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enforcement agencies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_law_enforcement_agencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Federal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-County" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#County"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>County</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-County-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-County_police" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#County_police"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>County police</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-County_police-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sheriffs'_offices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sheriffs'_offices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Sheriffs' offices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sheriffs'_offices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commonwealth_of_Virginia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth_of_Virginia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Commonwealth of Virginia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth_of_Virginia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Municipal_(City,_Town,_and_Village)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipal_(City,_Town,_and_Village)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Municipal (City, Town, and Village)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipal_(City,_Town,_and_Village)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puerto_Rico_Police" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puerto_Rico_Police"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Puerto Rico Police</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puerto_Rico_Police-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_police_force_or_department" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_police_force_or_department"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Private police force or department</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_police_force_or_department-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bi-State_Police_Departments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bi-State_Police_Departments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Bi-State Police Departments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bi-State_Police_Departments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Police_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Police_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Police functions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Police_functions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Police functions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Police_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Styles_of_policing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles_of_policing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Styles of policing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Styles_of_policing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_colonial_policing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_colonial_policing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early colonial policing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_colonial_policing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_modern_policing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_modern_policing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Development of modern policing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_modern_policing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Powers_of_officers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Powers_of_officers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Powers of officers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Powers_of_officers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deadly_force_and_death_in_custody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deadly_force_and_death_in_custody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Deadly force and death in custody</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deadly_force_and_death_in_custody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Militarization_of_police" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Militarization_of_police"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Militarization of police</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Militarization_of_police-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-No-knock_warrants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#No-knock_warrants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>No-knock warrants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-No-knock_warrants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qualified_immunity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qualified_immunity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Qualified immunity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qualified_immunity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warren_v._District_of_Columbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warren_v._District_of_Columbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span><i>Warren v. District of Columbia</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warren_v._District_of_Columbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_asset_forfeiture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_asset_forfeiture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Civil asset forfeiture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_asset_forfeiture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues_with_recruitment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues_with_recruitment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Issues with recruitment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issues_with_recruitment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racial_profiling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial_profiling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Racial profiling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial_profiling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fundraising_Scam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fundraising_Scam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Fundraising Scam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fundraising_Scam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Other concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misconduct_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misconduct_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Misconduct cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misconduct_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accountability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accountability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Accountability</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Accountability-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Accountability subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Accountability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cost_of_Police_Misconduct_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost_of_Police_Misconduct_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cost of Police Misconduct Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost_of_Police_Misconduct_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Police_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Police_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Police reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Police_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calls_for_abolition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calls_for_abolition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Calls for abolition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calls_for_abolition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entry_qualifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entry_qualifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Entry qualifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entry_qualifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Equipment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Equipment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Firearms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Firearms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Firearms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Firearms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Less-lethal_weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Less-lethal_weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Less-lethal weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Less-lethal_weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3.1</span> <span>Baton</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3.2</span> <span>Taser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_Agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_Agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3.3</span> <span>Chemical Agents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_Agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Non-lethal_Weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Non-lethal_Weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3.4</span> <span>Other Non-lethal Weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Non-lethal_Weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialized_weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialized_weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Specialized weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialized_weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armor_and_vests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armor_and_vests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Armor and vests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armor_and_vests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Body-worn_camera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body-worn_camera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6</span> <span>Body-worn camera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Body-worn_camera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.7</span> <span>Drones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vehicle_Pursuit_Tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vehicle_Pursuit_Tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.8</span> <span>Vehicle Pursuit Tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vehicle_Pursuit_Tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication_and_Information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication_and_Information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Communication and Information</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Communication_and_Information-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Communication and Information subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Communication_and_Information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radio_Systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_Systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Radio Systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_Systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-911,_Dispatchers,_CAD_and_MDC's" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#911,_Dispatchers,_CAD_and_MDC's"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>911, Dispatchers, CAD and MDC's</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-911,_Dispatchers,_CAD_and_MDC's-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Law_Enforcement_Telecommunications_System_(NLETS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Law_Enforcement_Telecommunications_System_(NLETS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>National Law Enforcement Telecommunications System (NLETS)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Law_Enforcement_Telecommunications_System_(NLETS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collection_and_dissemination_of_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collection_and_dissemination_of_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Collection and dissemination of information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collection_and_dissemination_of_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Police_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Police_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Police population</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Police_population-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Police population subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Police_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changes_in_personnel_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_in_personnel_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Changes in personnel numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_in_personnel_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Salary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>Deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Праваахоўныя органы ЗША – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Праваахоўныя органы ЗША" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Правоохранителни органи в Съединените щати – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Правоохранителни органи в Съединените щати" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policie_ve_Spojen%C3%BDch_st%C3%A1tech_americk%C3%BDch" title="Policie ve Spojených státech amerických – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Policie ve Spojených státech amerických" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polizei_(Vereinigte_Staaten)" title="Polizei (Vereinigte Staaten) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polizei (Vereinigte Staaten)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polizia_Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuetan" title="Polizia Ameriketako Estatu Batuetan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Polizia Ameriketako Estatu Batuetan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_aux_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Police aux États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Police aux États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%B2%95%EC%A7%91%ED%96%89" title="미국의 법집행 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국의 법집행" data-language-autonym="한국어" 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href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F" title="アメリカ合衆国の警察 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ合衆国の警察" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politi_i_USA" title="Politi i USA – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Politi i USA" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poli%C8%9Bia_din_Statele_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Poliția din Statele Unite ale Americii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Poliția din Statele Unite ale Americii" data-language-autonym="Română" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Major component of the American criminal justice system</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NYPD_Times_Square_(51494330971).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/NYPD_Times_Square_%2851494330971%29.jpg/265px-NYPD_Times_Square_%2851494330971%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/NYPD_Times_Square_%2851494330971%29.jpg/398px-NYPD_Times_Square_%2851494330971%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/NYPD_Times_Square_%2851494330971%29.jpg/530px-NYPD_Times_Square_%2851494330971%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4715" data-file-height="2652" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NYPD" class="mw-redirect" title="NYPD">NYPD</a> officers outside a police station in <a href="/wiki/Times_Square" title="Times Square">Times Square</a>, New York City in 2021</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Law enforcement<br /> in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above navbox-abovebelow" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts of the United States">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrections" title="Corrections">Corrections</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">Separation of powers</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States#Legislative_branch" title="Federal government of the United States">Legislative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States#Executive_branch" title="Federal government of the United States">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States#Judicial_branch" title="Federal government of the United States">Judicial</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Territorial_jurisdiction_(United_States)" title="Territorial jurisdiction (United States)">Jurisdiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#County">County</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Municipal">Local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts-martial_of_the_United_States" title="Courts-martial of the United States">Military</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> Legal context</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_criminal_procedure" title="United States criminal procedure">Criminal procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasonable_suspicion" title="Reasonable suspicion">Reasonable suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probable_cause" title="Probable cause">Probable cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_warning" title="Miranda warning">Miranda warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest" title="Arrest">Arrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_warrant" title="Arrest warrant">Arrest warrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searches_and_seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Searches and seizures">Searches and seizures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_stop" title="Terry stop">Terry stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exculpatory_evidence" title="Exculpatory evidence">Exculpatory evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_of_the_poisonous_tree" title="Fruit of the poisonous tree">Fruit of the poisonous tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actual_innocence" title="Actual innocence">Actual innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_investigation" title="Criminal investigation">Criminal investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_psychology" title="Criminal psychology">Criminal psychology</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_prosecutor" class="mw-redirect" title="United States prosecutor">Prosecution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. Attorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">State attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State%27s_attorney" class="mw-redirect" title="State's attorney">State's attorney</a> and <a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">district attorney</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> Lists of law enforcement agencies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies#United_States" title="List of law enforcement agencies">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">State and local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_correction_agencies" title="List of United States state correction agencies">State corrections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_the_District_of_Columbia" title="List of law enforcement agencies in the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> Police operations/organization/issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Police_officer_certification_and_licensure_in_the_United_States" title="Police officer certification and licensure in the United States">Police certification and licensure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_affairs_(law_enforcement)" title="Internal affairs (law enforcement)">Internal affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_union" title="Police union">Police union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_ranks_of_the_United_States" title="Police ranks of the United States">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_uniforms_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Police uniforms of the United States">Uniforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_law_enforcement_decorations" title="United States law enforcement decorations">Decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_vehicles_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Police vehicles in the United States and Canada">Police vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice_ethics" title="Criminal justice ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_use_of_deadly_force_in_the_United_States" title="Police use of deadly force in the United States">Deadly force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_killings_by_law_enforcement_officers_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States">Killings by law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarization_of_police" title="Militarization of police">Militarization of police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Police reform in the United States">Police reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_worn_video_(police_equipment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Body worn video (police equipment)">Body camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education" title="Drug Abuse Resistance Education">D.A.R.E.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_stop" title="Traffic stop">Traffic stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informant" title="Informant">Informants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice_reform" title="Criminal justice reform">Criminal justice reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in law enforcement in the United States">Women in law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LASD_deputy_gangs" title="List of LASD deputy gangs">Gangs in law enforcement</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> Types of agency</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_police" title="State police">State police</a> / <a href="/wiki/Highway_patrol#United_States" title="Highway patrol">highway patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_bureau_of_investigation" title="State bureau of investigation">State bureau of investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Campus police">Campus police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_police" title="Park police">Park police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_police#United_States" title="Special police">Special police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police#United_States" title="Military police">Military police</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> Types of <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_officer" title="Law enforcement officer">law enforcement officers</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrol#Law_enforcement" title="Patrol">Patrol officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detective" title="Detective">Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWAT" title="SWAT">SWAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_dog#United_States" title="Police dog">Police dog</a> (K-9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff and sheriff's deputy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiff" title="Bailiff">Bailiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_detective" title="County detective">County detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trooper_(police_rank)" title="Trooper (police rank)">State trooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_warden" class="mw-redirect" title="Game warden">Game warden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_tribal_police" title="Indian tribal police">Tribal officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_agent" title="Indian agent">Indian agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthorse_(American_Indian_police)" title="Lighthorse (American Indian police)">Lighthorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_officer" title="Prison officer">Correction officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parole_officer#Probation_and_parole_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Parole officer">Probation and parole officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probation_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Probation officer">Probation officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_ranger" title="Park ranger">Park ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Air_Marshal_Service" title="Federal Air Marshal Service">Federal air marshal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service#Deputy_Marshals" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshal and deputy marshal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_agent" title="Special agent">Special agent</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_police_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Private police in the United States">Private police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_dispatcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Police dispatcher">Police dispatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coroner" title="Coroner">Coroner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_examiner" title="Medical examiner">Medical examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_jurisprudence" title="Medical jurisprudence">Medical jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unarmed_African_Americans_killed_by_law_enforcement_officers_in_the_United_States" title="List of unarmed African Americans killed by law enforcement officers in the United States">List of unarmed African Americans killed by law enforcement officers in the United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below navbox-abovebelow" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Handcuffs_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Handcuffs_icon.svg/100px-Handcuffs_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Handcuffs_icon.svg/150px-Handcuffs_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Handcuffs_icon.svg/200px-Handcuffs_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Element_(criminal_law)" title="Element (criminal law)">Elements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Actus_reus" title="Actus reus">Actus reus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mens_rea" title="Mens rea">Mens rea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causation_(law)" title="Causation (law)">Causation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrence" title="Concurrence">Concurrence</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Scope of criminal <a href="/wiki/Legal_liability" title="Legal liability">liability</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_(legal_term)" title="Accessory (legal term)">Accessory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiding_and_abetting" title="Aiding and abetting">Accomplice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complicity" title="Complicity">Complicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_liability" title="Corporate liability">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_(criminal_law)" title="Principal (criminal law)">Principal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarious_liability_(criminal)" title="Vicarious liability (criminal)">Vicarious</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Severity of offense</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">Felony</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Indictable_offence" title="Indictable offence">Indictable offense</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summary_offence#United_States" title="Summary offence">Infraction</a> (also called violation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">Misdemeanor</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Summary_offence" title="Summary offence">Summary offense</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Inchoate_offense" title="Inchoate offense">Inchoate offenses</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attempt" title="Attempt">Attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement" title="Incitement">Incitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitation" title="Solicitation">Solicitation</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Offence_against_the_person" title="Offence against the person">Offense against the person</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault" title="Assault">Assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_(crime)" title="Battery (crime)">Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_negligence" title="Criminal negligence">Criminal negligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_imprisonment" title="False imprisonment">False imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frameup" title="Frameup">Frameup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_invasion" title="Home invasion">Home invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">Kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menacing" title="Menacing">Menacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">Manslaughter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corporate_manslaughter" title="Corporate manslaughter">corporate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayhem_(crime)" title="Mayhem (crime)">Mayhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felony_murder_rule" title="Felony murder rule">felony</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterintention" title="Preterintention">Preterintention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negligent_homicide" title="Negligent homicide">Negligent homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">Robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabbing" title="Stabbing">Stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Sexual offenses</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">Bigamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornication#Across_history,_cultures,_and_laws" title="Fornication">Fornication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_incest" title="Legality of incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation#Law" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against property</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">Arson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_trafficking" title="Arms trafficking">Arms trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackmail" title="Blackmail">Blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burglary" title="Burglary">Burglary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">Cybercrime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">Embezzlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">Extortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_pretenses" title="False pretenses">False pretenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">Forgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">Fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property violation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larceny" title="Larceny">Larceny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payola" title="Payola">Payola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickpocketing" title="Pickpocketing">Pickpocketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possession_of_stolen_goods" title="Possession of stolen goods">Possessing stolen property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">Robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">Theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trespass_to_land" title="Trespass to land">Trespass to land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mischief" title="Mischief">Mischief</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against justice</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compounding_a_felony" title="Compounding a felony">Compounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malfeasance_in_office" title="Malfeasance in office">Malfeasance in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage_of_justice" title="Miscarriage of justice">Miscarriage of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misprision_of_felony" title="Misprision of felony">Misprision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstruction of justice">Obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">Perjury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perverting_the_course_of_justice" title="Perverting the course of justice">Perverting the course of justice</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against the public</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begging" title="Begging">Begging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship violation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">Dueling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage-taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumptuary_law" title="Sumptuary law">Illegal consumption</a> (such as prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">drugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">alcohol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smoking_ban" title="Smoking ban">smoking</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">Regicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurper" title="Usurper">Usurpation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against animals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_smuggling" title="Wildlife smuggling">Wildlife smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia">Bestiality</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against the state</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" title="Lèse-majesté">Lèse-majesté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">Treason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">Sedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">Subversion</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Defense_(legal)" title="Defense (legal)">Defenses to liability</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_innocence" title="Actual innocence">Actual innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatism_(law)" title="Automatism (law)">Automatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_property" title="Defence of property">Defense of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diminished_responsibility" title="Diminished responsibility">Diminished responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">Duress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrapment" title="Entrapment">Entrapment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ignorantia_juris_non_excusat" title="Ignorantia juris non excusat">Ignorantia juris non excusat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_criminal_responsibility" title="Age of criminal responsibility">Infancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insanity_defense" title="Insanity defense">Insanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(jurisprudence)" title="Justification (jurisprudence)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistake_(criminal_law)" title="Mistake (criminal law)">Mistake</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mistake_of_law" title="Mistake of law">of law</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessity_(criminal_law)" title="Necessity (criminal law)">Necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provocation_(law)" title="Provocation (law)">Provocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Self-defense</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other common-law areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_defenses" title="Criminal defenses">Defenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">Torts</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Wills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">trusts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">estates</a></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Portals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Criminal_law" title="Template:Criminal law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Criminal_law" title="Template talk:Criminal law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Criminal_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Criminal law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, more than 1,280,000 sworn <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_officer" title="Law enforcement officer">law enforcement officers</a> are serving in the United States.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Need a citation for the number of officers. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> About 137,000 of those officers work for <a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">federal law enforcement</a> <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency" title="Law enforcement agency">agencies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2020Federal_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020Federal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Law enforcement operates primarily through governmental police agencies. There are 17,985 police agencies in the United States which include <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_local_police_departments_in_the_United_States" title="List of largest local police departments in the United States">local police departments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">county sheriff's offices</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_trooper_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="State trooper (United States)">state troopers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">federal law enforcement agencies</a>. The law enforcement purposes of these agencies are the investigation of suspected criminal activity, referral of the results of investigations to state or federal <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosecutor (United States)">prosecutors</a>, and the temporary detention of suspected criminals pending judicial action. Law enforcement agencies, are also commonly charged with the responsibilities of deterring criminal activity and preventing the successful commission of crimes in progress. Other duties may include the service and enforcement of <a href="/wiki/Warrant_(law)" title="Warrant (law)">warrants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Writ" title="Writ">writs</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Court_order" title="Court order">orders of the courts</a>. </p><p>Law enforcement agencies are also involved in providing first response to emergencies and other threats to <a href="/wiki/Public_security" title="Public security">public safety</a>; the protection of certain public facilities and infrastructure, such as private property; the maintenance of public order; the protection of public officials; and the operation of some detention facilities (usually at the local level). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_law_enforcement_agencies">Types of law enforcement agencies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types of law enforcement agencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Policing in the United States is conducted by "around 18,000 federal, state and local law enforcement agencies, all with their own rules". Every state has its own nomenclature for agencies, and their powers, responsibilities and funding vary from state to state.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2008 census data from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Justice_Statistics" title="Bureau of Justice Statistics">Bureau of Justice Statistics</a> (BJS)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> revealed that this constitutes: </p> <ul><li>73 federal agencies</li> <li>50 primary state law enforcement agencies</li> <li>1,733 special jurisdiction agencies</li> <li>3,063 sheriff's offices</li> <li>12,501 city, county, tribal, and regional police departments</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal">Federal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Federal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Federal law enforcement in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_DSS_agent_coordinates_with_ATF_and_USSS_special_agents_to_secure_delegate_arrivals_at_UNGA_in_NYC,_Sept._23,_2019._(48788736523).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/A_DSS_agent_coordinates_with_ATF_and_USSS_special_agents_to_secure_delegate_arrivals_at_UNGA_in_NYC%2C_Sept._23%2C_2019._%2848788736523%29.jpg/220px-A_DSS_agent_coordinates_with_ATF_and_USSS_special_agents_to_secure_delegate_arrivals_at_UNGA_in_NYC%2C_Sept._23%2C_2019._%2848788736523%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/A_DSS_agent_coordinates_with_ATF_and_USSS_special_agents_to_secure_delegate_arrivals_at_UNGA_in_NYC%2C_Sept._23%2C_2019._%2848788736523%29.jpg/330px-A_DSS_agent_coordinates_with_ATF_and_USSS_special_agents_to_secure_delegate_arrivals_at_UNGA_in_NYC%2C_Sept._23%2C_2019._%2848788736523%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/A_DSS_agent_coordinates_with_ATF_and_USSS_special_agents_to_secure_delegate_arrivals_at_UNGA_in_NYC%2C_Sept._23%2C_2019._%2848788736523%29.jpg/440px-A_DSS_agent_coordinates_with_ATF_and_USSS_special_agents_to_secure_delegate_arrivals_at_UNGA_in_NYC%2C_Sept._23%2C_2019._%2848788736523%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Federal agents of the <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Security_Service" title="Diplomatic Security Service">Diplomatic Security Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a> coordinating security for <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> delegates in 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>At the federal level, there exists both <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency#federal_law_enforcement_agency" title="Law enforcement agency">federal law enforcement agencies</a>, which possess full federal authority as given to them under <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a> (U.S.C.), and federal law enforcement agencies, who are authorized to enforce various laws at the federal level. Both police and law enforcement agencies operate at the highest level and are endowed with police roles; each may maintain a small component of the other (for example, the <a href="/wiki/FBI_Police" title="FBI Police">FBI Police</a>). The agencies have jurisdiction in all states, U.S. territories, and U.S. possessions for enforcement of federal law. Most <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal agencies in the United States">federal agencies</a> are limited by the U.S. Code to investigating only matters that are explicitly within the power of the federal government. However, federal investigative powers have become very broad in practice, especially since the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a>. There are also federal law enforcement agencies, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service_Law_Enforcement_Rangers" title="National Park Service Law Enforcement Rangers">National Park Service Law Enforcement Rangers</a>, that are granted state arrest authority off primary federal jurisdiction. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a> (DOJ) is responsible for most law enforcement duties at the federal level.<sup id="cite_ref-langeluttig-p92_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langeluttig-p92-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI), the <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a> (DEA), the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives</a> (ATF), the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">United States Marshals Service</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons" title="Federal Bureau of Prisons">Federal Bureau of Prisons</a> (BOP).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> (DHS) is another branch with numerous federal law enforcement agencies reporting to it. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol" title="United States Border Patrol">United States Border Patrol</a> (USBP), <a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a> (ICE), <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">United States Secret Service</a> (USSS), <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a> (USCG), and the <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">Transportation Security Administration</a> (TSA) are some of the agencies that report to the DHS.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States Coast Guard in particular is also a <a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">military branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> and is assigned to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> in the event of war. </p><p>At a crime or disaster scene affecting large numbers of people, multiple jurisdictions, or broad geographic areas, many police agencies may be involved by <a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(emergency_services)" title="Mutual aid (emergency services)">mutual aid</a> agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Protective_Service_(United_States)" title="Federal Protective Service (United States)">United States Federal Protective Service</a> responded to the <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> natural disaster. The command in such situations remains a complex and flexible issue. </p><p>In accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal</a> structure of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">United States government</a>, the national (federal) government is not authorized to execute general police powers by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a>. The power to have a police force is given to each of the United States' 50 <a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">federated states</a>. The Constitution gives the federal government the power to deal with foreign affairs and interstate affairs (affairs between the states). For police, this means that if a non-federal crime is committed in a U.S. state and the fugitive does not flee the state, the federal government has no jurisdiction. However, once the fugitive crosses a state line, he violates the federal law of interstate flight and is subject to federal jurisdiction, at which time federal law enforcement agencies may become involved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State">State</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police (United States)</a></div> <p>Most states operate statewide law enforcement agencies that provide law enforcement duties, including <a href="/wiki/Criminal_procedure" title="Criminal procedure">investigations</a> and state patrols. They may be called <a href="/wiki/State_police" title="State police">state police</a> or <a href="/wiki/Highway_patrol" title="Highway patrol">highway patrol</a> (<b>state troopers</b>), but there is no <b><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a></b>, and are normally part of the state <a href="/wiki/Department_of_public_safety" title="Department of public safety">Department of public safety</a>. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney General</a>'s office of each state has its own <a href="/wiki/State_bureau_of_investigation" title="State bureau of investigation">state bureau of investigation</a>, such as in California with the <a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Justice" title="California Department of Justice">California Department of Justice</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Texas_Ranger_Division" title="Texas Ranger Division">Texas Ranger Division</a> fulfills this role in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, although they were founded in the period before Texas became a state. </p><p>Various departments of state governments may have their own enforcement divisions, such as <a href="/wiki/Capitol_police" title="Capitol police">capitol police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campus_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Campus police">campus police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_police" title="Water police">water police</a>, environmental (fish and game/wildlife) <a href="/wiki/Conservation_officer" title="Conservation officer">conservation officers</a>, or game wardens (with full police powers and statewide jurisdiction). For example, in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Department_of_Revenue" title="Colorado Department of Revenue">Department of Revenue</a> has its own investigative branch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="County">County</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: County"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also known as <a href="/wiki/List_of_parishes_in_Louisiana" title="List of parishes in Louisiana">parishes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borough_(United_States)" title="Borough (United States)">boroughs</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">county</a> law enforcement is provided by <a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">sheriffs' departments or offices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constables_in_the_United_States" title="Constables in the United States">constables</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_police#United_States" title="County police">county police</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="County_police">County police</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: County police"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/County_police#United_States" title="County police">County police § United States</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/County_police" title="County police">County police</a> tend to exist only in metropolitan counties and have countywide jurisdiction. For places that have both county police and <a href="/wiki/Sheriff" title="Sheriff">county sheriff</a>, responsibilities are given to each: the county police are in charge of typical police duties such as patrol and investigations,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas the sheriffs' department in this situation takes care of serving papers and providing security to the courts. County police tend to fall into three broad categories, full service, limited service, and restrictive service.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Full service provides full police services to the entire county. Limited service provides to the unincorporated and special districts. Restricted service provide security to the county-owned parts of the county.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sheriffs'_offices"><span id="Sheriffs.27_offices"></span>Sheriffs' offices</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sheriffs' offices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriffs in the United States</a></div><p><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriffs</a> are Law Enforcement officers who have many different responsibilities and functions from state to state. Sheriffs are elected officials who are appointed or hired in. Sheriffs are responsible for all three parts of the criminal justice system. They uphold the county jail, ensure safety within the courts, and may have jurisdiction to enforce laws in the entire county.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have more responsibilities such as transporting prisoners, running crime labs, and collecting taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Texas, the sheriff's office is normally the agency responsible for handling mental health calls. If the situation is dangerous, a sheriff's deputy has the power to take a person to a hospital on a mental health commitment immediately. However, if the situation is not actively dangerous, a warrant must be sought. With the rise in mental health units across the state, the <a href="/wiki/Police_crisis_intervention_team#Texas" title="Police crisis intervention team">Texas CIT Association</a> was formed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commonwealth_of_Virginia">Commonwealth of Virginia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Commonwealth of Virginia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Trump_at_Jamestown_(48415895236).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/President_Trump_at_Jamestown_%2848415895236%29.jpg/220px-President_Trump_at_Jamestown_%2848415895236%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/President_Trump_at_Jamestown_%2848415895236%29.jpg/330px-President_Trump_at_Jamestown_%2848415895236%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/President_Trump_at_Jamestown_%2848415895236%29.jpg/440px-President_Trump_at_Jamestown_%2848415895236%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Police" title="Virginia State Police">Virginia State Police</a> troopers alongside local police officers in <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg, Virginia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Commonwealth of Virginia</a> does not have overlapping county and city jurisdictions, whereas in most other states, municipalities generally fall within (and share jurisdiction and many other governmental responsibilities with) one (or more) county(ies). In Virginia, governmental power flows down from the state (or in Virginia's case, commonwealth) directly to either a county or an independent city. Thus, policing in Virginia is more streamlined: the county sheriff's office/department or county police department does not overlap with an independent city police department. Unincorporated townships remain part of their parent county, but incorporated townships may have town police departments to augment their county law enforcement. Town police departments are often small and may deploy a combination of paid and unpaid, full and part-time law enforcement officers, including auxiliary officers who typically serve as part-time, unpaid volunteers. If present, independent city sheriff's offices usually follow the restrictive model shown above for sheriff's departments, with limited law enforcement authority including warrant service, jail bailiff, etc. Mutual assistance compacts may exist where neighboring law enforcement agencies will assist each other, however, in addition to state (commonwealth) law enforcement resources. Like most states, Virginia also has campus police officers. Under Virginia State Code 23.1-809 and 23.1-810, public and private colleges and universities can maintain their own armed police force and employ sworn campus police officers. These sworn officers have the same authority as local police and are required to complete police academy training mandated by the Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services. Virginia campus police officers have jurisdiction on and immediately around the campus, but police departments may petition to the local circuit court for concurrent jurisdiction with the local police.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipal_(City,_Town,_and_Village)"><span id="Municipal_.28City.2C_Town.2C_and_Village.29"></span>Municipal (City, Town, and Village)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Municipal (City, Town, and Village)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Category:Municipal_police_departments_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Municipal police departments of the United States">Category:Municipal police departments of the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2009-04-06_Scotts_Valley_Chase_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/2009-04-06_Scotts_Valley_Chase_02.jpg/220px-2009-04-06_Scotts_Valley_Chase_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/2009-04-06_Scotts_Valley_Chase_02.jpg/330px-2009-04-06_Scotts_Valley_Chase_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/2009-04-06_Scotts_Valley_Chase_02.jpg/440px-2009-04-06_Scotts_Valley_Chase_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2752" data-file-height="1834" /></a><figcaption>Police officers and sheriff's deputies in <a href="/wiki/Scotts_Valley,_California" title="Scotts Valley, California">Scotts Valley</a>, California arresting a suspect following a <a href="/wiki/Car_chase" title="Car chase">police pursuit</a> in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_local_police_departments_in_the_United_States" title="List of largest local police departments in the United States">Local police</a> range from one-officer agencies (sometimes still called the town <a href="/wiki/Marshal#State_and_local_marshals" title="Marshal">marshals</a>) to the 40,000 person-strong <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department" title="New York City Police Department">New York City Police Department</a>, which has <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department_Counterterrorism_Bureau" title="New York City Police Department Counterterrorism Bureau">its own counterterrorism division</a>. Most city agencies take the form (Municipality Name) Police Department. Most municipalities have their own police departments. </p><p>Metropolitan departments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Metropolitan_Police_Department" title="Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department">Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department</a>, have jurisdiction covering multiple communities and municipalities, often over a wide area, and typically share geographical boundaries within one or more cities or counties. Metropolitan departments have usually been formed by a merger between local agencies, typically several local police departments and often the local sheriff's department or office, in efforts to provide greater efficiency by centralizing command and resources and to resolve jurisdictional problems, often in communities experiencing rapid population growth and <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a>, or in neighboring communities too small to afford individual police departments. Some county sheriff's departments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Sheriff%27s_Department" title="Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department">Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department</a>, are contracted to provide full police services to local cities within their counties. Likewise, in Florida, the Duval County Road Patrol and the Jacksonville Police Department consolidated in 1968 to form the "Office of the Sheriff – Jacksonville Police," commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville_Sheriff%27s_Office" title="Jacksonville Sheriff's Office">Jacksonville Sheriff's Office</a>, policing all of Duval County. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puerto_Rico_Police">Puerto Rico Police</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Puerto Rico Police"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Police" title="Puerto Rico Police">Puerto Rico Police</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico_2019-10-28-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico_2019-10-28-8.jpg/220px-San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico_2019-10-28-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico_2019-10-28-8.jpg/330px-San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico_2019-10-28-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico_2019-10-28-8.jpg/440px-San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico_2019-10-28-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5267" data-file-height="3511" /></a><figcaption>PRPB officers in <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a>, Puerto Rico</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Police_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rico Police Bureau">Puerto Rico Police Bureau</a> (PRPB) traces back to 1837, when Spanish governor Francisco Javier de Moreda y Prieto created La Guardia Civil de Puerto Rico (Puerto Rico Civil Guard) to protect the lives and property of Puerto Ricans who at the time were Spanish subjects, and provide police services to the entire island, even though many municipalities maintained their own police force. The United States invaded and took possession of Puerto Rico in July 1898 as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> and has controlled the island as a US territory since then. The Insular Police of Puerto Rico was created on February 21, 1899, under the command of Colonel Frank Thacher (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">U.S. Marine</a> officer during the Spanish–American War), with an authorized strength of 313 sworn officers. As of 2009, the PRPB had over 17,292 officers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_police_force_or_department">Private police force or department</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Private police force or department"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Private_police_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Private police in the United States">Private police in the United States</a></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency" title="Law enforcement agency">law enforcement agencies</a> may be owned, operated, or otherwise controlled by a private entity (such as a corporation) or is a police agency whose primary function is to provide contract based security services to private entities, and may be considered private police. For example, in Washington, D.C., <a href="/wiki/Special_police" title="Special police">special police</a> officers from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metro_Special_Police_Department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metro Special Police Department (page does not exist)">Metro Special Police Department</a> have full law enforcement authority and contract their services to private organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Private police officers are different from security guards, who generally do not have arrest powers beyond a <a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_arrest" title="Citizen's arrest">citizen's arrest</a> if they have probable cause to do so. Private police officers are generally required to be licensed the same as a regular police officer and have the same powers as a regular law enforcement officer (even if sometimes limited to the properties they are assigned to protect). </p><p>A specific type of private police is <a href="/wiki/Company_police" title="Company police">company police</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Railroad_police" title="Railroad police">railroad police</a>. In some cases, private police are sworn in as government employees to ensure compliance with the law, as in the <a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalamazoo">Kalamazoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>-Charles Services contract, which lasted 3<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> years. Private police services are sometimes called "Subscription-Based Patrol."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest private police forces in the United States are the <a href="/wiki/Railroad_police" title="Railroad police">railroad police</a> employed by the major <a href="/wiki/Class_I_railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Class I railroad">Class I railroads</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bi-State_Police_Departments">Bi-State Police Departments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bi-State Police Departments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delaware_River_Port_Authority_Police_Car.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Delaware_River_Port_Authority_Police_Car.jpg/220px-Delaware_River_Port_Authority_Police_Car.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Delaware_River_Port_Authority_Police_Car.jpg/330px-Delaware_River_Port_Authority_Police_Car.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Delaware_River_Port_Authority_Police_Car.jpg/440px-Delaware_River_Port_Authority_Police_Car.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5712" data-file-height="4284" /></a><figcaption>DRPA police car containing badge reading "Police PA & NJ"</figcaption></figure> <p>A bi-state police department is a state-level police agency that carries full police authority and jurisdiction in two or more states. This is typically done through an <a href="/wiki/Interstate_compact" title="Interstate compact">interstate compact</a> approved by Congress, but some departments have consolidated without Congressional approval.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Town police departments are usually consolidated without Congressional approval. This is done through state and local laws, usually by certifying officers in both states.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Railroad police departments are granted this privilege without interstate compacts thanks to various federal and state laws.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Officers are typically bound to the laws of the jurisdiction(state) that they are currently in. Delmar's enforcement of Maryland's Automated Speed Enforcement Program is an example of this, as it can only be set up on the Maryland side of the town.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some bi-state police departments include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port_Authority_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey_Police_Department" title="Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Police Department">Port Authority of NY/NJ</a> Police Department<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (NY & NJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WMATA" class="mw-redirect" title="WMATA">WMATA</a> Police Department<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (DC, MD, & VA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_River_Port_Authority" title="Delaware River Port Authority">Delaware River Port Authority</a> Police Department<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (PA & NJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_River_and_Bay_Authority" title="Delaware River and Bay Authority">Delaware River and Bay Authority</a> Police Department<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (DE & NJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Metropolitan Transportation Authority">Metropolitan Transportation Authority</a> Police Department<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (NY & CT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEPTA" title="SEPTA">SEPTA</a> Police Department<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (PA, NJ, & DE)</li> <li>Delmar Police Department<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (DE & MD)</li> <li>Texhoma Police Department<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (TX & OK)</li> <li>Ardmore Police Department<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (AL & TN)</li> <li>Union City Police Department<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (IN & OH)</li></ul> <p>Keep in mind that <a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(emergency_services)" title="Mutual aid (emergency services)">mutual aid agreements</a> often give officers/departments from "State A" limited police powers in "State B" & vice versa, even though they aren't certified in both states like bi-state police departments. Twin city departments such as Lookout Mountain, Georgia and Lookout Mountain, Tennessee are examples of this.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Police_functions">Police functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Police functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Florida_Highway_Patrol_in_action.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Florida_Highway_Patrol_in_action.jpg/220px-Florida_Highway_Patrol_in_action.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Florida_Highway_Patrol_in_action.jpg/330px-Florida_Highway_Patrol_in_action.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Florida_Highway_Patrol_in_action.jpg/440px-Florida_Highway_Patrol_in_action.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1769" data-file-height="1041" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Florida_Highway_Patrol" title="Florida Highway Patrol">Florida Highway Patrol</a> trooper and a government worker at the scene of a traffic collision</figcaption></figure> <p>Textbooks and scholars have identified three primary police agency functions. The following is cited from <i>The American System of Criminal Justice</i>, by George F. Cole and Christopher E. Smith, 2004, 10th edition, Wadsworth/Thomson Learning: </p> <dl><dt>Order maintenance</dt> <dd>This is the broad mandate to keep the peace or otherwise prevent behaviors which might disturb others. This can deal with things ranging from a barking dog to a fist-fight. By way of description, Cole and Smith note that police are usually called-on to "handle" these situations with discretion, rather than deal with them as strict violations of law, though of course their authority to deal with these situations is based in violations of law.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Law enforcement</dt> <dd>These powers are typically used only in cases where the law has been violated and a suspect must be identified and apprehended. Most obvious instances include robbery, murder, or burglary. This is the popular notion of the main police function, but the frequency of such activity depends on geography and season.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Service</dt> <dd>Services may include rendering <a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">first aid</a>, providing tourist information, guiding the disoriented, or acting as educators (on topics such as preventing <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">drug use</a>). Cole and Smith cited one study which showed 80% of all calls for police assistance did not involve crimes, but this may not be the case in all parts of the country. Because police agencies are traditionally available year-round, 24 hours a day, citizens call upon police departments not only in times of trouble but also when just inconvenienced. As a result, police services may include roadside auto assistance, providing referrals to other agencies, finding lost pets or property, or checking locks on vacationers' homes.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Styles_of_policing">Styles of policing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Styles of policing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Francisco_Police_Department_Motorcycle-9426.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/San_Francisco_Police_Department_Motorcycle-9426.jpg/220px-San_Francisco_Police_Department_Motorcycle-9426.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/San_Francisco_Police_Department_Motorcycle-9426.jpg/330px-San_Francisco_Police_Department_Motorcycle-9426.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/San_Francisco_Police_Department_Motorcycle-9426.jpg/440px-San_Francisco_Police_Department_Motorcycle-9426.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Police_Department" title="San Francisco Police Department">San Francisco Police Department</a> <a href="/wiki/Police_motorcycle" title="Police motorcycle">motorcycle officer</a> speaking to a civilian</figcaption></figure> <p>Given the broad mandates of police work and the limited resources they have, police administrators must develop policies to prioritize and focus their activities. Some of the more controversial policies restrict, or even forbid, high-speed vehicular pursuits. Researchers Falcone, Wells, & Weisheit describe a historical separation of police models between small towns and larger cities. The distinction has also been defined between rural and urban policing models, which tended to function differently with separate hierarchical systems supporting each.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three styles of policing develop from a jurisdiction's <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">socioeconomic</a> characteristics, government organization, and choice of police administrators. According to a study in a book by <a href="/wiki/James_Q._Wilson" title="James Q. Wilson">James Q. Wilson</a> (<i>Varieties of Police Behavior</i>, 1968, 1978, Harvard University Press), there were three distinct types of policing developed in his study of eight communities. Each style emphasized different police functions and was linked to specific characteristics of the community the department served. </p> <dl><dt>Watchman</dt> <dd>Emphasizes maintaining order, usually found in communities with a declining industrial base, and a blue-collar, mixed ethnic/racial population. This form of policing is implicitly less pro-active than other styles, and certain offenses may be "overlooked" on a variety of social, legal, and cultural grounds as long as public order is maintained. Cole and Smith comment the broad discretion exercised in this style of policing can result in charges of discrimination when it appears police treatment of different groups results in the perception that some groups get better treatment than others.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Legalistic</dt> <dd>Emphasizes law enforcement and professionalism. This is usually found in reform-minded cities, with mixed socioeconomic composition. Officers are expected to generate a large number of arrests and citations and act as if there were a single community standard for conduct, rather than different standards for different groups. However, the fact that certain groups are more likely to have law enforcement contact means this strict enforcement of laws may seem overly harsh on certain groups.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Service</dt> <dd>Emphasizes the service functions of police work, usually found in suburban, middle-class communities where residents demand individual treatment. Police in homogeneous communities can view their work as protecting their citizens against "outsiders", with frequent but often informal interventions against community members. The uniform make-up of the community means crimes are usually more obvious, and therefore less frequent, leaving police free to deal with service functions and traffic control.</dd></dl> <p>Wilson's study applies to police behavior for the entire department over time. At any given time, police officers may be acting in a watchman, service, or legalistic function by the nature of what they are doing at the time, their temperament, or their mood at the time. Individual officers may also be inclined to one style or another, regardless of the supervisor or citizen demands. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Community_policing" title="Community policing">Community policing</a> is a shift in policing practices in the U.S. that moved away from standardization and towards a more preventive model where police actively partner with the community it serves.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_colonial_policing">Early colonial policing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Early colonial policing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PCLEV001-009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/PCLEV001-009.jpg/170px-PCLEV001-009.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/PCLEV001-009.jpg/255px-PCLEV001-009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/PCLEV001-009.jpg/340px-PCLEV001-009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a>, sheriff of <a href="/wiki/Erie_County,_New_York" title="Erie County, New York">Erie County, New York</a> from 1871 to 1872</figcaption></figure> <p>Policing in what would become the United States of America arose from the law enforcement systems in European countries, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Hue_and_cry" title="Hue and cry">ancient English common law system</a>. This relied heavily on citizen volunteers, as well as watch groups, constables, sheriffs, and a conscription system known as <i><a href="/wiki/Posse_comitatus" title="Posse comitatus">posse comitatus</a></i> similar to the <a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_States)" title="Militia (United States)">militia system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An early night watch formed in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> in 1631, and in 1634 the first U.S. constable on record was Joshua Pratt, in the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth Colony</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Constable" title="Constable">Constables</a> were tasked with surveying land, serving warrants, and enforcing punishments.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A rattlewatch was formed in <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a>, later to become New York City, in 1651. The New York rattlewatch "strolled the streets to discourage crime and search for lawbreakers" and also served as town criers. In 1658, they began drawing pay, making them the first municipally funded police organization.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English</a> captured New Amsterdam in 1664, they installed a constable whose duties included keeping the peace, suppressing excessive drinking, gambling, prostitution, and preventing disturbances during church services.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A night watch was formed in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> in 1700.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tr_-_nyc_police_commissioner_1894_-_jacob_riis_bio_-_the_making_of_an_american_-_illustration_named_one_was_sitting_asleep_on_a_buttertub_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Tr_-_nyc_police_commissioner_1894_-_jacob_riis_bio_-_the_making_of_an_american_-_illustration_named_one_was_sitting_asleep_on_a_buttertub_crop.jpg/170px-Tr_-_nyc_police_commissioner_1894_-_jacob_riis_bio_-_the_making_of_an_american_-_illustration_named_one_was_sitting_asleep_on_a_buttertub_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Tr_-_nyc_police_commissioner_1894_-_jacob_riis_bio_-_the_making_of_an_american_-_illustration_named_one_was_sitting_asleep_on_a_buttertub_crop.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> as <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Commissioner" title="New York City Police Commissioner">New York City Police Commissioner</a> with <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Riis" title="Jacob Riis">Jacob Riis</a> in 1894</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Colonies" title="Southern Colonies">Southern Colonies</a>, formal <a href="/wiki/Slave_patrol" title="Slave patrol">slave patrols</a> were created as early as 1704 in <a href="/wiki/Carolinas" title="Carolinas">the Carolinas</a> to prevent slave rebellions and enslaved people from escaping.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1785 the <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a> Guard and Watch had "a distinct <a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">chain of command</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uniform" title="Uniform">uniforms</a>, sole responsibility for policing, salary, <a href="/wiki/Police_action" title="Police action">authorized use of force</a>, and a focus on <a href="/wiki/Crime_prevention" title="Crime prevention">preventing 'crime'</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_modern_policing">Development of modern policing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Development of modern policing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bramble%27s_views_Toledo,_Ohio_-_diamond_anniversary_1837-1912_-_DPLA_-_a4b983d79cfcfaaf7368d108fe048f73_(page_24)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bramble%27s_views_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_diamond_anniversary_1837-1912_-_DPLA_-_a4b983d79cfcfaaf7368d108fe048f73_%28page_24%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Bramble%27s_views_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_diamond_anniversary_1837-1912_-_DPLA_-_a4b983d79cfcfaaf7368d108fe048f73_%28page_24%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bramble%27s_views_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_diamond_anniversary_1837-1912_-_DPLA_-_a4b983d79cfcfaaf7368d108fe048f73_%28page_24%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Bramble%27s_views_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_diamond_anniversary_1837-1912_-_DPLA_-_a4b983d79cfcfaaf7368d108fe048f73_%28page_24%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bramble%27s_views_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_diamond_anniversary_1837-1912_-_DPLA_-_a4b983d79cfcfaaf7368d108fe048f73_%28page_24%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Bramble%27s_views_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_diamond_anniversary_1837-1912_-_DPLA_-_a4b983d79cfcfaaf7368d108fe048f73_%28page_24%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4269" data-file-height="5964" /></a><figcaption>Police in different roles from <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a> as seen in 1912 from "Bramble's views Toledo, Ohio : diamond anniversary 1837–1912"</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern policing began to emerge in the U.S. in the mid-nineteenth century, influenced by the <a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of law enforcement in the United Kingdom">British model of policing</a> established in 1829 based on the <a href="/wiki/Peelian_principles" title="Peelian principles">Peelian principles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first organized, publicly funded professional full-time police services were established in Boston in 1838,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New York in 1844, and Philadelphia in 1854. </p><p>Slave patrols in the south were abolished upon the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolition of slavery</a> in the 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legal tactics of the slave patrols are reflected in the vigilante tactics of the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 19th and early 20th century, there were few specialized units in police departments.<sup id="cite_ref-reiss-1992_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reiss-1992-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1905, the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Police" title="Pennsylvania State Police">Pennsylvania State Police</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/State_police" title="State police">state police</a> agency established in the United States, as recommended by President Theodore Roosevelt's <a href="/wiki/Coal_strike_of_1902#Anthracite_Coal_Strike_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal strike of 1902">Anthracite Strike Commission</a> and Governor <a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._Pennypacker" title="Samuel W. Pennypacker">Samuel Pennypacker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_meeting._San_Francisco,_California.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Street_meeting._San_Francisco%2C_California.jpg/170px-Street_meeting._San_Francisco%2C_California.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Street_meeting._San_Francisco%2C_California.jpg/255px-Street_meeting._San_Francisco%2C_California.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Street_meeting._San_Francisco%2C_California.jpg/340px-Street_meeting._San_Francisco%2C_California.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6811" data-file-height="8519" /></a><figcaption>A San Francisco Police Department officer on duty at an anti-<a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi</a> rally in 1936</figcaption></figure> <p>The advent of the police car, <a href="/wiki/Two-way_radio" title="Two-way radio">two-way radio</a>, and telephone in the early 20th century transformed policing into a reactive strategy that focused on responding to <a href="/wiki/Call_for_service" title="Call for service">calls for service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reiss-1992_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reiss-1992-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1920s, led by <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a> police chief <a href="/wiki/August_Vollmer" title="August Vollmer">August Vollmer</a>, police began to professionalize, adopt new technologies, and place emphasis on training.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this transformation, police command and control became more centralized. <a href="/wiki/O._W._Wilson" title="O. W. Wilson">Orlando Winfield Wilson</a>, a student of Vollmer, helped reduce <a href="/wiki/Police_corruption" title="Police corruption">corruption</a> and introduce professionalism in <a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a>, and later in the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Police_Department" title="Chicago Police Department">Chicago Police Department</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cdlib_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdlib-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strategies employed by O.W. Wilson included rotating officers from community to community to reduce their vulnerability to corruption, establishing a non-partisan police board to help govern the police force, a strict <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/merit" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:merit">merit</a> system for promotions within the department, and an aggressive recruiting drive with higher police salaries to attract professionally qualified officers.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes-1960_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-1960-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite such reforms, police agencies were led by highly autocratic leaders, and there remained a lack of respect between police and the community. During the professionalism era of policing, law enforcement agencies concentrated on dealing with <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felonies</a> and other serious crime, rather than focusing on <a href="/wiki/Crime_prevention" title="Crime prevention">crime prevention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following urban unrest in the 1960s, police placed more emphasis on community relations, and enacted reforms such as increased diversity in hiring. The <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_preventive_patrol_experiment" title="Kansas City preventive patrol experiment">Kansas City Preventive Patrol study</a> in the 1970s found the reactive approach to policing to be ineffective.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cost of policing rapidly expanded during the 1960s. In 1951, American cities spent $82 per person on policing. Adjusting for inflation, police spending increased over 300% by 2016, to $286 per person.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s, many law enforcement agencies began to adopt <a href="/wiki/Community_policing" title="Community policing">community policing</a> strategies, and others adopted <a href="/wiki/Problem-oriented_policing" title="Problem-oriented policing">problem-oriented policing</a>. In the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/CompStat" title="CompStat">CompStat</a> was developed by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Police_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Police Department">New York Police Department</a> as an information-based system for tracking and <a href="/wiki/Crime_mapping" title="Crime mapping">mapping</a> crime patterns and trends, and holding police accountable for dealing with crime problems. CompStat, and other forms of information-led policing, have since been replicated in police departments across the United States.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Powers_of_officers">Powers of officers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Powers of officers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STREET_ARREST_FOR_DRINKING_COMPLAINT_-_NARA_-_546658.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/STREET_ARREST_FOR_DRINKING_COMPLAINT_-_NARA_-_546658.jpg/220px-STREET_ARREST_FOR_DRINKING_COMPLAINT_-_NARA_-_546658.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/STREET_ARREST_FOR_DRINKING_COMPLAINT_-_NARA_-_546658.jpg/330px-STREET_ARREST_FOR_DRINKING_COMPLAINT_-_NARA_-_546658.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/STREET_ARREST_FOR_DRINKING_COMPLAINT_-_NARA_-_546658.jpg/440px-STREET_ARREST_FOR_DRINKING_COMPLAINT_-_NARA_-_546658.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2020" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Department_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia">Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia</a> officers arresting a man for <a href="/wiki/Public_intoxication" title="Public intoxication">public intoxication</a> in 1974</figcaption></figure> <p>Law enforcement officers are granted certain powers to enable them to carry out their duties. When there exists <a href="/wiki/Probable_cause" title="Probable cause">probable cause</a> to believe that a person has committed a <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">serious crime</a>, a misdemeanor in their presence, or a select-few misdemeanors not in their presence, a law enforcement officer can <a href="/wiki/Handcuffs" title="Handcuffs">handcuff</a> and arrest a person, who will be held in a police station or <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">jail</a> pending a judicial bail determination or an <a href="/wiki/Arraignment" title="Arraignment">arraignment</a>. </p><p>In 2010, the FBI estimated that law enforcement agencies made 13,120,947 arrests (excluding traffic violations). Of those persons arrested, 74.5% were male and 69.4 percent of all persons arrested were white, 28.0 percent were black, and the remaining 2.6 percent were of other races.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A law enforcement officer may briefly detain a person upon <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_suspicion" title="Reasonable suspicion">reasonable suspicion</a> of involvement in a crime but short of <a href="/wiki/Probable_cause" title="Probable cause">probable cause</a> to arrest. Merely lawfully detaining a person—in and of itself—does not deprive a person of their Fourth Amendment right against unlawful searches. Federal, state, and local laws, and individual law enforcement departmental policies govern when, where, how, and upon whom a law enforcement officer may perform a "pat down," "protective search," or "Terry frisk," based on several U.S. Supreme Court decisions (including <i><a href="/wiki/Terry_v._Ohio" title="Terry v. Ohio">Terry v. Ohio</a></i> (1968), <i><a href="/wiki/Michigan_v._Long" title="Michigan v. Long">Michigan v. Long</a></i> (1983), and <i><a href="/wiki/Maryland_v._Buie" title="Maryland v. Buie">Maryland v. Buie</a></i> (1990)):<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <i>Terry v. Ohio</i>, the landmark decision introducing the term "Terry frisk", or "frisk", to the broader public (italics added): </p> <blockquote><p>Our evaluation of the proper balance that has to be struck in this type of case leads us to conclude that there must be a narrowly drawn authority to permit a reasonable search for weapons for the protection of the police officer, <i>where he has reason to believe that he is dealing with an armed and dangerous individual</i>, regardless of whether he has probable cause to arrest the individual for a crime. The officer need not be absolutely certain that the individual is armed; the issue is <i>whether a reasonably prudent man in the circumstances would be warranted in the belief that his safety or that of others was in danger</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Occupy_Chicago_protestors_(13).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Occupy_Chicago_protestors_%2813%29.jpg/220px-Occupy_Chicago_protestors_%2813%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Occupy_Chicago_protestors_%2813%29.jpg/330px-Occupy_Chicago_protestors_%2813%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Occupy_Chicago_protestors_%2813%29.jpg/440px-Occupy_Chicago_protestors_%2813%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Police_Department" title="Chicago Police Department">Chicago Police Department</a> officer in front of protestors during a protest over the <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Trayvon_Martin" title="Killing of Trayvon Martin">killing of Trayvon Martin</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Occupy_Chicago" title="Occupy Chicago">Occupy Chicago</a>, in 2012</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deadly_force_and_death_in_custody">Deadly force and death in custody</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Deadly force and death in custody"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Police_use_of_deadly_force_in_the_United_States" title="Police use of deadly force in the United States">Police use of deadly force in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_killings_by_law_enforcement_officers_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States">List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Death_in_custody#United_States" title="Death in custody">Death in custody § United States</a></div> <p>In most states, law enforcement officers operate under the same self-defense laws as the general public.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Generally, when the first responder or a member of the public is at risk of serious bodily injury and/or death, lethal force is justified.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Most law enforcement agencies establish a <a href="/wiki/Use_of_force_continuum" title="Use of force continuum">use of force continuum</a> and list deadly force as a force of last resort. With this model, agencies try to control excessive uses of force. Nonetheless, some question the number of killings by law enforcement officers, including killings of people who are unarmed, raising questions about alleged widespread and ongoing excessive use of force.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other non-fatal incidents and arrests have raised similar concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The racial distribution of victims of US police <a href="/wiki/Deadly_force" title="Deadly force">lethal force</a> is not proportionate to the racial distribution of the US population.<sup id="cite_ref-LF_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LF-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whites account for the largest <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">racial group</a> of deaths, but are under-represented, accounting for 45% of police killings (and 60% of the population). Blacks are over-represented, accounting for 24% of police killings (and 13% of the population). <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanics</a> are proportionately represented, accounting for 17% of police killings (and 18% of the population). Others (including <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a>, Native American, and others) are under-represented, accounting for 4% of police killings (and 8% of the population).<sup id="cite_ref-LF_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LF-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2021 study published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a></i> found that over 30,000 people have died by police violence in the United States from 1980 to 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Militarization_of_police">Militarization of police</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Militarization of police"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Militarization_of_police#United_States" title="Militarization of police">Militarization of police § United States</a></div> <p>The militarization of both rural and urban law enforcement has been attributed to the United States' involvement in wars during the 20th century, although some attribute the militarization to the more recent campaigns on <a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">drugs</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">terror</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Beard" title="Charles A. Beard">Charles Beard</a> argued that cultural change during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> encouraged the militarization of law enforcement,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas Harwood argues that the creation of <a href="/wiki/Special_Response_Team" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Response Team">Special Response Teams</a> and tactical units within law enforcement during the 1960s began such a trend.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Beginning in the 1990s, the use of military equipment and tactics for community policing and for public order policing has become more widespread under the <a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Support_Office" title="Law Enforcement Support Office">1033 program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program prompted discussion among lawmakers in 2014 after unrest in <a href="/wiki/Ferguson,_Missouri" title="Ferguson, Missouri">Ferguson</a>, Missouri.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a> introduced restrictions in 2015 on the transfer of surplus military equipment to police. In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a> administration announced it would reinstate the program.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="No-knock_warrants">No-knock warrants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: No-knock warrants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/No-knock_warrant" title="No-knock warrant">No-knock warrant</a></div> <p>The use of <a href="/wiki/No-knock_warrant" title="No-knock warrant">no-knock warrants</a> has become widespread and controversial. Their use has led to misconduct, unlawful arrests, and deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qualified_immunity">Qualified immunity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Qualified immunity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Qualified_immunity" title="Qualified immunity">Qualified immunity</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> first introduced the <a href="/wiki/Qualified_immunity" title="Qualified immunity">qualified immunity</a> doctrine in 1967, originally with the rationale of protecting law enforcement officials from frivolous lawsuits and financial liability in cases where they acted in good faith in unclear legal situations.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cops_who_kill_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cops_who_kill-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting around 2005, courts increasingly applied the doctrine to cases involving the use of <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality_in_the_United_States" title="Police brutality in the United States">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Police_use_of_deadly_force_in_the_United_States" title="Police use of deadly force in the United States">deadly force</a> by police, leading to widespread criticism that it, in the words of a 2020 <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> report, "has become a nearly failsafe tool to let police brutality go unpunished and deny victims their constitutional rights".<sup id="cite_ref-:12_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warren_v._District_of_Columbia"><i>Warren v. District of Columbia</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Warren v. District of Columbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Warren_v._District_of_Columbia" title="Warren v. District of Columbia">Warren v. District of Columbia</a></div> <p>In the 1981 case <i><a href="/wiki/Warren_v._District_of_Columbia" title="Warren v. District of Columbia">Warren v. District of Columbia</a></i>, the ultimate ruling was that United States law did not require law enforcement officers to protect the general population, that ordinary citizens could not be classified as persons requiring special protection, and the officers had no legal <a href="/wiki/Duty_to_rescue" title="Duty to rescue">duty to protect</a>. </p><p>This and other cases have been used to establish legal precedents in many jurisdictions across the United States. Such precedents are often used to protect law enforcement officers and organizations from being charged with inaction during riots or mass shootings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_asset_forfeiture">Civil asset forfeiture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Civil asset forfeiture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Civil_forfeiture_in_the_United_States" title="Civil forfeiture in the United States">Civil forfeiture in the United States</a></div> <p>Rules on <a href="/wiki/Civil_forfeiture_in_the_United_States" title="Civil forfeiture in the United States">civil asset forfeiture</a> allow law enforcement officers to seize anything which they can plausibly claim was the proceeds of a crime. The property-owner need not be convicted of that crime; if officers find drugs in a house, they can take cash from the house and possibly the house itself. Commentators have said these rules provide an incentive for law enforcement officers to focus on drug-related crimes rather than crimes against persons, such as rape and homicide. They also provide an incentive to arrest suspected drug-dealers inside their houses, which can be seized, and to raid stash houses after most of their drugs have been sold, when officers can seize the cash.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist1_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist1-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Issues_with_recruitment">Issues with recruitment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Issues with recruitment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gypsy_cop" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsy cop">Gypsy cop</a></div> <p>Despite safeguards around recruitment, some police departments have at times relaxed hiring and staffing policies, sometimes in violation of the law, most often in the cases of local departments and federally funded drug task forces facing staffing shortages, attrition, and needs to quickly fill positions. This has included at times the fielding (and sometimes the arming) of uncertified officers (who may be working temporarily in what is supposed to be a provisional limited-duty status prior to certification) and the hiring of itinerant "gypsy cops", who may have histories of poor performance or misconduct in other departments.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racial_profiling">Racial profiling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Racial profiling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling_in_the_United_States" title="Racial profiling in the United States">Racial profiling in the United States</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racial_profiling_in_the_United_States&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling_in_the_United_States" title="Racial profiling in the United States">Racial profiling</a> by law enforcement at the local, state, and federal levels, leads to discrimination against people in the <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_Americans" title="Latin Americans">Latino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_Americans" title="Arab Americans">Arab</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">Muslim</a> communities of the United States. Examples of <a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">racial profiling</a> are the use of race to determine which drivers to stop for minor traffic violations (commonly referred to as 'driving while black, Asian, Native American, Middle Eastern, Hispanic, or brown'), or the use of race to determine which pedestrians to search for illegal contraband. Besides such disproportionate searching of <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> and members of other minority groups, other examples of racial profiling by law enforcement in the U.S. include the Trump-era <a href="/wiki/China_Initiative" title="China Initiative">China Initiative</a> following racial profiling against Chinese American scientists;<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the targeting of <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino Americans</a> in the investigation of <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal immigration</a>; and the focus on <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern peoples">Middle Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asians" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asians">South Asians</a> present in the country in screenings for ties to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a>. These suspicions may be held on the basis of belief that members of a target racial group commit crimes at a higher rate than that of other racial groups.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fundraising_Scam">Fundraising Scam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Fundraising Scam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On August 13, 2023, <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> released a limited documentary series entitled <a href="/wiki/Telemarketers_(TV_series)" title="Telemarketers (TV series)"><i>Telemarketers</i></a>, which stars two office employees turned gonzo-journalists, Patrick J Pespas and Sam Lipman-Stern, as they reveal a billion dollar donation scam perpetrated against the American public by the largest police union in America, The Fraternal Order of Police.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_concerns">Other concerns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Other concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The procedural use of <a href="/wiki/Strip_search" title="Strip search">strip searches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Body_cavity_search" title="Body cavity search">cavity searches</a> by law enforcement has raised <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The practice of taking an arrested person on a <a href="/wiki/Perp_walk" title="Perp walk">perp walk</a>, often handcuffed, through a public place at some point after the arrest, creating an opportunity for the media to take photographs and video of the event, has also raised concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department" title="New York City Police Department">New York City Police Department</a> came under scrutiny in 2012 for its use of a <a href="/wiki/Stop-and-frisk_in_New_York_City" title="Stop-and-frisk in New York City">stop-and-frisk</a> program.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misconduct_cases">Misconduct cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Misconduct cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Police_misconduct#United_States" title="Police misconduct">Police misconduct § United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality_in_the_United_States" title="Police brutality in the United States">Police brutality in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_riots_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Police riots in the United States">Police riots in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_perjury#United_States" title="Police perjury">Police perjury § United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_corruption#United_States" title="Police corruption">Police corruption § United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blue_wall_of_silence" title="Blue wall of silence">Blue wall of silence</a></div> <p>Over the past decades, police departments across the country have been affected by instances of misconduct and brutality. Some prominent examples include the following: </p> <ul><li>1960s: The 1960s marked the height of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a>, and much police misconduct came from protests that often turned violent. There were also planned attacks against police stemming directly from the force that was being used by the police against the protesters. President Lyndon Johnson created the Office of Law Enforcement Assistance in 1965. From that, much was done on the federal and local level, such as enhanced training for police personnel. Police officers at that time were often made up of ex-military members who had little training and were left to learn their skills during their job experiences. Law enforcement personnel were also responsible to attend college as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1965: The <a href="/wiki/Watts_riots" title="Watts riots">Watts riots</a> of 1965 lasted six days and began following the arrest of Marquette Frye by a white <a href="/wiki/California_Highway_Patrol" title="California Highway Patrol">California Highway Patrol</a> officer on suspicion of driving while intoxicated. 34 people were killed, and more than 1,000 were injured. The riots also caused over $40 million in damage.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1985: On May 13, 1985, nearly five hundred police officers <a href="/wiki/1985_MOVE_bombing" title="1985 MOVE bombing">attempted to clear</a> the MOVE black liberation group compound in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. After a shootout between police and MOVE members involving automatic weapons and over 10,000 rounds fired, Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Gregore_J._Sambor" title="Gregore J. Sambor">Gregore Sambor</a> ordered that the compound be bombed. Two one-pound bombs made of FBI-supplied <a href="/wiki/Tovex" title="Tovex">Tovex</a> were dropped from a police helicopter targeting a fortified, bunker-like cubicle on the roof of the house. The resulting explosions ignited a fire from fuel for a gasoline-powered generator stored in the rooftop bunker. The fire spread and eventually destroyed approximately sixty-five nearby houses. Eleven people, including five children aged 7 to 13, died in the resulting fire.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>1991: In March 1991, Officers from the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department" title="Los Angeles Police Department">Los Angeles Police Department</a>, while attempting to arrest <a href="/wiki/Rodney_King" title="Rodney King">Rodney King</a>, used what many believed was excessive force. Four LAPD officers used physical force on King after he resisted arrest. A bystander videotaped the incident and later supplied it to local media. The officers were charged with assault and using excessive force, with all officers acquitted of the assault, and three of the four officers acquitted of using excessive of force, during the initial trial. This led to the citywide <a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots">1992 Los Angeles riots</a>, during which 63 people were killed and 2,373 were injured; it ended only after the <a href="/wiki/California_Army_National_Guard" title="California Army National Guard">California Army National Guard</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> provided reinforcements to re-establish control.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Sean_Bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting of Sean Bell">Sean Bell</a> was fatally shot on the night before his wedding. It was reported that the police had shot over 50 times at Bell and two of his friends that he was with.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Michael_Brown" title="Killing of Michael Brown">Michael Brown</a> was shot by a police officer after struggling with the officer and attempting to take the officer's gun. His death prompted citywide riots and protests that lasted approximately 5 days.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Philando_Castile" title="Killing of Philando Castile">Philando Castile</a> was shot by a police officer. Due to the rise of social media and cell phones, it is now easy for people to broadcast police use of force incidents that they see. The trend started with Rodney King and has grown since. In this case, Castile's girlfriend live-streamed his death on Facebook. The video gained approximately 3.2 million views by the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd" title="Murder of George Floyd">George Floyd was murdered</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Police_Department" title="Minneapolis Police Department">Minneapolis Police Department</a> officer in an arrest filmed and uploaded on social media. Officer <a href="/wiki/Derek_Chauvin" title="Derek Chauvin">Derek Chauvin</a> spent over nine minutes with his knee on Floyd's neck, asphyxiating him, despite pleas from onlookers to stop. The incident sparked <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">protests and riots across the United States</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accountability">Accountability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Accountability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Police_accountability#United_States" title="Police accountability">Police accountability § United States</a></div><p>Special commissions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Knapp_Commission" title="Knapp Commission">Knapp Commission</a> in New York City during the 1970s, have been used to bring about changes in law enforcement agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-2005-Walker-PoliceAccountability_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2005-Walker-PoliceAccountability-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> Civilian review boards (permanent external oversight agencies) have also been used as a means for improving police accountability. Review boards tend to focus on individual complaints, rather than broader organizational issues that may result in long-term improvements.<sup id="cite_ref-2005-Walker-PoliceAccountability_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2005-Walker-PoliceAccountability-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 37">: 37 </span></sup> </p><p>The 1994 <a href="/wiki/Violent_Crime_Control_and_Law_Enforcement_Act" title="Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act">Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act</a> authorized the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a>'s <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_Civil_Rights_Division" title="United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division">Civil Rights Division</a> to bring <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)" title="Civil law (common law)">civil</a> ("pattern or practice") suits against local law enforcement agencies, to rein in abuses and hold them accountable.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, numerous departments have entered into <a href="/wiki/Consent_decree" title="Consent decree">consent decrees</a> or <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding" title="Memorandum of understanding">memoranda of understanding</a>, requiring them to make organizational reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-2005-Walker-PoliceAccountability_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2005-Walker-PoliceAccountability-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> This approach shifts focus from individual officers to placing focus on police organizations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cost_of_Police_Misconduct_Act">Cost of Police Misconduct Act</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Cost of Police Misconduct Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cost of Police Misconduct Act (H.R.8908) is a bill introduced to the House on December 9, 2020, by Rep. <a href="/wiki/Don_Beyer" title="Don Beyer">Don Beyer</a>, proposed while incoming chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congressional_Joint_Economic_Committee" title="United States Congressional Joint Economic Committee">United States Congressional Joint Economic Committee</a>, which seeks to create "a publicly accessible federal database that would track police misconduct allegations and settlements at both the state and federal levels".<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Police_reform">Police reform</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Police reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Police_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Police reform in the United States">Police reform in the United States</a></div> <p>There have been many initiatives for <a href="/wiki/Police_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Police reform in the United States">police reform in the United States</a>, notably since the 1960s, under President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a>, and several more recent efforts. In the 21st century, reforms based on community dialogue, legal requirements and updating of police training are growing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Nonetheless, instances of misconduct and brutality have continued to occur.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd" title="Murder of George Floyd">murder of George Floyd</a> at the hands of a police officer, <a href="/wiki/List_of_police_reforms_related_to_the_George_Floyd_protests" title="List of police reforms related to the George Floyd protests">a number of reforms were implemented</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calls_for_abolition">Calls for abolition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Calls for abolition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Police_abolition_movement" title="Police abolition movement">Police abolition movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graffiti_Abolish_the_police,_George_Floyd_protest,_Minneapolis,_MN,_June,_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Graffiti_Abolish_the_police%2C_George_Floyd_protest%2C_Minneapolis%2C_MN%2C_June%2C_2020.jpg/220px-Graffiti_Abolish_the_police%2C_George_Floyd_protest%2C_Minneapolis%2C_MN%2C_June%2C_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Graffiti_Abolish_the_police%2C_George_Floyd_protest%2C_Minneapolis%2C_MN%2C_June%2C_2020.jpg/330px-Graffiti_Abolish_the_police%2C_George_Floyd_protest%2C_Minneapolis%2C_MN%2C_June%2C_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Graffiti_Abolish_the_police%2C_George_Floyd_protest%2C_Minneapolis%2C_MN%2C_June%2C_2020.jpg/440px-Graffiti_Abolish_the_police%2C_George_Floyd_protest%2C_Minneapolis%2C_MN%2C_June%2C_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1197" /></a><figcaption>"Abolish the police" graffiti in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, Minnesota</figcaption></figure> <p>While police resentment and calls for abolition of the police have existed in the United States for over a century, police abolition became more popular in 2014 following the killing of <a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Michael_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting of Michael Brown">Michael Brown</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ferguson_unrest" title="Ferguson unrest">Ferguson unrest</a>, with national attention being drawn to issues surrounding policing.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The roots of police abolition stem from (and are often linked to) the <a href="/wiki/Prison_abolition_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Prison abolition movement">prison abolition movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Authors and activists such as <a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Ruth Wilson Gilmore</a>, who are best known for their prison abolition work, have integrated police abolition into their work when advocating against the carceral system of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the summer of 2016, Chicago had a multitude of abolitionist actions and protests in response to the deaths of Michael Brown and <a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Paul_O%27Neal" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting of Paul O'Neal">Paul O'Neal</a>, among others. This included the occupation of an empty lot across from a <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Police_Department" title="Chicago Police Department">Chicago Police Department</a> property, naming it "Freedom Square", as an experiment of a world without police.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, sociologist <a href="/wiki/Alex_S._Vitale" title="Alex S. Vitale">Alex S. Vitale</a> authored <i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Policing" title="The End of Policing">The End of Policing</a></i>, calling for police abolition as opposed to reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Police abolition spiked in popularity following the <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd" title="Murder of George Floyd">murder of George Floyd</a> by Minneapolis Police officer <a href="/wiki/Derek_Chauvin" title="Derek Chauvin">Derek Chauvin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A super-majority of the Minneapolis City Council (9 of 12 council members) pledged in June 2020 to dismantle the Minneapolis Police Department.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Minneapolis Police Department's funding was ultimately restored to its original levels after a public ballot measure "to remove the Police Department and replace it..." (<i>City Question 2 – Department of Public Safety</i>) was rejected by voters.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entry_qualifications">Entry qualifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Entry qualifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nearly all U.S. states and the federal government have by law adopted minimum-standard standardized training requirements for all officers with powers of arrest within the state. Many standards apply to in-service <a href="/wiki/Training" title="Training">training</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Entry-level_job" title="Entry-level job">entry-level</a> training, particularly in the use of <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a>, with periodic re-certification required. These standards often comply with standards promoted by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">US Department of Justice</a> and typically require a thorough <a href="/wiki/Background_check" title="Background check">background check</a> that potential police recruits must take. </p><p>A typical set of criteria dictates that they must:<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (February 2020)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Be a <a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">United States citizen</a> (waived in certain agencies if the applicant is a lawful resident);</li> <li>Have a <a href="/wiki/High_school_diploma" title="High school diploma">high school diploma</a> or a <a href="/wiki/General_Educational_Development" title="General Educational Development">GED</a> and if necessary a <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">college degree</a> or served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States military</a> without a <a href="/wiki/Military_discharge" title="Military discharge">dishonorable discharge</a>;</li> <li>Be in good medical, physical, and psychological condition;</li> <li>Maintain a clean <a href="/wiki/Criminal_record" title="Criminal record">criminal record</a> without either serious or repeated <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">misdemeanor</a> or any <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a> convictions;</li> <li>Have a valid <a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_licenses_in_the_United_States" title="Driver's licenses in the United States">driver's license</a> that is not currently nor has a history of being suspended or revoked;</li> <li>Be of <a href="/wiki/Good_moral_character" title="Good moral character">high moral character</a>;</li> <li>Not have a history of prior <a href="/wiki/Narcotic" title="Narcotic">narcotic</a> or repeated <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">marijuana</a> use or alcoholism;</li> <li>Not have a history of ethical, professional, prior employment, motor vehicle, educational, or financial improprieties;</li> <li>Not have a history of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental illness</a>;</li> <li>Not pose a safety and security risk;</li> <li>Be legally eligible to own and carry a firearm.</li></ul> <p>Repeated interviews, written tests, medical examinations, physical fitness tests, comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Background_check" title="Background check">background investigations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fingerprint" title="Fingerprint">fingerprinting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">drug testing</a>, a police oral board interview, a <a href="/wiki/Polygraph" title="Polygraph">polygraph</a> examination, and a consultation with a psychologist are common practices used to review the suitability of candidates. Recruiting in most departments is competitive, with more suitable and desirable candidates accepted over lesser ones, and failure to meet some minimum standards disqualifying a candidate entirely. Police oral boards are the most subjective part of the process and often disqualifies the biggest portion of qualified candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Departments maintain records of past applicants under review, and refer to them in the case of either reapplication or requests between other agencies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training">Training</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Police_officer_certification_and_licensure_in_the_United_States" title="Police officer certification and licensure in the United States">Police officer certification and licensure in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Police_academy#United_States" title="Police academy">Police academy § United States</a></div> <p>Police academies exist in every state and also at the federal level. Policing in the United States is highly fragmented,<sup id="cite_ref-Magers_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magers-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there are no national minimum standards for licensing police officers in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-Cox_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cox-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers say police are given far more training on use of firearms than on de-escalating provocative situations.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On average, US officers spend around 21 weeks training before they are qualified to go on patrol, which is far less than in most other developed countries.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CFR_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFR-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar European training programs can last more than three years.<sup id="cite_ref-CFR_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFR-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CBP_female_officers_going_aboard_a_ship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/CBP_female_officers_going_aboard_a_ship.jpg/220px-CBP_female_officers_going_aboard_a_ship.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/CBP_female_officers_going_aboard_a_ship.jpg/330px-CBP_female_officers_going_aboard_a_ship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/CBP_female_officers_going_aboard_a_ship.jpg/440px-CBP_female_officers_going_aboard_a_ship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2704" data-file-height="4064" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/CBP_Office_of_Field_Operations" title="CBP Office of Field Operations">CBP Office of Field Operations</a> officers boarding a ship in the US and Canada. </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OTB_Salinas070.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/OTB_Salinas070.jpg/220px-OTB_Salinas070.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/OTB_Salinas070.jpg/330px-OTB_Salinas070.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/OTB_Salinas070.jpg/440px-OTB_Salinas070.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">U.S. Marshals</a> and local police using a variety of equipment to conduct a gang arrest in <a href="/wiki/Salinas,_California" title="Salinas, California">Salinas, California</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vehicles">Vehicles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Police_vehicles_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Police vehicles in the United States and Canada">Police vehicles in the United States and Canada</a></div><p>Police use a wide range of vehicles in their duties. Police vehicles are used for patrol, responses, and pursuits, and generally carry much of an officer's equipment, including communication devices and tools. Police vehicles in the United States have traditionally been <a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">sedans</a> produced by the <a href="/wiki/Big_Three_(automobile_manufacturers)" title="Big Three (automobile manufacturers)">Big Three</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stellantis" title="Stellantis">Stellantis</a>), though <a href="/wiki/SUV" title="SUV">SUVs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)" title="Crossover (automobile)">crossovers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">pickup trucks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Station_wagon" title="Station wagon">station wagons</a>, and a wide variety of other vehicles have seen use among police departments historically and presently, in both standard and specialized roles. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Firearms">Firearms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Firearms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All police officers in the United States carry firearms while on duty and usually carry a handgun at minimum. Many are also required to be armed off-duty, and are often required to have a concealable off-duty handgun. Among the most common sidearms are models produced by <a href="/wiki/Glock" title="Glock">Glock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smith_%26_Wesson" title="Smith & Wesson">Smith & Wesson</a>, <a href="/wiki/SIG_Sauer" title="SIG Sauer">SIG Sauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beretta" title="Beretta">Beretta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch" title="Heckler & Koch">Heckler & Koch</a>, usually in <a href="/wiki/9%C3%9719mm_Parabellum" title="9×19mm Parabellum">9mm</a>, <a href="/wiki/.40_S%26W" title=".40 S&W">.40 S&W</a>, <a href="/wiki/.357_SIG" title=".357 SIG">.357 SIG</a>, or <a href="/wiki/.45_ACP" title=".45 ACP">.45 ACP</a>. </p><p>Until the late 1980s and early 1990s, most American police officers carried <a href="/wiki/Revolver" title="Revolver">revolvers</a>, typically in <a href="/wiki/.38_Special" title=".38 Special">.38 Special</a> or <a href="/wiki/.357_Magnum" title=".357 Magnum">.357 Magnum</a> calibers, as their primary duty weapons. At the time, <a href="/wiki/Smith_%26_Wesson" title="Smith & Wesson">Smith & Wesson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colt%27s_Manufacturing_Company" title="Colt's Manufacturing Company">Colt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sturm,_Ruger_%26_Co." title="Sturm, Ruger & Co.">Ruger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taurus_(manufacturer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taurus (manufacturer)">Taurus</a> models were popular with police officers, the most popular being .38 caliber revolvers produced by Smith & Wesson or Colt. Since then, most agencies have switched to <a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_pistol" title="Semi-automatic pistol">semi-automatic pistols</a> due to their higher <a href="/wiki/Stopping_power" title="Stopping power">stopping power</a>, higher <a href="/wiki/Rate_of_fire" title="Rate of fire">rate of fire</a>, and greater <a href="/wiki/Magazine_(firearms)" title="Magazine (firearms)">magazine</a> capacity. Historic events influencing the switch to pistols by police included the 1980 <a href="/wiki/Norco_shootout" title="Norco shootout">Norco shootout</a>, the 1986 <a href="/wiki/1986_FBI_Miami_shootout" title="1986 FBI Miami shootout">FBI Miami shootout</a>, and the 1997 <a href="/wiki/North_Hollywood_shootout" title="North Hollywood shootout">North Hollywood shootout</a>. </p><p>Some police departments allow qualified officers to carry shotguns, <a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_rifle" title="Semi-automatic rifle">semi-automatic rifles</a>, or (very rarely) <a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">submachine guns</a> in their vehicles for additional firepower. These are typically intended to be used when their use would be necessary or ideal compared to handguns, such as when confronting an armed or armored suspect, or when a handgun would not provide the range, accuracy, or rate of fire required for the situation, such as when engaging a suspect from a distance or in <a href="/wiki/Close-quarters_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Close-quarters combat">close-quarters combat</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Less-lethal_weapons">Less-lethal weapons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Less-lethal weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Non-lethal_weapon#Police" title="Non-lethal weapon">Non-lethal weapon § Police</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baton">Baton</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Baton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Police officers often carry an <a href="/wiki/Club_(weapon)" title="Club (weapon)">impact weapon</a>—a <a href="/wiki/Baton_(law_enforcement)" title="Baton (law enforcement)">baton</a>, also known as a nightstick. The common nightstick and the side handle baton have been replaced in many departments by collapsible batons such as the <a href="/wiki/ASP_baton" class="mw-redirect" title="ASP baton">ASP baton</a>, though some departments continue to use them either as an option or out of tradition, such as the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Police_Department" title="Baltimore Police Department">Baltimore Police Department</a>'s wooden <a href="/wiki/Espantoon" title="Espantoon">espantoon</a> batons. One advantage of the collapsible baton is that the wearer can comfortably sit in a patrol vehicle while still wearing the baton on their duty belt. The side handle nightstick usually has to be removed before entering the vehicle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taser">Taser</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Taser"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Police officers often carry an <a href="/wiki/Electroshock_weapon" title="Electroshock weapon">electroshock weapon</a> known as a <a href="/wiki/Taser" title="Taser">Taser</a>. The handheld electroshock weapon was designed to incapacitate a single person from a distance by using electric current to disrupt voluntary control of muscles. An individual struck by a Taser experiences stimulation of their sensory nerves and motor nerves, resulting in strong involuntary muscle contractions. Tasers do not rely only on <a href="/wiki/Pain_compliance" title="Pain compliance">pain compliance</a>, except when used in <a href="/wiki/Taser#Drive_Stun_capability" title="Taser">drive stun mode</a>, and are thus preferred by some law enforcement over non-Taser stun guns and other electroshock weapons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chemical_Agents">Chemical Agents</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Chemical Agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pepper_spray" title="Pepper spray">Pepper spray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mace_(spray)" title="Mace (spray)">Mace</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_Non-lethal_Weapons">Other Non-lethal Weapons</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Other Non-lethal Weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bean_bag_round" title="Bean bag round">Beanbag</a> shotgun <a href="/wiki/Non-lethal_weapon#Ammunition" title="Non-lethal weapon">round</a></li> <li>40mm Less-Lethal Launcher: Similar to the beanbag shotgun round, the device "fires a 40mm hard foam or sponge projectile."<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>BolaWrap: A "remote restraint system" that fires a "tether towards an individual" to wrap around and immobilize them.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialized_weapons">Specialized weapons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Specialized weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/SWAT" title="SWAT">SWAT</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_SWAT_Teams_at_Fort_Hood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_SWAT_Teams_at_Fort_Hood.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_SWAT_Teams_at_Fort_Hood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_SWAT_Teams_at_Fort_Hood.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_SWAT_Teams_at_Fort_Hood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_SWAT_Teams_at_Fort_Hood.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_SWAT_Teams_at_Fort_Hood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption>A SWAT unit approaching the scene of the <a href="/wiki/2009_Fort_Hood_shooting" title="2009 Fort Hood shooting">2009 Fort Hood shooting</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most large police departments maintain <a href="/wiki/SWAT" title="SWAT">special weapons and tactics</a> (SWAT) units, <a href="/wiki/Police_tactical_unit" title="Police tactical unit">police tactical units</a> trained and equipped to handle situations such as barricaded suspects, hostage situations, terrorist attacks, and high-risk warrants that require greater force, specialized equipment, and special tactics that are unavailable to regular police officers. These units usually have <a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">submachine guns</a>, automatic <a href="/wiki/Carbine" title="Carbine">carbines</a> or rifles, semiautomatic or pump-action <a href="/wiki/Combat_shotgun" title="Combat shotgun">combat shotguns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sniper_rifle" title="Sniper rifle">sniper rifles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stun_grenade" title="Stun grenade">stun grenades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoke_grenade" title="Smoke grenade">smoke grenades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_shield" title="Ballistic shield">ballistic shields</a>, <a href="/wiki/Door_breaching" title="Door breaching">door breaching</a> tools, and other specialized weapons and equipment at their disposal. Some SWAT units are equipped with dedicated <a href="/wiki/SWAT_vehicle" title="SWAT vehicle">SWAT armored vehicles</a>, trucks modified for police operations, or retired <a href="/wiki/Military_vehicle" title="Military vehicle">military vehicles</a> acquired from the <a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Support_Office" title="Law Enforcement Support Office">Law Enforcement Support Office</a>. Others are capable of handling other non-combat-related tasks, such as the NYPD's <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department_Emergency_Service_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Police Department Emergency Service Unit">Emergency Service Unit</a>, which is capable of conducting <a href="/wiki/Rescue" title="Rescue">rescue</a> operations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armor_and_vests">Armor and vests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Armor and vests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Uniformed police officers often wear <a href="/wiki/Body_armor" title="Body armor">body armor</a>, typically in the form of a lightweight Level IIA, II or IIIA vest that can be inconspicuously worn under uniforms, though some departments allow vests to be worn above uniforms with rigs and pouches installed to replace the typical <a href="/wiki/Police_duty_belt" title="Police duty belt">duty belt</a>. Lightweight level IIA, II or IIIa vests are generally capable of stopping most handgun rounds. SWAT teams typically wear heavier Level III or IV tactical armored vests, often with steel or ceramic trauma plates, comparable to those worn by U.S. military personnel engaged in ground operations. Level III or IV vests are more capable of protecting officers from rifle rounds. Officers trained in <a href="/wiki/Bomb_disposal" title="Bomb disposal">bomb disposal</a> wear <a href="/wiki/Bomb_suit" title="Bomb suit">bomb suits</a> designed to protect them from the effects of an explosion when working around live ordnance. Local <a href="/wiki/Police_foundation" title="Police foundation">police foundations</a> have also initiated programs to provide law enforcement agencies with higher level vests that provide greater protection and vests for <a href="/wiki/Police_dog" title="Police dog">police dogs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Body-worn_camera">Body-worn camera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Body-worn camera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Police_body_camera" title="Police body camera">Police body camera</a></div> <p>Multiple states, such as California, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, among others, have pending body-worn camera legislation that requires its police officers to be equipped with body-worn cameras when the officers are on duty.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Body-worn cameras are video recording devices around three inches long that cost between $129 and $900.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are different body-worn camera models, but a standard body-worn camera includes an on and off switch that enables the image capturing technology to record and store data in the cloud. </p><p>Body-worn cameras have become standard due to the rise of complaints about police brutality across the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporters argue that the use of a body-worn camera allows evidence to be viewed from an unbiased perspective. Body-worn camera models are being developed that are intended to resolve the technology's limitations, such as better audio capturing technology and battery life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drones">Drones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Drones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Use_of_UAVs_in_law_enforcement" title="Use of UAVs in law enforcement">Use of UAVs in law enforcement</a></div> <p>In recent years police have recruited unmanned surveillance devices such as small throwable robotics and flying drones to conduct reconnaissance in dangerous locations. These devices can be used to identify the presence of a hostage, locate and/or identify subjects, and reveal the layout of a room. The devices do all this by transmitting real-time audio and video to the pilot,<sup id="cite_ref-robots_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robots-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> giving police an advantage when they cannot directly see a suspect or enter a location where they are needed.<sup id="cite_ref-GovernmentIT_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GovernmentIT-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some other uses for this device may be bomb detection, crash investigations, as well as searching suspicious vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flying drones are also being enlisted to help police in dangerous situations such as a barricaded suspect or a hostage situation. These drones increase safety by providing information that can be used in mapping and planning.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These devices equipped with cameras allow officers to get a bird's eye view of a scene in an emergency,<sup id="cite_ref-GovernmentIT_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GovernmentIT-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowing responders to safely get much closer to a scene than they could if they went in on foot.<sup id="cite_ref-GovernmentIT_132-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GovernmentIT-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vehicle_Pursuit_Tools">Vehicle Pursuit Tools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Vehicle Pursuit Tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spike_strip" title="Spike strip">Spike strips</a></li> <li>Grappler: "The Grappler is a device that uses a heavy-duty nylon net deployed from the front of a pursuing police vehicle, and the net wraps around the rear tire of the suspect vehicle, Bringing a pursuit to a controlled stop."<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarChase" title="StarChase">StarChase</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communication_and_Information">Communication and Information</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Communication and Information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio_Systems">Radio Systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Radio Systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Police_radio#United_States" title="Police radio">Police radio § United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Police_code" title="Police code">Police code</a></div> <p>Law enforcement in the United States uses a variety of <a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a>, or digital <a href="/wiki/Trunked_radio_system" title="Trunked radio system">trunked radio</a> transceivers mounted in their vehicles, with individual officers carrying portable handsets or ear-worn headsets for communication when away from their vehicles. Frequencies, channels, equipment, and radio usage procedures vary by jurisdiction. </p><p>Some agencies have implemented encrypted radio systems which prevent the general public from listening in to their communications with <a href="/wiki/Radio_scanner" title="Radio scanner">radio scanners</a>. The decision to use encrypted radios may be compelled onto the agency in some situations, while others adopt encryption voluntarily.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="911,_Dispatchers,_CAD_and_MDC's"><span id="911.2C_Dispatchers.2C_CAD_and_MDC.27s"></span>911, Dispatchers, CAD and MDC's</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: 911, Dispatchers, CAD and MDC's"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dispatcher#Emergency_dispatchers" title="Dispatcher">Dispatcher § Emergency dispatchers</a>, <a href="/wiki/911_(emergency_telephone_number)" title="911 (emergency telephone number)">911 (emergency telephone number)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_911" title="Enhanced 911">Enhanced 911</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_9-1-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Next Generation 9-1-1">Next Generation 9-1-1</a></div> <p>Depending on the organization and structure of emergency service agencies in the jurisdiction where a 911 call is made, the call may be answered at a <a href="/wiki/Public_safety_answering_point" title="Public safety answering point">public safety answering point</a> that is located in a local police, county sheriff/police, state police/highway patrol, fire department, or emergency medical service agency dispatching facility; alternatively, some agencies or municipalities have combined their resources and personnel into dedicated or joint answering facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once a call is received and the relevant information is collected, a dispatcher will dispatch the call by recording the incident information into a <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_dispatch" title="Computer-aided dispatch">computer-aided dispatch</a> (CAD) and broadcasting the call over a dispatch radio channel (specific procedures vary by jurisdiction). Officers may have access to a <a href="/wiki/Mobile_data_terminal" title="Mobile data terminal">mobile data terminal (MDT) or mobile digital computer (MDC)</a> which allows them to interface with the CAD as well as search for other information such as looking up license plates.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some CAD programs include a record management system (RMS) which is a type of program used to write and store police reports and incident notes.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Interoperability#Public_safety" title="Interoperability">Interoperability § Public safety</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_Incident_Management_System" title="National Incident Management System">National Incident Management System</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Law_Enforcement_Telecommunications_System_(NLETS)"><span id="National_Law_Enforcement_Telecommunications_System_.28NLETS.29"></span>National Law Enforcement Telecommunications System (NLETS)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: National Law Enforcement Telecommunications System (NLETS)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A variety of national, regional, state, and local information systems are available to law enforcement agencies in the U.S., with different purposes and types of information. One example is the National Law Enforcement Telecommunications System (NLETS),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an interstate justice and public safety network owned by the states supporting inquiry into state systems for criminal history, driver's license and motor vehicle registration, as well as supporting inquiry into federal systems, such as the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) <a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a> (ICE) Law Enforcement Support Center, the <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a> (DEA) National Drug Pointer Index (NDPIX), and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> (FAA) Aircraft Registry and the Government of Canada's <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Police_Information_Centre" title="Canadian Police Information Centre">Canadian Police Information Centre</a> (CPIC).<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NLETS operates primarily through a secure private network through which each state has an interface to the network that all agencies within the state operate through. The federal and international components operate very similarly. Users include all U.S. states and territories, some federal agencies, and certain international agencies. The primary operational site for the network is housed in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, with a secure backup site located in the East Central U.S. </p><p>Through the NLETS network, law enforcement and criminal justice agencies can access a wide range of information, from standard driver license and vehicle queries to criminal history and <a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a> information.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Operations consist of nearly 1.5 billion transactions a year to over one million PC, mobile, and handheld devices in the U.S. and Canada at 45,000 user agencies, and to 1.3 million individual users.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collection_and_dissemination_of_information">Collection and dissemination of information</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Collection and dissemination of information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Criminal_records_in_the_United_States" title="Criminal records in the United States">Criminal records in the United States</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a> along with similar state-level legislation such as the <a href="/wiki/California_Public_Records_Act" title="California Public Records Act">California Public Records Act</a> places a variety of information possessed by the government, including law enforcement, into the public domain and makes it available for request.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agencies collect, report, and publish a variety of statistical data, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Incident-Based_Reporting_System" title="National Incident-Based Reporting System">National Incident-Based Reporting System</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Crime_Reports" title="Uniform Crime Reports">Uniform Crime Reports</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generally, aside from <a href="/wiki/Expungement_in_the_United_States" title="Expungement in the United States">expunged</a>, <a href="/wiki/Record_sealing" title="Record sealing">sealed</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">juvenile</a>-related cases, arrest records are <a href="/wiki/Public_records" title="Public records">public records</a>. </p><p>Depending on local, state, or federal laws, (as well as agency policy) law enforcement agencies may be required to notify the public of certain types of criminal incidents. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Clery_Act" title="Clery Act">Clery Act</a> requires <a href="/wiki/Clery_Act#Timely_warnings" title="Clery Act">timely warnings</a> to be published in the event of certain types of offences. Another example is California Assembly Bill No. 748 which "requires agencies to release any 'recording that relates to a critical incident,' or law enforcement shooting."<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Public safety agencies, as well as municipal governments, sometimes use notification systems that the public can voluntarily enroll in to receive alerts or notices for public safety or law enforcement related incidents.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Other methods of emergency information dissemination used by law enforcement include <a href="/wiki/Amber_alert" title="Amber alert">Amber alerts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver_Alert" title="Silver Alert">Silver Alerts</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System" title="Emergency Alert System">Emergency Alert System</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Police_population">Police population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Police population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LAPD_Staples_Center_Officers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/LAPD_Staples_Center_Officers.jpg/220px-LAPD_Staples_Center_Officers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/LAPD_Staples_Center_Officers.jpg/330px-LAPD_Staples_Center_Officers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/LAPD_Staples_Center_Officers.jpg/440px-LAPD_Staples_Center_Officers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3770" data-file-height="2191" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department" title="Los Angeles Police Department">Los Angeles Police Department</a> officers at the <a href="/wiki/Crypto.com_Arena" title="Crypto.com Arena">Crypto.com Arena (Formerly Staples Center)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2008, federal police agencies employed approximately 120,000 full-time law enforcement officers, authorized to make arrests and carry firearms in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov.federal_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov.federal-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2008 <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Justice_Statistics" title="Bureau of Justice Statistics">Bureau of Justice Statistics</a>' Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies (CSLLEA), found there were 17,985 state and local law enforcement agencies employing at least one full-time officer or the equivalent in part-time officers.<sup id="cite_ref-bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, state and local law enforcement agencies employed more than 1.1 million people on a full-time basis, including about 765,000 sworn personnel (defined as those with general arrest powers). Agencies also employed approximately 100,000 part-time employees, including 44,000 sworn officers.<sup id="cite_ref-bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 2004 to 2008, overall full-time employment by state and local law enforcement agencies nationwide increased by about 57,000 (or 5.3%). Sworn personnel increased by about 33,000 (4.6%), and nonsworn employees by about 24,000 (6.9%). From 2004 to 2008, the number of full-time sworn personnel per 100,000 U.S. residents increased from 250 to 251.<sup id="cite_ref-bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov_161-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1992 to 2008, the growth rate for support personnel was more than double that of sworn personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local police departments were the largest employer of sworn personnel, accounting for 60% of the total. Sheriffs' offices were next, accounting for 24%. About half (49%) of all agencies employed fewer than 10 full-time officers. Nearly two-thirds (64%) of sworn personnel worked for agencies that employed 100 or more officers.<sup id="cite_ref-bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov_161-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, the FBI estimated that approximately 1,003,270 law enforcement personnel were employed nationwide and distributed across more than 13,250 agencies. Of those, 697,195 were sworn officers, with 306,075 civilian employees. According to <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Crime_Reports" title="Uniform Crime Reports">FBI UCR's</a> the total number of agencies (including federal agencies) in the United States dropped from 19,071 to 18,794 (excluding 277 federal agencies).<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Law enforcement has historically been a male-dominated profession. There are approximately 18,000 law enforcement agencies at federal, state, and local level, with more than 1.1 million employees.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are around 12,000 local law enforcement agencies, the most numerous of the three types.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2013 survey, the Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics found that 72.8% of local police officers were white. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_people_in_American_law_enforcement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black people in American law enforcement (page does not exist)">Black or African American were 12.2%</a> (the black population in the United States is roughly 13%) and Latino or Hispanic are 11.6%. Women made up 17% of full-time sworn officers.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_164-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women, Asian, and Hispanic officers are significantly under-represented in police forces. Many law enforcement agencies are attempting to hire a diversity of recruits to better represent their communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_164-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changes_in_personnel_numbers">Changes in personnel numbers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Changes in personnel numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fifteen of the 50 largest local police departments employed fewer full-time sworn personnel in 2008 than in 2004. The largest declines were in Detroit (36%), <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a> (23%), <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> (13%), and San Francisco (10%).<sup id="cite_ref-bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov_161-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ten of the 50 largest local police departments reported double-digit increases in sworn personnel from 2004 to 2008. The largest increases were in <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a> (19%), <a href="/wiki/Prince_George%27s_County,_Maryland" title="Prince George's County, Maryland">Prince George's County (Maryland)</a> (17%), <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a> (15%), and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a> (14%).<sup id="cite_ref-bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov_161-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salary">Salary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Salary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Salary varies widely for police officers, with most being among the top third of wage-earners, age 25 or older, nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-U.S._Census_Bureau_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U.S._Census_Bureau-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The median annual wage for criminal investigators was $86,940 and $65,540 for patrol officers, in May 2020. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $38,420, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $146,000.<sup id="cite_ref-U.S._Department_of_Labor_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U.S._Department_of_Labor-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The median wages for police and detective occupations in May 2020 were as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-U.S._Department_of_Labor_166-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U.S._Department_of_Labor-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>$86,940 for detectives and criminal investigators</li> <li>$72,580 for transit and railroad police</li> <li>$65,540 for police and sheriff's patrol officers</li> <li>$58,040 for fish and game wardens</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deaths">Deaths</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Deaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marines,_police_officers_pay_final_respects_to_fallen_hero_DVIDS445105.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Marines%2C_police_officers_pay_final_respects_to_fallen_hero_DVIDS445105.jpg/220px-Marines%2C_police_officers_pay_final_respects_to_fallen_hero_DVIDS445105.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Marines%2C_police_officers_pay_final_respects_to_fallen_hero_DVIDS445105.jpg/330px-Marines%2C_police_officers_pay_final_respects_to_fallen_hero_DVIDS445105.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Marines%2C_police_officers_pay_final_respects_to_fallen_hero_DVIDS445105.jpg/440px-Marines%2C_police_officers_pay_final_respects_to_fallen_hero_DVIDS445105.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Police_Department" title="San Diego Police Department">San Diego Police Department</a> officers and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">U.S. Marines</a> carrying the coffin of an officer killed in the line of duty in 2011</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FACE-LEO-Struck-infographic-VFa-508_revised.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="This is an infographic that offers safety recommendations to prevent struck-by incidents." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/FACE-LEO-Struck-infographic-VFa-508_revised.pdf/page1-220px-FACE-LEO-Struck-infographic-VFa-508_revised.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/FACE-LEO-Struck-infographic-VFa-508_revised.pdf/page1-330px-FACE-LEO-Struck-infographic-VFa-508_revised.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/FACE-LEO-Struck-infographic-VFa-508_revised.pdf/page1-440px-FACE-LEO-Struck-infographic-VFa-508_revised.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1275" /></a><figcaption>An infographic intended for police officers and firemen outlining how to avoid being struck by passing cars at roadside incidents</figcaption></figure> <p>The main cause of death to law enforcement officers are roadway related incidents. This includes both crashes and struck-by incidents. Between the years of 2011 and 2020, there were a total of 1,387 officer line-of-duty deaths excluding COVID-19 related deaths. Of these deaths, 286 officers died because of crashes or 21% of total deaths. In addition, 114 officers died because of struck-by incidents or 8% of total deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 2005 and 2019, over 200 law enforcement officers died because of struck-by incidents.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These deaths account for 24% of motor vehicle-related officer deaths. This can occur in many situations, but commonly occurs at traffic stops when officers are in or near roadways. </p><p>According to 2017 FBI figures and stated above, the majority of officer deaths on the job were the result of accidents rather than homicides. Civilians faced a homicide rate of 5.6 per 100,000, while police faced a homicide rate of 3 per 100,000.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout 2021, 262 officers have died from various medical conditions, the two leading causes were contracting <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19</a> (242) and heart attack (17), with 1 death associated with responding to the September 11 attacks. As of December 2021, line-of-duty officer deaths totaled 126 (felonious and accidental).<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Officer_Down_Memorial_Page" title="Officer Down Memorial Page">Officer Down Memorial Page</a> (ODMP) has tracked approximately 26,237 officers who have died in the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_duty_death" title="Line of duty death">line of duty</a> in the United States since 1776.<sup id="cite_ref-ODMP_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODMP-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A memorial is also hosted in Washington, DC, by the National Law Enforcement Officers Museum of the <a href="/wiki/National_Law_Enforcement_Officers_Memorial" title="National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial">National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund</a> (NLEOMF).<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since January 1, 2022, authorized agencies are able to submit suicide information for their officers, based on the Law Enforcement Suicide Data Collection Act, enacted by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> in June 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Police_officer_certification_and_licensure_in_the_United_States" title="Police officer certification and licensure in the United States">Police officer certification and licensure in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_ranks_of_the_United_States" title="Police ranks of the United States">Police ranks of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_uniforms_in_the_United_States" title="Police uniforms in the United States">Police uniforms in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality_in_the_United_States" title="Police brutality in the United States">Police brutality in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_the_District_of_Columbia" title="List of law enforcement agencies in the District of Columbia">List of law enforcement agencies in the District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unarmed_African_Americans_killed_by_law_enforcement_officers_in_the_United_States" title="List of unarmed African Americans killed by law enforcement officers in the United States">List of unarmed African Americans killed by law enforcement officers in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">List of U.S. state and local law enforcement agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_academy#United_States" title="Police academy">Police academies in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_patrol" title="Slave patrol">Slave patrol</a></li></ul> <p><b>Related:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">Incarceration in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism in the United States</a></li></ul> <p><b>General:</b> </p> <ul><li>Police</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2020Federal-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2020Federal_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://www.up.com/aboutup/community/safety/special_agents/index.htm">https://www.up.com/aboutup/community/safety/special_agents/index.htm</a> Retrieved September 23, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.delmarpolice.com/automated_speed_enforcement.htm">https://www.delmarpolice.com/automated_speed_enforcement.htm</a> Retrieved October 7, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.panynj.gov/police/en/about.html">https://www.panynj.gov/police/en/about.html</a> Retrieved September 23, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.wmata.com/about/transit-police/about.cfm">https://www.wmata.com/about/transit-police/about.cfm</a> Retrieved September 23, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.drpa.org/police/index.html">https://www.drpa.org/police/index.html</a> Retrieved September 23, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.drba.net/about-drba-police">https://www.drba.net/about-drba-police</a> Retrieved September 23, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.mtapba.com//about/about-us">https://www.mtapba.com//about/about-us</a> Retrieved September 23, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://wwww.septa.org/safety/security/">https://wwww.septa.org/safety/security/</a> Retrieved September 23, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.delmarpolice.com/history.htm">https://www.delmarpolice.com/history.htm</a> Retrieved September 23, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Departments police cars, uniform patches, & badges include Oklahoma & Texas flags combined <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.facebook.com/share/tHzd1zm2YatY6m4X/?mibextid=ox5AEW">https://www.facebook.com/share/tHzd1zm2YatY6m4X/?mibextid=ox5AEW</a> Retrieved September 23, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"serving two states and four counties" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.facebook.com/ArdmoreALTNPD">https://www.facebook.com/ArdmoreALTNPD</a> Retrieved September 29, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> both towns have the same officers on their websites. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://villageofunioncityohio.org/person-category/police-department/">https://villageofunioncityohio.org/person-category/police-department/</a> November 4, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://unioncity-in.com/police-department">https://unioncity-in.com/police-department</a> Retrieved November 4, 2024. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.lookoutmtn.us/police___fire/index.php">https://www.lookoutmtn.us/police___fire/index.php</a> Retrieved September 29, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Falcone, David N., Edward L. Wells, and Ralph A. Weisheit. "The Small-Town Police Department." Policing 25.2 (2002): 371–85. ProQuest Criminal Justice Periodicals Index. Web. September 25, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatten2010" class="citation book cs1">Batten, Ed. Donna (2010). <i>"Community-Oriented Policing." Gale Encyclopedia of American Law</i> (3 ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2021</span>. <q>Beyer and Kaine's Cost of Police Misconduct Act would require all law enforcement agencies that receive federal funds to report every judgment or settlement along with the type of misconduct, the internal personnel action taken against the officer, the source of money used to pay a judgment or settlement, and the total amount spent on such payments including bond interest and other fees.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Congress+to+consider+bill+requiring+police+to+report+their+misconduct+settlements&rft.date=2021-03-05&rft.aulast=Jackman&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnation%2F2021%2F03%2F05%2Fpolice-misconduct-reporting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReppetto,_Thomas_A.2010" class="citation book cs1">Reppetto, Thomas A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=How+Much+Do+We+Need+The+Police%3F&rft.date=2020-06-03&rft.aulast=Donnella&rft.aufirst=Leah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fcodeswitch%2F2020%2F06%2F03%2F457251670%2Fhow-much-do-we-need-the-police&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel2020" class="citation news cs1">Siegel, Zachary (June 4, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/society/alex-vitale-defund-police-interview/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Starve the Beast': A Q&A With Alex S. Vitale on Defunding the Police"</a>. <i>The Nation</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8378">0027-8378</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Sage. p. 702. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761926498" title="Special:BookSources/978-0761926498"><bdi>978-0761926498</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+law+enforcement&rft.pages=702&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0761926498&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL145DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuarez" class="citation book cs1">Suarez, Jonathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CqhiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA357"><i>Police Officer Exam</i></a>. 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state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Law_enforcement_agencies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Law enforcement agencies of the United States by state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Law_enforcement_agencies_of_the_United_States_by_state" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">Law enforcement agencies of the United States by state</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Law enforcement in the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Alabama" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Alaska" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Arizona" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Arkansas" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_California" title="List of law enforcement agencies in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Colorado" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Connecticut" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Delaware" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Florida" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Georgia" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Hawaii" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Idaho" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Illinois" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Indiana" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Iowa" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Kansas" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Kentucky" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Louisiana" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Maine" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Maryland" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Massachusetts" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Michigan" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Minnesota" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Mississippi" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Missouri" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Montana" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Nebraska" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Nevada" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_New_Hampshire" title="List of law enforcement agencies in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_New_Jersey" title="List of law enforcement agencies in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_New_Mexico" title="List of law enforcement agencies in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_New_York_(state)" title="List of law enforcement agencies in New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_North_Carolina" title="List of law enforcement agencies in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_North_Dakota" title="List of law enforcement agencies in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Ohio" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Oklahoma" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Oregon" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Rhode_Island" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_South_Carolina" title="List of law enforcement agencies in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_South_Dakota" title="List of law enforcement agencies in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Tennessee" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Texas" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Utah" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Vermont" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Virginia" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Washington_(state)" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_West_Virginia" title="List of law enforcement agencies in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Wisconsin" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Wyoming" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_the_District_of_Columbia" title="List of law enforcement agencies in the District of Columbia">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Law_enforcement_in_the_World" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_topic" title="Template:World topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_topic" title="Template talk:World topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Law_enforcement_in_the_World" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_World&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in the World (page does not exist)">Law enforcement in the World</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Afghanistan" title="Law enforcement in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Albania" title="Law enforcement in Albania">Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Algeria" title="Law enforcement in Algeria">Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Andorra">Andorra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Angola" title="Law enforcement in Angola">Angola</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Argentina" title="Law enforcement in Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Armenia">Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Australia" title="Law enforcement in Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Austria" title="Law enforcement in Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Azerbaijan" title="Law enforcement in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bangladesh" title="Law enforcement in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Barbados">Barbados</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Belarus" title="Law enforcement in Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Belgium" title="Law enforcement in Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Belize">Belize</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Benin" title="Law enforcement in Benin">Benin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bhutan" title="Law enforcement in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bolivia" title="Law enforcement in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Law enforcement in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Botswana">Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Brazil" title="Law enforcement in Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Brunei">Brunei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bulgaria" title="Law enforcement in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Law enforcement in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Burundi" title="Law enforcement in Burundi">Burundi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Cambodia" title="Law enforcement in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Cameroon" title="Law enforcement in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Cape_Verde" title="Law enforcement in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Law enforcement in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Chad" title="Law enforcement in Chad">Chad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Chile">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China" title="Law enforcement in China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Colombia">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Croatia" title="Law enforcement in Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Law enforcement in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Law enforcement in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Denmark" title="Law enforcement in Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Djibouti" title="Law enforcement in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in East Timor">East Timor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Eritrea" title="Law enforcement in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Eswatini" title="Law enforcement in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Ethiopia" title="Law enforcement in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Fiji" title="Law enforcement in Fiji">Fiji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Finland" title="Law enforcement in Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_France" title="Law enforcement in France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Gabon" title="Law enforcement in Gabon">Gabon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Law enforcement in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Germany" title="Law enforcement in Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Ghana" title="Law enforcement in Ghana">Ghana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Grenada">Grenada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Guatemala" title="Law enforcement in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Haiti" title="Law enforcement in Haiti">Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Honduras" title="Law enforcement in Honduras">Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Hungary" title="Law enforcement in Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Iceland">Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_India" title="Law enforcement in India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Indonesia" title="Law enforcement in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Iraq" title="Law enforcement in Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Law enforcement in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Japan" title="Law enforcement in Japan">Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Jordan" title="Law enforcement in Jordan">Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Kazakhstan" title="Law enforcement in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Kenya" title="Law enforcement in Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Kiribati" title="Law enforcement in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Law enforcement in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Laos">Laos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Latvia" title="Law enforcement in Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Liberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Liberia">Liberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Madagascar" title="Law enforcement in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Malaysia" title="Law enforcement in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Maldives">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mali" title="Law enforcement in Mali">Mali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Malta">Malta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Law enforcement in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mauritania" title="Law enforcement in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mauritius" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mexico" title="Law enforcement in Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Moldova">Moldova</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Monaco">Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mongolia" title="Law enforcement in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Morocco">Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Namibia">Namibia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Nauru" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Nauru">Nauru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Nepal" title="Law enforcement in Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Nicaragua" title="Law enforcement in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Niger" title="Law enforcement in Niger">Niger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_North_Korea" title="Law enforcement in North Korea">North Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Oman">Oman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Pakistan" title="Law enforcement in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Palau" title="Law enforcement in Palau">Palau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Palestine">Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Panama" title="Law enforcement in Panama">Panama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Paraguay" title="Law enforcement in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Peru" title="Law enforcement in Peru">Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Poland" title="Law enforcement in Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Portugal" title="Law enforcement in Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Qatar" title="Law enforcement in Qatar">Qatar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Law enforcement in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Romania">Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Russia" title="Law enforcement in Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Rwanda" title="Law enforcement in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Samoa">Samoa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_San_Marino" title="Law enforcement in San Marino">San Marino</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Senegal">Senegal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Serbia">Serbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Singapore" title="Law enforcement in Singapore">Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Slovakia" title="Law enforcement in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Somalia">Somalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_South_Africa" title="Law enforcement in South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_South_Korea" title="Law enforcement in South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Spain" title="Law enforcement in Spain">Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Law enforcement in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Sudan" title="Law enforcement in Sudan">Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Suriname" title="Law enforcement in Suriname">Suriname</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Sweden" title="Law enforcement in Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Switzerland" title="Law enforcement in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Syria" title="Law enforcement in Syria">Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Taiwan" title="Law enforcement in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Tajikistan" title="Law enforcement in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Tanzania" title="Law enforcement in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Togo" title="Law enforcement in Togo">Togo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkey" title="Law enforcement in Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkmenistan" title="Law enforcement in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Uganda">Uganda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Law enforcement in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law enforcement in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Uzbekistan" title="Law enforcement in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Venezuela" title="Law enforcement in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Vietnam" title="Law enforcement in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Yemen" title="Law enforcement in Yemen">Yemen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Highway_patrol/state_police_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Highway_patrol_and_state_police_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Highway patrol and state police in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Highway_patrol_and_state_police_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Highway patrol and state police in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Highway_patrol_and_state_police_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Highway patrol and state police in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Highway_patrol/state_police_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">Highway patrol/state police in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Law enforcement in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Highway_patrol" title="Highway patrol">Highway patrol</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Highway_Patrol" title="Alabama Highway Patrol">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_State_Troopers" title="Alaska State Troopers">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Department_of_Public_Safety" title="Arizona Department of Public Safety">Arizona</a></li> <li>Arkansas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Highway_Police" title="Arkansas Highway Police">Highway Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_State_Police" title="Arkansas State Police">State Police</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Highway_Patrol" title="California Highway Patrol">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_State_Patrol" title="Colorado State Patrol">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_State_Police" title="Connecticut State Police">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_State_Police" title="Delaware State Police">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Highway_Patrol" title="Florida Highway Patrol">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_Patrol" title="Georgia State Patrol">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Department_of_Law_Enforcement" title="Hawaii Department of Law Enforcement">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_State_Police" title="Idaho State Police">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_State_Police" title="Illinois State Police">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_State_Police" title="Indiana State Police">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_Patrol" title="Iowa State Patrol">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Highway_Patrol" title="Kansas Highway Patrol">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_State_Police" title="Kentucky State Police">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Police" title="Louisiana State Police">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_State_Police" title="Maine State Police">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_State_Police" title="Maryland State Police">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_State_Police" title="Massachusetts State Police">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_Police" title="Michigan State Police">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_State_Patrol" title="Minnesota State Patrol">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Highway_Patrol" title="Mississippi Highway Patrol">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_State_Highway_Patrol" title="Missouri State Highway Patrol">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Highway_Patrol" title="Montana Highway Patrol">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_State_Patrol" title="Nebraska State Patrol">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_State_Police" title="Nevada State Police">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_State_Police" title="New Hampshire State Police">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Police" title="New Jersey State Police">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Police" title="New Mexico State Police">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Police" title="New York State Police">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_State_Highway_Patrol" title="North Carolina State Highway Patrol">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Highway_Patrol" title="North Dakota Highway Patrol">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_Highway_Patrol" title="Ohio State Highway Patrol">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Highway_Patrol" title="Oklahoma Highway Patrol">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_State_Police" title="Oregon State Police">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Police" title="Pennsylvania State Police">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_State_Police" title="Rhode Island State Police">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_Patrol" title="South Carolina Highway Patrol">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_Patrol" title="South Dakota Highway Patrol">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Highway_Patrol" title="Tennessee Highway Patrol">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Highway_Patrol" title="Texas Highway Patrol">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Highway_Patrol" title="Utah Highway Patrol">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_State_Police" title="Vermont State Police">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Police" title="Virginia State Police">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Patrol" title="Washington State Patrol">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_State_Police" title="West Virginia State Police">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Patrol" title="Wisconsin State Patrol">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Highway_Patrol" title="Wyoming Highway Patrol">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Department_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Department_of_Public_Safety" title="American Samoa Department of Public Safety">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam_Police_Department" title="Guam Police Department">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Police_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rico Police Department">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands_Police_Department" title="United States Virgin Islands Police Department">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Law_enforcement_in_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Americas_topic" title="Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Americas_topic" title="Template talk:Americas topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Americas_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Law_enforcement_in_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Law enforcement in the Americas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in the Americas">Sovereign<br />states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Argentina" title="Law enforcement in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bolivia" title="Law enforcement in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Brazil" title="Law enforcement in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Guatemala" title="Law enforcement in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Guyana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Guyana (page does not exist)">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Haiti" title="Law enforcement in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Honduras" title="Law enforcement in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mexico" title="Law enforcement in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Nicaragua" title="Law enforcement in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Panama" title="Law enforcement in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Paraguay" title="Law enforcement in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Peru" title="Law enforcement in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Suriname" title="Law enforcement in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Venezuela" title="Law enforcement in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Anguilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Cayman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Falkland_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_French_Guiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in French Guiana (page does not exist)">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Greenland" title="Law enforcement in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Law enforcement in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Saba_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Law enforcement in Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Sint_Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_North_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in North America (page does not exist)">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Central_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Central America (page does not exist)">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in the Caribbean (page does not exist)">Caribbean</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in South America (page does not exist)">South America</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Police_forces_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Police" title="Template:Police"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Police" title="Template talk:Police"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Police" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Police"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Police_forces_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">Police</a> forces by country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_police" title="Algerian police">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_Police_Service" title="Botswana Police Service">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Burundi" title="Law enforcement in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Cape_Verde" title="Law enforcement in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_of_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police of Comoros (page does not exist)">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_National_Police" title="Congolese National Police">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_National_Police" title="Egyptian National Police">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_of_Equatorial_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police of Equatorial Guinea (page does not exist)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Police_Force" title="Eritrean Police Force">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Eswatini" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia_Police_Force" title="The Gambia Police Force">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Police_Service" title="Ghana Police Service">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_of_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police of Guinea (page does not exist)">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_of_Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police of Guinea-Bissau (page does not exist)">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_of_Ivory_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police of Ivory Coast (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Police" title="Kenya Police">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho_Mounted_Police_Service" title="Lesotho Mounted Police Service">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_National_Police" title="Liberian National Police">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_of_Libya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police of Libya (page does not exist)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Madagascar"> Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi_Police_Service" title="Malawi Police Service">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mali" title="Law enforcement in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_Police_Force" title="Mauritius Police Force">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BBret%C3%A9_Nationale_(Morocco)" title="Sûreté Nationale (Morocco)">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_of_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police of Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Police_Force" title="Namibian Police Force">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Niger" title="National Police of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria_Police_Force" title="Nigeria Police Force">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda_National_Police" title="Rwanda National Police">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police of São Tomé and Príncipe (page does not exist)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_of_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police of Seychelles (page does not exist)">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Police" title="Sierra Leone Police">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Police_Force" title="Somali Police Force">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Police_Service" title="South African Police Service">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_Police_Service" title="South Sudan Police Service">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_of_Tanzania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police of Tanzania (page does not exist)">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_of_Tunisia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police of Tunisia (page does not exist)">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_National_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda National Police">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_of_Zambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police of Zambia (page does not exist)">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Republic_Police" title="Zimbabwe Republic Police">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Police_Force_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Royal Police Force of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Federal_Police" title="Argentine Federal Police">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bahamas_Police_Force" title="Royal Bahamas Police Force">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Barbados_Police_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Barbados Police Force">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize_Police_Department" title="Belize Police Department">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bolivia" title="Law enforcement in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Brazil" title="Law enforcement in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carabineros_de_Chile" title="Carabineros de Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Colombia" title="National Police of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Forces_of_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Forces of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_National_Police" title="Dominican Republic National Police">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Ecuador" title="National Police of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Police_(El_Salvador)" title="National Civil Police (El Salvador)">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Greenland" title="Law enforcement in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Grenada_Police_Force" title="Royal Grenada Police Force">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Guatemala" title="Law enforcement in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Guyana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Guyana (page does not exist)">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_National_Police" title="Haitian National Police">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Honduras" title="Law enforcement in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Constabulary_Force" title="Jamaica Constabulary Force">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_(Mexico)" title="Federal Police (Mexico)">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Nicaragua" title="National Police of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_National_Police" title="Panamanian National Police">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Paraguay" title="Law enforcement in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Peru" title="National Police of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_St_Christopher_and_Nevis_Police_Force" title="Royal St Christopher and Nevis Police Force">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Saint_Lucia_Police_Force" title="Royal Saint Lucia Police Force">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines_Police_Force" title="Royal Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Suriname" title="Law enforcement in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Police_Service" title="Trinidad and Tobago Police Service">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Uruguay" title="National Police of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polic%C3%ADa_Nacional_Bolivariana" class="mw-redirect" title="Policía Nacional Bolivariana">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia and Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_National_Police" title="Afghan National Police">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Security_Forces" title="Public Security Forces">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Police" title="Bangladesh Police">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bhutan_Police" title="Royal Bhutan Police">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Brunei_Police_Force" title="Royal Brunei Police Force">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Police_Force" title="Myanmar Police Force">Burma (Myanmar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Cambodia" title="Law enforcement in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Police of the People's Republic of China">PR China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force" title="Hong Kong Police Force">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Security_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau Security Force">Macau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Police_Service" title="Indian Police Service">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police" title="Indonesian National Police">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Force_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Law Enforcement Force of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Police" title="Iraqi Police">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeravani" title="Zeravani">Kurdistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Police" title="Israel Police">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(Japan)" title="National Police Agency (Japan)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Security_Directorate" title="Public Security Directorate">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Kazakhstan" title="Law enforcement in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(South_Korea)" title="National Police Agency (South Korea)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Police" title="Kuwait Police">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Law enforcement in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Laos)" title="Ministry of Public Security (Laos)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Forces" title="Internal Security Forces">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Malaysia_Police" title="Royal Malaysia Police">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(Mongolia)" title="National Police Agency (Mongolia)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru_Police_Force" title="Nauru Police Force">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Police" title="Nepal Police">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Police" title="New Zealand Police">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Oman_Police" title="Royal Oman Police">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Investigation_Agency" title="Federal Investigation Agency">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Security_Services" title="Palestinian Security Services">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police" title="Philippine National Police">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_State_Security" title="Qatar State Security">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Police_Force" title="Singapore Police Force">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lanka Police Service">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Syria" title="Law enforcement in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Police" title="Royal Thai Police">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Tajikistan" title="Law enforcement in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Police_Force" title="Tuvalu Police Force">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_East_Timor" title="National Police of East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkmenistan" title="Law enforcement in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Law enforcement in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Uzbekistan" title="Law enforcement in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Public_Security" title="Vietnam People's Public Security">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Security_Forces_(Yemen)" title="Special Security Forces (Yemen)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Police_(Albania)" title="State Police (Albania)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Corps_of_Andorra" title="Police Corps of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Armenia" title="Police of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_(Austria)" title="Federal Police (Austria)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Azerbaijan" title="Law enforcement in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya_(Belarus)" title="Militsiya (Belarus)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_(Belgium)" title="Federal Police (Belgium)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian Police">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_Service_(Bulgaria)" title="National Police Service (Bulgaria)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Police" title="Cyprus Police">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Police of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Denmark" title="Police of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_and_Border_Guard_Board" title="Police and Border Guard Board">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Law enforcement in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Finland" title="Police of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_(France)" title="National Police (France)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Law enforcement in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_(Germany)" title="Federal Police (Germany)">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Police" title="Hellenic Police">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rend%C5%91rs%C3%A9g" title="Rendőrség">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Police" title="Icelandic Police">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polizia_di_Stato" title="Polizia di Stato">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Police_(Latvia)" title="State Police (Latvia)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Police_Force" title="Lithuanian Police Force">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Ducal_Police" title="Grand Ducal Police">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Police_Force" title="Malta Police Force">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Police_Inspectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="General Police Inspectorate">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco_Police_Department" title="Monaco Police Department">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_Corps_(Netherlands)" title="National Police Corps (Netherlands)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_North_Macedonia" title="Police of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Police_Service" title="Norwegian Police Service">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Poland" title="Police of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol%C3%ADcia_de_Seguran%C3%A7a_P%C3%BAblica" title="Polícia de Segurança Pública">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Police" title="Romanian Police">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Russia" title="Police of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Police_(San_Marino)" title="Civil Police (San Marino)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Slovakia" title="Law enforcement in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_National_Police_Force" title="Slovenian National Police Force">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Spain" title="Law enforcement in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Police_Authority" title="Swedish Police Authority">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Office_of_Police" title="Federal Office of Police">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Security_(Turkey)" title="General Directorate of Security (Turkey)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Ukraine" title="National Police of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law enforcement in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories#England_and_Wales" title="List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories">England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Scotland" title="Police Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Police Service of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Gibraltar_Police" title="Royal Gibraltar Police">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">states with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Republic_of_Artsakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Republic of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Police" title="Kosovo Police">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_for_Police" title="Directorate General for Police">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Police" title="Somaliland Police">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(Taiwan)" title="National Police Agency (Taiwan)">Republic of China (Taiwan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Albania (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Albanian_Gendarmerie" title="Royal Albanian Gendarmerie">Royal Albanian Gendarmerie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Security_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Public Security (Czechoslovakia)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkspolizei" title="Volkspolizei">East Germany</a></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_National_Police" title="Integrated National Police">INP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Constabulary" title="Philippine Constabulary">Philippine Constabulary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milicja_Obywatelska" title="Milicja Obywatelska">Polish People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_National_Police" title="Republic of Vietnam National Police"> South Vietnam</a></li> <li>Yugoslavia (<a href="/wiki/Militia_(Yugoslavia)" title="Militia (Yugoslavia)">SFR Yugoslavia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Border_protection_agencies" title="Template:Border protection agencies">Border guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Coast_guards" title="Template:Coast guards">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Customs_services" title="Template:Customs services">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Police" title="Template:Police">Law enforcement agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_law_enforcement_agencies" title="Template:Types of law enforcement agencies">Types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_intelligence_agencies" title="Template:National intelligence agencies">Intelligence agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Law_enforcement_in_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Americas_topic" title="Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Americas_topic" title="Template talk:Americas topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Americas_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Law_enforcement_in_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Law enforcement in the Americas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in the Americas">Sovereign<br />states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Argentina" title="Law enforcement in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bolivia" title="Law enforcement in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Brazil" title="Law enforcement in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Guatemala" title="Law enforcement in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Guyana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Guyana (page does not exist)">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Haiti" title="Law enforcement in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Honduras" title="Law enforcement in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mexico" title="Law enforcement in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Nicaragua" title="Law enforcement in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Panama" title="Law enforcement in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Paraguay" title="Law enforcement in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Peru" title="Law enforcement in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Suriname" title="Law enforcement in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Venezuela" title="Law enforcement in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Anguilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Cayman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Falkland_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_French_Guiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in French Guiana (page does not exist)">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Greenland" title="Law enforcement in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Law enforcement in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Saba_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Law enforcement in Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Sint_Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_North_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in North America (page does not exist)">North America</a></li> <li><a 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