pope Pius II</a> in his writings. <a href="#cite_note-273">[268]</a> and later by Renaissance humanists who were familiar with the works of classical geographers, and further developed by early 19th-century French consul and writer <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pouqueville" title="François Pouqueville">François Pouqueville</a>. It was soon rendered obsolete in the 19th century when linguists proved Albanian as being an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>, rather than a <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian languages">Caucasian language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwandner-SieversFischer200274-274">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pelasgian_hypothesis">Pelasgian hypothesis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Pelasgian hypothesis">edit</a>]</div> In terms of historical theories, an outdated theory <a href="#cite_note-275">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[271]</a> is the 19th century theory that Albanians specifically descend from the <a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a>, a broad term used by classical authors to denote the autochthonous, pre-Indo-European inhabitants of Greece and the southern Balkans in general. However, there is no evidence about the possible language, customs and existence of the Pelasgians as a distinct and homogeneous people and thus any particular connection to this population is unfounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj200642–43-50">[49]</a> This theory was developed by the <a href="/wiki/Austrians" title="Austrians">Austrian</a> linguist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_von_Hahn" title="Johann Georg von Hahn">Johann Georg von Hahn</a> in his work Albanesische Studien in 1854. According to Hahn, the Pelasgians were the original proto-Albanians and the language spoken by the Pelasgians, Illyrians, <a href="/wiki/Epirotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirotes">Epirotes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">ancient Macedonians</a> were closely related. In Hahn's theory the term Pelasgians was mostly used as a synonym for Illyrians. This theory quickly attracted support in Albanian circles, as it established a claim of predecence over other Balkan nations, particularly the Greeks. In addition to establishing "historic right" to territory this theory also established that the ancient Greek civilization and its achievements had an "Albanian" origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwandner-SieversFischer200277-277">[272]</a> The theory gained staunch support among early 20th-century Albanian publicists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwandner-SieversFischer200277–79-278">[273]</a> This theory is rejected by scholars today.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwandner-SieversFischer200278–79-279">[274]</a> In contemporary times with the <a href="/wiki/Arvanites" title="Arvanites">Arvanite</a> revival of the Pelasgian theory, it has also been recently borrowed by other Albanian speaking populations within and from Albania in Greece to counter the negative image of their communities.<a href="#cite_note-DeRapper-280">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Free_Dacian"_hypothesis">"Free Dacian" hypothesis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: "Free Dacian" hypothesis">edit</a>]</div> In the late 19th and early 20th century Romanian linguist <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Petriceicu_Hasdeu" title="Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu">Hasdeu</a> speculated the origin of Albanians from the <a href="/wiki/Free_Dacians" title="Free Dacians">free Dacians</a> (i.e., according to him, the <a href="/wiki/Costoboci" title="Costoboci">Costoboci</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Carpi_(people)" title="Carpi (people)">Carpi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bessi" title="Bessi">Bessi</a>), after their alleged migration southwards from outside the Danubian or Carpathian <a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">limes</a> during Roman Imperial times. His outdated methods are linguistically unsustainable and his reconstructed narrative is based on no factual evidence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015290,_296–298-281">[276]</a> This unfounded narrative was revived in the late 20th century by Romanian historian I. I. Russu<a href="#cite_note-282">[277]</a> persistently and beyond the scientific knowledge that was achieved in the meantime. Despite having a <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> background, he made claims in the field of <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comparative_linguistics" title="Comparative linguistics">comparative linguistics</a>, eager to prove the autochthony of the Romanian people in their present-day heartlands (mainly north of the Danube and in Transylvania).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015298-283">[278]</a> According to him, the pre-Roman lexical element shared with Romanian ("Traco-Dacian"), the massive Roman lexical element in Albanian, and the little Ancient Greek element, indicate an origin from the Thracian Carpi beyond the northeastern borders of the Empire, in the Carpatho-Danubian areas where Romanization could have been averted. Although Russu himself reported <a href="/wiki/Holger_Pedersen_(linguist)" title="Holger Pedersen (linguist)">Pedersen</a>'s argument according to which precisely the large Latin influence and the small Ancient Greek influence speak in favor of the Illyrian origin of Albanian, the question arises why Russu ignored the fact that the large Latin influence actually indicates the location of Albanian within the Roman world and not outside it. Russu's linguistic analysis obviously has errors, and above all his mode of argumentation goes even beyond Hasdeu's romantic narrative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015341–342-284">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">Ethnogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_and_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography and nationalism">Historiography and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Balkans">Prehistoric Balkans</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> As the tribe of the Albanoi (Ἀλβανοί) in Ptolemy's Geography. The name Arbōn (Ἄρβων) had been used by Polybius in the 2nd century BC to designate a city in <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Example include Ancient Greek λάχανον and its Albanian reflex lakër because it would appear to have been loaned before <χ> changed from an aspirated stop /kʰ/ to a fricative /x/, μᾱχανά and its Albanian reflex mokër which likewise seems to reflect a stop /kʰ/ for <χ> and also must be specifically Doric or Northwestern (other Greek dialects have <e> or <η> rather than <ά>), and θωράκιον and its Albanian reflex targozë which would appear to have predated the frication of Greek <θ> (before the shift in Koine, representing /tʰ/).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201216-123">[122]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLaw1999" class="citation book cs1">Law, Gwillim (1999). Administrative Subdivisions of Countries. McFarland. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476604473" title="Special:BookSources/9781476604473"><bdi>9781476604473</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Administrative+Subdivisions+of+Countries&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781476604473&rft.aulast=Law&rft.aufirst=Gwillim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plasari10-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Plasari10_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlasari2020">Plasari 2020</a>, pp. 10–11 </li> <li id="cite_note-cruciani2007-3"><a href="#cite_ref-cruciani2007_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrucianiLa_FrattaTrombettaSantolamazza2007" class="citation journal cs1">Cruciani, F.; La Fratta, R.; Trombetta, B.; Santolamazza, P.; Sellitto, D.; Colomb, E. B.; Dugoujon, J.-M.; Crivellaro, F.; Benincasa, T.; Pascone, R.; Moral, P.; Watson, E.; Melegh, B.; Barbujani, G.; Fuselli, S.; Vona, G.; Zagradisnik, B.; Assum, G.; Brdicka, R.; Kozlov, A. I.; Efremov, G. D.; Coppa, A.; Novelletto, A.; Scozzari, R. (10 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsm049">"Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Molecular_Biology_and_Evolution" title="Molecular Biology and Evolution">Molecular Biology and Evolution</a>. 24 (6): 1300–1311. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsm049">10.1093/molbev/msm049</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17351267">17351267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Tracing+Past+Human+Male+Movements+in+Northern%2FEastern+Africa+and+Western+Eurasia%3A+New+Clues+from+Y-Chromosomal+Haplogroups+E-M78+and+J-M12&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1300-1311&rft.date=2007-03-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsm049&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17351267&rft.aulast=Cruciani&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=La+Fratta%2C+R.&rft.au=Trombetta%2C+B.&rft.au=Santolamazza%2C+P.&rft.au=Sellitto%2C+D.&rft.au=Colomb%2C+E.+B.&rft.au=Dugoujon%2C+J.-M.&rft.au=Crivellaro%2C+F.&rft.au=Benincasa%2C+T.&rft.au=Pascone%2C+R.&rft.au=Moral%2C+P.&rft.au=Watson%2C+E.&rft.au=Melegh%2C+B.&rft.au=Barbujani%2C+G.&rft.au=Fuselli%2C+S.&rft.au=Vona%2C+G.&rft.au=Zagradisnik%2C+B.&rft.au=Assum%2C+G.&rft.au=Brdicka%2C+R.&rft.au=Kozlov%2C+A.+I.&rft.au=Efremov%2C+G.+D.&rft.au=Coppa%2C+A.&rft.au=Novelletto%2C+A.&rft.au=Scozzari%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmolbev%252Fmsm049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/15826619JohnWilkesTheIllyrians/page/n147/mode/1up">John Wilkes, The Illyrians</a>. Wiley Blackwell. 1996. p. 278.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Wilkes%2C+The+Illyrians&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F15826619JohnWilkesTheIllyrians%2Fpage%2Fn147%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2022[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidjWB2EAAAQBAJpgPT257_189–231]-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman2022[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidjWB2EAAAQBAJpgPT257_189–231]_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFriedman2022">Friedman 2022</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jWB2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT257">189–231</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELazaridisAlpaslan-Roodenberg2022-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazaridisAlpaslan-Roodenberg2022_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLazaridisAlpaslan-Roodenberg2022">Lazaridis & Alpaslan-Roodenberg 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortson2010448-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortson2010448_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFortson2010">Fortson 2010</a>, p. 448. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELafe202181-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELafe202181_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLafe2021">Lafe 2021</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-bonefoy2-9"><a href="#cite_ref-bonefoy2_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonefoy1993" class="citation book cs1">Bonefoy, Yves (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GYjc5POwJjAC">American, African, and Old European mythologies</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06457-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06457-4"><bdi>978-0-226-06457-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American%2C+African%2C+and+Old+European+mythologies&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-226-06457-4&rft.aulast=Bonefoy&rft.aufirst=Yves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGYjc5POwJjAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj202033-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj202033_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj202033_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2020">Demiraj 2020</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERusakov2017555-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERusakov2017555_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERusakov2017555_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERusakov2017555_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERusakov2017555_11-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRusakov2017">Rusakov 2017</a>, p. 555. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2009120-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2009120_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2009">Campbell 2009</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERusakov2017154f-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERusakov2017154f_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRusakov2017">Rusakov 2017</a>, p. 154f. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatasović201939-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatasović201939_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatasović201939_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatasović2019">Matasović 2019</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELloshi1999277-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloshi1999277_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLloshi1999">Lloshi 1999</a>, p. 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRusakov2017">Rusakov 2017</a>, pp. 554–555:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"The name with the root arb- is mentioned in old Albanian documents, but it went out of use in the main part of Albanian-speaking area and remains in use only in diaspora dialects (It.-Alb. arbëresh, Gr.-Alb. arvanitas). In other areas, it has been replaced by the term with the root shqip-."</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2010">Demiraj 2010</a>, pp. 534, 536:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"The ethnic name shqiptar has always been discussed together with the ethnic complex: (tosk) arbëresh, arbëror, arbër — (gheg) arbënesh, arbënu(e)r, arbën; i.e. [arbën/r(—)]. [...] Among the neighbouring peoples and elsewhere the denomination of the Albanians is based upon the root arb/alb, cp. Greek 'Αλβανός, 'Αρβανός "Albanian", 'Αρβανίτης "Arbëresh of Greece", Serbian Albanac, Arbanas, Bulg., Mac. албанец, Arom. arbinés (Papahagi 1963 135), Turk. arnaut, Ital. albanese, German Albaner etc. This basis is in use among the Arbëreshs of Italy and Greece as well."</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLloshi1999">Lloshi 1999</a>, p. 277:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"They called themselves arbënesh, arbëresh, the country Arbëni, Arbëri, and the language arbëneshe, arbëreshe. In the foreign languages, the Middle Ages denominations of these names survived, but for the Albanians they were substituted by shqiptarë, Shqipëri and shqipe... Shqip spread out from the north to the south, and Shqipni/Shqipëri is probably a collective noun, following the common pattern of Arbëni, Arbëri."</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCole2011">Cole 2011</a>, p. 15:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Arbëreshë was the term self-designiation of Albanians before the Ottoman invasion of the 15 century; similar terms are used for Albanian origins populations living in Greece ("Arvanitika," the Greek rendering of Arbëreshë) and Turkey ("Arnaut," Turkish for the Greek term Arvanitika)".</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalcolm1998">Malcolm 1998</a>, pp. 22–40:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"The Albanians who use the 'Alb-' root are the ones who emigrated to Italy in the fifteenth century, who call themselves 'Arberesh'."</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartl2001">Bartl 2001</a>, p. 20:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Today, the common name for Albanians, i.e. Albania, shqiptar, Shqiperia, is more recent. Albanians who settled in Greece in the Middle Ages and those who emigrated to Italy in the 15th century and later do not actually know about this name. The origin of the name Shqiptar is not clearly established. Until recently, the favorite interpretation was that it was derived from the Albanian shqipe "lord, nobility", thus "lord's sons". It is more likely, however, that the modern name given by the Albanians to themselves is derived from shqipon "to speak clearly" or from shqipton "to pronounce" (compared to the Slavic name nemci "dumb; those who do not speak intelligibly")."</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolybius" class="citation book cs1">Polybius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D11&highlight=arbo">"2.11.15"</a>. Histories. <q>Of the Illyrian troops engaged in blockading Issa, those that belonged to Pharos were left unharmed, as a favour to Demetrius; while all the rest scattered and fled to Arbona</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.11.15&rft.btitle=Histories&rft.au=Polybius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0234%253Abook%253D2%253Achapter%253D11%26highlight%3Darbo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolybius" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Polybius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0233%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D11%3Asection%3D15">"2.11.5"</a>. Histories (in Greek). <q>εἰς τὸν Ἄρβωνα σκεδασθέντες</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.11.5&rft.btitle=Histories&rft.au=Polybius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0233%253Abook%253D2%253Achapter%253D11%253Asection%253D15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrabo1903" class="citation book cs1">Strabo (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0239:book=2:chapter=5&highlight=arbo#note97">"2.5 Note 97"</a>. In H. C. Hamilton; W. Falconer (eds.). Geography. London: George Bell & Sons. <q>The Libyrnides are the islands of Arbo, Pago, Isola Longa, Coronata, &c., which border the coasts of ancient Liburnia, now Murlaka</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.5+Note+97&rft.btitle=Geography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=George+Bell+%26+Sons&rft.date=1903&rft.au=Strabo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D5%26highlight%3Darbo%23note97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Dragojević-Josifovska 1982, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPtolemy1843" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ptolemy (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_4ksBAAAAMAAJ#page/n229/mode/1up">"III.13(12).23"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a> (in Greek). Lipsiae, Sumptibus et typis Caroli Tauchnitii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=III.13%2812%29.23&rft.btitle=Geography&rft.pub=Lipsiae%2C+Sumptibus+et+typis+Caroli+Tauchnitii&rft.date=1843&rft.au=Ptolemy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbub_gb_4ksBAAAAMAAJ%23page%2Fn229%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramat-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Ramat_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiacalone_RamatRamat1998" class="citation book cs1">Giacalone Ramat, Anna; Ramat, Paolo, eds. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vwUMNCYbLL0C&pg=PA481">The Indo-European languages</a>. Rootledge. p. 481. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-06449-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-06449-1"><bdi>978-0-415-06449-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-European+languages&rft.pages=481&rft.pub=Rootledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-06449-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvwUMNCYbLL0C%26pg%3DPA481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lNV6-HsUppsC&pg=RA3-PA54">"Illyria"</a>. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece & Rome. Vol. 4. Oxford University Press. 2010. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195170726" title="Special:BookSources/9780195170726"><bdi>9780195170726</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Illyria&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Greece+%26+Rome&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780195170726&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlNV6-HsUppsC%26pg%3DRA3-PA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vasiliev1958-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Vasiliev1958_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasiliev1958" class="citation book cs1">Vasiliev, Alexander A. (1958) [1952]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2X8LtjDLNl8C&pg=PA613">History of the Byzantine Empire, 324–1453</a>. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). University of Wisconsin Press. p. 613. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-80926-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-80926-3"><bdi>978-0-299-80926-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Byzantine+Empire%2C+324%E2%80%931453&rft.pages=613&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=978-0-299-80926-3&rft.aulast=Vasiliev&rft.aufirst=Alexander+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2X8LtjDLNl8C%26pg%3DPA613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Cole" title="Jeffrey Cole">Cole, Jeffrey E.</a>, ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wlth0GRi0N0C&pg=PA9">"Albanians"</a>. Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598843026" title="Special:BookSources/9781598843026"><bdi>9781598843026</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albanians&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+Europe%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO%2C+LLC&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781598843026&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWlth0GRi0N0C%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldmanMason2006" class="citation book cs1">Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC&pg=PA414">"Illyrians"</a>. Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Facts On File. p. 414. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816049646" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816049646"><bdi>978-0816049646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Illyrians&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+European+Peoples&rft.pages=414&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0816049646&rft.aulast=Waldman&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Mason%2C+Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkfv6HKXErqAC%26pg%3DPA414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Spasovska-Dimitrioska 2000, p. 258 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnica,_Epitome_page_111-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnica,_Epitome_page_111_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnica,_Epitome_page_111_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephanus_of_Byzantium1849" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stephanus of Byzantium (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/stephanibyzanti00meingoog#page/n123/mode/1up">"Ἀρβών"</a>. Ethnika kat' epitomen (in Greek). Berolini : G. Reimeri. <q>πόλις Ἰλλυρίας. Πολύβιος δευτέρᾳ. τὸ ἐθνικὸν Ἀρβώνιος καὶ Ἀρβωνίτης, ὡς Ἀντρώνιος καὶ Ἀσκαλωνίτης</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%BC%88%CF%81%CE%B2%CF%8E%CE%BD&rft.btitle=Ethnika+kat%27+epitomen&rft.pub=Berolini+%3A+G.+Reimeri&rft.date=1849&rft.au=Stephanus+of+Byzantium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fstephanibyzanti00meingoog%23page%2Fn123%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2013" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Nigel, ed. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_TzjAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA597">Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece</a>. Routledge. p. 597. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136787997" title="Special:BookSources/9781136787997"><bdi>9781136787997</bdi></a>. <q>Polybius' own attitude to Rome has been variously interpreted, pro-Roman, … frequently cited in reference works such as Stephanus' Ethnica and the Suda.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Greece&rft.pages=597&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136787997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_TzjAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2004" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, J.S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rCXVeXrRrHAC">Hispaniae: Spain and the Development of Roman Imperialism, 218-82 BC</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521521345" title="Special:BookSources/9780521521345"><bdi>9780521521345</bdi></a>. <q>In four places, the lexicographer Stephanus of Byzantium refers to towns and ... Artemidorus as source, and in three of the four examples cites Polybius.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hispaniae%3A+Spain+and+the+Development+of+Roman+Imperialism%2C+218-82+BC&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780521521345&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=J.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrCXVeXrRrHAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plasari41-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Plasari41_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plasari41_37-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlasari2020">Plasari 2020</a>, p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuanrud20211-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuanrud20211_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuanrud2021">Quanrud 2021</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlasari202043-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlasari202043_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlasari2020">Plasari 2020</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140126133855/http://www.albanianhistory.net/en/texts1000-1799/AH1000.html">"1000 - 1018 — Anonymous: Fragment on the Origins of Nations"</a>. Texts and Documents of Albanian History. Robert Elsie. Archived from the original on 2014-01-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texts+and+Documents+of+Albanian+History&rft.atitle=1000+-+1018+%E2%80%94+Anonymous%3A+Fragment+on+the+Origins+of+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albanianhistory.net%2Fen%2Ftexts1000-1799%2FAH1000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) [Extract from:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadoslav_Grujic1934" class="citation book cs1">Radoslav Grujic (1934). "Legenda iz vremena Cara Samuila o poreklu naroda". Glasnik skopskog naucnog drustva, Skopje, 13. pp. 198–200.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Legenda+iz+vremena+Cara+Samuila+o+poreklu+naroda&rft.btitle=Glasnik+skopskog+naucnog+drustva%2C+Skopje%2C+13&rft.pages=198-200&rft.date=1934&rft.au=Radoslav+Grujic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> Translated from the Old Church Slavonic by Robert Elsie. First published in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Elsie2003" class="citation book cs1">R. Elsie (2003). Early Albania, a Reader of Historical Texts, 11th - 17th Centuries. Wiesbaden. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Albania%2C+a+Reader+of+Historical+Texts%2C+11th+-+17th+Centuries&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2003&rft.au=R.+Elsie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)] </li> <li id="cite_note-Madgearu_p.25-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Madgearu_p.25_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madgearu_p.25_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadgearuGordon2008">Madgearu & Gordon 2008</a>, p. 25 "It was supposed that those Albanoi from 1042 were Normans from Sicily, called by an archaic name (the Albanoi were an independent tribe from Southern Italy)." </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadgearuGordon2008">Madgearu & Gordon 2008</a>, p. 25 "The following instance is indisputable. It comes from the same Attaliates, who wrote that the Albanians (Arbanitai) were involved in the 1078 rebellion of Nikephor Basilakes." </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Alain Ducellier, “L’Arbanon et les Albanais au <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>xie siècle”, Travaux et Mémoires 3 (1968): 353–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFΒρανουση1970" class="citation journal cs1">Βρανουση, Έρα Λ (29 September 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12681%2Fbyzsym.650">"Οἱ ὅροι "Ἀλβανοὶ" καὶ "Ἀρβανῖται" καὶ ἡ πρώτη μνεία τοῦ ὁμωνύμου λαοῦ τῆς Βαλκανικῆς εἰς τὰς πηγὰς τοῦ ΙΑ᾽αἰῶνος"</a>. Byzantina Symmeikta. 2: 207–254. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12681%2Fbyzsym.650">10.12681/byzsym.650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byzantina+Symmeikta&rft.atitle=%CE%9F%E1%BC%B1+%E1%BD%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B9+%22%E1%BC%88%CE%BB%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%E1%BD%B6%22+%CE%BA%CE%B1%E1%BD%B6+%22%E1%BC%88%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%E1%BF%96%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B9%22+%CE%BA%CE%B1%E1%BD%B6+%E1%BC%A1+%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%B7+%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%BF%E1%BF%A6+%E1%BD%81%CE%BC%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BF%E1%BF%A6+%CF%84%E1%BF%86%CF%82+%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%E1%BF%86%CF%82+%CE%B5%E1%BC%B0%CF%82+%CF%84%E1%BD%B0%CF%82+%CF%80%CE%B7%CE%B3%E1%BD%B0%CF%82+%CF%84%CE%BF%E1%BF%A6+%CE%99%CE%91%E1%BE%BD%CE%B1%E1%BC%B0%E1%BF%B6%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=207-254&rft.date=1970-09-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12681%2Fbyzsym.650&rft.aulast=%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7&rft.aufirst=%CE%88%CF%81%CE%B1+%CE%9B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.12681%252Fbyzsym.650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Ludwig Thallóczy, Konstantin Jireček, & Milan Šufflay, Acta et diplomata res Albaniae mediae aetatis illustrantia [= Diplomatic and Other Documents on Medieval Albania], vol. 1 (Vienna: 1913), 113 (1198). </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiakoumis2003" class="citation journal cs1">Giakoumis, Konstantinos (January 2003). "Fourteenth-century Albanian migration and the 'relativeautochthony' of the Albanians in Epeiros. The case of Gjirokastër". Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. 27 (1): 171–183. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fbyz.2003.27.1.171">10.1179/byz.2003.27.1.171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byzantine+and+Modern+Greek+Studies&rft.atitle=Fourteenth-century+Albanian+migration+and+the+%27relativeautochthony%27+of+the+Albanians+in+Epeiros.+The+case+of+Gjirokast%C3%ABr&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=171-183&rft.date=2003-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Fbyz.2003.27.1.171&rft.aulast=Giakoumis&rft.aufirst=Konstantinos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapovićRamatRamat2017" class="citation book cs1">Kapović, Mate; Ramat, Anna Giacalone; Ramat, Paolo (2017-01-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8i0lDwAAQBAJ">The Indo-European Languages</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 554. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-39153-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-39153-1"><bdi>978-1-317-39153-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-European+Languages&rft.pages=554&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017-01-20&rft.isbn=978-1-317-39153-1&rft.aulast=Kapovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Mate&rft.au=Ramat%2C+Anna+Giacalone&rft.au=Ramat%2C+Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8i0lDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DemirajPIE-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DemirajPIE_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DemirajPIE_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2006">Demiraj 2006</a>, pp. 42–43: "Therefore we are going to limit the discussion of this issue to the western areas of the Balkan peninsula, where the Albanian people have been living since many centuries ago. These areas, too, thanks to their geographical position, should have been inhabited since long before the immigration of the I.E. tribes, who are usually called Illyrians (...). The ancient presence of Pre-I.E. people(s) in this areas has been proved, inter alia, by the archaeological discoveries at Maliq, Vashtëmi, Burimas, Podgorie, Barç and Dërsnik of Coritza district, as well as at Kamnik of Cologna district, at Blaz and Nezir of Mati district, at Kolsh of Kukës district, at Rashtan of Librazhd etc." </li> <li id="cite_note-DemirajPIE2-49"><a href="#cite_ref-DemirajPIE2_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2008">Demiraj 2008</a>, p. 38: "Gjithsesi, duke qenë se shqipja është një gjuhë indoeuropiane, stërgjyshërit e drejtpërdrejtë të shqiptarëve të sotëm duhen kërkuar tek ajo popullsi indoeuropiane, që erdhi e u vendos në këtë gadishull, natyrisht duke iu mbishtresuar një popullsie më të hershme indoeuropiane apo paraindoeuropiane." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj200642–43-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj200642–43_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj200642–43_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj200642–43_50-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2006">Demiraj 2006</a>, pp. 42–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj200644–45-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj200644–45_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2006">Demiraj 2006</a>, pp. 44–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel1998225,_409-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel1998225,_409_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrel1998">Orel 1998</a>, pp. 225, 409. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrnavci2010" class="citation book cs1">Trnavci, Gene (2010). Mortimer Sellers (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Rx7_KyUp7cC&pg=PA205">The interaction of customary law with the modern rule of law in Albania and Kosova</a>. Springer. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9048137497" title="Special:BookSources/978-9048137497"><bdi>978-9048137497</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+interaction+of+customary+law+with+the+modern+rule+of+law+in+Albania+and+Kosova&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9048137497&rft.aulast=Trnavci&rft.aufirst=Gene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Rx7_KyUp7cC%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERusakov2017102,_554-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERusakov2017102,_554_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRusakov2017">Rusakov 2017</a>, p. 102, 554. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERusakov2017554-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERusakov2017554_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRusakov2017">Rusakov 2017</a>, p. 554. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin_W._Fortson_IV2005" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin W. Fortson IV (2005). Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 391. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0315-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0315-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-0315-2</bdi></a>. <q>But we know there were earlier works which have vanished without a trace: the existence of written Albanian is already mentioned in a letter of 1332, and the first preserved books in both Geg and Tosk share features of spelling that indicate some kind of common literary language had already developed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Language+and+Culture%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=391&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-0315-2&rft.au=Benjamin+W.+Fortson+IV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFischerSchmitt2022">Fischer & Schmitt 2022</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLafe2022">Lafe 2022</a>; B. <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2016">Demiraj 2016</a>; <a href="#CITEREFCurtis2012">Curtis 2012</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMatzinger2009">Matzinger 2009</a>; Sh. <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2006">Demiraj 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman200344–45-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman200344–45_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman200344–45_58-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFriedman2003">Friedman 2003</a>, pp. 44–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-KleinJosephFritz-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KleinJosephFritz_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KleinJosephFritz_59-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKleinJosephFritz2018">Klein, Joseph & Fritz 2018</a>, p. 1790: "None of the ancient personal names ascribed to Illyrian are continued in Albanian without interruption (e.g. ... from Latin Scodra).... Albanian cannot be regarded as an offspring of Illyrian or even Thracian but must be considereed to be a modern continuation of some other undocumented Indo-European Balkan idiom. However, Albanian is closely related to Illyrian and also Messapic... which is why Albanian in some instances may shed light on the explanation of Messapic as well as Illyrian words..." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015474-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015474_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsmajli2015">Ismajli 2015</a>, p. 474. </li> <li id="cite_note-Katičić186-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Katičić186_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katičić186_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katičić186_61-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKatičić1976">Katičić 1976</a>, p. 186 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2006148-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2006148_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2006">Demiraj 2006</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2006149-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2006149_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2006">Demiraj 2006</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-Demiraj133-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Demiraj133_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2006">Demiraj 2006</a>, pp. 133–34 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2006132-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2006132_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2006">Demiraj 2006</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015212-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015212_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsmajli2015">Ismajli 2015</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201617-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201617_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatzinger2016">Matzinger 2016</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShehi2017108-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShehi2017108_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShehi2017">Shehi 2017</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2006126-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2006126_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2006">Demiraj 2006</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj1997128–29-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj1997128–29_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj1997">Demiraj 1997</a>, pp. 128–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunstmannThiergen1987110–112-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunstmannThiergen1987110–112_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKunstmannThiergen1987">Kunstmann & Thiergen 1987</a>, pp. 110–112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2006150-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2006150_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2006">Demiraj 2006</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015263-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015263_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015263_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015263_73-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015263_73-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsmajli2015">Ismajli 2015</a>, p. 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2006149–150-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2006149–150_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2006">Demiraj 2006</a>, pp. 149–150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201610-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201610_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatzinger2016">Matzinger 2016</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015154-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015154_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsmajli2015">Ismajli 2015</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrendergast201780-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrendergast201780_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrendergast201780_77-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrendergast2017">Prendergast 2017</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015109-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015109_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015109_78-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsmajli2015">Ismajli 2015</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201613-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201613_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatzinger2016">Matzinger 2016</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger20169-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger20169_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatzinger2016">Matzinger 2016</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2006155-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2006155_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2006">Demiraj 2006</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015485-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015485_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsmajli2015">Ismajli 2015</a>, p. 485. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2006145-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2006145_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2006">Demiraj 2006</a>, p. 145: "It should be recollected that in the Gheg dialect this place-name is pronounced Vlonë, which indicates that this place-name has been in use among the population of Northern Albania prior to the appearance of rhotacism in the southern dialect." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015424-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015424_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsmajli2015">Ismajli 2015</a>, p. 424. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2006138–39-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2006138–39_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2006">Demiraj 2006</a>, pp. 138–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger20168-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger20168_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatzinger2016">Matzinger 2016</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-Demiraj150-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Demiraj150_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2006">Demiraj 2006</a>, p. 150 </li> <li id="cite_note-Matzinger2016-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Matzinger2016_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatzinger2016">Matzinger 2016</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-De_Vaan-89"><a href="#cite_ref-De_Vaan_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Vaan2018">De Vaan 2018</a>, p. 1732 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatasović2019">Matasović 2019</a>, p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinJosephFritz20181791–1792-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinJosephFritz20181791–1792_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinJosephFritz20181791–1792_91-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKleinJosephFritz2018">Klein, Joseph & Fritz 2018</a>, pp. 1791–1792. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermeer1996127-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermeer1996127_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVermeer1996">Vermeer 1996</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2000267~268-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel2000267~268_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrel2000">Orel 2000</a>, pp. 267~268. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko2020118-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2020118_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOreshko2020">Oreshko 2020</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalaj201345-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalaj201345_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalaj2013">Malaj 2013</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko2020116-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2020116_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOreshko2020">Oreshko 2020</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaarman2007159-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarman2007159_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaarman2007">Haarman 2007</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vaan201514-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vaan201514_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Vaan2015">de Vaan 2015</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022229–230-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022229–230_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022229–230_99-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHyllestedJoseph2022">Hyllested & Joseph 2022</a>, pp. 229–230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2000264–265-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel2000264–265_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel2000264–265_100-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrel2000">Orel 2000</a>, pp. 264–265. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERusakov2017556-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERusakov2017556_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERusakov2017556_101-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRusakov2017">Rusakov 2017</a>, p. 556. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELafe2022364-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELafe2022364_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELafe2022364_102-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLafe2022">Lafe 2022</a>, p. 364. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel1998247-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel1998247_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrel1998">Orel 1998</a>, p. 247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2000266–267-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel2000266–267_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrel2000">Orel 2000</a>, pp. 266–267. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2000261-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel2000261_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrel2000">Orel 2000</a>, p. 261: "The entire system of Indo-European kinship terms was completely reshaped in Proto-Albanian (apparently reflecting a radical social change). The only remaining terms keeping their original function are those of the parents-in-law and son-in-law[.]" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2000262-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel2000262_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrel2000">Orel 2000</a>, p. 262: "Second degree blood kinship was apparently irrelevant in the Proto-Albanian social structure. All corresponding terms have been borrowed from Latin[.]" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinJosephFritz20181791-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinJosephFritz20181791_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKleinJosephFritz2018">Klein, Joseph & Fritz 2018</a>, p. 1791. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2000263-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel2000263_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrel2000">Orel 2000</a>, p. 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDečev1952" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dečev, Dimităr D. (1952). Charakteristik der thrakischen Sprache [Characteristic of the Thracian language] (in German). Sofija Akademia. p. 113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charakteristik+der+thrakischen+Sprache&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Sofija+Akademia&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=De%C4%8Dev&rft.aufirst=Dimit%C4%83r+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÇabej1961248–249-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÇabej1961248–249_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÇabej1961">Çabej 1961</a>, pp. 248–249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1995278–279-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1995278–279_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilkes1995">Wilkes 1995</a>, pp. 278–279. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj201332–33-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj201332–33_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj201332–33_112-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2013">Demiraj 2013</a>, pp. 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKroonenJakobPalmérvan_Sluis2022">Kroonen et al. 2022</a>, pp. 11, 26, 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorsø2019258-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorsø2019258_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorsø2019">Thorsø 2019</a>, p. 258. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph20137-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoseph20137_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoseph2013">Joseph 2013</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-Huld-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huld_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huld_116-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuld1986" class="citation journal cs1">Huld, Martin E. (1986). "Accentual Stratification of Ancient Greek Loanwords in Albanian". Zeitschrift für vergleichend Sprachforschung: 245–253.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+vergleichend+Sprachforschung&rft.atitle=Accentual+Stratification+of+Ancient+Greek+Loanwords+in+Albanian&rft.pages=245-253&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Huld&rft.aufirst=Martin+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrăciun202377–81-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrăciun202377–81_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrăciun202377–81_117-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrăciun2023">Crăciun 2023</a>, pp. 77–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitczak201640–41-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitczak201640–41_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitczak201640–41_118-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWitczak2016">Witczak 2016</a>, pp. 40–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuld1986245–250-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuld1986245–250_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuld1986">Huld 1986</a>, pp. 245–250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuld1984158-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuld1984158_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuld1984">Huld 1984</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitczak2016" class="citation conference cs1">Witczak, Krzysztof Tomasz (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31212816">The earliest Albanian loanwords in Greek</a>. 1st International Conference on Language Contact in the Balkans and Asia Minor. Institute of Modern Greek Studies. pp. 40–42 – via <a href="/wiki/Academia.edu" title="Academia.edu">Academia.edu</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+earliest+Albanian+loanwords+in+Greek&rft.pages=40-42&rft.pub=Institute+of+Modern+Greek+Studies&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Witczak&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof+Tomasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F31212816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinJosephFritz20181792-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinJosephFritz20181792_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinJosephFritz20181792_122-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKleinJosephFritz2018">Klein, Joseph & Fritz 2018</a>, p. 1792. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201216-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201216_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201216_123-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurtis2012">Curtis 2012</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamp1963-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamp1963_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamp1963_125-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamp1963">Hamp 1963</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199111-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199111_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199111_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199111_126-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199111_126-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199111_126-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFFine1991">Fine 1991</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuld1986245–253-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuld1986245–253_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuld1986">Huld 1986</a>, pp. 245–253: " The presence of ancient West Greek loans in Albanian implies that in classical antiquity the precursors of the Albanians were a Balkan tribe to the north and west of the Greeks. Such people would probably have been 'Illyrians' to classical writers. This conclusion is neither very surprising nor very enlightening since the ethnographic terminology of most classical authors is not very precise. An Illyrian label does little to solve the complex problems of the origins of the Albanian language" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÇabej1961-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÇabej1961_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÇabej1961">Çabej 1961</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÇabej1964" class="citation journal cs1">Çabej, Eqrem (1964). "Einige Grundprobleme der alteren albanischen Sprachgeschichte". Studia Albanica. 1: 69–89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Albanica&rft.atitle=Einige+Grundprobleme+der+alteren+albanischen+Sprachgeschichte&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=69-89&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=%C3%87abej&rft.aufirst=Eqrem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermeer2008604–605-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermeer2008604–605_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermeer2008604–605_130-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVermeer2008">Vermeer 2008</a>, pp. 604–605. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph2016132–133-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoseph2016132–133_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoseph2016132–133_131-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoseph2016">Joseph 2016</a>, pp. 132–133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinJosephFritz20181732-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinJosephFritz20181732_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKleinJosephFritz2018">Klein, Joseph & Fritz 2018</a>, p. 1732. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2008120-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2008120_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2008">Demiraj 2008</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199110–12-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199110–12_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199110–12_134-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFine1991">Fine 1991</a>, pp. 10–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrendergast20175-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrendergast20175_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrendergast2017">Prendergast 2017</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamp1963105-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamp1963105_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamp1963">Hamp 1963</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-MadgearuAlbanianRomans-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MadgearuAlbanianRomans_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MadgearuAlbanianRomans_137-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MadgearuAlbanianRomans_137-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadgearuGordon2008">Madgearu & Gordon 2008</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warsofbalkanpeni0000madg/page/146">146–147</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERusakov2017557-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERusakov2017557_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRusakov2017">Rusakov 2017</a>, p. 557. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201225–26-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201225–26_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurtis2012">Curtis 2012</a>, pp. 25–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamp2002249-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamp2002249_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamp2002">Hamp 2002</a>, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman201919-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman201919_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFriedman2019">Friedman 2019</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedvukajNdoci20236–8-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDedvukajNdoci20236–8_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDedvukajNdoci2023">Dedvukaj & Ndoci 2023</a>, pp. 6–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYlli1997317-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYlli1997317_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYlli1997">Ylli 1997</a>, p. 317. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel200038-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel200038_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrel2000">Orel 2000</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYlli2000197-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYlli2000197_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYlli2000">Ylli 2000</a>, p. 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYlli2000103-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYlli2000103_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYlli2000">Ylli 2000</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYlli2000106-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYlli2000106_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYlli2000">Ylli 2000</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYlli2000136-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYlli2000136_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYlli2000">Ylli 2000</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYlli2000175-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYlli2000175_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYlli2000">Ylli 2000</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYlli2000174-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYlli2000174_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYlli2000">Ylli 2000</a>, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYlli2000183-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYlli2000183_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYlli2000">Ylli 2000</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYlli2000269-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYlli2000269_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYlli2000">Ylli 2000</a>, p. 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYlli2000165-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYlli2000165_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYlli2000">Ylli 2000</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYlli2000267-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYlli2000267_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYlli2000">Ylli 2000</a>, p. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViereck1993122-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViereck1993122_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFViereck1993">Viereck 1993</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesnickaja197349-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesnickaja197349_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDesnickaja1973">Desnickaja 1973</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta201270-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta201270_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2012">Curta 2012</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilipovski201067-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFilipovski201067_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFilipovski2010">Filipovski 2010</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden200460-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden200460_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowden2004">Bowden 2004</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1995278-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1995278_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilkes1995">Wilkes 1995</a>, p. 278. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENallbani2017315-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENallbani2017315_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNallbani2017">Nallbani 2017</a>, p. 315. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta201273-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta201273_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2012">Curta 2012</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-Curta73-163"><a href="#cite_ref-Curta73_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2012">Curta 2012</a>, pp. 73–74: "Nonetheless, it is quite clear that despite claims to the contrary, burial assemblages associated with the so-called Komani culture (..) have nothing to do either with sixth- to seventh- century sites in the Lower Danube region known from written sources to have been inhabited by Slavs (..). In many respects, the communities who buried their dead in western Macedonia continued the traditions of Late Antiquity (..) There are of course new elements (..) But nothing indicates that those were communities coming from beyond the border of the Empire. Judging from the archaeological evidence, no Slavs have settled in Macedonia during the seventh century. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkes278-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkes278_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkes278_164-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilkes1995">Wilkes 1995</a>, p. 278 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowden61-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bowden61_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowden61_165-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowden2003">Bowden 2003</a>, p. 61 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowden229-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Bowden229_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowden2004">Bowden 2004</a>, p. 229: The question of continuity remains unanswered. It is certainly possible and indeed likely that these sites remained occupied into the seventh century and beyond. (..) Perhaps most importantly the hilltop sites need to be examined in relation to earlier Roman settlement and land use patterns, from which they appear such a radical departure. </li> <li id="cite_note-Curta2013a-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Curta2013a_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Curta2013a_167-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2013">Curta 2013</a>: Whether refugees from the northern and central re- gions of the Balkans abandoned by the Roman army and administra- tion, or simply locals who refused to withdraw, those who after ca. 620 buried their dead in northern Albania, Montenegro, Macedonia, and the island of Corfu may have done so having in mind the idealized image of the past Roman power. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENallbani2017320-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENallbani2017320_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNallbani2017">Nallbani 2017</a>, p. 320. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENallbani2017325-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENallbani2017325_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNallbani2017">Nallbani 2017</a>, p. 325. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinnifrith2020" class="citation book cs1">Winnifrith, Tom (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UjQyEAAAQBAJ">Nobody's Kingdom: A History of Northern Albania</a>. Signal Books. pp. 97–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781909930957" title="Special:BookSources/9781909930957"><bdi>9781909930957</bdi></a>. <q>And in these hills a Latin-Illyrian civilisation survived as witnessed by the Komani-Kruja culture, to emerge as Albanians and Vlachs in the second millenium</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nobody%27s+Kingdom%3A+A+History+of+Northern+Albania&rft.pages=97-98&rft.pub=Signal+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781909930957&rft.aulast=Winnifrith&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUjQyEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoulianos1976" class="citation journal cs1">Poulianos, Aris (1976). "About the origin of the Albanians (Illyrians)". Iliria. 5 (1): 261–262. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Filiri.1976.1237">10.3406/iliri.1976.1237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iliria&rft.atitle=About+the+origin+of+the+Albanians+%28Illyrians%29&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=261-262&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Filiri.1976.1237&rft.aulast=Poulianos&rft.aufirst=Aris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapper2009" class="citation journal cs1">Rapper, Gilles de (1 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00400327/file/de%20Rapper%202009.pdf">"Pelasgic Encounters in the Greek-Albanian Borderland: Border Dynamics and Reversion to Ancient Past in Southern Albania"</a> (PDF). Anthropological Journal of European Cultures. 18 (1): 50–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3167%2Fajec.2009.180104">10.3167/ajec.2009.180104</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18958117">18958117</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/214565742">214565742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Journal+of+European+Cultures&rft.atitle=Pelasgic+Encounters+in+the+Greek-Albanian+Borderland%3A+Border+Dynamics+and+Reversion+to+Ancient+Past+in+Southern+Albania&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=50-68&rft.date=2009-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3167%2Fajec.2009.180104&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18958117%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rapper&rft.aufirst=Gilles+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-00400327%2Ffile%2Fde%2520Rapper%25202009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jstor3014121-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jstor3014121_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor3014121_173-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkene1850" class="citation journal cs1">Skene, Henry (1850). "The Albanians". Journal of the Ethnological Society of London. 2: 159–181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3014121">10.2307/3014121</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3014121">3014121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Ethnological+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=The+Albanians&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=159-181&rft.date=1850&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3014121&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3014121%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Skene&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rusakov555b-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Rusakov555b_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRusakov2017">Rusakov 2017</a>, p. 555: In the case of Thracian, one should mention 'Daco-Misian' which was assumed by V. Georgiev to be a separate language and a direct ancestor of Albanian. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj200678-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj200678_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj200678_175-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj200678_175-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj200678_175-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2006">Demiraj 2006</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2020388-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman2020388_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFriedman2020">Friedman 2020</a>, p. 388. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2022-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman2022_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFriedman2022">Friedman 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022235-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022235_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHyllestedJoseph2022">Hyllested & Joseph 2022</a>, p. 235. </li> <li id="cite_note-Prendergast80-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Prendergast80_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrendergast2017">Prendergast 2017</a>, p. 80: Illyrian or Thracian are forwarded as the primary candidates (Çabej 1971:42), with Illyrian having some scholarly consensus (Thunmann 1774:240, Kopitar 1829:85, Katičić 1976:184-188, Polomé 1982:888)—but there is a significant lack of verified inscriptions (Çabej 1971:41, Woodard 2004:11, Mann 1977: 1) and it is unclear whether ‘Illyrian’ as a term used in Roman records even referred to a single common language from which modern Albanian could descend (Hamp 1994). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes199286-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes199286_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes199270-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes199270_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolomé1982867-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolomé1982867_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPolomé1982">Polomé 1982</a>, p. 867. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrumper2018">Trumper 2018</a>, p. 385. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Matasović, Ranko (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mudrac.ffzg.unizg.hr/~rmatasov/Albanian.pdf">"A Grammatical Sketch of Albanian for students of Indo-European"</a>. Page 17:"It has been claimed that the difference between the three PIE series of gutturals is preserved in Albanian before front vowels. This thesis, sometimes referred to as Pedersen's law, is often contested, but still supported by the majority of Albanologists (e. g. Hamp, Huld, Ölberg, Schumacher and Matzinger). In examining this view, one should bear in mind that it seems certain that there were at least two palatalizations in Albanian: the first palatalization, whereby labiovelars were palatalized to s and z before front vowels and *y, and the second palatalization, whereby all the remaining velars (*k and *g) were palatalized to q and gj, respectively, in the same environment. PIE palatalized velars are affected by neither palatalization (they yield Alb. th, d, dh, cf. Alb. thom 'I say' < *k'ēnsmi, cf. Skr. śāṃs- 'praise', L cēnseo 'reckon')." </li> <li id="cite_note-John_Boardman_2002,_page_848-185"><a href="#cite_ref-John_Boardman_2002,_page_848_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoardman2002" class="citation book cs1">Boardman, John; et al., eds. (2002). <a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Ancient_History" title="The Cambridge Ancient History">The Cambridge Ancient History</a>. p. 848. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22496-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22496-9"><bdi>0-521-22496-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=848&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-22496-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140302052138/http://multitree.org/codes/xil">"Illyrian"</a>. MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://multitree.org/codes/xil">the original</a> on March 2, 2014. Retrieved 2019-11-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MultiTree%3A+A+Digital+Library+of+Language+Relationships&rft.atitle=Illyrian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmultitree.org%2Fcodes%2Fxil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamp198060-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamp198060_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamp198060_187-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamp1980">Hamp 1980</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201218-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201218_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurtis2012">Curtis 2012</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianhistory.net/1705_Leibniz/index.html">"1705-1715 | Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: Correspondence on the Albanian Language"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1705-1715+%26%23124%3B+Gottfried+Wilhelm+Leibniz%3A+Correspondence+on+the+Albanian+Language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albanianhistory.net%2F1705_Leibniz%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100617214314/http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts16-18/AH1774.html">"1774 — Johann Thunmann: On the History and Language of the Albanians and Vlachs"</a>. Texts and Documents of Albanian History. Robert Elsie. Archived from the original on 2010-06-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texts+and+Documents+of+Albanian+History&rft.atitle=1774+%E2%80%94+Johann+Thunmann%3A+On+the+History+and+Language+of+the+Albanians+and+Vlachs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albanianhistory.net%2Ftexts16-18%2FAH1774.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) [from:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohann_Thunmann1774" class="citation book cs1">Johann Thunmann (1774). "Legenda iz vremena Cara Samuila o poreklu naroda". Über die Geschichte und Sprache der Albaner und der Wlachen. Leipzig.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Legenda+iz+vremena+Cara+Samuila+o+poreklu+naroda&rft.btitle=%C3%9Cber+die+Geschichte+und+Sprache+der+Albaner+und+der+Wlachen&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.date=1774&rft.au=Johann+Thunmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> Translated from the German by Robert Elsie.] </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThunmann1774" class="citation book cs1">Thunmann, Johannes E. (1774). Untersuchungen uber die Geschichte der Oslichen Europaischen Volger. Leipzig: Teil.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Untersuchungen+uber+die+Geschichte+der+Oslichen+Europaischen+Volger&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Teil&rft.date=1774&rft.aulast=Thunmann&rft.aufirst=Johannes+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortson2004" class="citation book cs1">Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004). Indo-European language and culture: an introduction (5th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0316-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0316-9"><bdi>978-1-4051-0316-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+language+and+culture%3A+an+introduction&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-0316-9&rft.aulast=Fortson&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Stipčević, Alexander. Iliri (2nd edition). Zagreb, 1989 (also published in Italian as "Gli Illiri") </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1992" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Nicholas (1992). "The Relations of Illyrian Albania with the Greeks and the Romans". In Winnifrith, Tom (ed.). Perspectives on Albania. New York: St. Martin's Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Relations+of+Illyrian+Albania+with+the+Greeks+and+the+Romans&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+Albania&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_195-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams1997" class="citation book cs1">Mallory, J.P.; Adams, D.Q., eds. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5"><bdi>978-1-884964-98-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-98-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1976" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Nicholas (1976). Migrations and invasions in Greece and adjacent areas. Noyes Press. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8155-5047-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8155-5047-1"><bdi>978-0-8155-5047-1</bdi></a>. <q>Illyrian has survived. Geography has played a large part in that survival; for the mountains of Montenegro and northern Albania have supplied the almost impenetrable home base of the Illyrian-speaking peoples. They were probably the first occupants, apart from nomadic hunters, of the Accursed Mountains and their fellow peaks, and they maintained their independence when migrants such as the Slavs occupied the more fertile lowlands and the highland basins. Their language may lack the cultural qualities of Greek, but it has equaled it in its power to survive and it too is adapting itself under the name of Albanian to the conditions of the modern world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migrations+and+invasions+in+Greece+and+adjacent+areas&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Noyes+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-8155-5047-1&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-THKRLSESview-197"><a href="#cite_ref-THKRLSESview_197-0">^</a> Thunman, Hahn, Kretschmer, Ribezzo, La Piana, Sufflay, Erdeljanovic and <a href="/wiki/Georg_Stadtm%C3%BCller" title="Georg Stadtmüller">Stadtmüller</a> view referenced in (<a href="#CITEREFHamp1963">Hamp 1963</a>, p. 104) </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Jireček view referenced in (<a href="#CITEREFHamp1963">Hamp 1963</a>, p. 104) </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_199-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_199-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Shaban_Demiraj" title="Shaban Demiraj">Demiraj, Shaban</a>. Prejardhja e shqiptarëve në dritën e dëshmive të gjuhës shqipe.(Origin of the Albanians through the testimonies of Albanian) Shkenca (Tirane) 1999 </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams1997-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adams1997_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams1997_200-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams1997_200-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams1997_200-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams1997" class="citation book cs1">Mallory, J.P.; Adams, D.Q., eds. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC&pg=PA11">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 9, 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5"><bdi>978-1-884964-98-5</bdi></a>. <q>The Greek and Latin loans have undergone most of the far-reaching phonological changes which have so altered the shape of inherited words while Slavic and Turkish words do not show those changes. Thus Albanian must have acquired much of its present form by the time Slavs entered into Balkans in the fifth and sixth centuries AD [...] borrowed words from Greek and Latin date back to before Christian era [...] Even very common words such as mik "friend" (<Lat. amicus) or këndoj "sing" (<Lat. cantare) come from Latin and attest to a widespread intermingling of pre-Albanian and Balkan Latin speakers during the Roman period, roughly from the second century BC to the fifth century AD.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.pages=9%2C+11&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-98-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzU3RIV2BWIC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Katicic, Radoslav. 1976. The Ancient Languages of the Balkans. Berlin: Mouton. Page 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_L._Galaty2002" class="citation book cs1">Michael L. Galaty (2002). "Modeling the Formation and Evolution of an Illyrian Tribal System: Ethnographic and Archaeological Analogs". In William A. Parkinson (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8TR8DwAAQBAJ">The Archaeology of Tribal Societies</a>. Berghahn Books. pp. 109–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1789201713" title="Special:BookSources/1789201713"><bdi>1789201713</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modeling+the+Formation+and+Evolution+of+an+Illyrian+Tribal+System%3A+Ethnographic+and+Archaeological+Analogs&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Tribal+Societies&rft.pages=109-121&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1789201713&rft.au=Michael+L.+Galaty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8TR8DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillar1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Villar, Francisco (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d5NbPAAACAAJ">Los indoeuropeos y los orígenes de Europa</a> (in Spanish). Madrid: Gredos. p. 316. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-249-1787-1" title="Special:BookSources/84-249-1787-1"><bdi>84-249-1787-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+indoeuropeos+y+los+or%C3%ADgenes+de+Europa&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=Gredos&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=84-249-1787-1&rft.aulast=Villar&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd5NbPAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> Çabej (1965:93) </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamp1963">Hamp 1963</a> "Jokl's Illyrian-Albanian correspondences (Albaner §3a) are probably the best known. Certain of these require comment: …" </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Çabej, Eqrem. Karakteristikat e huazimeve latine të gjuhës shqipe. (The Characteristics of Latin Loans in Albanian) SF 1974/2 (In German RL 1962/1) (13-51) </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownOgilvie2008">Brown & Ogilvie 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA23">23</a>: "In Tosk /a/ before a nasal has become a central vowel (shwa), and intervocalic /n/ has become /r/. These two sound changes have affected only the pre-Slav stratum of the Albanian lexicon, that is the native words and loanwords from Greek and Latin" </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortson2004" class="citation book cs1">Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_kn5c5dJmNUC&pg=PA448">Indo-European language and culture: an introduction</a> (5th ed.). Blackwell. p. 448. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0316-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0316-9"><bdi>978-1-4051-0316-9</bdi></a>. <q>The dialectal split into Geg and Tosk happened sometime after the region become Christianized in the fourth century AD; Christian Latin loanwords show Tosk rhotacism, such as Tosk murgu "monk" (Geg mungu) from Lat. monachus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+language+and+culture%3A+an+introduction&rft.pages=448&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-0316-9&rft.aulast=Fortson&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_kn5c5dJmNUC%26pg%3DPA448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AmmonDittmarMattheierTrudgill1876-209"><a href="#cite_ref-AmmonDittmarMattheierTrudgill1876_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmmonDittmarMattheierTrudgill2006" class="citation book cs1">Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J.; Trudgill, Peter (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LMZm0w0k1c4C&pg=PA1876">Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society</a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1876. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110184181" title="Special:BookSources/9783110184181"><bdi>9783110184181</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociolinguistics%3A+An+International+Handbook+of+the+Science+of+Language+and+Society&rft.pages=1876&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783110184181&rft.aulast=Ammon&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft.au=Dittmar%2C+Norbert&rft.au=Mattheier%2C+Klaus+J.&rft.au=Trudgill%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLMZm0w0k1c4C%26pg%3DPA1876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> "Following the Slavic invasions of the Balkans (sixth and seventh centuries AD) Common Albanian split into two major dialect complexes that can be identified today by a bundle of isoglosses running through the middle of Albania along and just to the south of the river Shkumbini south of Elbasan, then along the course of the Black Drin (Drin i Zi, Crni Drim) through the middle of Struga on the north shore of Lake Ohrid in Macedonia. The two major dialect groups are known as Tosk (south of the bundle) and Gheg north of the bundle). </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownOgilvie2008">Brown & Ogilvie 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA23">23</a>: "The river Shkumbin in central Albania historically forms the boundary between those two dialects, with the population on the north speaking varieties of Geg and the population on the south varieties of Tosk." </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamp1963">Hamp 1963</a> "The isogloss is clear in all dialects I have studied, which embrace nearly all types possible. It must be relatively old, that is, dating back into the post-Roman first millennium. As a guess, it seems possible that this isogloss reflects a spread of the speech area, after the settlement of the Albanians in roughly their present location, so that the speech area straddled the Jireček Line." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes199568-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes199568_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilkes1995">Wilkes 1995</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHampAdams20138-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHampAdams20138_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHampAdams2013">Hamp & Adams 2013</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmajli201545-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmajli201545_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsmajli2015">Ismajli 2015</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger200548-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger200548_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatzinger2005">Matzinger 2005</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger200533–35-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger200533–35_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatzinger2005">Matzinger 2005</a>, pp. 33–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrumper2018385-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrumper2018385_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrumper2018">Trumper 2018</a>, p. 385: "Overall, the complex of Albanian dialects remains a solid block of the Albanoid group still relatable with Messapic (observed in place naming in Apulia: some towns have no etymon outside Albanoid sources, for example in toponyms such as Manduria)." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAigner-Foresti200482-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAigner-Foresti200482_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAigner-Foresti2004">Aigner-Foresti 2004</a>, p. 82: "Elementi linguistici (particelle, preposizioni, suffissi, lessico, ma anche toponimi, antroponimi e teonimi) del messapico trovano, infatti, singolare riscontro nell’albanese." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015113-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015113_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsmajli2015">Ismajli 2015</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger2012643–644-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger2012643–644_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatzinger2012">Matzinger 2012</a>, pp. 643–644. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKortlandt200386-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKortlandt200386_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKortlandt2003">Kortlandt 2003</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermeer1996126,_128-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermeer1996126,_128_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVermeer1996">Vermeer 1996</a>, p. 126, 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm199833-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalcolm199833_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalcolm1998">Malcolm 1998</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sextil_Pu%C8%99cariu" title="Sextil Pușcariu">Sextil Pușcariu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasile_P%C3%A2rvan" title="Vasile Pârvan">Vasile Pârvan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Capidan" title="Theodor Capidan">Theodor Capidan</a> referenced in (<a href="#CITEREFHamp1963">Hamp 1963</a>, p. 104) </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> Weigand, as referenced in (<a href="#CITEREFHamp1963">Hamp 1963</a>, p. 104) </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> Baric, as referenced in (<a href="#CITEREFHamp1963">Hamp 1963</a>, p. 104) </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> 1994 Gottfried Schramm: A New Approach to Albanian History </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurta2020" class="citation book cs1">Curta, Florin (2020). "Migrations in the Archaeology of Eastern and Southeastern Europe in the Early Middle Ages (Some Comments on the Current State of Research)". In Preiser-Kapeller, Johannes; Reinfandt, Lucian; Stouraitis, Yannis (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QMBnzQEACAAJ">Migration Histories of the Medieval Afroeurasian Transition Zone: Aspects of Mobility Between Africa, Asia and Europe, 300-1500 C.E.</a> Studies in Global Migration History. Vol. 13. Brill. pp. 101–140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-42561-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-42561-3"><bdi>978-90-04-42561-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-6705">1874-6705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Migrations+in+the+Archaeology+of+Eastern+and+Southeastern+Europe+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages+%28Some+Comments+on+the+Current+State+of+Research%29&rft.btitle=Migration+Histories+of+the+Medieval+Afroeurasian+Transition+Zone%3A+Aspects+of+Mobility+Between+Africa%2C+Asia+and+Europe%2C+300-1500+C.E.&rft.series=Studies+in+Global+Migration+History&rft.pages=101-140&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=1874-6705&rft.isbn=978-90-04-42561-3&rft.aulast=Curta&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQMBnzQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201615-16-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201615-16_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatzinger2016">Matzinger 2016</a>, p. 15-16. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> Philippide, Originea Rominilor, vol. 1, pp 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> Velkov, 'La Thrace', p.188. </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> Kosovo: A Short History - Noel Malcolm - Notes to pages - Jirecek, 'Die Romanen', (i) p.13: Philippide, Originea Rominilor, vol. 1, pp.70-2; Papazoglu, 'Les Royaumes', pp.193-5.Albanian does preserve a very small quantity of borrowings from ancient Greek;see Thumb, 'Altgriechische Elemente'; Jokl, 'Altmakedonisch'; Cabej, 'Zur Charakteristik', p.182. This low level of borrowings from Greek is a further argument against the identification of Albanians with Bessi, part of whose tribal territory was Hellenized: see Philippide, Originea Rominilor, vol. 1, pp 11, 283; Velkov, 'La Thrace', p.188. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2010b">Demiraj 2010b</a>, p. 78 </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamp1963">Hamp 1963</a> "...we still do not know exactly where the Illyrian-Thracian line was, and NaissoV (Nis) is regarded by many as Illyrian territory." </li> <li id="cite_note-ref3-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref3_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref3_235-1">b</a> Malcolm, Noel. "Kosovo, a short history". London: Macmillan, 1998, p. 22-40. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kosovo:_A_Short_History-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kosovo:_A_Short_History_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kosovo:_A_Short_History_236-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kosovo:_A_Short_History_236-2">c</a> Kosovo: A Short History </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199110-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199110_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFine1991">Fine 1991</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> di Giovine, Tracio, dacio ed albanese' </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFine1991">Fine 1991</a>, p. 304 (glossary): "Albanians: An Indo-European people, probably descended from the ancient Illyrians, living now in Albania as well as in Greece and Yugoslavia." </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2017/06/30/mediterranean-people-share-common-recent-ancestry-except-mainland-greeks/">"Mediterranean peoples share a common recent ancestry—except mainland Greeks"</a>. 30 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mediterranean+peoples+share+a+common+recent+ancestry%E2%80%94except+mainland+Greeks&rft.date=2017-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeneticliteracyproject.org%2F2017%2F06%2F30%2Fmediterranean-people-share-common-recent-ancestry-except-mainland-greeks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovembreJohnsonBrycKutalik2008" class="citation journal cs1">Novembre, John; Johnson, Toby; Bryc, Katarzyna; Kutalik, Zoltán; Boyko, Adam R.; Auton, Adam; Indap, Amit; King, Karen S.; Bergmann, Sven; Nelson, Matthew R.; Stephens, Matthew; Bustamante, Carlos D. (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2735096">"Genes mirror geography within Europe"</a>. 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European Journal of Human Genetics. 24 (4): 600–606. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2015.138">10.1038/ejhg.2015.138</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4929864">4929864</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26130483">26130483</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4983538">4983538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Shared+language%2C+diverging+genetic+histories%3A+high-resolution+analysis+of+Y-chromosome+variability+in+Calabrian+and+Sicilian+Arbereshe&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=600-606&rft.date=2016-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4929864%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4983538%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26130483&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fejhg.2015.138&rft.aulast=Sarno&rft.aufirst=Stefania&rft.au=Tofanelli%2C+Sergio&rft.au=De+Fanti%2C+Sara&rft.au=Quagliariello%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Bortolini%2C+Eugenio&rft.au=Ferri%2C+Gianmarco&rft.au=Anagnostou%2C+Paolo&rft.au=Brisighelli%2C+Francesca&rft.au=Capelli%2C+Cristian&rft.au=Tagarelli%2C+Giuseppe&rft.au=Sineo%2C+Luca&rft.au=Luiselli%2C+Donata&rft.au=Boattini%2C+Alessio&rft.au=Pettener%2C+Davide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4929864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellediPoloniCasalottiConterio2000" class="citation journal cs1">Belledi, M; Poloni, ES; Casalotti, R; Conterio, F; Mikerezi, I; Tagliavini, J; Excoffier, L (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5200443">"Maternal and paternal lineages in Albania and the genetic structure of Indo-European populations"</a>. Eur J Hum Genet. 8 (7): 480–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5200443">10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200443</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10909846">10909846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eur+J+Hum+Genet&rft.atitle=Maternal+and+paternal+lineages+in+Albania+and+the+genetic+structure+of+Indo-European+populations&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=480-6&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5200443&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10909846&rft.aulast=Belledi&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Poloni%2C+ES&rft.au=Casalotti%2C+R&rft.au=Conterio%2C+F&rft.au=Mikerezi%2C+I&rft.au=Tagliavini%2C+J&rft.au=Excoffier%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fsj.ejhg.5200443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rrenjet.com/statistikat/">- Rrenjet: Prejardhja gjenetike e shqiptareve - Statistics </a> - Projekti Rrënjët është nje vend ku shqiptarët që kanë kryer teste gjenetike mund të regjistrojnë rezultatet e tyre, për të pasur mundësi t’i krahasojnë me rezultatet në databazën tonë, si dhe me rezultate të tjera publike nga popullsi të lashta dhe bashkëkohore. Ky projekt drejtohet dhe mirëmbahet nga vullnetarë. Ky projekt nuk është kompani testimi. </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gjenetika.com/statistikat/">Gjenetika - Statistics </a> - This site, and the Albanian DNA Project, was created and maintained by volunteers. The purpose of this page is to reveal the mosaic of human groups that have created over the centuries and that today constitute the Albanian ethnogenesis through the genetic testing of male lines. The aim is not to promote or emphasize racial purity, as such a thing does not exist but to better understand the historical contexts and human movements in the region where we live. When each of us does DNA testing, the result not only serves the individual to better understand his or her ancient origins and regions within Albania from which his or her ancestors may have descended, but also serves to shed light on different groupings. human beings that today make up the Albanian community. DNA testing is a tool to better understand our history based more and more on science and less on word of mouth </li> <li id="cite_note-RC2013-266">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RC2013_266-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RC2013_266-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalphCoop2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ralph, Peter; Coop, Graham (7 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3646727">"The Geography of Recent Genetic Ancestry across Europe"</a>. PLOS Biology. 11 (5): e1001555. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001555">10.1371/journal.pbio.1001555</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3646727">3646727</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23667324">23667324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=The+Geography+of+Recent+Genetic+Ancestry+across+Europe&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e1001555&rft.date=2013-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3646727%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23667324&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001555&rft.aulast=Ralph&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Coop%2C+Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3646727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellediPoloniCasalottiConterio2000" class="citation journal cs1">Belledi, Michele; Poloni, Estella S.; Casalotti, Rosa; Conterio, Franco; Mikerezi, Ilia; Tagliavini, James; Excoffier, Laurent (July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5200443">"Maternal and paternal lineages in Albania and the genetic structure of Indo-European populations"</a>. European Journal of Human Genetics. 8 (7): 480–486. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5200443">10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200443</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10909846">10909846</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34824809">34824809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Maternal+and+paternal+lineages+in+Albania+and+the+genetic+structure+of+Indo-European+populations&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=480-486&rft.date=2000-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34824809%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10909846&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5200443&rft.aulast=Belledi&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft.au=Poloni%2C+Estella+S.&rft.au=Casalotti%2C+Rosa&rft.au=Conterio%2C+Franco&rft.au=Mikerezi%2C+Ilia&rft.au=Tagliavini%2C+James&rft.au=Excoffier%2C+Laurent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fsj.ejhg.5200443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cardos-268">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cardos_268-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cardos_268-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cardos_268-2">c</a> Cardos G., Stoian V., Miritoiu N., Comsa A., Kroll A., Voss S., Rodewald A. (2004 Romanian Society of Legal Medicine) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/326027/PaleomtDNA-analysis-and-population-genetic-aspects-of-old-Thracian-populations-from-SouthEast-of-Romania">Paleo-mtDNA analysis and population genetic aspects of old Thracian populations from South-East of Romania</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212105834/http://www.scribd.com/doc/326027/PaleomtDNA-analysis-and-population-genetic-aspects-of-old-Thracian-populations-from-SouthEast-of-Romania">Archived</a> 2009-02-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELazaridisAlpaslan-Roodenberg2022224_(Supplementary_Materials)-269"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazaridisAlpaslan-Roodenberg2022224_(Supplementary_Materials)_269-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLazaridisAlpaslan-Roodenberg2022">Lazaridis & Alpaslan-Roodenberg 2022</a>, p. 224 (Supplementary Materials). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELazaridisAlpaslan-Roodenberg20221,_10-270"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazaridisAlpaslan-Roodenberg20221,_10_270-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLazaridisAlpaslan-Roodenberg2022">Lazaridis & Alpaslan-Roodenberg 2022</a>, pp. 1, 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavranoglouAristodemouWesolowskiHeraclides2023" class="citation journal cs1">Davranoglou, Leonidas-Romanos; Aristodemou, Aris; Wesolowski, David; Heraclides, Alexandros (June 7, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.05.543790v1.full.pdf">"Ancient DNA reveals the origins of the Albanians"</a> (PDF). bioRxiv. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2F2023.06.05.543790">10.1101/2023.06.05.543790</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259127123">259127123</a>. Retrieved August 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bioRxiv&rft.atitle=Ancient+DNA+reveals+the+origins+of+the+Albanians&rft.date=2023-06-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2F2023.06.05.543790&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A259127123%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Davranoglou&rft.aufirst=Leonidas-Romanos&rft.au=Aristodemou%2C+Aris&rft.au=Wesolowski%2C+David&rft.au=Heraclides%2C+Alexandros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biorxiv.org%2Fcontent%2F10.1101%2F2023.06.05.543790v1.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> Michaelis Attaliotae: Historia, Bonn 1853, p. 8, 18, 297. Translated by Robert Elsie. First published in R. Elsie: Early Albania, a Reader of Historical Texts, 11th – 17th Centuries, Wiesbaden 2003, p. 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiccolominiBrown2013" class="citation book cs1">Piccolomini, Aeneas Silvius; Brown, Robert (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hgzhx">Europe (c.1400-1458)</a>. Catholic University of America Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt5hgzhx.22">10.2307/j.ctt5hgzhx.22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-2182-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-2182-3"><bdi>978-0-8132-2182-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hgzhx">j.ctt5hgzhx</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+%28c.1400-1458%29&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt5hgzhx%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt5hgzhx.22&rft.isbn=978-0-8132-2182-3&rft.aulast=Piccolomini&rft.aufirst=Aeneas+Silvius&rft.au=Brown%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt5hgzhx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwandner-SieversFischer200274-274"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwandner-SieversFischer200274_274-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwandner-SieversFischer2002">Schwandner-Sievers & Fischer 2002</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Mackridge" class="citation web cs1">Peter Mackridge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farsarotul.org/nl29_1.htm">"Aspects of language and identity in the Greek peninsula since the eighteenth century"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Newsletter_of_the_Society_Farsharotu" class="mw-redirect" title="The Newsletter of the Society Farsharotu">The Newsletter of the Society Farsharotu</a>, Vol, XXI & XXII, Issues 1 & 2. Retrieved 2 February 2014. <q>the "Pelasgian theory" was formulated, according to which Greek and Albanian were claimed to have a common origin in Pelasgian, the Albanians themselves are Pelasgians... Needless to say, there is absolutely no scientific evidence to support any of theses theories.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Newsletter+of+the+Society+Farsharotu%2C+Vol%2C+XXI+%26+XXII%2C+Issues+1+%26+2&rft.atitle=Aspects+of+language+and+identity+in+the+Greek+peninsula+since+the+eighteenth+century&rft.au=Peter+Mackridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.farsarotul.org%2Fnl29_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayraktar2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bayraktar, Uğur Bahadır (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://balkanologie.revues.org/2272">"Mythifying the Albanians : A Historiographical Discussion on Vasa Efendi's "Albania and the Albanians""</a>. Balkanologie. 13 (1–2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fbalkanologie.2272">10.4000/balkanologie.2272</a>. Retrieved 2 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balkanologie&rft.atitle=Mythifying+the+Albanians+%3A+A+Historiographical+Discussion+on+Vasa+Efendi%27s+%22Albania+and+the+Albanians%22&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fbalkanologie.2272&rft.aulast=Bayraktar&rft.aufirst=U%C4%9Fur+Bahad%C4%B1r&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbalkanologie.revues.org%2F2272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwandner-SieversFischer200277-277"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwandner-SieversFischer200277_277-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwandner-SieversFischer2002">Schwandner-Sievers & Fischer 2002</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwandner-SieversFischer200277–79-278"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwandner-SieversFischer200277–79_278-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwandner-SieversFischer2002">Schwandner-Sievers & Fischer 2002</a>, p. 77–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwandner-SieversFischer200278–79-279"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwandner-SieversFischer200278–79_279-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwandner-SieversFischer2002">Schwandner-Sievers & Fischer 2002</a>, p. 78–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-DeRapper-280"><a href="#cite_ref-DeRapper_280-0">^</a> De Rapper, Gilles (2009). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00400327/document">Pelasgic Encounters in the Greek–Albanian Borderland: Border Dynamics and Reversion to Ancient Past in Southern Albania.</a>" Anthropological Journal of European Cultures. 18. (1): 60-61. “In 2002, another important book was translated from Greek: Aristides Kollias’ Arvanites and the Origin of Greeks, first published in Athens in 1983 and re-edited several times since then (Kollias 1983; Kolia 2002). In this book, which is considered a cornerstone of the rehabilitation of Arvanites in post- dictatorial Greece, the author presents the Albanian speaking population of Greece, known as Arvanites, as the most authentic Greeks because their language is closer to ancient Pelasgic, who were the first inhabitants of Greece. According to him, ancient Greek was formed on the basis of Pelasgic, so that man Greek words have an Albanian etymology. In the Greek context, the book initiated a 'counterdiscourse' (Gefou-Madianou 1999: 122) aiming at giving Arvanitic communities of southern Greece a positive role in Greek history. This was achieved by using nineteenth-century ideas on Pelasgians and by melting together Greeks and Albanians in one historical genealogy (Baltsiotis and Embirikos 2007: 130–431, 445). In the Albanian context of the 1990s and 2000s, the book is read as proving the anteriority of Albanians not only in Albania but also in Greece; it serves mainly the rehabilitation of Albanians as an antique and autochthonous population in the Balkans. These ideas legitimise the presence of Albanians in Greece and give them a decisive role in the development of ancient Greek civilisation and, later on, the creation of the modern Greek state, in contrast to the general negative image of Albanians in contemporary Greek society. They also reverse the unequal relation between the migrants and the host country, making the former the heirs of an autochthonous and civilised population from whom the latter owes everything that makes their superiority in the present day.” </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015290,_296–298-281"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015290,_296–298_281-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsmajli2015">Ismajli 2015</a>, pp. 290, 296–298. </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> I.I. Russu, Obârșia tracică a românilor și albanezilor. Clarificări comparativ-istorice șietnologice. Der thrakische Ursprung der Rumänen und Albanesen. Komparativ-historische und ethnologische Klärungen. Cluj-Napoca: Dacia 1995. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015298-283"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015298_283-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsmajli2015">Ismajli 2015</a>, p. 298. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015341–342-284"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmajli2015341–342_284-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsmajli2015">Ismajli 2015</a>, pp. 341–342. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Albanians&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAigner-Foresti2004" class="citation book cs1">Aigner-Foresti, Luciana (2004). "Gli Illiri in Italia:istituzioni politiche nella Messapia preromana". In Gianpaolo Urso (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SCNpAAAAMAAJ">Dall'Adriatico al Danubio: l'Illirico nell'età greca e romana : atti del convegno internazionale, Cividale del Friuli, 25-27 settembre 2003</a>. I convegni della Fondazione Niccolò Canussio. ETS. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/884671069X" title="Special:BookSources/884671069X"><bdi>884671069X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gli+Illiri+in+Italia%3Aistituzioni+politiche+nella+Messapia+preromana&rft.btitle=Dall%27Adriatico+al+Danubio%3A+l%27Illirico+nell%27et%C3%A0+greca+e+romana+%3A+atti+del+convegno+internazionale%2C+Cividale+del+Friuli%2C+25-27+settembre+2003&rft.series=I+convegni+della+Fondazione+Niccol%C3%B2+Canussio&rft.pub=ETS&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=884671069X&rft.aulast=Aigner-Foresti&rft.aufirst=Luciana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSCNpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAneliSaupeMontinaroSolnik2022" class="citation journal cs1">Aneli, Serena; Saupe, Tina; Montinaro, Francesco; Solnik, Anu; Molinaro, Ludovica; Scaggion, Cinzia; Carrara, Nicola; Raveane, Alessandro; Kivisild, Toomas; Metspalu, Mait; Scheib, Christiana; Pagani, Luca (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/mbe/advance-article/doi/10.1093/molbev/msac014/6509524">"The genetic origin of Daunians and the Pan-Mediterranean southern Italian Iron Age context"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Molecular_Biology_and_Evolution" title="Molecular Biology and Evolution">Molecular Biology and Evolution</a>. 39 (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsac014">10.1093/molbev/msac014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8826970">8826970</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35038748">35038748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+genetic+origin+of+Daunians+and+the+Pan-Mediterranean+southern+Italian+Iron+Age+context&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8826970%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35038748&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsac014&rft.aulast=Aneli&rft.aufirst=Serena&rft.au=Saupe%2C+Tina&rft.au=Montinaro%2C+Francesco&rft.au=Solnik%2C+Anu&rft.au=Molinaro%2C+Ludovica&rft.au=Scaggion%2C+Cinzia&rft.au=Carrara%2C+Nicola&rft.au=Raveane%2C+Alessandro&rft.au=Kivisild%2C+Toomas&rft.au=Metspalu%2C+Mait&rft.au=Scheib%2C+Christiana&rft.au=Pagani%2C+Luca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fmbe%2Fadvance-article%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsac014%2F6509524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartl2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bartl, Peter (2001) [1995]. Albanci: od srednjeg veka do danas (in Serbian). Translated by Milenković, Ljubinka. Belgrade: Clio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788671020176" title="Special:BookSources/9788671020176"><bdi>9788671020176</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51036121">51036121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albanci%3A+od+srednjeg+veka+do+danas&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pub=Clio&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51036121&rft.isbn=9788671020176&rft.aulast=Bartl&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowden2003" class="citation cs2">Bowden, William (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IjsbAAAAYAAJ">Epirus Vetus: The Archaeology of a Late Antique Province</a>, Duckworth, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7156-3116-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7156-3116-0"><bdi>0-7156-3116-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epirus+Vetus%3A+The+Archaeology+of+a+Late+Antique+Province&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7156-3116-0&rft.aulast=Bowden&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIjsbAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowden2004" class="citation book cs1">Bowden, William (2004). "Balkan Ghosts? Nationalism and the Question of Rural Continuity in Albania". In Christie, Neil (ed.). Landscapes of Change: Rural Evolutions in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1840146172" title="Special:BookSources/978-1840146172"><bdi>978-1840146172</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Balkan+Ghosts%3F+Nationalism+and+the+Question+of+Rural+Continuity+in+Albania&rft.btitle=Landscapes+of+Change%3A+Rural+Evolutions+in+Late+Antiquity+and+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1840146172&rft.aulast=Bowden&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownOgilvie2008" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC">Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World</a>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087774-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087774-7"><bdi>978-0-08-087774-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Languages+of+the+World&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-08-087774-7&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft.au=Ogilvie%2C+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF2SRqDzB50wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÇabej1961" class="citation conference cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Çabej, Eqrem (1961). Die älteren Wohnsitze der Albaner auf der Balkanhalbinsel im Lichte der Sprache und der Ortsnamen [The older residences of the Albanians in the Balkan Peninsula in the light of the language and place names]. VII International Congress of Onomastic Sciences, 4–8 April 1961 (in German). pp. 241–251.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Die+%C3%A4lteren+Wohnsitze+der+Albaner+auf+der+Balkanhalbinsel+im+Lichte+der+Sprache+und+der+Ortsnamen&rft.pages=241-251&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=%C3%87abej&rft.aufirst=Eqrem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988">; Albanian version BUShT 1962:1.219–227</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2009" class="citation thesis cs1">Campbell, Duncan R. J. 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University of Leicester.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+so-called+Galatae%2C+Celts%2C+and+Gauls+in+the+Early+Hellenistic+Balkans+and+the+Attack+on+Delphi+in+280%E2%80%93279+BC&rft.inst=University+of+Leicester&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Duncan+R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df39WMwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrăciun2023" class="citation journal cs1">Crăciun, Radu (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.62006%2Fsf.v1i1-2.3089">"Diellina, një bimë trako-dake me emër proto-albanoid"</a> [Diellina, a Thracian-Dacian plant with a Proto-Albanoid name]. <a href="/wiki/Studime_Filologjike" title="Studime Filologjike">Studime Filologjike</a> (1–2). <a href="/wiki/Centre_of_Albanological_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre of Albanological Studies">Centre of Albanological Studies</a>: 77–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.62006%2Fsf.v1i1-2.3089">10.62006/sf.v1i1-2.3089</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0563-5780">0563-5780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studime+Filologjike&rft.atitle=Diellina%2C+nj%C3%AB+bim%C3%AB+trako-dake+me+em%C3%ABr+proto-albanoid&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=77-83&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.62006%2Fsf.v1i1-2.3089&rft.issn=0563-5780&rft.aulast=Cr%C4%83ciun&rft.aufirst=Radu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.62006%252Fsf.v1i1-2.3089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurta2006" class="citation book cs1">Curta, Florin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt">Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250</a>. 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Bloomington, IN: Indiana University. pp. 243–250. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/186020548">186020548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+Serbo-Croatian%27s+Historic+Laterals&rft.btitle=Of+all+the+Slavs+my+favorites&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.series=Indiana+Slavic+studies&rft.pages=243-250&rft.pub=Indiana+University&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F186020548&rft.aulast=Hamp&rft.aufirst=Eric+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSDYtAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHampAdams2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hamp, Eric; Adams, Douglas (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://toosfoundation.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/spp239_indo_european_languages.pdf">"The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages: An Indo-Europeanist's Evolving View"</a> (PDF). 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Columbus, OH: Slavica Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780893571351" title="Special:BookSources/9780893571351"><bdi>9780893571351</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Albanian+Etymologies&rft.place=Columbus%2C+OH&rft.pub=Slavica+Publishers&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780893571351&rft.aulast=Huld&rft.aufirst=Martin+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW7RiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_D._Joseph" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian D. Joseph">Joseph, Brian D.</a> (2013). Spiro, Aristotel (ed.). 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Iliria. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Filiri.2017.2528">10.3406/iliri.2017.2528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iliria&rft.atitle=Rishikim+mbi+topografin%C3%AB+e+Durr%C3%ABsit+antik+n%C3%AB+drit%C3%ABn+e+t%C3%AB+dh%C3%ABnave+t%C3%AB+reja+arkeologjike-historike+%5BA+review+of+topography+of+Durr%C3%ABs+in+antiquity+in+light+of+new+archeological+and+historical+data%5D&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Filiri.2017.2528&rft.aulast=Shehi&rft.aufirst=Eduard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F52335413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzczepanski2005" class="citation journal cs1">Szczepanski, W. 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Sprawy Narodowościowe – Seria Nowa (26): 81–96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sprawy+Narodowo%C5%9Bciowe+%E2%80%93+Seria+Nowa&rft.atitle=Some+Controversies+Connected+with+the+Origin+of+the+Albanians%2C+Their+Territorial+Cradle+and+Ethnonym&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=81-96&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Szczepanski&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcejsh.icm.edu.pl%2Fcejsh%2Felement%2Fbwmeta1.element.f77fde0c-d580-3a81-89d4-7d9adfb77f81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorsø2019" class="citation book cs1">Thorsø, Rasmus (2019). "Two Balkan Indo-European Loanwords". In Matilde Serangeli; Thomas Olander (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DHnEDwAAQBAJ">Dispersals and Diversification: Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo-European</a>. Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics. Vol. 19. Brill. pp. 251–262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004416192" title="Special:BookSources/9789004416192"><bdi>9789004416192</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Two+Balkan+Indo-European+Loanwords&rft.btitle=Dispersals+and+Diversification%3A+Linguistic+and+Archaeological+Perspectives+on+the+Early+Stages+of+Indo-European&rft.series=Brill%27s+Studies+in+Indo-European+Languages+%26+Linguistics&rft.pages=251-262&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9789004416192&rft.aulast=Thors%C3%B8&rft.aufirst=Rasmus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDHnEDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrumper2018" class="citation book cs1">Trumper, John (2018). "Some Celto-Albanian isoglosses and their implications". In Grimaldi, Mirko; Lai, Rosangela; Franco, Ludovico; Baldi, Benedetta (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kAR-DwAAQBAJ">Structuring Variation in Romance Linguistics and Beyond: In Honour of Leonardo M. Savoia</a>. John Benjamins Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027263179" title="Special:BookSources/9789027263179"><bdi>9789027263179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Some+Celto-Albanian+isoglosses+and+their+implications&rft.btitle=Structuring+Variation+in+Romance+Linguistics+and+Beyond%3A+In+Honour+of+Leonardo+M.+Savoia&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9789027263179&rft.aulast=Trumper&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkAR-DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermeer1996" class="citation book cs1">Vermeer, Willem (1996). "Linguistics and Politics: The origin of the Albanian language". In Gerlachlus Duijzings; Dušan Janjić; Shkëlzen Maliqi (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iGrMNAAACAAJ">Kosovo - Kosova: Confrontation Or Coexistence</a>. Nijmegen: Peace Research Centre, University of Nijmegen. pp. 123–132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789071701641" title="Special:BookSources/9789071701641"><bdi>9789071701641</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Linguistics+and+Politics%3A+The+origin+of+the+Albanian+language&rft.btitle=Kosovo+-+Kosova%3A+Confrontation+Or+Coexistence&rft.place=Nijmegen&rft.pages=123-132&rft.pub=Peace+Research+Centre%2C+University+of+Nijmegen&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9789071701641&rft.aulast=Vermeer&rft.aufirst=Willem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiGrMNAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermeer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Vermeer, Willem (2008). "The prehistory of the Albanian vowel system: A preliminary exploration". Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics. 32: 591–608. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0169-0124">0169-0124</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40997529">40997529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Slavic+and+General+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+prehistory+of+the+Albanian+vowel+system%3A+A+preliminary+exploration&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=591-608&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40997529%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0169-0124&rft.aulast=Vermeer&rft.aufirst=Willem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViereck1993" class="citation book cs1">Viereck, Wolfgang (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ac0KAQAAMAAJ&q=Lab%C3%ABri+Alb">International congress of dialectologists. Issue 76</a>. Franz Steiner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783515063326" title="Special:BookSources/9783515063326"><bdi>9783515063326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+congress+of+dialectologists.+Issue+76&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9783515063326&rft.aulast=Viereck&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dac0KAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DLab%25C3%25ABri%2BAlb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYlli1997" class="citation book cs1">Ylli, Xhelal (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/26220">Das slawische Lehngut im Albanischen: Lehnworter</a>. Peter Lang International Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12657%2F26220">20.500.12657/26220</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783954790746" title="Special:BookSources/9783954790746"><bdi>9783954790746</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+slawische+Lehngut+im+Albanischen%3A+Lehnworter&rft.pub=Peter+Lang+International+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12657%2F26220&rft.isbn=9783954790746&rft.aulast=Ylli&rft.aufirst=Xhelal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.oapen.org%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12657%2F26220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYlli2000" class="citation book cs1">Ylli, Xhelal (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/26167">Das slawische Lehngut im Albanischen: Ortsnamen</a>. Peter Lang International Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12657%2F26167">20.500.12657/26167</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783954790432" title="Special:BookSources/9783954790432"><bdi>9783954790432</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+slawische+Lehngut+im+Albanischen%3A+Ortsnamen&rft.pub=Peter+Lang+International+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12657%2F26167&rft.isbn=9783954790432&rft.aulast=Ylli&rft.aufirst=Xhelal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.oapen.org%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12657%2F26167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkes1992" class="citation book cs1">Wilkes, John (1992). The Illyrians. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19807-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19807-5"><bdi>0-631-19807-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illyrians&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-631-19807-5&rft.aulast=Wilkes&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkes1995" class="citation book cs1">Wilkes, John (1995). The Illyrians: The Peoples of Europe. Oxford, UK; Cambridge, MA, USA: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19807-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19807-9"><bdi>978-0-631-19807-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illyrians%3A+The+Peoples+of+Europe&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK%3B+Cambridge%2C+MA%2C+USA&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-631-19807-9&rft.aulast=Wilkes&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkes2013" class="citation book cs1">Wilkes, John (2013). "The Archaeology of War: Homeland Security in the Southwest Balkans (3rd-6th century AD)". In Alexander Sarantis; Neil Christie (eds.). War and Warfare in Late Antiquity: Current Perspectives. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004252585" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004252585"><bdi>978-9004252585</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Archaeology+of+War%3A+Homeland+Security+in+the+Southwest+Balkans+%283rd-6th+century+AD%29&rft.btitle=War+and+Warfare+in+Late+Antiquity%3A+Current+Perspectives&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9004252585&rft.aulast=Wilkes&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Albanians" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em 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.nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Albania_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Albania_topics" title="Template:Albania topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Albania_topics" title="Template talk:Albania topics"><abbr title="Discuss this 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanoi" title="Albanoi">Albanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantes_(tribe)" title="Amantes (tribe)">Amantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantini" title="Amantini">Amantini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaites" title="Balaites">Balaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bylliones" title="Bylliones">Bylliones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassaretii" title="Dassaretii">Dassaretii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchele" title="Enchele">Enchele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labeatae" title="Labeatae">Labeatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthini" title="Parthini">Parthini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taulantii" title="Taulantii">Taulantii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_principalities" title="Albanian principalities">Middle Ages</a> (1190–1385) </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Arbanon" title="Principality of Arbanon">Principality of Arbanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Kingdom of Albania (medieval)">Kingdom of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Arta" title="Despotate of Arta">Despotate of Arta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kastrioti" title="House of Kastrioti">House of Kastrioti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman period</a> (1385–1912) </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_rebellion" title="Skanderbeg's rebellion">Skanderbeg's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">League of Lezhë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABni_Council" title="Arbëni Council">Arbëni Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Albania" title="Islamization of Albania">Islamization of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Pashaliks" title="Albanian Pashaliks">Albanian Pashaliks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Albanian_Beys" title="Massacre of the Albanian Beys">Massacre of the Albanian Beys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolts_of_1833%E2%80%931839" title="Albanian revolts of 1833–1839">Revolts of 1833–1839</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Dervish_Cara" title="Uprising of Dervish Cara">Uprising of Dervish Cara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Awakening" title="Albanian National Awakening">Albanian National Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Manastir" title="Congress of Manastir">Congress of Manastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">Revolt of 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malissori_uprising" title="Malissori uprising">Malissori uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taksim_meeting" title="Taksim meeting">Taksim meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Revolt of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimza_Government" title="Kimza Government">Kimza Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">Independence</a> (1912–present) </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Albanian Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himni_i_Flamurit" title="Himni i Flamurit">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Albania" title="Provisional Government of Albania">Provisional Government of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Albania during the Balkan Wars">Albania during the Balkan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Central_Albania" title="Republic of Central Albania">Republic of Central Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Albania" title="Principality of Albania">Principality of Albania (1914–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_Albania" title="World War I in Albania">World War I in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Autonomous Province of Korçë">Autonomous Province of Korçë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_over_Albania" title="Italian protectorate over Albania">Italian protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mirdita" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Mirdita">Republic of Mirdita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Republic_(1925%E2%80%931928)" title="Albanian Republic (1925–1928)">Albanian Republic (1925–1928)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Union with Italian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania" title="German occupation of Albania">German Nazi occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania" title="The Holocaust in Albania">The Holocaust in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albanian resistance during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Communist Albania (1946–91)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthography_Congress" title="Albanian Orthography Congress">Orthography Congress (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Post-Communist_Albania" title="History of Post-Communist Albania">Post-Communist Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Albanian_civil_unrest" title="1997 Albanian civil unrest">1997 Civil Unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Albania–NATO relations">NATO membership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Albania_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Albania to the European Union">EU Accession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Albanian_history" title="Timeline of Albanian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archives_in_Albania" title="List of archives in Albania">Archives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="383" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Albania" title="Geography of Albania">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Landscape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Albania" title="List of mountains in Albania">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Albania" title="List of rivers of Albania">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Albania" title="List of lakes of Albania">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Albania" title="List of islands of Albania">Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Albania" title="Environment of Albania">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Albania" title="Climate of Albania">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Albania" title="Biodiversity of Albania">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Albania" title="Category:Fauna of Albania">Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Albania" title="Protected areas of Albania">Protected areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Albania" title="Politics of Albania">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Albania)" title="Council of Ministers (Albania)">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Government_agencies_of_Albania" title="Category:Government agencies of Albania">agencies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">Head of state</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Albania" title="List of heads of state of Albania">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Albania" title="Foreign relations of Albania">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Albania" title="List of political parties in Albania">Political parties</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Albania" title="Category:Treaties of Albania">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Albania" title="Visa policy of Albania">Visa policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Albania" title="Judiciary of Albania">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vetting_Institutions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Vetting Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Appellate_College_(Albania)" title="Special Appellate College (Albania)">KPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Public_Commissioners_(Albania)" title="Institution of Public Commissioners (Albania)">IKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monitoring_Operation_(Albania)" title="International Monitoring Operation (Albania)">ONM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Qualification_Commission_(Albania)" title="Independent Qualification Commission (Albania)">KPK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania" title="Constitution of Albania">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Albania" title="Corruption in Albania">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EURALIUS" title="EURALIUS">EURALIUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPAK" class="mw-redirect" title="SPAK">SPAK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutor_General_(Albania)" title="Prosecutor General (Albania)">Prosecutor General</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Albania" title="Administrative divisions of Albania">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Albania" title="NUTS statistical regions of Albania">NUTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Albania" title="Counties of Albania">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Albania" title="Municipalities of Albania">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Albania" title="List of cities and towns in Albania">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Albania" title="Communes of Albania">Communes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villages_of_Albania" title="Villages of Albania">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maps_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Maps of Albania">Maps</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Albania" title="Elections in Albania">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Albania" title="Parliament of Albania">Assembly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Albania" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Albania">speakers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_members_of_the_Parliament_of_Albania" title="Category:Lists of members of the Parliament of Albania">Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Albania)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Albania)">Opposition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Albania" title="Human rights in Albania">Human rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Albania" title="Abortion in Albania">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Albania" title="Capital punishment in Albania">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assassinations_in_Albania" title="List of assassinations in Albania">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Albania">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avokati_i_Popullit" title="Avokati i Popullit">Ombudsman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Armed_Forces" title="Albanian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Police_(Albania)" title="State Police (Albania)">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_mafia" title="Albanian mafia">Organized crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Albania" title="Prisons in Albania">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_crossings_of_Albania" title="Border crossings of Albania">Border crossings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Albania" title="Banking in Albania">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_lek" title="Albanian lek">Lek (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Albania" title="Taxation in Albania">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Albania" title="Trade unions in Albania">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Supreme_Audit_(Albania)" title="State Supreme Audit (Albania)">State Supreme Audit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Retail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Albania" title="List of shopping malls in Albania">Shopping centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_Albania" title="List of supermarket chains in Albania">Supermarkets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Albania" title="Agriculture in Albania">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Albania" title="Healthcare in Albania">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Albania" title="List of companies of Albania">Companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Albania" title="Renewable energy in Albania">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Operators" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Operators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Power_Corporation" title="Albanian Power Corporation">KESH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_System_Operator_(Albania)" title="Transmission System Operator (Albania)">OST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operatori_i_Shp%C3%ABrndarjes_s%C3%AB_Energjis%C3%AB_Elektrike" title="Operatori i Shpërndarjes së Energjisë Elektrike">OSHEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Regulatory_Authority_(Albania)" title="Energy Regulatory Authority (Albania)">ERE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Albania" title="List of power stations in Albania">Hydropower plants</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Natural resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_and_gas_fields_in_Albania" title="List of oil and gas fields in Albania">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mining_in_Albania" title="Category:Mining in Albania">Mining</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Albania" title="Highways in Albania">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Albania" title="List of airports in Albania">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Albania" title="List of ports in Albania">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Albania" title="Rail transport in Albania">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Albania" title="List of bridges in Albania">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tunnels_in_Albania" title="List of tunnels in Albania">Tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Albania" title="List of tallest buildings in Albania">Highrises</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Albania" title="List of tallest structures in Albania">structures</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Albania" title="Telecommunications in Albania">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posta_Shqiptare" title="Posta Shqiptare">Posta Shqiptare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Albania" title="Squatting in Albania">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Albania" title="Tourism in Albania">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monuments" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Albania" title="List of archaeological sites in Albania">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Albania" title="List of castles in Albania">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Albania" title="List of mosques in Albania">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tekkes_in_Albania" title="List of tekkes in Albania">Tekkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Albania" title="List of churches in Albania">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Albania" title="List of lighthouses in Albania">Lighthouses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Adriatic_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast">Adriatic Sea Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Ionian_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Ionian Sea Coast">Ionian Sea Coast</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_Riviera" title="Albanian Riviera">riviera</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Albania" title="List of beaches in Albania">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:High-contrast-camera-photo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/17px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/26px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/34px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photographs_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Photographs of Albania">Images of Albania</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Albania" title="Category:Society of Albania">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Albania" title="Demographics of Albania">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_Albania" title="Census in Albania">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_tribes" title="Albanian tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nobility" title="Albanian nobility">Noble families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_diaspora" title="Albanian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Albania" title="Women in Albania">Women</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_art" title="Albanian art">Art</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_art_galleries_in_Albania" title="List of art galleries in Albania">(galleries)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Albania" title="Architecture of Albania">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Albania" title="List of museums in Albania">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Albania" title="List of theatres in Albania">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Albania" title="Education in Albania">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albanian_scripts" title="Category:Albanian scripts">scripts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abetare" title="Abetare">Abetare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_literature" title="Albanian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Research_institutes_in_Albania" title="Category:Research institutes in Albania">Research institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Albania" title="List of libraries in Albania">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Albania" title="List of universities in Albania">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_publishing_companies_of_Albania" title="List of publishing companies of Albania">Publishers</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Albanian_proverbs" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Albanian proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanology" title="Albanology">Albanology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Tradition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Folk beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besa_(Albanian_culture)" title="Besa (Albanian culture)">Besa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oda_(Albania)" title="Oda (Albania)">Oda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Albania" title="Secularism in Albania">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevruz_in_Albania" title="Nevruz in Albania">Nevruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Sworn virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Albanian_clothing" title="Traditional Albanian clothing">Costumes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qeleshe" title="Qeleshe">Qeleshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustanella" title="Fustanella">Fustanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhubleta" title="Xhubleta">Xhubleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brez_(clothing)" title="Brez (clothing)">Brez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinga" title="Opinga">Opinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhamadan" title="Xhamadan">Xhamadan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gjell%C3%AB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:gjellë">Gjellë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tav%C3%AB_kosi" title="Tavë kosi">Tavë kosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabuni" title="Kabuni">Kabuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakia" title="Rakia">Raki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer in Albania">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_wine" title="Albanian wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognac_Sk%C3%ABnderbeu" title="Cognac Skënderbeu">Cognac Skënderbeu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Football</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania_national_football_team" title="Albania national football team">National team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Albania" title="List of football clubs in Albania">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Albania_international_footballers" title="List of Albania international footballers">Players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums_in_Albania" title="List of stadiums in Albania">Stadiums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Weightlifting_Federation" title="Albanian Weightlifting Federation">Weightlifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Athletics_Federation" title="Albanian Athletics Federation">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Cycling_Federation" title="Albanian Cycling Federation">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Basketball_Federation" title="Albanian Basketball Federation">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Volleyball_Federation" title="Albanian Volleyball Federation">Volleyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Swimming_Federation" title="Albanian Swimming Federation">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania_at_the_Olympics" title="Albania at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indoor_arenas_in_Albania" title="List of indoor arenas in Albania">Indoor arenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Albania" title="Television in Albania">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Albania" title="List of radio stations in Albania">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Albania" title="Cinema of Albania">Cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Symbols_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Symbols of Albania">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_heraldry" title="Albanian heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Albania" title="Flag of Albania">Flag</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Albanian_flags" title="List of Albanian flags">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania" title="Coat of arms of Albania">Coat of arms</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Albania" title="Armorial of Albania">armorial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitaph_of_Gllavenica" title="Epitaph of Gllavenica">Epitaph of Gllavenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Sign_Language" title="Albanian Sign Language">Sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations_and_medals_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders, decorations and medals of Albania">Orders, decorations and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_passport" title="Albanian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.al" title=".al">.al</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Albania" title="Public holidays in Albania">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Albania" title="Smoking in Albania">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Albania" title="Copyright law of Albania">Copyright law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Albania" title="Bibliography of Albania">Bibliography</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albania" title="Category:Albania">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_genetics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_genetics" title="Template:Human genetics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_genetics" title="Template talk:Human genetics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_genetics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human genetics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_genetics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_genetics" title="Human genetics">Human genetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Sub-topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human genome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_evolutionary_genetics" title="Human evolutionary genetics">Evolutionary genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">Human-chimp MRCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal_genetics" title="Neanderthal genetics">Neanderthal genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal_genome_project" title="Neanderthal genome project">Neanderthal genome project</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution" title="Timeline of human evolution">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_variation" title="Human genetic variation">Genetic variation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_type_distribution_by_country" title="Blood type distribution by country">Blood type distribution by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogical_DNA_test" title="Genealogical DNA test">Genealogical DNA test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_genealogy" title="Genetic genealogy">Genetic genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_genetics" title="Race and genetics">Race and genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recent_human_evolution" title="Recent human evolution">Recent evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname_DNA_project" title="Surname DNA project">Surname DNA project</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_enhancement" title="Human genetic enhancement">Genetic enhancement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Archaeogenetics" title="Archaeogenetics">Genetic history</a> by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Africa" title="Genetic history of Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_North_Africa" title="Genetic history of North Africa">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_West_Africa" title="Genetic history of West Africa">West Africa‎‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Central_Africa" title="Genetic history of Central Africa">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Eastern_Africa" title="Genetic history of Eastern Africa">Eastern Africa‎‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Southern_Africa" title="Genetic history of Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_African_diaspora" title="Genetic history of the African diaspora">African diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics_and_archaeogenetics_of_South_Asia" title="Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_India" title="Peopling of India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Anatolian_farmers" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Anatolian farmers">Early Anatolian farmers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_hunter-gatherer" title="Caucasus hunter-gatherer">Caucasus hunter-gatherer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">Early European Farmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_hunter-gatherer" title="Western hunter-gatherer">Western hunter-gatherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Genetic history of the British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_hunter-gatherer" title="Eastern hunter-gatherer">Eastern hunter-gatherer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasian" title="Ancient North Eurasian">Ancient North Eurasian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_East_Asians" title="Genetic history of East Asians">East Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Northeast_Asian" title="Ancient Northeast Asian">Ancient Northeast Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Paleo-Siberian" title="Ancient Paleo-Siberian">Ancient Paleo-Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_China" title="Peopling of China">China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Peopling of Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Thailand" title="Peopling of Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas">America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Beringian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population genetics</a> by group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Basques" title="Origin of the Basques">Basques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Bosniaks" title="Genetic studies on Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Bulgarians" title="Genetic studies on Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Croats" title="Genetic studies on Croats">Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Romanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Romanians">Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Russians" title="Genetic studies on Russians">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Sami" title="Genetic studies on Sami">Sami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Serbs" title="Genetic studies on Serbs">Serbs</a></li></ul></li> <li>MENA <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Arabs" title="Genetic studies on Arabs">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Azerbaijanis" title="Origin of the Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Egypt" title="Genetic history of Egypt">Egyptians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Moroccans" title="Genetic studies on Moroccans">Moroccans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Turkish_people" title="Genetic studies on Turkish people">Turks</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Gujarati_people" title="Genetic studies on Gujarati people">Gujaratis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Sinhalese" title="Genetic studies on Sinhalese">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Genetic studies on Sri Lankan Tamils">Tamils (Sri Lankan)</a></li></ul></li> <li>East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Han_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_and_anthropometric_studies_on_Japanese_people" title="Genetic and anthropometric studies on Japanese people">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southeast Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos" title="Genetic studies on Filipinos">Filipinos</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sub-Saharan Africa <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Hutu_and_Tutsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Hutu and Tutsi">Hutu/Tutsi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_genetics" title="Category:Human genetics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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= 1,\n [\"CITEREFCole2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrucianiLa_FrattaSantolamazzaSellitto2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrucianiLa_FrattaTrombettaSantolamazza2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrăciun2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurta2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurta2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurta2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurta2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurtis2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavranoglouAristodemouWesolowskiHeraclides2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Vaan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDedvukajNdoci2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemiraj1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemiraj2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemiraj2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemiraj2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemiraj2010b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemiraj2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemiraj2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemiraj2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesnickaja1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDečev1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDi_GaetanoCeruttiCrobuRobino2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFilipovski2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFine1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischerSchmitt2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFortson2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFortson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFóthiGonzalezFehérGugora2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiacalone_RamatRamat1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiakoumis2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaakLazaridisPattersonRohland2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaarman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammond1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammond1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamp1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamp1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamp2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHampAdams2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuld1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuld1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHyllestedJoseph2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsmajli2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohann_Thunmann1774\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapovićRamatRamat2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatičić1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinJosephFritz2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKortlandt2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKroonenJakobPalmérvan_Sluis2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKunstmannThiergen1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLafe2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLafe2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaukaMuhajBojaxhi2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaw1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLazaridisAlpaslan-Roodenberg2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLloshi1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadgearuGordon2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalaj2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalcolm1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalloryAdams1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMatasović2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatzinger2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatzinger2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatzinger2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatzinger2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_L._Galaty2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNallbani2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeparáczkiMarótiKalmárMaár2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovembreJohnsonBrycKutalik2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrel1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrel2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOreshko2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeričićLaucKlarićRootsi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Mackridge\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiccolominiBrown2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlasari2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolomé1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolybius\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPoulianos1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrendergast2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPtolemy1843\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuanrud2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._Elsie2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadoslav_Grujic1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRalphCoop2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRapper2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRootsiKivisildBenuzziHelp2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRusakov2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarnoBoattiniPaganiSazzini2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarnoTofanelliDe_FantiQuagliariello2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwandner-SieversFischer2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSemino2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeminoMagriBenuzziLin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShehi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkene1850\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephanus_of_Byzantium1849\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrabo1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzczepanski2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorsø2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThunmann1774\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrnavci2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrumper2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVasiliev1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVermeer1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVermeer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViereck1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVillar1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaldmanMason2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkes1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkes1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkes2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinnifrith2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitczak2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYlli1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYlli2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Vaan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÇabej1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÇabej1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFΒρανουση1970\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Albania topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Albanians\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 85,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 55,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 7,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Origin Of The Albanians\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Gloss\"] = 5,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 48,\n [\"Human genetics\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"Lang\"] = 10,\n [\"Lang-grc-gre\"] = 4,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Location map+\"] = 1,\n [\"Location map~\"] = 15,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"Nts\"] = 145,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 6,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Request quotation\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 179,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sm\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","16.7"],["?","260","13.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","140","7.3"],["dataWrapper 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