CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>U.S. state - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d86cd46d-3c93-41db-9df6-e8cf0a150f4f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"U.S._state","wgTitle":"U.S. state","wgCurRevisionId":1256488751,"wgRevisionId":1256488751,"wgArticleId":18618239,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Use American English from February 2019","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use mdy dates from April 2024","Administrative divisions in North America","First-level administrative divisions by country","States of the United States","Political divisions of the United States", "Types of administrative division"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"U.S._state","wgRelevantArticleId":18618239,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgRedirectedFrom":"U.S._states","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/U.S._state","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition": "interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q35657","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Map_of_USA_with_state_names_2.svg/1200px-Map_of_USA_with_state_names_2.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="741"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Map_of_USA_with_state_names_2.svg/800px-Map_of_USA_with_state_names_2.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="494"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Map_of_USA_with_state_names_2.svg/640px-Map_of_USA_with_state_names_2.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="395"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="U.S. state - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-U_S_state rootpage-U_S_state skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=U.S.+state" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=U.S.+state" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=U.S.+state" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=U.S.+state" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-List" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>List</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Governments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Constitutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Executive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Executive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Legislative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Judicial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unitarism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unitarism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Unitarism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unitarism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Relationships</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationships-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationships subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interstate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interstate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Interstate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interstate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-With_the_federal_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_the_federal_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>With the federal government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_the_federal_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-With_other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>With other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Admission_into_the_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admission_into_the_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Admission into the Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admission_into_the_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_additions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_additions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Proposed additions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proposed_additions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Proposed additions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proposed_additions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Puerto_Rico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puerto_Rico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Puerto Rico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puerto_Rico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Washington,_D.C." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Washington,_D.C."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Washington, D.C.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Washington,_D.C.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secession_from_the_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secession_from_the_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Secession from the Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secession_from_the_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Name_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Name origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Borders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Borders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Borders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_grouping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_grouping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Regional grouping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_grouping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">U.S. state</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 123 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-123" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">123 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deelstate_van_die_Verenigde_State_van_Amerika" title="Deelstate van die Verenigde State van Amerika – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Deelstate van die Verenigde State van Amerika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesstaat_der_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="Bundesstaat der Vereinigten Staaten – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bundesstaat der Vereinigten Staaten" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovt%C3%A2stum_staat%C3%A2i_u%C3%A1sistaatah" title="Ovtâstum staatâi uásistaatah – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ovtâstum staatâi uásistaatah" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%ABcu_%C3%BE%C4%81ra_Ge%C4%81ndena_R%C4%ABca_American" title="Rīcu þāra Geāndena Rīca American – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Rīcu þāra Geāndena Rīca American" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ولاية أمريكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ولاية أمريكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%AC%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%90%DC%AC%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%A1%DC%9A%DC%9D%DC%95%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%90%DC%A1%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%A9%DC%90" title="ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܕܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܕܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88tats_des_%C3%88tats-Unis_d%E2%80%99Am%C3%A8rica" title="Ètats des Ètats-Unis d’Amèrica – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ètats des Ètats-Unis d’Amèrica" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estaos_d%27Estaos_Xun%C3%ADos" title="Estaos d'Estaos Xuníos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estaos d'Estaos Xuníos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB%C5%9E-nin_%C5%9Ftatlar%C4%B1" title="ABŞ-nin ştatları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="ABŞ-nin ştatları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="آمریکا ایالتلری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آمریکا ایالتلری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_wagian_Am%C3%A9rika_Serikat" title="Negara wagian Amérika Serikat – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Negara wagian Amérika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের অঙ্গরাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের অঙ্গরাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AD-kok_%C3%AA_chiu" title="Bí-kok ê chiu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bí-kok ê chiu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Штаты ЗША – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Штаты ЗША" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Штат ЗША – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Штат ЗША" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A9%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9" title="Щати в САЩ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Щати в САЩ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savezne_dr%C5%BEave_Sjedinjenih_Ameri%C4%8Dkih_Dr%C5%BEava" title="Savezne države Sjedinjenih Američkih Država – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Savezne države Sjedinjenih Američkih Država" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stado%C3%B9_ar_Stado%C3%B9-Unanet" title="Stadoù ar Stadoù-Unanet – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Stadoù ar Stadoù-Unanet" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estats_dels_Estats_Units" title="Estats dels Estats Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estats dels Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%9F%D0%A8_%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="АПШ штачĕсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="АПШ штачĕсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_(Tinipong_Bansa)" title="Estado (Tinipong Bansa) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Estado (Tinipong Bansa)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A1ty_USA" title="Státy USA – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Státy USA" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taleithiau%27r_Unol_Daleithiau" title="Taleithiau'r Unol Daleithiau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Taleithiau'r Unol Daleithiau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA%27s_delstater" title="USA's delstater – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="USA's delstater" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerihk%C3%A1_ovttastuvvan_st%C3%A1htaid_oassest%C3%A1htat" title="Amerihká ovttastuvvan stáhtaid oassestáhtat – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Amerihká ovttastuvvan stáhtaid oassestáhtat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesstaat_der_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="Bundesstaat der Vereinigten Staaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bundesstaat der Vereinigten Staaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osariik_(USA)" title="Osariik (USA) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Osariik (USA)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%97%CE%A0%CE%91" title="Πολιτείες των ΗΠΑ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολιτείες των ΗΠΑ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_de_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Estado de los Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estado de los Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub%C5%9Dtatoj_de_Usono" title="Subŝtatoj de Usono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Subŝtatoj de Usono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuetako_estatu" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako estatu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako estatu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ایالت آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایالت آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tats_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="États des États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="États des États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikaanske_steaten" title="Amerikaanske steaten – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Amerikaanske steaten" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A1it_Mheirice%C3%A1" title="Stáit Mheiriceá – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Stáit Mheiriceá" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steat_ny_Steatyn_Unnaneysit" title="Steat ny Steatyn Unnaneysit – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Steat ny Steatyn Unnaneysit" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_dos_Estados_Unidos_de_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Estados dos Estados Unidos de América – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estados dos Estados Unidos de América" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EC%A3%BC" title="미국의 주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국의 주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihohin_Tarayyar_Amurka" title="Jihohin Tarayyar Amurka – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jihohin Tarayyar Amurka" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81_moku%CA%BB%C4%81ina_o_%CA%BBAmelika_Hui" title="Nā mokuʻāina o ʻAmelika Hui – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Nā mokuʻāina o ʻAmelika Hui" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%84%D5%86_%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3" title="ԱՄՆ նահանգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԱՄՆ նահանգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="अमेरिकी राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अमेरिकी राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savezne_dr%C5%BEave_Sjedinjenih_Ameri%C4%8Dkih_Dr%C5%BEava" title="Savezne države Sjedinjenih Američkih Država – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Savezne države Sjedinjenih Američkih Država" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stati_di_Usa" title="Stati di Usa – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Stati di Usa" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="U.S. state" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_ti_Estados_Unidos" title="Estado ti Estados Unidos – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Estado ti Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_bagian_di_Amerika_Serikat" title="Negara bagian di Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Negara bagian di Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato_del_Statos_Unite" title="Stato del Statos Unite – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Stato del Statos Unite" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fylki_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" title="Fylki Bandaríkjanna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fylki Bandaríkjanna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stati_federati_degli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Stati federati degli Stati Uniti d'America – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stati federati degli Stati Uniti d'America" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מדינות ארצות הברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדינות ארצות הברית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praja_ing_Am%C3%A9rika_Sar%C3%A9kat" title="Praja ing Amérika Sarékat – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Praja ing Amérika Sarékat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಅಮೆರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನದ ರಾಜ್ಯಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಮೆರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನದ ರಾಜ್ಯಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="U.S. state" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9A%D0%A8_%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96" title="АҚШ штаттарының тізімі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="АҚШ штаттарының тізімі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewlet%C3%AAn_DYAy%C3%AA" title="Dewletên DYAyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dewletên DYAyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%A8)" title="Штат (АКШ) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Штат (АКШ)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93%D0%BD_%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93%D0%B6%D3%B9" title="Америкын Ушымы Штатвлӓн штатвлӓжӹ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Америкын Ушымы Штатвлӓн штатвлӓжӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stac_di_Stac_Unii_d%27America" title="Stac di Stac Unii d'America – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Stac di Stac Unii d'America" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_de_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Estados de los Estados Unidos – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Estados de los Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitatum_Foederatarum_civitas" title="Civitatum Foederatarum civitas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Civitatum Foederatarum civitas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASV_%C5%A1tati" title="ASV štati – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="ASV štati" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesstaat_vun_den_USA" title="Bundesstaat vun den USA – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bundesstaat vun den USA" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAV_valstijos" title="JAV valstijos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="JAV valstijos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/mergu%27e_vipygu%27e" title="mergu'e vipygu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="mergu'e vipygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_Amerikai_Egyes%C3%BClt_%C3%81llamok_%C3%A1llamai" title="Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok államai – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok államai" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%94" title="Сојузни држави на САД – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сојузни држави на САД" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faritany_Amerikana" title="Faritany Amerikana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Faritany Amerikana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87" title="अमेरिकेची राज्ये – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अमेरिकेची राज्ये" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ააშ-იშ ადმინისტრაციული დორთუალა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ააშ-იშ ადმინისტრაციული დორთუალა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="ولايه امريكانيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ولايه امريكانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="آمریکای ایالتون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آمریکای ایالتون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_di_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Negeri di Amerika Syarikat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Negeri di Amerika Syarikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%81%8F_%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ ပြည်နယ်များ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ ပြည်နယ်များ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staten_van_de_Verenigde_Staten" title="Staten van de Verenigde Staten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Staten van de Verenigde Staten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoatn_van_Amerika" title="Stoatn van Amerika – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Stoatn van Amerika" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E5%B7%9E" title="アメリカ合衆国の州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ合衆国の州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAs_delstater" title="USAs delstater – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="USAs delstater" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delstatar_i_USA" title="Delstatar i USA – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Delstatar i USA" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estats_dels_Estats_Units" title="Estats dels Estats Units – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estats dels Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F" title="ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକାର ରାଜ୍ୟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକାର ରାଜ୍ୟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtat_(AQSh)" title="Shtat (AQSh) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shtat (AQSh)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਅਮਰੀਕੀ ਰਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਮਰੀਕੀ ਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="امریکا دیاں ریاستاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="امریکا دیاں ریاستاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/US-Bundsstaat" title="US-Bundsstaat – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="US-Bundsstaat" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_USA" title="Stan USA – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stan USA" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Estados dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estados dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat_al_Statelor_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Stat al Statelor Unite ale Americii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stat al Statelor Unite ale Americii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Штаты США – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Штаты США" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Штат США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Штат США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istadu_federadu_de_Istados_Unidos_de_Am%C3%A8rica" title="Istadu federadu de Istados Unidos de Amèrica – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Istadu federadu de Istados Unidos de Amèrica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_o_the_Unitit_States" title="State o the Unitit States – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="State o the Unitit States" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buundesstoat_fon_do_Fereende_Stoaten" title="Buundesstoat fon do Fereende Stoaten – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Buundesstoat fon do Fereende Stoaten" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtetet_Federale_t%C3%AB_Amerik%C3%ABs" title="Shtetet Federale të Amerikës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shtetet Federale të Amerikës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="U.S. state" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0t%C3%A1t_(Spojen%C3%A9_%C5%A1t%C3%A1ty)" title="Štát (Spojené štáty) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Štát (Spojené štáty)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvezna_dr%C5%BEava_Zdru%C5%BEenih_dr%C5%BEav_Amerike" title="Zvezna država Združenih držav Amerike – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zvezna država Združenih držav Amerike" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ویلایەتەکانی ئەمریکا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ویلایەتەکانی ئەمریکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%94" title="Државе САД – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Државе САД" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savezne_dr%C5%BEave_Sjedinjenih_Ameri%C4%8Dkih_Dr%C5%BEava" title="Savezne države Sjedinjenih Američkih Država – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Savezne države Sjedinjenih Američkih Država" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_osavaltiot" title="Yhdysvaltain osavaltiot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdysvaltain osavaltiot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA:s_delstater" title="USA:s delstater – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="USA:s delstater" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_ng_Estados_Unidos" title="Estado ng Estados Unidos – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Estado ng Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க மாநிலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க மாநிலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%A8_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5" title="АКШ административ бүленеше – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="АКШ административ бүленеше" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90" title="รัฐของสหรัฐ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐของสหรัฐ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%98%D0%9C%D0%90" title="Иёлоти ИМА – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Иёлоти ИМА" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Birle%C5%9Fik_Devletleri%27nin_eyaletleri" title="Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin eyaletleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin eyaletleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Штат США – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Штат США" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="امریکا کی ریاستیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="امریکا کی ریاستیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couh_Meijgoz" title="Couh Meijgoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Couh Meijgoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stati_federai_dei_Stati_Unii_d%27Am%C3%A8rica" title="Stati federai dei Stati Unii d'Amèrica – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Stati federai dei Stati Unii d'Amèrica" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BB%83u_bang_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Tiểu bang Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiểu bang Hoa Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoaten_van_de_Ver%C3%AAnigde_Stoaten" title="Stoaten van de Verênigde Stoaten – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Stoaten van de Verênigde Stoaten" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%B7%9E%E4%BB%BD" title="美国州份 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="美国州份" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%90%D7%98%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%92%D7%98%D7%A2_%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%90%D7%98%D7%9F" title="שטאטן פון די פאראייניגטע שטאטן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שטאטן פון די פאראייניגטע שטאטן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%E1%BB%8Dn_%C3%8Cp%C3%ADnl%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_Or%C3%ADl%E1%BA%B9%CC%80-%C3%A8d%C3%A8_Am%E1%BA%B9%CC%81r%C3%ADk%C3%A0" title="Àwọn Ìpínlẹ̀ Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn Ìpínlẹ̀ Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%9E%E4%BB%BD" title="美國州份 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="美國州份" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyalet%C3%AA_Dewletan%C3%AA_Yewbiyayeyan" title="Eyaletê Dewletanê Yewbiyayeyan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Eyaletê Dewletanê Yewbiyayeyan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAV_valst%C4%97j%C4%97s" title="JAV valstėjės – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="JAV valstėjės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%B7%9E%E4%BB%BD" title="美国州份 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美国州份" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_di_Amrik_Ser%C3%A8kat" title="Negeri di Amrik Serèkat – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Negeri di Amrik Serèkat" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35657#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:U.S._state" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._state&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._state&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._state&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._state&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/U.S._state" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/U.S._state" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._state&oldid=1256488751" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._state&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=U.S._state&id=1256488751&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FU.S._state"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FU.S._state"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=U.S._state&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._state&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:States_of_the_United_States" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35657" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._states&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. states">U.S. states</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Constituent polity of the United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"American states" redirects here. For the international organization, see <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="float: right; width: ;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: #F0F0F0; vertical-align: middle">State</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span style="font-weight: normal;">Also known as:</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._state)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. state)">Commonwealth</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(the self-designation of four states)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_USA_with_state_names_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Map_of_USA_with_state_names_2.svg/330px-Map_of_USA_with_state_names_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Map_of_USA_with_state_names_2.svg/495px-Map_of_USA_with_state_names_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Map_of_USA_with_state_names_2.svg/660px-Map_of_USA_with_state_names_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="590" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Category</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">Federated state</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Number</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">50</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Populations</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Smallest: <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, 576,851</li><li>Largest: <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, 39,538,223<sup id="cite_ref-Census2020-Tab2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2020-Tab2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Areas</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Smallest: <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, 1,545 square miles (4,000 km<sup>2</sup>)</li><li>Largest: <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, 665,384 square miles (1,723,340 km<sup>2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-areameasurements_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-areameasurements-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Government</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State government</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a> (or <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)#County_equivalents" title="County (United States)">equivalent</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, a <b>state</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">constituent</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_entity" class="mw-redirect" title="Political entity">political entity</a>, of which there are 50. Bound together in a <a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">political union</a>, each state holds <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">governmental</a> jurisdiction over a separate and defined geographic territory where it shares its <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a>. Due to this <a href="/wiki/Dual_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual sovereignty">shared sovereignty</a>, Americans are <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_United_States" title="Citizenship of the United States">citizens</a> both of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">federal republic</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Domicile_(law)#United_States" title="Domicile (law)">state in which they reside</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement_under_United_States_law" title="Freedom of movement under United States law">move between states</a>, except for persons restricted by certain types of court orders (such as <a href="/wiki/Paroled" class="mw-redirect" title="Paroled">paroled</a> convicts and children of divorced spouses who share <a href="/wiki/Child_custody" title="Child custody">child custody</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State governments in the U.S.</a> are allocated power by the people (of each respective state) through their individual <a href="/wiki/State_constitution_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="State constitution (United States)">state constitutions</a>. All are grounded in <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republican principles</a> (this being required by the federal constitution), and each provides for a government, consisting of three branches, each with <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separate and independent powers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">executive</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">legislative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">judicial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> States are divided into <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a> or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local governmental authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, and states also create other <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">local governments</a>. </p><p>States, unlike <a href="/wiki/U.S._territories" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. territories">U.S. territories</a>, possess many powers and rights under the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>. States and their citizens are represented in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> legislature consisting of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>. Each state is also entitled to select a number of electors (equal to the total number of representatives and senators from that state) to vote in the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a>, the body that directly elects the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>. Additionally, each state has the opportunity to ratify <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment#United_States" title="Constitutional amendment">constitutional amendments</a>, and, with the consent of Congress, two or more states may enter into <a href="/wiki/Interstate_compact" title="Interstate compact">interstate compacts</a> with one another. The <a href="/wiki/Police_power_(United_States_constitutional_law)" title="Police power (United States constitutional law)">police power of each state</a> is also recognized. </p><p>Historically, the tasks of local <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States#State" title="Law enforcement in the United States">law enforcement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">public education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in the United States">public health</a>, intrastate commerce regulation, and local <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">transportation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>, in addition to <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">local, state, and federal elections</a>, have generally been considered primarily state responsibilities, although all of these now have significant federal funding and regulation as well. Over time, the Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(Bill_of_Rights)" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorporation (Bill of Rights)">incorporation</a>, with the federal government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a continuing debate over <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a>, which concerns the extent and nature of the states' powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government and the rights of individuals. </p><p>The Constitution grants to Congress the authority to <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">admit new states</a> into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776 by the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50. Each new state has been admitted on an <a href="/wiki/Equal_footing" title="Equal footing">equal footing</a> with the existing states.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Constitution does not explicitly discuss the issue of whether states have the power to <a href="/wiki/Secede" class="mw-redirect" title="Secede">secede</a> from the Union, shortly after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> (1861–1865), the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Texas_v._White" title="Texas v. White">Texas v. White</a></i>, held that a state cannot unilaterally do so.<sup id="cite_ref-PavkovićRadan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PavkovićRadan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List">List</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on each U.S. state: <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States">List of states and territories of the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_abbreviations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. state abbreviations">List of U.S. state abbreviations</a></div> <p>The 50 U.S. states, in alphabetical order, along with each state's flag: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/21px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/33px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/43px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/23px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/35px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/45px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/45px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/19px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/29px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/38px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="260" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/23px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/35px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/45px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/23px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/35px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/45px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Idaho.svg/19px-Flag_of_Idaho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Idaho.svg/29px-Flag_of_Idaho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Idaho.svg/38px-Flag_of_Idaho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="2496" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/23px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/35px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/46px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="477" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="7040" data-file-height="4556" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Maine.svg/19px-Flag_of_Maine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Maine.svg/29px-Flag_of_Maine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Maine.svg/38px-Flag_of_Maine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="4992" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/23px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/35px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/46px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/23px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/35px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/46px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="720" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/23px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/35px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/46px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Nevada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nevada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Nevada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nevada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Nevada.svg/45px-Flag_of_Nevada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg/45px-Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="440" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg/45px-Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/45px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg/20px-Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg/31px-Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg/41px-Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="921" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/25px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/38px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/50px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="320" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Oregon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oregon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Oregon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oregon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Oregon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oregon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/41px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/19px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/30px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/39px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="580" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="450" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/45px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Utah.svg/23px-Flag_of_Utah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Utah.svg/35px-Flag_of_Utah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Utah.svg/46px-Flag_of_Utah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="432" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Vermont.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vermont.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Vermont.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vermont.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Vermont.svg/46px-Flag_of_Vermont.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Washington.svg/23px-Flag_of_Washington.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Washington.svg/35px-Flag_of_Washington.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Washington.svg/46px-Flag_of_Washington.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="658" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/23px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/35px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/46px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Wyoming.svg/22px-Flag_of_Wyoming.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Wyoming.svg/33px-Flag_of_Wyoming.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Wyoming.svg/43px-Flag_of_Wyoming.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div> </div> <p><br /> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <p>The 13 original states came into existence in July 1776 during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> (1775–1783), as the successors of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>, upon agreeing to the <a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a><sup id="cite_ref-LeeReso_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeeReso-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and signing the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to these events each <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> had been a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">colony</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-LeeReso_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeeReso-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each then joined the first <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Union of states</a> between 1777 and 1781, upon ratifying the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>, the first U.S. constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also during this period, the newly independent states developed their own individual <a href="/wiki/State_constitution_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="State constitution (United States)">state constitutions</a>, among the earliest written constitutions in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although different in detail, these state constitutions shared features that would be important in the American constitutional order: they were <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republican</a> in form, and separated power among three branches, most had bicameral legislatures, and contained statements, or a bill, of rights.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, from 1787 to 1790, each of the states also ratified a new federal frame of government in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In relation to the states, the U.S. Constitution elaborated concepts of <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governments">Governments</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State governments of the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_governments" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of U.S. state governments">Comparison of U.S. state governments</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b>This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #eaecf0);">a series</span></a> on</b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#002868; border: 1px double #8C959A;"><a href="/wiki/United_States#Government_and_politics" title="United States"><span style="color:white;">Political divisions of<br />the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the United States"><img alt="Coat of arms of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States"><span style="color:white;">First level</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">State</a> (<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._state)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. state)">Commonwealth</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)">Commonwealth</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a>) / <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Alaska Native tribal entity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Off-reservation_trust_land" title="Off-reservation trust land">Off-reservation trust land</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tribal_Jurisdictional_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Jurisdictional Area">Tribal Jurisdictional Area</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Second level</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_parishes_in_Louisiana" title="List of parishes in Louisiana">Parish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Borough_(United_States)" title="Borough (United States)">Borough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unorganized_Borough,_Alaska" title="Unorganized Borough, Alaska">Unorganized Borough</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_boroughs_and_census_areas_in_Alaska" title="List of boroughs and census areas in Alaska">Census area</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of populated places in Guam">Villages</a> / <a href="/wiki/Districts_and_sub-districts_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Districts and sub-districts of the United States Virgin Islands">District (USVI)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_American_Samoa" title="Administrative divisions of American Samoa">District (AS)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Municipalities of Puerto Rico">Municipality (PR)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_American_Samoa" title="Administrative divisions of American Samoa">Unorganized atoll</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Third level</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">Cities, towns, and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">Census-designated place</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrios_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Barrios of Puerto Rico">Barrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_house_(Navajo_Nation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapter house (Navajo Nation)">Chapter</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Fourth level</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ward_(United_States)" title="Ward (United States)">Ward</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Other areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_United_States" title="Protected areas of the United States">Protected areas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Conservation_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation district">Conservation district</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)" title="National monument (United States)">National monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_United_States" title="List of national parks of the United States">National park</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of United States congressional districts">Congressional district</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a> (<a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">school district</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeowner_association" title="Homeowner association">Homeowner association</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_of_Free_Association" title="Compact of Free Association">Associated state</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">Military base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">Federal enclave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Unincorporated area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span><br /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_divisions_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Political divisions of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_divisions_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Political divisions of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_divisions_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political divisions of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Under U.S. constitutional law, the 50 individual states and the United States as a whole are each sovereign jurisdictions.<sup id="cite_ref-Radan,_2007,_p._12_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radan,_2007,_p._12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The states are <i>not</i> administrative divisions of the country; the <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> reserves to the states or to the people all powers of government not delegated to the federal government. </p><p>Consequently, each of the 50 states reserves the right to organize its individual government in any way (within the broad parameters set by the U.S. Constitution and the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Guarantee" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Guarantee">Republican Guarantee</a> enforced by Congress) deemed appropriate by its people, and to exercise all powers of government not delegated to the federal government by the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A state, unlike the federal government, has un-enumerated <a href="/wiki/Police_power_(United_States_constitutional_law)" title="Police power (United States constitutional law)">police power</a>, that is, the right to generally make all necessary laws for the welfare of its people.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance. No two state governments are identical. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutions">Constitutions</h3></div> <p>The government of each state is structured in accordance with its individual constitution, all of which are written constitutions. Many of these documents are more detailed and more elaborated than their federal counterpart. For example, before its revision in 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Alabama" title="Constitution of Alabama">Constitution of Alabama</a>, contained 310,296 words, which is more than 40 times as many as the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">U.S. Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-S&LG_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S&LG-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, each state has adopted a three-branch frame of government: executive, legislative, and judicial (even though doing so has never been required).<sup id="cite_ref-S&LG_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S&LG-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in American history, four state governments differentiated themselves from the others in their first constitutions by choosing to self-identify as <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._state)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. state)">Commonwealths</a> rather than as <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">states</a>: <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, in 1776;<sup id="cite_ref-Hornbook1994_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornbook1994-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, in 1777; <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, in 1780; and <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, in 1792. Consequently, while these four are states like the other states, each is formally a commonwealth because the term is contained in its constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term, <i>commonwealth</i>, which refers to <i>a state in which the supreme power is vested in the people</i>, was first used in <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">Interregnum</a>, the 1649–60 period between the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> during which parliament's <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republican</a> government known as the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a>. Virginia became a royal colony again in 1660, and the word was dropped from the full title; it went unused until reintroduced in 1776.<sup id="cite_ref-Hornbook1994_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornbook1994-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Executive">Executive</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor (United States)</a></div> <p>In each state, the chief executive is called the governor, who serves as both <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>. All governors are chosen by statewide <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">direct election</a>. The governor may approve or <a href="/wiki/Veto_power_in_the_United_States" title="Veto power in the United States">veto</a> bills passed by the state legislature, as well as recommend and work for the passage of bills, usually supported by their political party. In 44 states, governors have <a href="/wiki/Line-item_veto_in_the_United_States" title="Line-item veto in the United States">line item veto</a> power.<sup id="cite_ref-NCSLveto_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCSLveto-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most states have a <a href="/wiki/Plural_executive" class="mw-redirect" title="Plural executive">plural executive</a>, meaning that the governor is not the only government official in the state responsible for its <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive branch</a>. In these states, executive power is distributed amongst other officials,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> elected by the people independently of the governor—such as the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">lieutenant governor</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">attorney general</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comptroller#United_States" title="Comptroller">comptroller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(U.S._state_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State (U.S. state government)">secretary of state</a>, and others. </p><p>Elections of officials in the United States are generally for a <a href="/wiki/Fixed-term_election" title="Fixed-term election">fixed term</a> of office. The constitutions of 19 states allow for citizens to remove and replace an elected public official before the end of their term of office through a <a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">recall election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NCSLrecall_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCSLrecall-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each state follows its own procedures for recall elections, and sets its own restrictions on how often, and how soon after a <a href="/wiki/General_election" title="General election">general election</a>, they may be held. In all states, the legislatures can remove state executive branch officials, including governors, who have committed serious abuses of their power from office. The process of doing so includes <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Impeachment in the United States">impeachment</a> (the bringing of specific charges), and <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial" title="Impeachment trial">a trial</a>, in which legislators act as a jury.<sup id="cite_ref-NCSLrecall_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCSLrecall-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legislative">Legislative</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">State legislature (United States)</a></div> <p>The primary responsibilities of state legislatures are to enact state laws and appropriate money for the administration of public policy.<sup id="cite_ref-NCSLveto_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCSLveto-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all states, if the governor vetoes a bill (or a portion of one), it can still become law if the legislature overrides the veto (repasses the bill), which in most states requires a <a href="/wiki/Supermajority#Two-thirds,_or_66.66..._percent" title="Supermajority">two-thirds vote</a> in each chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-NCSLveto_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCSLveto-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 49 of the 50 states the legislature consists of two chambers: a lower house (variously called the House of Representatives, State Assembly, General Assembly or House of Delegates) and a smaller upper house, in all states called the Senate. The exception is the <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Legislature" title="Nebraska Legislature">Nebraska Legislature</a>, meaning it has only a single chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most states have a <a href="/wiki/Part-time_job" title="Part-time job">part-time</a> legislature (traditionally called a <a href="/wiki/Citizen_legislature" title="Citizen legislature">citizen legislature</a>). Ten state legislatures are considered <a href="/wiki/Full-time_job" title="Full-time job">full-time</a>; these bodies are more similar to the U.S. Congress than are the others.<sup id="cite_ref-NCSLftpt_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCSLftpt-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of each state's legislature are chosen by direct election. In <i><a href="/wiki/Baker_v._Carr" title="Baker v. Carr">Baker v. Carr</a></i> (1962) and <i><a href="/wiki/Reynolds_v._Sims" title="Reynolds v. Sims">Reynolds v. Sims</a></i> (1964), the U.S. Supreme Court held that all states are required to elect their legislatures in such a way as to afford each citizen the same degree of representation (the <a href="/wiki/One_person,_one_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="One person, one vote">one person, one vote</a> standard). In practice, most states elect legislators from <a href="/wiki/Single-member_district" title="Single-member district">single-member districts</a>, each of which has approximately the same population. Some states, such as Maryland and Vermont, divide the state into single- and multi-member districts. In this case, multi-member districts must have proportionately larger populations, e.g., a district electing two representatives must have approximately twice the population of a district electing just one. The <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">voting systems</a> used across the nation are: <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post" class="mw-redirect" title="First-past-the-post">first-past-the-post</a> in single-member districts, and <a href="/wiki/Multiple_non-transferable_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple non-transferable vote">multiple non-transferable vote</a> in multi-member districts. </p><p>In 2013, there were a total of 7,383 legislators in the 50 state legislative bodies. They earned from $0 annually (New Mexico) to $90,526 (California). There were various per diem and mileage compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judicial">Judicial</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">State court (United States)</a></div> <p>States can also organize their judicial systems differently from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal courts">federal judiciary</a>, as long as they protect the federal constitutional right of their citizens to procedural <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a>. Most have a trial-level court, generally called a <a href="/wiki/District_court" title="District court">district court</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superior_court#United_States" title="Superior court">superior court</a> or <a href="/wiki/Circuit_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuit Court">circuit court</a>, a first-level <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeals">appellate court</a>, generally called a court of appeal (or appeals), and a <a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">supreme court</a>. Oklahoma and Texas have separate highest courts for criminal appeals. Uniquely, in New York State, the trial court is called the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court" title="New York Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a>; appeals go up first to the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court,_Appellate_Division" title="New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division">Supreme Court's Appellate Division</a>, and from there to its highest court, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Appeals" title="New York Court of Appeals">New York Court of Appeals</a>. </p><p>State court systems exercise broad, plenary, and general jurisdiction, in contrast to the federal courts, which are courts of limited jurisdiction. The overwhelming majority of criminal and civil cases in the United States are heard in state courts. Each year, roughly 30 million new cases are filed in state courts and the total number of judges across all state courts is about 30,000—for comparison, 1 million new cases are filed each year in federal courts, which have about 1,700 judges.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most states base their legal system on English <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> (with substantial statutory changes and incorporation of certain civil law innovations), with the notable exception of Louisiana, a former <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">French colony</a>, which draws large parts of its legal system from French <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a>. </p><p>Only a few states choose to have the judges on the state's courts serve for life terms. In most states, the judges, including the justices of the highest court in the state, are either elected or appointed for terms of a limited number of years and are usually eligible for re-election or reappointment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unitarism">Unitarism</h3></div> <p>All states are <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary states</a>, not federations or aggregates of <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">local governments</a>. Local governments within them are created by and exist by virtue of state law, and local governments within each state are subject to the central authority of that particular state. State governments commonly delegate some authority to local units and channel policy decisions down to them for implementation.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a few states, local units of government are permitted a degree of <a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">home rule</a> over various matters. The prevailing legal theory of state preeminence over local governments, referred to as <a href="/wiki/John_Forrest_Dillon#Dillon's_Rule" title="John Forrest Dillon">Dillon's Rule</a>, holds that, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> A municipal corporation possesses and can exercise the following powers and no others: First, those granted in express words; second, those necessarily implied or necessarily incident to the powers expressly granted; third, those absolutely essential to the declared objects and purposes of the corporation—not simply convenient but indispensable; fourth, any fair doubt as to the existence of power is resolved by the courts against the corporation—against the existence of the powers.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Each state defines for itself what powers it will allow local governments. Generally, four categories of power may be given to local jurisdictions: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <ul><li>Structural – power to choose the form of government, charter and enact charter revisions,</li> <li>Functional – power to exercise local self-government in a broad or limited manner,</li> <li>Fiscal – authority to determine revenue sources, set tax rates, borrow funds and other related financial activities,</li> <li>Personnel – authority to set employment rules, remuneration rates, employment conditions and collective bargaining.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationships">Relationships</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interstate">Interstate</h3></div> <p>Each state admitted to the Union by Congress since 1789 has entered it on an <a href="/wiki/Equal_footing" title="Equal footing">equal footing</a> with the original states in all respects.<sup id="cite_ref-4.3.1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4.3.1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the growth of <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a> advocacy during the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Antebellum period">antebellum period</a>, the Supreme Court asserted, in <i>Lessee of Pollard v. Hagan</i> (1845), that the Constitution mandated admission of new states on the basis of equality.<sup id="cite_ref-EoS_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoS-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the consent of Congress, states may enter into <a href="/wiki/Interstate_compact" title="Interstate compact">interstate compacts</a>, agreements between two or more states. Compacts are frequently used to manage a shared resource, such as transportation infrastructure or water rights.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Article_Four_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Four of the United States Constitution">Article IV of the Constitution</a>, which outlines the relationship between the states, each state is required to give <a href="/wiki/Full_Faith_and_Credit_Clause" title="Full Faith and Credit Clause">full faith and credit</a> to the acts of each other's legislatures and courts, which is generally held to include the recognition of most contracts and criminal judgments, and before 1865, slavery status. Under the <a href="/wiki/Extradition_Clause" title="Extradition Clause">Extradition Clause</a>, a state must <a href="/wiki/Extradition" title="Extradition">extradite</a> people located there who have fled charges of "treason, felony, or other crimes" in another state if the other state so demands. The principle of <a href="/wiki/Hot_pursuit" title="Hot pursuit">hot pursuit</a> of a presumed felon and arrest by the law officers of one state in another state are often permitted by a state.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The full faith and credit expectation does have exceptions, some legal arrangements, such as professional licensure and marriages, may be state-specific, and until recently states have not been found by the courts to be required to honor such arrangements from other states.<sup id="cite_ref-interracial_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interracial-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such legal acts are nevertheless often recognized state-to-state according to the common practice of <a href="/wiki/Comity" title="Comity">comity</a>. States are prohibited from discriminating against citizens of other states with respect to their <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">basic rights</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/Privileges_and_Immunities_Clause" title="Privileges and Immunities Clause">Privileges and Immunities Clause</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_the_federal_government">With the federal government</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism in the United States</a></div> <p>Under Article IV, each state is guaranteed a form of government that is grounded in republican principles, such as the <a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">consent of the governed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This guarantee has long been at the forefront of the debate about the rights of citizens vis-à-vis the government. States are also guaranteed protection from invasion, and, upon the application of the state legislature (or executive, if the legislature cannot be convened), from domestic violence. This provision was discussed during the <a href="/wiki/1967_Detroit_riot" title="1967 Detroit riot">1967 Detroit riot</a> but was not invoked. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_all_U.S._Federal_Land.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Map_of_all_U.S._Federal_Land.jpg/280px-Map_of_all_U.S._Federal_Land.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Map_of_all_U.S._Federal_Land.jpg/420px-Map_of_all_U.S._Federal_Land.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Map_of_all_U.S._Federal_Land.jpg/560px-Map_of_all_U.S._Federal_Land.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3844" data-file-height="2954" /></a><figcaption>Ownership of <a href="/wiki/Federal_lands" title="Federal lands">federal lands</a> in the 50 states</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Supremacy_Clause" title="Supremacy Clause">Supremacy Clause</a> (<a href="/wiki/Article_Six_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Supremacy" title="Article Six of the United States Constitution">Article VI, Clause 2</a>) establishes that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">federal laws</a> made pursuant to it, and <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaties</a> made under its authority, constitute the supreme law of the land.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provides that <a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">state courts</a> are bound by the supreme law; in case of conflict between federal and state law, the federal law must be applied. Even <a href="/wiki/State_constitution_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="State constitution (United States)">state constitutions</a> are subordinate to federal law.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a> are understood mainly with reference to the <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Tenth Amendment</a>. The Constitution delegates some powers to the national government, and it forbids some powers to the states. The Tenth Amendment reserves all other powers to the states, or to the people. Powers of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a> are <a href="/wiki/Enumerated_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Enumerated powers">enumerated</a> in <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_8:_Powers_of_Congress" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I, Section 8</a>, for example, the power to declare war. Making treaties is one power forbidden to the states, being listed among other such powers in <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_10:_Limits_on_the_States" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I, Section 10</a>. </p><p>Among the Article I enumerated powers of Congress is the power to regulate commerce. Since the early 20th century, the Supreme Court's interpretation of this "<a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce Clause</a>" has, over time, greatly expanded the scope of <a href="/wiki/Federal_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal power">federal power</a>, at the expense of powers formerly considered purely states' matters. The <i>Cambridge Economic History of the United States</i> says, "On the whole, especially after the mid-1880s, the Court construed the Commerce Clause in favor of increased federal power."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1941, the Supreme Court in <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Darby_Lumber_Co." title="United States v. Darby Lumber Co.">U.S. v. Darby</a></i> upheld the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Labor_Standards_Act_of_1938" title="Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938">Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938</a>, holding that Congress had the power under the Commerce Clause to regulate employment conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, one year later, in <i><a href="/wiki/Wickard_v._Filburn" title="Wickard v. Filburn">Wickard v. Filburn</a></i>, the Court expanded federal power to regulate the economy by holding that federal authority under the commerce clause extends to activities which may appear to be local in nature but in reality effect the entire national economy and are therefore of national concern.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Congress can regulate railway traffic across state lines, but it may also regulate rail traffic solely within a state, based on the reality that intrastate traffic still affects interstate commerce. Through such decisions, argues law professor David F. Forte, "the Court turned the commerce power into the equivalent of a general regulatory power and undid the Framers' original structure of limited and delegated powers." Subsequently, Congress invoked the Commerce Clause to expand federal criminal legislation, as well as for social reforms such as the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>. Only within the past couple of decades, through decisions in cases such as those in <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Lopez" title="United States v. Lopez">U.S. v. Lopez</a></i> (1995) and <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Morrison" title="United States v. Morrison">U.S. v. Morrison</a></i> (2000), has the Court tried to limit the Commerce Clause power of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-A1Essays_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A1Essays-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another enumerated congressional power is its <a href="/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clause" title="Taxing and Spending Clause">taxing and spending power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USC-ART1SEC8_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USC-ART1SEC8-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of this is the system of federal aid for highways, which include the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstate Highway System</a>. The system is mandated and largely funded by the federal government and serves the interests of the states. By threatening to withhold <a href="/wiki/United_States_Numbered_Highways" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Numbered Highways">federal highway</a> funds, Congress has been able to pressure state legislatures to pass various laws.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example is the nationwide legal drinking age of 21, enacted by each state, brought about by the <a href="/wiki/National_Minimum_Drinking_Age_Act" title="National Minimum Drinking Age Act">National Minimum Drinking Age Act</a>. Although some objected that this infringes on states' rights, the Supreme Court upheld the practice as a permissible use of the Constitution's Spending Clause in <i><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_v._Dole" title="South Dakota v. Dole">South Dakota v. Dole</a></i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_483" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 483">483</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/483/203/">203</a> (1987). </p><p>As prescribed by Article I of the Constitution, which establishes the U.S. Congress, each state is represented in the Senate (irrespective of population size) by two senators, and each is guaranteed at least one representative in the House. Both senators and representatives are chosen in <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">direct popular elections</a> in the various states. (Prior to 1913, senators were elected by state legislatures.) There are presently 100 senators, who are elected <a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">at-large</a> to <a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators" class="mw-redirect" title="Classes of United States Senators">staggered terms</a> of six years, with one-third of them being chosen every two years. Representatives are elected at large or from <a href="/wiki/Single-member_district" title="Single-member district">single-member districts</a> to terms of two years (not staggered). The size of the House—presently 435 voting members—is set by <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">federal statute</a>. Seats in the House are <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment" title="United States congressional apportionment">distributed</a> among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census">census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The borders of these districts are established by the states individually through a process called <a href="/wiki/Redistricting" title="Redistricting">redistricting</a>, and within each state all districts are required to have approximately equal populations.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Citizens in each state plus those in the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a> <a href="/wiki/Indirectly_elect" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirectly elect">indirectly elect</a> the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice president</a>. When casting <a href="/wiki/Ballot" title="Ballot">ballots</a> in <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">presidential elections</a> they are voting for <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">presidential electors</a>, who then, using procedures provided in the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">12th amendment</a>, elect the president and vice president.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were 538 electors for the most recent presidential election in <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a>; the allocation of electoral votes was based on the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 United States Census">2010 census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each state is entitled to a number of electors equal to the total number of representatives and senators from that state; the District of Columbia is entitled to three electors.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Constitution does set parameters for the election of federal officials, state law, not federal, regulates most aspects of elections in the U.S., including primaries, the eligibility of voters (beyond the basic constitutional definition), the running of each state's electoral college, as well as the running of state and local elections. All elections—federal, state, and local—are administered by the individual states, and some voting rules and procedures may differ among them.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Article_Five_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Five of the United States Constitution">Article V of the Constitution</a> accords states a key role in the process of amending the U.S. Constitution. Amendments may be proposed either by Congress with a <a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">two-thirds vote</a> in both the House and the Senate, or by a <a href="/wiki/Convention_to_propose_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution">constitutional convention</a> called for by two-thirds of the state legislatures.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To become part of the Constitution, an amendment must be ratified by either—as determined by Congress—the legislatures of three-quarters of the states or <a href="/wiki/State_ratifying_conventions" title="State ratifying conventions">state ratifying conventions</a> in three-quarters of the states.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vote in each state (to either ratify or reject a proposed amendment) carries equal weight, regardless of a state's population or length of time in the Union. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_other_countries">With other countries</h3></div> <p>U.S. states are not sovereign in the <a href="/wiki/Westphalian_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian sovereignty">Westphalian sense</a> in <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> which says that each State has sovereignty over its territory and domestic affairs, to the exclusion of all external powers, on the principle of non-interference in another State's domestic affairs, and that each State (no matter how large or small) is equal in international law.<sup id="cite_ref-Krasner_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krasner-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the 50 U.S. states do not possess international legal sovereignty, meaning that they are not recognized by other sovereign States such as, for example, France, Germany or the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Krasner_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krasner-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The federal government is responsible for <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a>, but state and local government leaders do occasionally travel to other countries and form economic and cultural relationships. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Admission_into_the_Union">Admission into the Union</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_states_by_date_of_statehood_RWB_dates.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/US_states_by_date_of_statehood_RWB_dates.svg/260px-US_states_by_date_of_statehood_RWB_dates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/US_states_by_date_of_statehood_RWB_dates.svg/390px-US_states_by_date_of_statehood_RWB_dates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/US_states_by_date_of_statehood_RWB_dates.svg/520px-US_states_by_date_of_statehood_RWB_dates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>U.S. states by <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">date of statehood</a>:<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;"> </span> 1776–1790</span><span class="nowrap">  </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF6666; color:black;"> </span> 1791–1796</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF9999; color:black;"> </span> 1803–1819</span><span class="nowrap">  </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFCCCC; color:black;"> </span> 1820–1837</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CCCCCC; color:black;"> </span> 1845–1859</span><span class="nowrap">  </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CCCCFF; color:black;"> </span> 1861–1876</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9999FF; color:black;"> </span> 1889–1896</span><span class="nowrap">  </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6666FF; color:black;"> </span> 1907–1912</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000FF; color:white;"> </span> 1959</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_states_by_date_of_statehood3.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/US_states_by_date_of_statehood3.gif/260px-US_states_by_date_of_statehood3.gif" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/US_states_by_date_of_statehood3.gif/390px-US_states_by_date_of_statehood3.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/US_states_by_date_of_statehood3.gif/520px-US_states_by_date_of_statehood3.gif 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>The order in which the original 13 states ratified the Constitution, then the order in which the others were admitted to the Union</figcaption></figure> <p>Article IV also grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">the original 13</a> to 50. Each new state has been admitted on an equal footing with the existing states.<sup id="cite_ref-EoS_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoS-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article IV also forbids the creation of new states from parts of existing states without the consent of both the affected states and Congress. This caveat was designed to give Eastern states that still had <a href="/wiki/State_cessions" title="State cessions">Western land claims</a> (including Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia), to have a <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</a> over whether their western counties could become states,<sup id="cite_ref-4.3.1_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4.3.1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has served this same function since, whenever a <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_partition_proposals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. state partition proposals">proposal to partition</a> an existing state or states in order that a region within might either join another state or to create a new state has come before Congress. </p><p>Most of the states admitted to the Union after the original 13 were formed from an <a href="/wiki/Organized_incorporated_territories_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized incorporated territories of the United States">organized territory</a> established and governed by Congress in accord with its <a href="/wiki/Plenary_power" title="Plenary power">plenary power</a> under Article IV, Section 3, <a href="/wiki/Article_Four_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_2:_Property_Clause" title="Article Four of the United States Constitution">Clause 2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outline for this process was established by the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a> (1787), which predates the ratification of the Constitution. In some cases, an entire territory has become a state; in others some part of a territory has. </p><p>When the people of a territory make their desire for statehood known to the federal government, Congress may pass an <a href="/wiki/Enabling_act" title="Enabling act">enabling act</a> authorizing the people of that territory to organize a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_meeting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political meeting)">constitutional convention</a> to write a state constitution as a step toward admission to the Union. Each act details the mechanism by which the territory will be admitted as a state following ratification of their constitution and election of state officers. Although the use of an enabling act is a traditional historic practice, a number of territories have drafted constitutions for submission to Congress absent an enabling act and were subsequently admitted. Upon acceptance of that constitution and meeting any additional congressional stipulations, Congress has always admitted that territory as a state. </p><p>In addition to the original 13, six subsequent states were never an organized territory of the federal government, or part of one, before being admitted to the Union. Three were set off from an already existing state, two entered the Union after having been <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a>, and one was established from <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States#Formerly_unorganized_territories" title="Territories of the United States">unorganized territory</a>: </p> <ul><li>California, 1850, from land <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">ceded</a> to the United States by <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> in 1848 under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-StatesShapes_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatesShapes-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GP_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GP-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kentucky, 1792, from Virginia (District of Kentucky: <a href="/wiki/Fayette_County,_Kentucky" title="Fayette County, Kentucky">Fayette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Kentucky" title="Jefferson County, Kentucky">Jefferson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Kentucky" title="Lincoln County, Kentucky">Lincoln</a> counties)<sup id="cite_ref-StatesShapes_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatesShapes-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GP_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GP-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LPQ_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPQ-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Maine, 1820, from Massachusetts (<a href="/wiki/District_of_Maine" title="District of Maine">District of Maine</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-StatesShapes_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatesShapes-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GP_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GP-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LPQ_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPQ-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Texas, 1845, previously the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a><sup id="cite_ref-StatesShapes_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatesShapes-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GP_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GP-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Vermont, 1791, previously the <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republic" title="Vermont Republic">Vermont Republic</a> (also known as the <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Grants" title="New Hampshire Grants">New Hampshire Grants</a> and claimed by New York)<sup id="cite_ref-StatesShapes_57-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatesShapes-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GP_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GP-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>West Virginia, 1863, from <a href="/wiki/Restored_Government_of_Virginia" title="Restored Government of Virginia">Virginia</a> (Trans-<a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Mountains" title="Allegheny Mountains">Allegheny</a> region counties) during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a><sup id="cite_ref-GP_58-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GP-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LPQ_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPQ-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Congress is under no obligation to admit states, even in those areas whose population expresses a desire for statehood. Such has been the case numerous times during the nation's history. In one instance, <a href="/wiki/Mormon_pioneers" title="Mormon pioneers">Mormon pioneers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a> sought to establish the state of <a href="/wiki/State_of_Deseret" title="State of Deseret">Deseret</a> in 1849. It existed for slightly over two years and was never approved by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>. In another, leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes" title="Five Civilized Tribes">Five Civilized Tribes</a> (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole) in <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> proposed to establish the state of <a href="/wiki/State_of_Sequoyah" title="State of Sequoyah">Sequoyah</a> in 1905, as a means to retain control of their lands.<sup id="cite_ref-museum_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museum-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposed constitution ultimately failed in the U.S. Congress. Instead, the Indian Territory and <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory" title="Oklahoma Territory">Oklahoma Territory</a> were both incorporated into the new state of Oklahoma in 1907. The first instance occurred while the nation still operated under the Articles of Confederation. The <a href="/wiki/State_of_Franklin" title="State of Franklin">State of Franklin</a> existed for several years, not long after the end of the American Revolution, but was never recognized by the Confederation Congress, which ultimately recognized <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>'s claim of sovereignty over the area. The territory comprising Franklin later became part of the Southwest Territory, and ultimately of the state of Tennessee. </p><p>Additionally, the entry of several states into the Union was delayed due to distinctive complicating factors. Among them, <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan Territory</a>, which petitioned Congress for statehood in 1835, was not admitted to the Union until 1837, due to a <a href="/wiki/Toledo_War" title="Toledo War">boundary dispute</a> with the adjoining state of Ohio. The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a> requested annexation to the United States in 1837, but fears about potential conflict with Mexico delayed the admission of Texas for nine years.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statehood for <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Territory" title="Kansas Territory">Kansas Territory</a> was held up for several years (1854–61) due to a series of internal <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">violent conflicts</a> involving <a href="/wiki/Free-Stater_(Kansas)" title="Free-Stater (Kansas)">anti-slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Border_Ruffian" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Ruffian">pro-slavery</a> factions. West Virginia's bid for statehood was also delayed over slavery and was settled when it agreed to adopt a gradual abolition plan.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Historic_regions_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic regions of the United States">Historic regions of the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_partition_proposals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. state partition proposals">List of U.S. state partition proposals</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_additions">Proposed additions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/51st_state" title="51st state">51st state</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puerto_Rico">Puerto Rico</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Political status of Puerto Rico">Political status of Puerto Rico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proposed_political_status_for_Puerto_Rico" title="Proposed political status for Puerto Rico">Proposed political status for Puerto Rico</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_territories_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Unincorporated territories of the United States">unincorporated U.S. territory</a>, refers to itself as the "<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)">Commonwealth</a> of Puerto Rico" in the English version of its <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Constitution of Puerto Rico">constitution</a>, and as "Estado Libre Asociado" (literally, Associated Free State) in the Spanish version. As with all U.S. territories, its residents do not have full representation in the United States Congress. Puerto Rico has limited representation in the U.S. House of Representatives in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Resident_Commissioner_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico">Resident Commissioner</a>, a delegate with limited voting rights in the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_the_Whole_(United_States_House_of_Representatives)" title="Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives)">Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union</a>, but no voting rights otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-rhg_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rhg-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A non-binding referendum on statehood, independence, or a new option for an associated territory (different from the current status) was held on November 6, 2012. Sixty one percent (61%) of voters chose the statehood option, while one third of the ballots were submitted blank.<sup id="cite_ref-Puerto_Ricans_favor_statehood_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puerto_Ricans_favor_statehood-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Puerto_Ricans_opt_for_statehood_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puerto_Ricans_opt_for_statehood-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 11, 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico">Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico</a> enacted a <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_resolution" title="Concurrent resolution">concurrent resolution</a> requesting the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the United States">Congress of the United States</a> to respond to the referendum of the people of Puerto Rico, held on November 6, 2012, to end its current form of territorial status and to begin the process to admit Puerto Rico as a state.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_status_referendum,_2017" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican status referendum, 2017">status referendum</a> was held on June 11, 2017, in which 97% percent of voters chose statehood. Turnout was low, as only 23% of voters went to the polls, with advocates of both continued territorial status and independence urging voters to boycott it.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 27, 2018, the H.R. 6246 Act was introduced on the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House">U.S. House</a> with the purpose of responding to, and comply with, the democratic will of the United States citizens residing in Puerto Rico as expressed in the plebiscites held on November 6, 2012, and June 11, 2017, by setting forth the terms for the admission of the territory of Puerto Rico as a state of the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act has 37 original cosponsors between Republicans and Democrats in the U.S. House of Representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 3, 2020, Puerto Rico held another <a href="/wiki/2020_Puerto_Rican_status_referendum" title="2020 Puerto Rican status referendum">referendum</a>. In the non-binding referendum, Puerto Ricans voted in favor of becoming a state. They also voted for a pro-statehood <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Governor of Puerto Rico">governor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pierluisi" title="Pedro Pierluisi">Pedro Pierluisi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Washington,_D.C."><span id="Washington.2C_D.C."></span>Washington, D.C.</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_statehood_movement" title="District of Columbia statehood movement">District of Columbia statehood movement</a></div> <p>The intention of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a> was that the United States capital should be at a neutral site, not giving favor to any existing state; as a result, the District of Columbia was created in 1800 to serve as the <a href="/wiki/Seat_of_government" title="Seat of government">seat of government</a>. As it is not a state, the district does not have representation in the Senate and has a <a href="/wiki/Delegate_(United_States_Congress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delegate (United States Congress)">non-voting delegate</a> in the House; neither does it have a sovereign elected government. Additionally, before <a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">ratification</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution">23rd Amendment</a> in 1961, district citizens did not get the <a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">right to vote</a> in presidential elections. </p><p>The strong majority of residents of the District support statehood of some form for that jurisdiction – either statehood for the whole district or for the inhabited part, with the remainder remaining under <a href="/wiki/Federal_jurisdiction_(United_States)" title="Federal jurisdiction (United States)">federal jurisdiction</a>. In November 2016, Washington, D.C. residents voted in a <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_statehood_referendum,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia statehood referendum, 2016">statehood referendum</a> in which 86% of voters supported statehood for Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For statehood to be achieved, it must be approved by Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secession_from_the_Union">Secession from the Union</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secession in the United States</a></div> <p>The Constitution speaks of "union" several times, but does not explicitly discuss the issue of whether a state can <a href="/wiki/Secede" class="mw-redirect" title="Secede">secede</a> from the Union. Its predecessor, the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>, stated that the union of the United States "shall be <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">perpetual</a>." The question of whether or not individual states held the unilateral right to secession was a passionately debated feature of the nations' political discourse from early in its history and remained a difficult and divisive topic until the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. In 1860 and 1861, 11 southern states each declared secession from the United States and joined to form the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> (CSA). Following the defeat of Confederate forces by Union armies in 1865, those states were brought back into the Union during the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a>. The federal government never recognized the sovereignty of the CSA, nor the validity of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordinances_of_secession&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordinances of secession (page does not exist)">ordinances of secession</a> adopted by the seceding states.<sup id="cite_ref-PavkovićRadan_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PavkovićRadan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74700TvW_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74700TvW-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the war, the United States Supreme Court, in <i><a href="/wiki/Texas_v._White" title="Texas v. White">Texas v. White</a></i> (1869), held that states did not have the right to secede and that any act of secession was legally void. Drawing on the "<a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">perpetual</a>" union language of the Articles of Confederation, and its succeeding <a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Preamble to the United States Constitution">Preamble to the Constitution</a>, which states that the Constitution intends to "form a more perfect union", and speaks of the people of the United States a single body politic who are the authors of the more perfect union ("We the people"), the Supreme Court found that states did not have a right to secede. The court's reference in the same decision to the possibility of such changes occurring "through revolution, or through consent of the States", essentially means that this decision holds that no state has a right to unilaterally decide to leave the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-PavkovićRadan_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PavkovićRadan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74700TvW_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74700TvW-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_origins">Name origins</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_territory_name_etymologies_of_the_United_States" title="List of state and territory name etymologies of the United States">List of state and territory name etymologies of the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_State_Name_Etymologies4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/US_State_Name_Etymologies4.png/280px-US_State_Name_Etymologies4.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/US_State_Name_Etymologies4.png/420px-US_State_Name_Etymologies4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/US_State_Name_Etymologies4.png/560px-US_State_Name_Etymologies4.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="983" /></a><figcaption>A map showing the source languages of state names</figcaption></figure> <p>The 50 states have taken their names from a wide variety of languages. Twenty-four state names originate from <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Native American languages</a>. Of these, eight are from <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian languages</a>, seven are from <a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan languages</a>, three are from <a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian languages</a>, one is from <a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan languages</a> and five others are from other indigenous languages. <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>'s name is derived from the Polynesian <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian language</a>. </p><p>Of the remaining names, 22 are from European languages. Seven are from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinisation (literature)">Latinized</a> forms of English names) and the rest are from English, Spanish and French. Eleven states are <a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">named after individual people</a>, including seven named for royalty and one named after a <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>. The origins of six state names are unknown or disputed. Several of the states that derive their names from <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">names used for Native peoples</a> have retained the plural ending of "s". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography of the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Borders">Borders</h3></div> <p>The borders of the 13 original states were largely determined by <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">colonial charters</a>. Their western boundaries were subsequently modified as the states ceded their western land claims to the Federal government during the 1780s and 1790s. Many state borders beyond those of the original 13 were set by Congress as it created territories, divided them, and over time, created states within them. Territorial and new state lines often followed various geographic features (such as <a href="/wiki/List_of_river_borders_of_U.S._states" title="List of river borders of U.S. states">rivers</a> or mountain range peaks), and were influenced by settlement or transportation patterns. At various times, national borders with territories formerly controlled by other countries (<a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> including <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian America</a>) became institutionalized as the borders of U.S. states. In the West, relatively arbitrary straight lines following latitude and longitude often prevail due to the sparseness of settlement west of the Mississippi River. </p><p>Once established, most state borders have, with few exceptions, been generally stable. Only two states, Missouri (<a href="/wiki/Platte_Purchase" title="Platte Purchase">Platte Purchase</a>) and Nevada grew appreciably after statehood. Several of the original states <a href="/wiki/State_cessions" title="State cessions">ceded land</a>, over a several-year period, to the Federal government, which in turn became the Northwest Territory, <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest Territory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi Territory</a>. In 1791, Maryland and Virginia ceded land to create the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a> (Virginia's portion was <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_retrocession" title="District of Columbia retrocession">returned</a> in 1847). In 1850, Texas ceded a large swath of land to the federal government. Additionally, Massachusetts and Virginia (on two occasions), have lost land, in each instance to form a new state. </p><p>There have been numerous other minor adjustments to state boundaries over the years due to improved surveys, resolution of ambiguous or disputed boundary definitions, or minor mutually agreed boundary adjustments for administrative convenience or other purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-StatesShapes_57-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatesShapes-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occasionally, either Congress or the U.S. Supreme Court has had to settle state border disputes. One notable example is the case <i><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_v._New_York" title="New Jersey v. New York">New Jersey v. New York</a></i>, in which <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> won roughly 90% of <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once a <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">territory</a> is admitted by Congress as a state of the Union, the state must consent to any changes pertaining to the jurisdiction of that state and Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only potential violation of this occurred when the legislature of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> declared the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">secession of Virginia</a> from the United States at the start of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> and a newly formed alternative Virginia legislature, recognized by the federal government, consented to have <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> secede from Virginia. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/How_the_States_Got_Their_Shapes" title="How the States Got Their Shapes">How the States Got Their Shapes</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_grouping">Regional grouping</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">List of regions of the United States</a></div> <p>States may be grouped in regions; there are many variations and possible groupings. Many are defined in law or regulations by the federal government. For example, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Census Bureau region definition (<a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest">Midwest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a>) is "widely used ... for data collection and analysis,"<sup id="cite_ref-NEMS_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEMS-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the most commonly used classification system.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other multi-state regions are unofficial, and defined by geography or cultural affinity rather than by state lines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:US" title="ISO 3166-2:US">ISO 3166-2:US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_U.S._state_topics" title="Lists of U.S. state topics">Lists of U.S. state topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local government in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Census2020-Tab2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census2020-Tab2_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-table02.pdf">"Table 2. Resident Population for the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. April 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+2.+Resident+Population+for+the+50+States%2C+the+District+of+Columbia%2C+and+Puerto+Rico%3A+2020+Census&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2021-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fdecennial%2F2020%2Fdata%2Fapportionment%2Fapportionment-2020-table02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-areameasurements-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-areameasurements_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/state-area.html">"State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates"</a>. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180316004512/https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/state-area.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+Area+Measurements+and+Internal+Point+Coordinates&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Freference%2Fstate-area.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErler" class="citation web cs1">Erler, Edward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/amendments/14/essays/167/citizenship">"Essays on Amendment XIV: Citizenship"</a>. The Heritage Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170724095029/http://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/amendments/14/essays/167/citizenship">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Amendment+XIV%3A+Citizenship&rft.pub=The+Heritage+Foundation&rft.aulast=Erler&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2Fconstitution%2F%23%21%2Famendments%2F14%2Fessays%2F167%2Fcitizenship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leg.state.mn.us/leg/faq/faqtoc.aspx?subject=1">"Frequently Asked Questions About the Minnesota Legislature"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_State_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota State Legislature">Minnesota State Legislature</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021082117/http://www.leg.state.mn.us/leg/faq/faqtoc.aspx?subject=1">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+About+the+Minnesota+Legislature&rft.pub=Minnesota+State+Legislature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leg.state.mn.us%2Fleg%2Ffaq%2Ffaqtoc.aspx%3Fsubject%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/constitution/us/article-4/15-doctrine-of-the-equality-of-states.html">"Doctrine of the Equality of States"</a>. <i>Justia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justia.com&rft.atitle=Doctrine+of+the+Equality+of+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.justia.com%2Fconstitution%2Fus%2Farticle-4%2F15-doctrine-of-the-equality-of-states.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PavkovićRadan-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PavkovićRadan_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PavkovićRadan_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PavkovićRadan_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavkovićRadan2007" class="citation book cs1">Pavković, Aleksandar; Radan, Peter (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-IjHbPvp1W0C&pg=PA222"><i>Creating New States: Theory and Practice of Secession</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7163-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7163-3"><bdi>978-0-7546-7163-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+New+States%3A+Theory+and+Practice+of+Secession&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7163-3&rft.aulast=Pavkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Aleksandar&rft.au=Radan%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-IjHbPvp1W0C%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/74/700/">"Texas v. White 74 U.S. 700 (1868)"</a>. Mountain View, California: Justia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092022/https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/74/700/">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Texas+v.+White+74+U.S.+700+%281868%29&rft.place=Mountain+View%2C+California&rft.pub=Justia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupreme.justia.com%2Fcases%2Ffederal%2Fus%2F74%2F700%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeeReso-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LeeReso_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LeeReso_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://declaration.fas.harvard.edu/blog/dd-lee-resolution">"Delegate Discussions: The Lee Resolution(s)"</a>. <i>The Declaration Resources Project</i>. Course of Human Events. Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences. June 7, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Declaration+Resources+Project&rft.atitle=Delegate+Discussions%3A+The+Lee+Resolution%28s%29&rft.date=2018-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeclaration.fas.harvard.edu%2Fblog%2Fdd-lee-resolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript">"Declaration of Independence: A Transcription"</a>. <i>National Archives</i>. November 1, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives&rft.atitle=Declaration+of+Independence%3A+A+Transcription&rft.date=2015-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Ffounding-docs%2Fdeclaration-transcript&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zimmerman-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zimmerman_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman2012" class="citation book cs1">Zimmerman, Joseph F. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hDQpHzSrI0QC&pg=PA4"><i>Interstate Cooperation, Second Edition: Compacts and Administrative Agreements</i></a>. SUNY Press. pp. 4–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438442365" title="Special:BookSources/9781438442365"><bdi>9781438442365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interstate+Cooperation%2C+Second+Edition%3A+Compacts+and+Administrative+Agreements&rft.pages=4-7&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781438442365&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Joseph+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhDQpHzSrI0QC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen1959" class="citation book cs1">Jensen, Merrill (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pFXLAMC1xtUC&pg=PA184"><i>The Articles of Confederation: An Interpretation of the Social-Constitutional History of the American Revolution, 1774–1781</i></a>. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. xi, 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-00204-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-00204-6"><bdi>978-0-299-00204-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Articles+of+Confederation%3A+An+Interpretation+of+the+Social-Constitutional+History+of+the+American+Revolution%2C+1774%E2%80%931781&rft.pages=xi%2C+184&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-299-00204-6&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Merrill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpFXLAMC1xtUC%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeeman" class="citation web cs1">Beeman, Richard R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190911035217/https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/white-pages/the-constitutional-convention-of-1787-a-revolution-in-government">"The Constitutional Convention of 1787: A Revolution in Government"</a>. National Constitution Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/white-pages/the-constitutional-convention-of-1787-a-revolution-in-government">the original</a> on September 11, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constitutional+Convention+of+1787%3A+A+Revolution+in+Government&rft.pub=National+Constitution+Center&rft.aulast=Beeman&rft.aufirst=Richard+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconstitutioncenter.org%2Finteractive-constitution%2Fwhite-pages%2Fthe-constitutional-convention-of-1787-a-revolution-in-government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crf-usa.org/images/pdf/gates/First-States-Constitution.pdf">"How the First State Constitutions helped build the Federal Constitution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Constitutional Rights Foundation. pp. 10–12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160804040953/https://www.crf-usa.org/images/pdf/gates/First-States-Constitution.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on August 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+the+First+State+Constitutions+helped+build+the+Federal+Constitution&rft.pages=10-12&rft.pub=Constitutional+Rights+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crf-usa.org%2Fimages%2Fpdf%2Fgates%2FFirst-States-Constitution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/constitution-day/ratification.html">"Observing Constitution Day"</a>. <i>National Archives</i>. August 15, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives&rft.atitle=Observing+Constitution+Day&rft.date=2016-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Feducation%2Flessons%2Fconstitution-day%2Fratification.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnettGerken2016" class="citation web cs1">Barnett, Randy E.; Gerken, Heather (July 6, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/article-i-section-8-federalism-and-the-overall-scope-of-federal-power/">"Article I, Section 8: Federalism and the overall scope of federal power"</a>. <i>National Constitution Center</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220131093637/https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/article-i-section-8-federalism-and-the-overall-scope-of-federal-power/">Archived</a> from the original on January 31, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Constitution+Center&rft.atitle=Article+I%2C+Section+8%3A+Federalism+and+the+overall+scope+of+federal+power&rft.date=2016-07-06&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Randy+E.&rft.au=Gerken%2C+Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconstitutioncenter.org%2Fblog%2Farticle-i-section-8-federalism-and-the-overall-scope-of-federal-power%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radan,_2007,_p._12-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Radan,_2007,_p._12_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Radan">Radan, 2007</a>, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CONAN-1992/pdf/GPO-CONAN-1992-10-11.pdf">"10th Amendment US Constitution--Reserved Powers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>GovInfo</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201207022205/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CONAN-1992/pdf/GPO-CONAN-1992-10-11.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GovInfo&rft.atitle=10th+Amendment+US+Constitution--Reserved+Powers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGPO-CONAN-1992%2Fpdf%2FGPO-CONAN-1992-10-11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmanPhelps2005" class="citation book cs1">Lehman, Jeffrey; Phelps, Shirelle (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westsencyclopedi12lehm"><i>West's Encyclopedia of American Law, Volume 8</i></a></span> (2 ed.). Thomson/Gale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780787663674" title="Special:BookSources/9780787663674"><bdi>9780787663674</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West%27s+Encyclopedia+of+American+Law%2C+Volume+8&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Thomson%2FGale&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780787663674&rft.aulast=Lehman&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Phelps%2C+Shirelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwestsencyclopedi12lehm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S&LG-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S&LG_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S&LG_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/state-local-government/">"State and Local Government"</a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/The_White_House" class="mw-redirect" title="The White House">The White House</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181030221842/https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/state-local-government/">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+and+Local+Government&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=The+White+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fabout-the-white-house%2Fstate-local-government%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leg.state.mn.us/leg/faq/faqtoc.aspx?subject=1">"Frequently Asked Questions About the Minnesota Legislature"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_State_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota State Legislature">Minnesota State Legislature</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021082117/http://www.leg.state.mn.us/leg/faq/faqtoc.aspx?subject=1">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+About+the+Minnesota+Legislature&rft.pub=Minnesota+State+Legislature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leg.state.mn.us%2Fleg%2Ffaq%2Ffaqtoc.aspx%3Fsubject%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hornbook1994-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hornbook1994_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hornbook1994_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmonCampbell1994" class="citation book cs1">Salmon, Emily J.; Campbell, Edward D. C. Jr., eds. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lva.virginia.gov/faq/va.asp#six"><i>The Hornbook of Virginia History</i></a> (4th ed.). Richmond, Virginia: Virginia Office of Graphic Communications. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88490-177-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88490-177-8"><bdi>978-0-88490-177-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104300/http://www.lva.virginia.gov/faq/va.asp#six">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hornbook+of+Virginia+History&rft.place=Richmond%2C+Virginia&rft.pages=88&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Virginia+Office+of+Graphic+Communications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-88490-177-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lva.virginia.gov%2Ffaq%2Fva.asp%23six&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mass.gov/anf/research-and-tech/legal-and-legislative-resources/why-is-massachusetts-a-commonwealth.html">"Why is Massachusetts a Commonwealth?"</a>. <i>Mass.gov</i>. Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315111108/http://www.mass.gov/anf/research-and-tech/legal-and-legislative-resources/why-is-massachusetts-a-commonwealth.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mass.gov&rft.atitle=Why+is+Massachusetts+a+Commonwealth%3F&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mass.gov%2Fanf%2Fresearch-and-tech%2Flegal-and-legislative-resources%2Fwhy-is-massachusetts-a-commonwealth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCSLveto-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCSLveto_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCSLveto_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCSLveto_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncsl.org/research/about-state-legislatures/separation-of-powers-executive-veto-powers.aspx">"Separation of Powers--Executive Veto Powers"</a>. National Conference of State Legislatures. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180228001648/http://www.ncsl.org/research/about-state-legislatures/separation-of-powers-executive-veto-powers.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Separation+of+Powers--Executive+Veto+Powers&rft.pub=National+Conference+of+State+Legislatures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncsl.org%2Fresearch%2Fabout-state-legislatures%2Fseparation-of-powers-executive-veto-powers.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegalado" class="citation web cs1">Regalado, Daniel M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/odessa-texasgovernment/chapter/plural-executive/">"The Texas Plural Executive"</a>. <i>Texas Government (Chapter 4)</i>. Lumen Learning. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180314042633/https://courses.lumenlearning.com/odessa-texasgovernment/chapter/plural-executive/">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Government+%28Chapter+4%29&rft.atitle=The+Texas+Plural+Executive&rft.aulast=Regalado&rft.aufirst=Daniel+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcourses.lumenlearning.com%2Fodessa-texasgovernment%2Fchapter%2Fplural-executive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCSLrecall-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCSLrecall_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCSLrecall_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/recall-of-state-officials.aspx">"Recall of State Officials"</a>. National Conference of State Legislatures. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180331184159/http://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/recall-of-state-officials.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recall+of+State+Officials&rft.pub=National+Conference+of+State+Legislatures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncsl.org%2Fresearch%2Felections-and-campaigns%2Frecall-of-state-officials.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nebraskalegislature.gov/about/history_unicameral.php">"History of the Nebraska Unicameral: The Birth of a Unicameral"</a>. Lincoln, Nebraska: Nebraska Legislature. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180304185859/https://nebraskalegislature.gov/about/history_unicameral.php">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Nebraska+Unicameral%3A+The+Birth+of+a+Unicameral&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+Nebraska&rft.pub=Nebraska+Legislature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnebraskalegislature.gov%2Fabout%2Fhistory_unicameral.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCSLftpt-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NCSLftpt_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncsl.org/research/about-state-legislatures/full-and-part-time-legislatures.aspx">"Full- and Part-time Legislatures"</a>. National Conference of State Legislatures. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180307002645/http://www.ncsl.org/research/about-state-legislatures/full-and-part-time-legislatures.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Full-+and+Part-time+Legislatures&rft.pub=National+Conference+of+State+Legislatures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncsl.org%2Fresearch%2Fabout-state-legislatures%2Ffull-and-part-time-legislatures.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2013" class="citation news cs1">Wilson, Reid (August 23, 2013). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/govbeat/wp/2013/08/23/how-much-are-your-legislators-paid/">"How much are your legislators paid?"</a></span>. <i>Washington Post</i>. Washington, DC. pp. A2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130825171248/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/govbeat/wp/2013/08/23/how-much-are-your-legislators-paid/">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=How+much+are+your+legislators+paid%3F&rft.pages=A2&rft.date=2013-08-23&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Reid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fgovbeat%2Fwp%2F2013%2F08%2F23%2Fhow-much-are-your-legislators-paid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://litigation.findlaw.com/legal-system/federal-vs-state-courts-key-differences.html">"Federal vs. State Courts - Key Differences"</a>. <i>FindLaw</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180514215512/https://litigation.findlaw.com/legal-system/federal-vs-state-courts-key-differences.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FindLaw&rft.atitle=Federal+vs.+State+Courts+-+Key+Differences&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flitigation.findlaw.com%2Flegal-system%2Ffederal-vs-state-courts-key-differences.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/unitary-system">"Unitary system"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009084356/https://www.britannica.com/topic/unitary-system">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unitary+system&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Funitary-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean1976" class="citation journal cs1">Dean, Kenneth d. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2323&context=mlr">"The Dillon Rule -- A limit on Local Government Powers"</a>. <i>Missouri Law Review</i>. <b>41</b> (4): 548. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009115655/http://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2323&context=mlr">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Missouri+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Dillon+Rule+--+A+limit+on+Local+Government+Powers&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=548&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+d.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.missouri.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2323%26context%3Dmlr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160804131854/http://www.nlc.org/build-skills-and-networks/resources/cities-101/city-powers/local-government-authority">"Local Government Authority"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Cities" title="National League of Cities">National League of Cities</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlc.org/build-skills-and-networks/resources/cities-101/city-powers/local-government-authority">the original</a> on August 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Local+Government+Authority&rft.pub=National+League+of+Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlc.org%2Fbuild-skills-and-networks%2Fresources%2Fcities-101%2Fcity-powers%2Flocal-government-authority&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4.3.1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-4.3.1_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-4.3.1_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForte" class="citation web cs1">Forte, David F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/4/essays/125/new-states-clause">"Essays on Article IV: New States Clause"</a>. <i>The Heritage Guide to the Constitution</i>. The Heritage Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170724095029/http://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/4/essays/125/new-states-clause">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Heritage+Guide+to+the+Constitution&rft.atitle=Essays+on+Article+IV%3A+New+States+Clause&rft.aulast=Forte&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2Fconstitution%2F%23%21%2Farticles%2F4%2Fessays%2F125%2Fnew-states-clause&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoS-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EoS_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoS_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.justia.com/constitution/us/article-4/22-doctrine-of-equality-of-states.html">"Doctrine of the Equality of States"</a>. <i>Justia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019004026/http://law.justia.com/constitution/us/article-4/22-doctrine-of-equality-of-states.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justia.com&rft.atitle=Doctrine+of+the+Equality+of+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.justia.com%2Fconstitution%2Fus%2Farticle-4%2F22-doctrine-of-equality-of-states.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdeGolian" class="citation web cs1">deGolian, Crady. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://knowledgecenter.csg.org/drupal/content/interstate-compacts-background-and-history">"Interstate Compacts: Background and History"</a>. Council on State Governments. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927110440/http://knowledgecenter.csg.org/drupal/content/interstate-compacts-background-and-history">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interstate+Compacts%3A+Background+and+History&rft.pub=Council+on+State+Governments&rft.aulast=deGolian&rft.aufirst=Crady&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fknowledgecenter.csg.org%2Fdrupal%2Fcontent%2Finterstate-compacts-background-and-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://definitions.uslegal.com/h/hot-pursuit">"Hot Pursuit Law & Legal Definition"</a>. USLegal, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141009153622/http://definitions.uslegal.com/h/hot-pursuit/">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hot+Pursuit+Law+%26+Legal+Definition&rft.pub=USLegal%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdefinitions.uslegal.com%2Fh%2Fhot-pursuit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-interracial-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-interracial_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Liptak2004" class="citation news cs1">Adam Liptak (March 17, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/17/us/bans-on-interracial-unions-offer-perspective-on-gay-ones.html?pagewanted=1">"Bans on Interracial Unions Offer Perspective on Gay Ones"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525063730/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/17/us/bans-on-interracial-unions-offer-perspective-on-gay-ones.html?pagewanted=1">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bans+on+Interracial+Unions+Offer+Perspective+on+Gay+Ones&rft.date=2004-03-17&rft.au=Adam+Liptak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F03%2F17%2Fus%2Fbans-on-interracial-unions-offer-perspective-on-gay-ones.html%3Fpagewanted%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnest_B._AbbottOtto_J._Hetzel2010" class="citation book cs1">Ernest B. Abbott; Otto J. Hetzel (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=crI0pYe2vmMC&pg=PA52"><i>Homeland Security and Emergency Management: A Legal Guide for State and Local Governments</i></a>. American Bar Association. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781604428179" title="Special:BookSources/9781604428179"><bdi>9781604428179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homeland+Security+and+Emergency+Management%3A+A+Legal+Guide+for+State+and+Local+Governments&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=American+Bar+Association&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781604428179&rft.au=Ernest+B.+Abbott&rft.au=Otto+J.+Hetzel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcrI0pYe2vmMC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell_University_Law_School" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Law_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornell University Law School">Cornell University Law School</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/supremacy_clause">"Supremacy Clause"</a>. law.cornell.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180201142625/https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/supremacy_clause">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supremacy+Clause&rft.pub=law.cornell.edu&rft.au=Cornell+University+Law+School&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fwex%2Fsupremacy_clause&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnham2006" class="citation book cs1">Burnham, William (2006). <i>Introduction to the Law and Legal System of the United States, 4th ed</i>. St. Paul: Thomson West. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Law+and+Legal+System+of+the+United+States%2C+4th+ed.&rft.place=St.+Paul&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Thomson+West&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Burnham&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley_Lewis_Engerman2000" class="citation book cs1">Stanley Lewis Engerman (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6sDXBGMbrWkC"><i>The Cambridge economic history of the United States: the colonial era</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6sDXBGMbrWkC&pg=PA464">464</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55307-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55307-0"><bdi>978-0-521-55307-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+economic+history+of+the+United+States%3A+the+colonial+era&rft.pages=464&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55307-0&rft.au=Stanley+Lewis+Engerman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6sDXBGMbrWkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/312/100/">"United States v. Darby, 312 U.S. 100 (1941)"</a>. <i>justia.com</i>. Mountain View, California: Justia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=justia.com&rft.atitle=United+States+v.+Darby%2C+312+U.S.+100+%281941%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupreme.justia.com%2Fcases%2Ffederal%2Fus%2F312%2F100%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Shultz2005" class="citation book cs1">David Shultz (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I_f6Oo9H3YsC"><i>Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I_f6Oo9H3YsC&pg=PA522">522</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5086-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5086-4"><bdi>978-0-8160-5086-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Supreme+Court&rft.pages=522&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5086-4&rft.au=David+Shultz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI_f6Oo9H3YsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A1Essays-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A1Essays_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForte" class="citation web cs1">Forte, David F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/1/essays/38/commerce-among-the-states">"Essays on Article I: Commerce among the States"</a>. <i>Heritage Guide to the Constitution</i>. Heritage Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heritage+Guide+to+the+Constitution&rft.atitle=Essays+on+Article+I%3A+Commerce+among+the+States&rft.aulast=Forte&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2Fconstitution%2F%23%21%2Farticles%2F1%2Fessays%2F38%2Fcommerce-among-the-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USC-ART1SEC8-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USC-ART1SEC8_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articlei#section8">"Constitution of the United States, Article I, Section 8"</a>. <i>Legal Information Institute, Cornell University Law School</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151019055147/https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articlei#section8">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legal+Information+Institute%2C+Cornell+University+Law+School&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+United+States%2C+Article+I%2C+Section+8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fconstitution%2Farticlei%23section8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2008" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, David Brian (2008). <i>Federalism: Political Identity and Tragic Compromise</i>. University of Notre Dame Press. p. 122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federalism%3A+Political+Identity+and+Tragic+Compromise&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=David+Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristin_D._Burnett" class="citation web cs1">Kristin D. Burnett. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-08.pdf">"Congressional Apportionment (2010 Census Briefs C2010BR-08)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111119155913/http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-08.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 19, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congressional+Apportionment+%282010+Census+Briefs+C2010BR-08%29&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Commerce%2C+Economics+and+Statistics+Administration&rft.au=Kristin+D.+Burnett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fcen2010%2Fbriefs%2Fc2010br-08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitt" class="citation web cs1">Levitt, Justin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://redistricting.lls.edu/who.php">"Who draws the lines"</a>. <i>All About Redistricting</i>. Los Angeles, California: University of Loyola Law School. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165953/http://redistricting.lls.edu/who.php">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+About+Redistricting&rft.atitle=Who+draws+the+lines&rft.aulast=Levitt&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fredistricting.lls.edu%2Fwho.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFried" class="citation web cs1">Fried, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/amendments/12/essays/165/electoral-college">"Essays on Amendment XII: Electoral College"</a>. <i>Heritage Guide to the Constitution</i>. Heritage Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heritage+Guide+to+the+Constitution&rft.atitle=Essays+on+Amendment+XII%3A+Electoral+College&rft.aulast=Fried&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2Fconstitution%2F%23%21%2Famendments%2F12%2Fessays%2F165%2Felectoral-college&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160804040137/https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/resources/2016-presidential-election-brochure.pdf">"The 2016 Presidential Election: Provisions of the Constitution and United States Code"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Federal Register, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. February 2018. p. 6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/resources/2016-presidential-election-brochure.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+2016+Presidential+Election%3A+Provisions+of+the+Constitution+and+United+States+Code&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Federal+Register%2C+U.S.+National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft.date=2018-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Ffederal-register%2Felectoral-college%2Fresources%2F2016-presidential-election-brochure.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitakerNeale2004" class="citation web cs1">Whitaker, L. Paige; Neale, Thomas H. (November 5, 2004) [January 16, 2001]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104163138/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5853/m1/1/high_res_d/RL30804_2004Nov05.pdf">"The Electoral College: An Overview and Analysis of Reform Proposals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5853/m1/1/high_res_d/RL30804_2004Nov05.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 4, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2018</span> – via <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_Libraries" title="University of North Texas Libraries">UNT Libraries</a> Government Documents Department; UNT Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Electoral+College%3A+An+Overview+and+Analysis+of+Reform+Proposals&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service%2C+The+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2004-11-05&rft.aulast=Whitaker&rft.aufirst=L.+Paige&rft.au=Neale%2C+Thomas+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetacrs5853%2Fm1%2F1%2Fhigh_res_d%2FRL30804_2004Nov05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/elections-voting/">"Elections & Voting"</a>. <i>whitehouse.gov</i>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/The_White_House" class="mw-redirect" title="The White House">The White House</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=Elections+%26+Voting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fabout-the-white-house%2Felections-voting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/constitution/">"The Constitutional Amendment Process"</a>. The U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151121061058/http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/constitution/">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constitutional+Amendment+Process&rft.pub=The+U.S.+National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Ffederal-register%2Fconstitution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWines2016" class="citation news cs1">Wines, Michael (August 22, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/23/us/inside-the-conservative-push-for-states-to-amend-the-constitution.html">"Inside the Conservative Push for States to Amend the Constitution"</a>. <i>NYT</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160823202657/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/23/us/inside-the-conservative-push-for-states-to-amend-the-constitution.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 23, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NYT&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Conservative+Push+for+States+to+Amend+the+Constitution&rft.date=2016-08-22&rft.aulast=Wines&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F08%2F23%2Fus%2Finside-the-conservative-push-for-states-to-amend-the-constitution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krasner-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krasner_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krasner_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrasner2001" class="citation book cs1">Krasner, Professor Stephen D. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ISqwQIBQff4C&pg=PA7"><i>Problematic Sovereignty: Contested Rules and Political Possibilities</i></a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 6–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231121798" title="Special:BookSources/9780231121798"><bdi>9780231121798</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Problematic+Sovereignty%3A+Contested+Rules+and+Political+Possibilities&rft.pages=6-12&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780231121798&rft.aulast=Krasner&rft.aufirst=Professor+Stephen+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DISqwQIBQff4C%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.justia.com/constitution/us/article-4/25-methods-of-disposing-property.html">"Property and Territory: Powers of Congress"</a>. <i>Justia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525020637/http://law.justia.com/constitution/us/article-4/25-methods-of-disposing-property.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justia.com&rft.atitle=Property+and+Territory%3A+Powers+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.justia.com%2Fconstitution%2Fus%2Farticle-4%2F25-methods-of-disposing-property.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StatesShapes-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StatesShapes_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatesShapes_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatesShapes_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatesShapes_57-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatesShapes_57-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatesShapes_57-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2008" class="citation book cs1">Stein, Mark (2008). <i>How the States Got Their Shapes</i>. New York: HarperCollins. pp. xvi, 334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780061431395" title="Special:BookSources/9780061431395"><bdi>9780061431395</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+States+Got+Their+Shapes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xvi%2C+334&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780061431395&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GP-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GP_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GP_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GP_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GP_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GP_58-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GP_58-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thegreenpapers.com/slg/statehood.phtml">"Official Name and Status History of the several States and U.S. Territories"</a>. <i>TheGreenPapers.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090814204615/http://www.thegreenpapers.com/slg/statehood.phtml">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGreenPapers.com&rft.atitle=Official+Name+and+Status+History+of+the+several+States+and+U.S.+Territories&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegreenpapers.com%2Fslg%2Fstatehood.phtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=23856">"California Admission Day September 9, 1850"</a>. <i>CA.gov</i>. California Department of Parks and Recreation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160328225158/http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=23856">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CA.gov&rft.atitle=California+Admission+Day+September+9%2C+1850&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parks.ca.gov%2F%3Fpage_id%3D23856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LPQ-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LPQ_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LPQ_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LPQ_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiccards1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_P._Riccards" title="Michael P. Riccards">Riccards, Michael P.</a> (Summer 1997). "Lincoln and the Political Question: The Creation of the State of West Virginia". <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>27</b> (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Lincoln+and+the+Political+Question%3A+The+Creation+of+the+State+of+West+Virginia&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Riccards&rft.aufirst=Michael+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt200" class="citation book cs1">Holt, Michael F. (200). <i>The fate of their country: politicians, slavery extension, and the coming of the Civil War</i>. New York: Hill and Wang. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-4439-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-4439-9"><bdi>978-0-8090-4439-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+fate+of+their+country%3A+politicians%2C+slavery+extension%2C+and+the+coming+of+the+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=200&rft.isbn=978-0-8090-4439-9&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vermonthistory.org/explorer/vermont-stories/becoming-a-state/the-14th-state">"The 14th State"</a>. <i>Vermont History Explorer</i>. Vermont Historical Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151221065839/http://vermonthistory.org/explorer/vermont-stories/becoming-a-state/the-14th-state">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vermont+History+Explorer&rft.atitle=The+14th+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvermonthistory.org%2Fexplorer%2Fvermont-stories%2Fbecoming-a-state%2Fthe-14th-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wvculture.org/history/statehood/statehood12.html">"A State of Convenience: The Creation of West Virginia, Chapter Twelve, Reorganized Government of Virginia Approves Separation"</a>. <i>Wvculture.org</i>. West Virginia Division of Culture and History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173849/http://www.wvculture.org/history/statehood/statehood12.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wvculture.org&rft.atitle=A+State+of+Convenience%3A+The+Creation+of+West+Virginia%2C+Chapter+Twelve%2C+Reorganized+Government+of+Virginia+Approves+Separation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wvculture.org%2Fhistory%2Fstatehood%2Fstatehood12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-museum-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-museum_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090615223442/http://www.museumoftheredriver.org/choctaw.html">"Museum of the Red River - The Choctaw"</a>. Museum of the Red River. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumoftheredriver.org/choctaw.html">the original</a> on June 15, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museum+of+the+Red+River+-+The+Choctaw&rft.pub=Museum+of+the+Red+River&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumoftheredriver.org%2Fchoctaw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinders2002" class="citation book cs1">Winders, Richard Bruce (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mcc9EciebFYC"><i>Crisis in the Southwest: the United States, Mexico, and the Struggle over Texas</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mcc9EciebFYC&pg=PA82">82</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mcc9EciebFYC&pg=PA92">92</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2801-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2801-1"><bdi>978-0-8420-2801-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2018</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+in+the+Southwest%3A+the+United+States%2C+Mexico%2C+and+the+Struggle+over+Texas&rft.pages=82%2C+92&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8420-2801-1&rft.aulast=Winders&rft.aufirst=Richard+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmcc9EciebFYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakes, James <i>Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861–1865</i>, W.W. Norton, 2012, pgs. 296-97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rhg-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rhg_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528025556/http://www.rules.house.gov/ruleprec/110th.pdf">"Rules of the House of Representatives"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rules.house.gov/ruleprec/110th.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 28, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rules+of+the+House+of+Representatives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rules.house.gov%2Fruleprec%2F110th.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Puerto_Ricans_favor_statehood-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Puerto_Ricans_favor_statehood_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2012/11/07/politics/election-puerto-rico/index.html">"<i>Puerto Ricans favor statehood for first time</i>"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. November 7, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006192057/https://www.cnn.com/2012/11/07/politics/election-puerto-rico/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Puerto+Ricans+favor+statehood+for+first+time&rft.date=2012-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2012%2F11%2F07%2Fpolitics%2Felection-puerto-rico%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Puerto_Ricans_opt_for_statehood-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Puerto_Ricans_opt_for_statehood_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/puerto-ricans-opt-for-statehood-in-referendum">"<i>Puerto Ricans opt for statehood</i>"</a>. <i>Fox News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141007083423/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/11/07/puerto-ricans-opt-for-statehood-in-referendum/">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Puerto+Ricans+opt+for+statehood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fpuerto-ricans-opt-for-statehood-in-referendum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.puertoricoreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/2012-concurrent-resolution.pdf">"The Senate and the House of Representative of Puerto Rico Concurrent Resolution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>puertoricoreport.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130320043957/http://www.puertoricoreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/2012-concurrent-resolution.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=puertoricoreport.org&rft.atitle=The+Senate+and+the+House+of+Representative+of+Puerto+Rico+Concurrent+Resolution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.puertoricoreport.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F12%2F2012-concurrent-resolution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobles2017" class="citation news cs1">Robles, Frances (June 11, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/11/us/puerto-ricans-vote-on-the-question-of-statehood.html?_r=1">"23% of Puerto Ricans Vote in Referendum, 97% of Them for Statehood"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170612202622/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/11/us/puerto-ricans-vote-on-the-question-of-statehood.html?_r=1">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=23%25+of+Puerto+Ricans+Vote+in+Referendum%2C+97%25+of+Them+for+Statehood&rft.date=2017-06-11&rft.aulast=Robles&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F06%2F11%2Fus%2Fpuerto-ricans-vote-on-the-question-of-statehood.html%3F_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCongress.Gov2018" class="citation web cs1">Congress.Gov (July 7, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/6246/text">"H.R.6246 - Puerto Rico Admission Act of 2018"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180707230657/https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/6246/text">Archived</a> from the original on July 7, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H.R.6246+-+Puerto+Rico+Admission+Act+of+2018&rft.date=2018-07-07&rft.au=Congress.Gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F115th-congress%2Fhouse-bill%2F6246%2Ftext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCongress.Gov2018" class="citation web cs1">Congress.Gov (July 7, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/6246/cosponsors?r=12">"Cosponsors: H.R.6246 — 115th Congress (2017–2018)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180707230550/https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/6246/cosponsors?r=12">Archived</a> from the original on July 7, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cosponsors%3A+H.R.6246+%E2%80%94+115th+Congress+%282017%E2%80%932018%29&rft.date=2018-07-07&rft.au=Congress.Gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F115th-congress%2Fhouse-bill%2F6246%2Fcosponsors%3Fr%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantiagoKustovValenzuela" class="citation news cs1">Santiago, Abdiel; Kustov, Alexander; Valenzuela, Ali A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/11/13/puerto-ricans-voted-become-51st-us-state-again/">"Analysis | Puerto Ricans voted to become the 51st U.S. state — again"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Analysis+%7C+Puerto+Ricans+voted+to+become+the+51st+U.S.+state+%E2%80%94+again&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Santiago&rft.aufirst=Abdiel&rft.au=Kustov%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Valenzuela%2C+Ali+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2020%2F11%2F13%2Fpuerto-ricans-voted-become-51st-us-state-again%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/DC-Election-Statehood-Council-Seats-400275901.html">"DC Voters Elect Gray to Council, Approve Statehood Measure"</a>. <i>nbcwashington.com</i>. November 7, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161109221442/http://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/DC-Election-Statehood-Council-Seats-400275901.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nbcwashington.com&rft.atitle=DC+Voters+Elect+Gray+to+Council%2C+Approve+Statehood+Measure&rft.date=2016-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcwashington.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2FDC-Election-Statehood-Council-Seats-400275901.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.puertoricoreport.com/how-does-a-territory-become-a-state/">"How Does a Territory Become a State?"</a>. <i>www.puertoricoreport.com</i>. Puerto Rico Report. November 23, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.puertoricoreport.com&rft.atitle=How+Does+a+Territory+Become+a+State%3F&rft.date=2018-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.puertoricoreport.com%2Fhow-does-a-territory-become-a-state%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74700TvW-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-74700TvW_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-74700TvW_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/74/700">"Texas v. White"</a>. Cornell Law School, Ithaca, New York: Legal Information Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180313024759/https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/74/700">Archived</a> from the original on March 13, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Texas+v.+White&rft.place=Cornell+Law+School%2C+Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Legal+Information+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fsupremecourt%2Ftext%2F74%2F700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhouse1998" class="citation news cs1">Greenhouse, Linda (May 27, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/27/nyregion/ellis-island-verdict-ruling-high-court-gives-new-jersey-most-ellis-island.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">"The Ellis Island Verdict: The Ruling; High Court Gives New Jersey Most of Ellis Island"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121115211230/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/27/nyregion/ellis-island-verdict-ruling-high-court-gives-new-jersey-most-ellis-island.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">Archived</a> from the original on November 15, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Ellis+Island+Verdict%3A+The+Ruling%3B+High+Court+Gives+New+Jersey+Most+of+Ellis+Island&rft.date=1998-05-27&rft.aulast=Greenhouse&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F05%2F27%2Fnyregion%2Fellis-island-verdict-ruling-high-court-gives-new-jersey-most-ellis-island.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26src%3Dpm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article IV, Section 3, Constitution of the United States</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Census_Bureau,_Geography_Division" class="citation web cs1">United States Census Bureau, Geography Division. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf">"Census Regions and Divisions of the United States"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125032/http://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+Regions+and+Divisions+of+the+United+States&rft.au=United+States+Census+Bureau%2C+Geography+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fpdfs%2Fmaps-data%2Fmaps%2Freference%2Fus_regdiv.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NEMS-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NEMS_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The National Energy Modeling System: An Overview 2003" (Report #:DOE/EIA-0581, October 2009). United States Department of Energy, <a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">Energy Information Administration</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The most widely used regional definitions follow those of the U.S. Bureau of the Census." Seymour Sudman and Norman M. Bradburn, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ay2AAAAIAAJ">Asking Questions: A Practical Guide to Questionnaire Design</a></i> (1982). <a href="/wiki/Jossey-Bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Jossey-Bass">Jossey-Bass</a>: p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Perhaps the most widely used regional classification system is one developed by the U.S. Census Bureau." Dale M. Lewison, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oPUJAQAAMAAJ">Retailing</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a> (1997): p. 384. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-461427-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-461427-4">978-0-13-461427-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"(M)ost demographic and food consumption data are presented in this four-region format." Pamela Goyan Kittler, Kathryn P. Sucher, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eKdbaMY5AHEC&pg=PA475">Food and Culture</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a> (2008): p.475. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780495115410" title="Special:BookSources/9780495115410">9780495115410</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Stein, Mark, <i>How the States Got Their Shapes</i>, New York : Smithsonian Books/Collins, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-143138-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-143138-8">978-0-06-143138-8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090724193858/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/st/allstate.htm">Information about All States</a> from <i>UCB Libraries GovPubs</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/states/">State Resource Guides, from the Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403025825/http://factfinder.census.gov/bf/_lang=en_vt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_GCTPH1R_US9S_geo_id=01000US.html">Tables with areas, populations, densities and more (in order of population)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403030000/http://factfinder.census.gov/bf/_lang=en_vt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_GCTPH1_US9_geo_id=01000US.html">Tables with areas, populations, densities and more (alphabetical)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306111157/https://www.usa.gov/Agencies/State_and_Territories.shtml">"State, Local, and Tribal Governments" on USA.gov</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120616005932/http://www.statemaster.com/index.php">StateMaster – statistical database for U.S. states</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.50states.com">50states.com – States and Capitals</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_divisions_of_the_United_States" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_political_divisions" title="Template:United States political divisions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_political_divisions" title="Template talk:United States political divisions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_political_divisions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States political divisions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_divisions_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political divisions of the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States">List of states and territories</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Outlying islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island" title="Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">List of Indian reservations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Concessions_and_leases_in_international_relations" title="Concessions and leases in international relations">International concessions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantanamo Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituffik_Space_Base" title="Pituffik Space Base">Pituffik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_state-related_lists" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_state_and_territory_lists" title="Template:US state and territory lists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_state_and_territory_lists" title="Template talk:US state and territory lists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_state_and_territory_lists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US state and territory lists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_state-related_lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_U.S._state_topics" title="Lists of U.S. state topics">United States state-related lists</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States">List of states and territories of the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of states and territories of the United States by population">Population</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_Amish_population" title="List of U.S. states by Amish population">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Asian_Americans#U.S._states_and_territories" title="Demographics of Asian Americans">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_birth_and_death_rates" title="List of U.S. states and territories by birth and death rates">Birth and death rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States_by_population_density" title="List of states and territories of the United States by population density">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_Hispanic_and_Latino_population" title="List of U.S. states by Hispanic and Latino population">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_historical_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by historical population">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States#Geography" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_immigrant_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by immigrant population">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_demographics_of_the_United_States" title="LGBT demographics of the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_non-Hispanic_white_population" title="List of U.S. states by non-Hispanic white population">Non-Hispanic white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans#Location" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States#Historical_demographics" title="Spanish language in the United States">Spanish-speaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_educational_attainment" title="List of U.S. states and territories by educational attainment">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of largest cities of U.S. states and territories by population">Largest cities by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_median_age" title="List of U.S. states and territories by median age">Median age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_popular_given_names_by_state_in_the_United_States" title="List of most popular given names by state in the United States">Most popular given names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_populous_counties_by_U.S._state" title="List of the most populous counties by U.S. state">Most populous counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_net_migration" title="List of U.S. states and territories by net migration">Net migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">Populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population_density#States_and_territories" title="List of United States cities by population density">Population density (cities)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_Race_/_Ethnicity" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states and territories by Race / Ethnicity">Race/ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_religiosity" title="List of U.S. states and territories by religiosity">Religiosity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States#Demographics" title="Irreligion in the United States">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_the_number_of_billionaires" title="List of U.S. states by the number of billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_budgets" title="List of U.S. state budgets">Budgets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_credit_rating" title="List of U.S. states by credit rating">Credit ratings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_employment_rate" title="List of U.S. states by employment rate">Employment rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_exports_and_imports" title="List of U.S. states and territories by exports and imports">Exports and imports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tax_revenue_by_state" title="Federal tax revenue by state">Federal tax revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_taxation_and_spending_by_state" title="Federal taxation and spending by state">Federal taxation and spending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of states and territories of the United States by GDP">Gross domestic product</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_economic_growth_rate" title="List of U.S. states and territories by economic growth rate">Growth rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_GDP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states and territories by GDP per capita">Per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_income" title="List of U.S. states and territories by income">Income</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_Gini_coefficient" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by Gini coefficient">Inequality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_median_home_price" title="List of U.S. states by median home price">Median home prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_median_wage_and_mean_wage" title="List of U.S. states and territories by median wage and mean wage">Median wages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_the_number_of_millionaire_households" title="List of U.S. states by the number of millionaire households">Millionaire households</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_US_states_by_minimum_wage" title="List of US states by minimum wage">Minimum wages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_poverty_rate" title="List of U.S. states and territories by poverty rate">Poverty rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_research_and_development_spending" title="List of U.S. states by research and development spending">R&D spending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_taxes_in_the_United_States#By_jurisdiction" title="Sales taxes in the United States">Sales taxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_savings_rate" title="List of U.S. states by savings rate">Savings rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_socioeconomic_factors" title="List of U.S. states by socioeconomic factors">Socioeconomic factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_sovereign_wealth_funds" title="List of U.S. states by sovereign wealth funds">Sovereign wealth funds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_tax_levels_in_the_United_States" title="State tax levels in the United States">State income taxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of U.S. states and territories by unemployment rate">Unemployment rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_affiliation_by_U.S._state" title="Union affiliation by U.S. state">Union affiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_vehicles_per_capita" title="List of U.S. states by vehicles per capita">Vehicles per capita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_and_arboretums_in_the_United_States" title="List of botanical gardens and arboretums in the United States">Botanical gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions" title="List of U.S. states and territories by carbon dioxide emissions">Carbon dioxide emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_state_parks_by_U.S._state" title="Lists of state parks by U.S. state">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Natural_Landmark#List_of_landmarks" title="National Natural Landmark">National Natural Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Wildlife_Refuges_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Wildlife Refuges of the United States">National Wildlife Refuges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nature_centers_in_the_United_States" title="List of nature centers in the United States">Nature centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_electricity_production" title="List of U.S. states by electricity production">Electricity</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_electricity_production_from_renewable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by electricity production from renewable sources">Renewable</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites" title="List of Superfund sites">Superfund sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_tribal_wilderness_areas" title="List of U.S. state and tribal wilderness areas">Wilderness areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area" title="List of U.S. states and territories by area">Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_of_the_United_States" title="List of bays of the United States">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_the_United_States" title="List of beaches in the United States">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_coastline" title="List of U.S. states and territories by coastline">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_elevation" title="List of U.S. states and territories by elevation">Elevation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_U.S._states_and_territories" title="List of extreme points of U.S. states and territories">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_cover_by_state_and_territory_in_the_United_States" title="Forest cover by state and territory in the United States">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geographic_centers_of_the_United_States" title="List of geographic centers of the United States">Geographic centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_United_States_cities_by_state_or_territory" title="List of highest United States cities by state or territory">Highest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_the_United_States" title="List of lakes of the United States">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_United_States" title="List of volcanoes in the United States">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorneys general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_territorial_capitols_in_the_United_States" title="List of state and territorial capitols in the United States">Capitol buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of United States congressional districts">Congressional districts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">Members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_by_U.S._state_and_territory" title="List of counties by U.S. state and territory">Counties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_U.S._counties" title="Index of U.S. counties">Alphabetical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_courts_of_the_United_States" title="List of courts of the United States">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">Governors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">Lieutenant governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">Legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_libraries_and_archives" title="List of U.S. state libraries and archives">Libraries and archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Official_languages" title="Languages of the United States">Official languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states%27_poets_laureate" title="List of U.S. states' poets laureate">Poets laureate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politics_by_U.S._state_or_territory" title="List of politics by U.S. state or territory">Politics by state or territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_U.S._states" title="Political party strength in U.S. states">Political party strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">State auditors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">State legislators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_representatives_(Alabama_to_Missouri)" title="List of U.S. state representatives (Alabama to Missouri)">Alabama–Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_representatives_(Montana_to_Wyoming)" title="List of U.S. state representatives (Montana to Wyoming)">Montana–Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_senators" title="List of U.S. state senators">State senators</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">State secretaries of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_legislature_speakers" title="List of state legislature speakers">State speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">State chief justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_presidents_pro_tempore" class="mw-redirect" title="List of state presidents pro tempore">State presidents pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superintendent_(education)#Chief_state_school_officers" title="Superintendent (education)">State superintendents of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">State supreme courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">State treasurers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._statewide_elected_officials" title="List of U.S. statewide elected officials">Statewide elected executive officials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_changes_in_life_expectancy,_1985%E2%80%932010" title="List of U.S. states by changes in life expectancy, 1985–2010">Changes in life expectancy, 1985–2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_fertility_rate" title="List of U.S. states and territories by fertility rate">Fertility rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_hospitals_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of hospitals in the United States">Hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_Human_Development_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states and territories by Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_American_Human_Development_Index" title="List of U.S. states by American Human Development Index">American Human Development Index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_infant_mortality_rates" title="List of U.S. states and territories by infant mortality rates">Infant mortality rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States#Prevalence_by_state_and_territory" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_road_deaths" title="List of U.S. states by road deaths">Road deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevalence_of_tobacco_use#United_States" title="Prevalence of tobacco use">Smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Date of statehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_territory_name_etymologies_of_the_United_States" title="List of state and territory name etymologies of the United States">Name etymologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_historical_societies_and_museums" title="List of U.S. state historical societies and museums">Historical societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_the_United_States" title="List of museums in the United States">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._National_Historic_Landmarks_by_state" title="List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state">National Historic Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings" title="United States National Register of Historic Places listings">National Register of Historic Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_partition_proposals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. state partition proposals">State partitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_regions_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic regions of the United States">Historic regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States_by_state#State_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in the United States by state">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_the_United_States" title="Age of consent in the United States">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alcohol_laws_of_the_United_States" title="List of alcohol laws of the United States">Alcohol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dry_communities_by_U.S._state" title="List of dry communities by U.S. state">Dry communities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_Alford_plea_usage" title="List of U.S. states by Alford plea usage">Alford plea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restrictions_on_cell_phone_use_while_driving_in_the_United_States" title="Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the United States">Cell phone use while driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_constitution_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="State constitution (United States)">Constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_the_United_States_by_state" title="Gun laws in the United States by state">Firearms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_death_rates_in_the_United_States_by_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearm death rates in the United States by state">Firearms death rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_violence_in_the_United_States_by_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun violence in the United States by state">Gun Violence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_intentional_homicide_rate" title="List of U.S. states and territories by intentional homicide rate">Homicide Rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">Law enforcement agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_by_U.S._state" class="mw-redirect" title="Legality of cannabis by U.S. state">Legality of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Peace_Index" title="United States Peace Index">Peace Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_state_prisons" title="Lists of United States state prisons">Prisons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_incarceration_and_correctional_supervision_rate" title="List of U.S. states and territories by incarceration and correctional supervision rate">Incarceration rate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_law_in_the_United_States_by_state" title="Same-sex marriage law in the United States by state">Same-sex unions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state_constitutional_amendments_banning_same-sex_unions" title="U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions">Former constitutional bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_law_in_the_United_States_by_state" title="Same-sex marriage law in the United States by state">Marriage law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_belt_laws_in_the_United_States#The_laws_by_state" title="Seat belt laws in the United States">Seat belt laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_constitutional_provisions_allowing_self-representation_in_state_courts" title="List of U.S. state constitutional provisions allowing self-representation in state courts">Self-representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoking_bans_in_the_United_States" title="List of smoking bans in the United States">Smoking bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_limits_in_the_United_States" title="Speed limits in the United States">Speed limits</a> (<a href="/wiki/Speed_limits_in_the_United_States_by_jurisdiction" title="Speed limits in the United States by jurisdiction">by jurisdiction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_violent_crime_rate" title="List of U.S. states and territories by violent crime rate">Violent Crime Rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_abbreviations" title="List of U.S. state and territory abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_United_States" title="List of airports in the United States">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bus_transit_systems_in_the_United_States" title="List of bus transit systems in the United States">Bus transit systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_casinos_in_the_United_States" title="List of casinos in the United States">Casinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cemeteries_in_the_United_States" title="List of cemeteries in the United States">Cemeteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_demonyms_for_US_states_and_territories" title="List of demonyms for US states and territories">Demonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_U.S._states_and_territories" title="Flags of the U.S. states and territories">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hotels_in_the_United_States" title="List of hotels in the United States">Hotels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state,_district,_and_territorial_insignia" title="List of U.S. state, district, and territorial insignia">Insignia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_the_United_States#States" title="Armorial of the United States">Coats of arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_license_plate_designs_and_serial_formats" title="United States license plate designs and serial formats">License plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_the_United_States" title="List of shopping malls in the United States">Malls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_mottos" title="List of U.S. state and territory mottos">Mottos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_States#By_state_and_territory" title="List of newspapers in the United States">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_nicknames" title="List of U.S. state and territory nicknames">Nicknames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbered_highways_in_the_United_States#State_highways" title="Numbered highways in the United States">Numbered highways</a></li> <li>Quarters <ul><li><a href="/wiki/50_State_quarters" title="50 State quarters">50 states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_and_United_States_Territories_quarters" title="District of Columbia and United States Territories quarters">District of Columbia and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_the_Beautiful_quarters" title="America the Beautiful quarters">America the Beautiful quarters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_snowiest_places_in_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of snowiest places in the United States by state">Snowiest places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_state_symbols" title="Lists of United States state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_by_U.S._state_and_territory" title="List of tallest buildings by U.S. state and territory">Tallest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state_and_territory_temperature_extremes" title="U.S. state and territory temperature extremes">Temperature extremes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_time_offsets_by_U.S._state_and_territory" title="List of time offsets by U.S. state and territory">Time zones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:States_of_the_United_States" title="Category:States of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:States_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:States of the United States">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_U.S._state_portals" title="Wikipedia:List of U.S. state portals">Portals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_census_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USCensus_Geography" title="Template:USCensus Geography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USCensus_Geography" title="Template talk:USCensus Geography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USCensus_Geography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USCensus Geography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_census_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_census" title="United States census">United States census</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_division" title="Census division">Division</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Federal District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZIP_Code_Tabulation_Area" title="ZIP Code Tabulation Area">ZIP Code Tabulation Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Native areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_corporation" title="Alaska Native corporation">Alaska Native corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_colony" title="Indian colony">Indian colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-reservation_trust_land" title="Off-reservation trust land">Off-reservation trust land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Tribal_Statistical_Area" title="Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Area">Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metropolitan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_area_(United_States)" title="Statistical area (United States)">Primary statistical area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_area_(United_States)#List_of_primary_statistical_areas" title="Statistical area (United States)">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_statistical_area" title="Combined statistical area">Combined statistical area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core-based_statistical_area" title="Core-based statistical area">Core-based statistical area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_core-based_statistical_areas" title="List of core-based statistical areas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">Metropolitan statistical area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micropolitan_statistical_area" title="Micropolitan statistical area">Micropolitan statistical area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_city_and_town_area" title="New England city and town area">New England city and town area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas" title="List of United States urban areas">Urban area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State-level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of United States congressional districts">Congressional district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_boroughs_and_census_areas_in_Alaska" title="List of boroughs and census areas in Alaska">Alaska census area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Municipalities of Puerto Rico">Municipio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Place</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">Census-designated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Use_Microdata_Area" title="Public Use Microdata Area">Public use microdata area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">State legislative district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_growth_boundary" title="Urban growth boundary">Urban growth area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">County-level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_county_division" title="Census county division">Census county division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor civil division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_analysis_zone" title="Traffic analysis zone">Traffic analysis zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_precinct" title="Electoral precinct">Voting district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_block" title="Census block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_block_group" title="Census block group">Block group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_tract" title="Census tract">Tract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">Census Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35657#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35657#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35657#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="U.S. states"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1160235/">FAST</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="U.S. states"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh96008759">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="États-Unis -- États"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12182520r">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="États-Unis -- États"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12182520r">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Estados Unidos--Estados"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5301051">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000070767&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007563647805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._state&oldid=1256488751">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._state&oldid=1256488751</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Administrative_divisions_in_North_America" title="Category:Administrative divisions in North America">Administrative divisions in North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:First-level_administrative_divisions_by_country" title="Category:First-level administrative divisions by country">First-level administrative divisions by country</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_of_the_United_States" title="Category:States of the United States">States of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_divisions_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Political divisions of the United States">Political divisions of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_administrative_division" title="Category:Types of administrative division">Types of administrative division</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_semi-protected_against_vandalism" title="Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism">Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_February_2019" title="Category:Use American English from February 2019">Use American English from February 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_April_2024" title="Category:Use mdy dates from April 2024">Use mdy dates from April 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 November 2024, at 04:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._state&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-zw2dd","wgBackendResponseTime":201,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.700","walltime":"2.296","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13390,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":496802,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":97341,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":110,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":355111,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1864.387 1 -total"," 32.07% 597.886 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.64% 366.141 55 Template:Cite_web"," 10.25% 191.039 1 Template:Plainlist"," 9.95% 185.568 50 Template:Flaglist"," 9.10% 169.668 1 Template:United_States_topics"," 8.95% 166.819 1 Template:Country_topics"," 8.87% 165.413 1 Template:Infobox_subdivision_type"," 5.75% 107.259 1 Template:Infobox"," 5.32% 99.219 1 Template:Political_divisions_of_the_United_States"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.892","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9937145,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-w49w4","timestamp":"20241123234639","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"U.S. state","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U.S._state","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q35657","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q35657","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-11T22:01:32Z","dateModified":"2024-11-10T04:33:19Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/92\/Map_of_USA_with_state_names_2.svg","headline":"constituent political entity of the United States of America"}</script> </body> </html>